142-638: The music of Brazil encompasses various regional musical styles influenced by European, American , African and Amerindian forms. Brazilian music developed some unique and original styles such as forró , repente, coco de roda, axé , sertanejo , samba , bossa nova , MPB , gaucho music , pagode , tropicália , choro , maracatu , embolada (coco de repente), frevo , brega , modinha and Brazilian versions of foreign musical styles, such as rock, pop music , soul , hip-hop , disco music , country music , ambient , industrial and psychedelic music, rap , classical music, fado , and gospel . Samba has become
284-597: A melting pot . There are also some African-American influences in the musical tradition of the European-American settlers, such as jazz, blues, rock, country and bluegrass. The United States has also seen documented folk music and recorded popular music produced in the ethnic styles of the Ukrainian , Irish , Scottish , Polish , Hispanic , and Jewish communities, among others. Many American cities and towns have vibrant music scenes which, in turn, support
426-728: A community with varied non-Anglo ancestry, mostly descendant of people who lived in Louisiana before its purchase by the U.S. The Cajuns are a group of Francophones who arrived in Louisiana after leaving Acadia in Canada. The city of New Orleans, Louisiana , being a major port, has acted as a melting pot for people from all over the Caribbean basin. The result is a diverse and syncretic set of styles of Cajun music and Creole music . Spain and subsequently Mexico controlled much of what
568-552: A composer of Portuguese origin, released a great number of works and dynamized the musical life of the city. Also, the oldest Orchestra of all Americas is situated in São João del-Rei, Minas Gerais, called Lira Sanjoanense, conducted, today, by Modesto Flávio Fonseca. A crucial factor for the changes in the musical life was the arrival of the Portuguese Royal family to Rio de Janeiro in 1808. Until then, Rio de Janeiro
710-521: A critical edition with a life of Silva by Mendes dos Remedios (Coimbra, 1905). Ferdinand Denis, in his Chefs-d'œuvre du théâtre portugais (pp. 365–496, Paris, 1823), prints liberal extracts, with a French translation, from the Vida de Dom Quixote , and F. Wolf likewise gives selections from Silva's various compositions. Silva is the subject also of several laudatory poems and dramas, one or two of which were composed by Brazilian compatriots. His story
852-574: A distinct folk culture that helped Africans "retain continuity with their past through music". The first slaves in the United States sang work songs , field hollers and, following Christianization, hymns . In the 19th century, a Great Awakening of religious fervor gripped people across the country, especially in the South. Protestant hymns written mostly by New England preachers became a feature of camp meetings held among devout Christians across
994-522: A distinct form of middle-class blackness to audiences, which was particularly appealing to whites. Ant%C3%B4nio Jos%C3%A9 da Silva António José da Silva Coutinho (8 May 1705 – 18 October 1739) was a Brazilian - Portuguese dramatist born in colonial Brazil , known as "the Jew" ( O Judeu ). The Brazilian spelling of his first name is Antônio ; António José da Silva Coutinho in Hebrew
1136-512: A few major pop stars. The most influential country musician of the era was Hank Williams , a bluesy country singer from Alabama. He remains renowned as one of country music's greatest songwriters and performers, viewed as a "folk poet" with a "honky-tonk swagger" and "working-class sympathies". Throughout the decade the roughness of honky-tonk gradually eroded as the Nashville sound grew more pop-oriented. Producers like Chet Atkins created
1278-402: A form of white music. Economic and social classes separates American music through the creation and consumption of music, such as the upper-class patronage of symphony -goers, and the generally poor performers of rural and ethnic folk musics. Musical divisions based on class are not absolute, however, and are sometimes as much perceived as actual; popular American country music, for example,
1420-433: A growing community of modern/experimental composition, including electroacoustic music . Little is known of the music of Brazil before the area's first encounter with Portuguese explorers on 22 April 1500. During the colonial period, documents detail the musical activities of the major Roman Catholic cathedrals and the parlors of the upper classes, but data about musical life outside these domains are sparse. Some information
1562-672: A knowledge of stagecraft, and, if he had lived, he might have emancipated the drama in Portugal from its dependence on foreign writers; but the triple licence of the Palace, the Ordinary and the Inquisition, which a play required, crippled spontaneity and freedom. Even so, he showed some boldness in exposing types of the prevailing charlatanism and follies, though his liberty of speech is far less than that of Gil Vicente . His comedies give
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#17327909549441704-632: A large audience. A bluesy style of gospel also became popular in mainstream America in the 1950s, led by singer Mahalia Jackson . The blues genre experienced major revivals in the 1950s with Chicago blues musicians such as Muddy Waters and Little Walter , as well as in the 1960s in the British Invasion and American folk music revival when country blues musicians like Mississippi John Hurt and Reverend Gary Davis were rediscovered. The seminal blues musicians of these periods had tremendous influence on rock musicians such as Chuck Berry in
1846-643: A legacy on Brazilian music and are among the representatives of Brazilian popular music: Pixinguinha (choro), Antônio Carlos Jobim (bossa nova), Dorival Caymmi (samba and samba-canção), and Luiz Gonzaga (forró). Instrumental music is also largely practiced in Brazil, with styles ranging from classical to popular and jazz influenced forms. Among the later, Naná Vasconcelos , Pixinguinha , Hermeto Pascoal and Egberto Gismonti are significant figures. Notable classical composers include Heitor Villa-Lobos , Carlos Gomes and Cláudio Santoro . The country also has
1988-415: A major foundation for American folk and popular music. Many American folk songs are identical to British songs in arrangements, but with new lyrics, often as parodies of the original material. American-Anglo songs are also characterized as having fewer pentatonic tunes, less prominent accompaniment (but with heavier use of drones ) and more melodies in major. Anglo-American traditional music also includes
2130-421: A major part of African American dance, and came to be accompanied by a popular dance called the swing dance . Jazz influenced many performers of all the major styles of later popular music, though jazz itself never again became such a major part of American popular music as during the swing era. The later 20th-century American jazz scene did, however, produce some popular crossover stars, such as Miles Davis . In
2272-577: A major part of early popular music performance, though recorded traditions quickly become more dominated by men. Most male-dominated genres of popular music include female performers as well, often in a niche appealing primarily to women; these include gangsta rap and heavy metal . The United States is often said to be a cultural melting pot , taking in influences from across the world and creating distinctively new methods of cultural expression. Though aspects of American music can be traced back to specific origins, claiming any particular original culture for
2414-406: A more palatable mainstream style, which turned into pop hits. By the end of the 1950s, however, there was a wave of popular black blues rock and country-influenced R&B performers like Chuck Berry gaining unprecedented fame among white listeners. Motown Records became highly successful during the early and mid-1960s for producing music of black American roots that defied racial segregation in
2556-851: A movie star. Popular music included instruments like cuicas , tambourines , frying pans ('played' with a metal stick), flutes and guitars. Noteworthy Samba composers at this early stage included said Noel Rosa plus Lamartine Babo and, around World War II time, Ary Barroso . MPB's early stage (from World War II to the mid-1960s) was populated by male singers such as Orlando Silva, Nelson Gonçalves , Jamelão , Agostinho dos Santos , Anísio Silva , Ataulfo Alves , Carlos Galhardo , Ciro Monteiro , Ismael Silva , João Dias , Jorge Goulart , Miltinho , Jorge Veiga and Francisco Egídio and female singers started to mushroom: Nora Ney , Dolores Duran , Ângela Maria , Emilinha Borba , Marlene, Dalva de Oliveira , Maysa Matarazzo , sisters Linda Batista and Dircinha Batista , among others. Music of
2698-509: A musical element is inherently problematic, due to the constant evolution of American music through transplanting and hybridizing techniques, instruments and genres. Elements of foreign musics arrived in the United States both through the formal sponsorship of educational and outreach events by individuals and groups, and through informal processes, as in the incidental transplantation of West African music through slavery, and Irish music through immigration. The most distinctly American musics are
2840-517: A musical-educational structure. One century later, the Reduções of the southern Brazil, which were founded by Spaniard Jesuits, had a strong cultural development, where some music schools were founded. Some of the reports of that time show the fascination of the indigenous people for European music. The indigenous people also took part in the music, with both the construction of musical instruments and practice of vocal and instrumental performance. In
2982-460: A nascent revival of honky-tonk-style country with the rise of performers like Dwight Yoakam . The 1980s also saw the development of alternative country performers like Uncle Tupelo , who were opposed to the more pop-oriented style of mainstream country. At the beginning of the 2000s, rock-oriented country acts remained among the best-selling performers in the United States, especially Garth Brooks . R&B, an abbreviation for rhythm and blues ,
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#17327909549443124-471: A number of local scenes like the Bakersfield sound . A few performers retained popularity, however, such as the long-standing cultural icon Johnny Cash . The Bakersfield sound began in the mid to late 1950s when performers like Wynn Stewart and Buck Owens began using elements of Western swing and rock, such as the breakbeat , in their music. In the 1960s performers like Merle Haggard popularized
3266-519: A number of regional musical styles. Musical centers around the country have all have produced and contributed to the many distinctive styles of American music. The Cajun and Creole traditions in Louisiana music , the folk and popular styles of Hawaiian music , and the bluegrass and old time music of the Southeastern states are a few examples of diversity in American music. The music of
3408-476: A result of cross-cultural hybridization through close contact. Slavery, for example, mixed persons from numerous tribes in tight living quarters, resulting in a shared musical tradition that was enriched through further hybridizing with elements of indigenous, Latin, and European music. American ethnic, religious, and racial diversity has also produced such intermingled genres as the French-African music of
3550-538: A technique known as phasing , in which two musical activities begin simultaneously and are repeated, gradually drifting out of sync, creating a natural sense of development. Reich was also very interested in non-Western music, incorporating African rhythmic techniques in his compositions. Recent composers and performers are strongly influenced by the minimalist works of Philip Glass , a Baltimore native based out of New York, Meredith Monk , and others. The United States has produced many popular musicians and composers in
3692-465: A truthful and interesting picture of 18th century society, especially his best comedy, the Alecrim e Mangerona , in which he treats of the fidalgo pobre , a type fixed by Vicente and Francisco Manuel de Melo . His works bear the title "operas" because, though written mainly in prose, they contain songs which Silva introduced in imitation of the true operas which then held the fancy of the public. He
3834-432: A variety of broadside ballads , humorous stories and tall tales , and disaster songs regarding mining, shipwrecks, and murder. Legendary heroes like Joe Magarac , John Henry , and Jesse James are part of many songs. Folk dances of British origin include the square dance , descended from the quadrille , combined with the American innovation of a caller instructing the dancers. The religious communal society known as
3976-627: Is אנטוניו ז'וזה דה סילווה . His parents, João Mendes da Silva and Lourença Coutinho, descended from Jews who had emigrated to the colony of Brazil to escape the Inquisition , but in 1702 that tribunal began to persecute the Marranos or anyone of Jewish descent in Rio, and in October 1712 Lourença Coutinho became a victim. Her husband and children accompanied her to Portugal when António
4118-631: Is a melting pot consisting of numerous ethnic groups. Many of these peoples have kept alive the folk traditions of their homeland, often producing distinctively American styles of foreign music. Some nationalities have produced local scenes in regions of the country where they have clustered, like Cape Verdean music in New England , Armenian music in California , and Italian and Ukrainian music in New York City. The Creoles are
4260-513: Is a commercial genre designed to "appeal to a working-class identity, whether or not its listeners are actually working class". Country music is also intertwined with geographic identity, and is specifically rural in origin and function; other genres, like R&B and hip hop, are perceived as inherently urban. For much of American history, music-making has been a "feminized activity". In the 19th century, amateur piano and singing were considered proper for middle- and upper-class women. Women were also
4402-442: Is a style that arose in the 1930s and 1940s. Early R&B consisted of large rhythm units "smashing away behind screaming blues singers (who) had to shout to be heard above the clanging and strumming of the various electrified instruments and the churning rhythm sections". R&B was not extensively recorded and promoted because record companies felt that it was not suited for most audiences, especially middle-class whites, because of
Music of Brazil - Misplaced Pages Continue
4544-547: Is available in writings left by such travellers as Jean de Léry , who lived in Brazil from 1557 to 1558 and produced the first known transcriptions of native American music: two chants of the Tupinambá, near Rio de Janeiro. Further registration of musical activity in Brazil came from the activities of two Jesuit priests in 1549. Ten years later, they had already founded settlements for indigenous people (the Reduções ), with
4686-524: Is characterized by a strong rhythm section, usually consisting of double bass and drums, medium to fast tempo, and rhythmic devices like the swung note, which is common to most jazz. Swing is primarily a fusion of 1930s jazz fused with elements of the blues and Tin Pan Alley. Swing used bigger bands than other kinds of jazz, leading to bandleaders tightly arranging the material which discouraged improvisation, previously an integral part of jazz. Swing became
4828-645: Is heard around the world. Since the beginning of the 20th century, some forms of American popular music have gained a near global audience. Native Americans were the earliest inhabitants of the land that is today known as the United States and played its first music. Beginning in the 17th century, settlers from the United Kingdom, Ireland, Spain, Germany, and France began arriving in large numbers, bringing with them new styles and instruments. Enslaved people from West Africa brought their musical traditions, and each subsequent wave of immigrants contributed to
4970-511: Is now considered classical music. One was associated with amateur composers and pedagogues, whose style was originally drawn from simple hymns and gained sophistication over time. The other colonial tradition was that of the mid-Atlantic cities like Philadelphia and Baltimore, which produced a number of prominent composers who worked almost entirely within the European model; these composers were mostly English in origin, and worked specifically in
5112-483: Is now the western United States until the Mexican–American War , including the entire state of Texas. After Texas joined the United States, the native Tejanos living in the state began culturally developing separately from their neighbors to the south, and remained culturally distinct from other Texans. Central to the evolution of early Tejano music was the blend of traditional Mexican forms such as mariachi and
5254-447: Is perhaps the most potent determiner of musical meaning in the United States. The development of an African American musical identity, out of disparate sources from Africa and Europe, has been a constant theme in the music history of the United States . Little documentation exists of colonial -era African American music, when styles, songs, and instruments from across West Africa commingled with European styles and instruments, leading to
5396-475: Is primarily a fusion of African American blues and spirituals with Appalachian folk music , adapted for pop audiences and popularized beginning in the 1920s. The origins of country are in rural Southern folk music, which was primarily Irish and British, with African and continental European musics. Anglo-Celtic tunes, dance music, and balladry were the earliest predecessors of modern country, then known as hillbilly music . Early hillbilly also borrowed elements of
5538-431: Is rooted in the traditions of European art, ecclesiastical and concert music. The central norms of this tradition developed between 1550 and 1825, centering on what is known as the common practice period . Many American classical composers attempted to work entirely within European models until late in the 19th century. When Antonín Dvořák , a prominent Czech composer, visited the United States from 1892 to 1895, he iterated
5680-605: Is the basis for much of modern American popular music. Blues can be seen as part of a continuum of musical styles like country, jazz, ragtime, and gospel; though each genre evolved into distinct forms, their origins were often indistinct. Early forms of the blues evolved in and around the Mississippi Delta in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The earliest blues music was primarily call and response vocal music, without harmony or accompaniment and without any formal musical structure. Slaves and their descendants created
5822-517: Is the name given to a group dedicated to playing ijexá, which is a kind of religious music , part of the Candomblé tradition. In 1949, a group called Filhos de Gandhi began playing afoxé during carnaval parades in Salvador; their name translates as Sons of Gandhi , associating black Brazilian activism with Mahatma Gandhi 's Indian independence movement. The Filhos de Gandhi's 1949 appearance
Music of Brazil - Misplaced Pages Continue
5964-544: The pandeiro . Capoeira songs may be improvised on the spot, or they may be popular songs written by older, and ancient mestres (teachers), and often include accounts of the history of capoeira, or the doings of great mestres. This type of music is played primarily in the Recife and Olinda regions during Carnaval. It is an Afro-Brazilian tradition. The music serves as the backdrop for parade groups that evolved out of ceremonies conducted during colonial times in honour of
6106-619: The Brazilian Independence Anthem – the difficult financial situation did not allow many luxuries. The conflagration of the Royal Theater in 1824 was another symbol of decadence, which reached the most critical point when Peter I renounced the throne, going back to Portugal. The only composer who had a relevant work in this period was Francisco Manuel da Silva , disciple of Nunes Garcia, who succeeded him as kapellmeister. In spite of his few resources, he founded
6248-649: The Caipira culture a musical form derived from viola caipira , which is called cururu . Choro (literally "cry" in Portuguese, but in context a more appropriate translation would be "lament"), traditionally called chorinho ("little cry" or "little lament"). Instrumental, its origins are in 19th century Rio de Janeiro. Originally choro was played by a trio of flute, guitar and cavaquinho (a small chordophone with four strings). The young pianist Ernesto Nazareth published his first choro ( Não Caio Noutra ) in 1878 at
6390-487: The Fisk Jubilee Singers , a pioneering group that popularized spirituals across the country. In imitation of this group, gospel quartets arose, followed by increasing diversification with the early 20th-century rise of jackleg and singing preachers, from whence came the popular style of gospel music . Blues is a combination of African work songs, field hollers, and shouts. It developed in the rural South in
6532-629: The Four Tops , the Temptations , the Supremes , Smokey Robinson , Stevie Wonder , and the Jackson 5 . Visual representation was central to Motown's rise; they placed greater emphasis on visual media than other record labels. Many people's first exposure to Motown was by television and film. Motown artists' image of successful black Americans who held themselves with grace and aplomb broadcast
6674-566: The Louisiana Creoles , the Native, Mexican and European fusion Tejano music , and the thoroughly hybridized slack-key guitar and other styles of modern Hawaiian music . The process of transplanting music between cultures is not without criticism. The folk revival of the mid-20th century, for example, appropriated the musics of various rural peoples, in part to promote certain political causes, which has caused some to question whether
6816-488: The Movimento Música Viva (Living Music Movement) appeared, led by Hans Joachim Koellreutter and by Egídio de Castro e Silva, defending the adoption of an international style, derived from the dodecaphonism of Arnold Schoenberg . This group was integrated by composers like Cláudio Santoro , César Guerra-Peixe , Eunice Catunda and Edino Krieger. Koellreutter adopted revolutionary methodes, in respect to
6958-737: The Shakers emigrated from England during the 18th century and developed their own folk dance style. Their early songs can be dated back to British folk song models. Other religious societies established their own unique musical cultures early in American history, such as the music of the Amish , the Harmony Society , and the Ephrata Cloister in Pennsylvania. The ancestors of today's African American population were brought to
7100-603: The Teatro alla Scala , in Milan . Other important composer of this time is Elias Álvares Lobo , who wrote the opera A Noite de São João , the first Brazilian opera with text in Portuguese. The opera in Brazil was very popular until the middle of the 20th century, and many opera houses were built at this time, like Teatro Amazonas in Manaus , Municipal Theater of Rio de Janeiro , Municipal Theater of São Paulo , and many others. At
7242-466: The Tupi language with Christian lyrics, an attempt to convert the people to Christianity, and also introduced Gregorian chant and the flute, bow , and the clavichord . The Afro-Brazilian sport of capoeira is never played without its own music, which is usually considered to be a call-and-response type of folk music. The main instruments of capoeira music include the berimbau , the atabaque and
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#17327909549447384-470: The corrido , and Continental European styles introduced by German and Czech settlers in the late 19th century. In particular, the accordion was adopted by Tejano folk musicians around the start of the 20th century, and it became a popular instrument for amateur musicians in Texas and Northern Mexico. Classical music was brought to the United States with some of the first colonists. European classical music
7526-471: The 16th he suffered the first interrogation, and on 23 September he was put to the torment, with the result that three weeks later he could not sign his name. He confessed to having followed the practices of the Mosaic law , and this saved his life. He then went through the great auto-da-fé held on 23 October in the presence of King John V and his court, abjured his errors, and was set at liberty. His mother
7668-641: The 18th century, there was intense musical activity in all the more developed regions of Brazil, with their moderately stable institutional and educational structures. The previously few private orchestras became more common and the churches presented a great variety of music. In the first half of this century, the most outstanding works were composed by Luís Álvares Pinto, Caetano de Mello de Jesus and Antônio José da Silva ("the Jew"), who became successful in Lisbon writing librettos for comedies, which were performed also in Brazil with music by António Teixeira . In
7810-425: The 1950s and 1960s it was replaced by samba and Bossa Nova and other styles of Brazilian popular music, but was still alive in amateur circles called "rodas de choro" (informal choro gatherings in residences and botecos ). However, in the late 1970s there was a successful effort to revitalize the genre carried out by some famous artists: Pixinguinha , Waldir Azevedo and Jacob do Bandolim . In 1929, prompted by
7952-864: The 1950s, as well as on the British blues and blues rock scenes of the 1960s and 1970s, including Eric Clapton in Britain and Johnny Winter in Texas. Jazz is a kind of music characterized by swung and blue notes , call and response vocals, polyrhythms and improvisation . Though originally a kind of dance music, jazz has been a major part of popular music, and has also become a major element of Western classical music. Jazz has roots in West African cultural and musical expression, and in African American music traditions including blues and ragtime, as well as European military band music. Early jazz
8094-629: The 1980s, a wave of Brazilian heavy metal bands gained public attention. The most commercially successful of these was Sepultura , founded in São Paulo in 1983, preceded by Dorsal Atlantica and followed by Sarcófago . The intrusion of alien elements into Brazil's cultural system is not a destructive process. The return of a democratic government allowed for freedom of expression. The Brazilian music industry opened up to international styles and this has allowed for both foreign and local genres to co-exist and identify people. Each different style relates to
8236-503: The American Revolution. The longest lasting of these fife songs is " Yankee Doodle ", still well known today. The melody dates back to 1755 and was sung by both American and British troops. Patriotic songs were based mostly on English melodies, with new lyrics added to denounce British colonialism; others, however, used tunes from Ireland, Scotland or elsewhere, or did not utilize a familiar melody. The song " Hail, Columbia "
8378-484: The Americas by slaves and mixed with Western European music. During the colonial era, English , French and Spanish styles and instruments were brought to the Americas. By the early 20th century, the United States had become a major center for folk music from around the world, including polka , Ukrainian and Polish fiddling , Ashkenazi , Klezmer , and several kinds of Latin music . The Native Americans played
8520-550: The Brazilian folklore. There were local cultural movements to consolidate regional identities through music as for example, José Brazilício de Souza , who wrote the state anthem of Santa Catarina and his son Álvaro Sousa , who was a noticeable musician, music educator, and composer there. An important event, later, was the Modern Art Week , in 1922, which had a large impact on concepts of national art. In this event
8662-464: The Catholic faith, he was first strangled and after had his body burnt in an auto-da-fé . His wife, who witnessed his death, did not long survive him. Slight as his sketches are, they show considerable dramatic talent and an Aristophanic wit. The characters are well drawn and the dialogue full of comic strength, the scenes knit together and the plot skillfully worked out. Moreover, Silva possessed
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#17327909549448804-473: The Civil War era included " Dixie ", written by Daniel Decatur Emmett . The song, originally titled "Dixie's Land", was made for the closing of a minstrel show ; it spread to New Orleans first, where it was published and became "one of the great song successes of the pre-Civil War period". In addition to popular patriotic songs, the Civil War era also produced a great body of brass band pieces. Following
8946-525: The Civil War, minstrel shows became the first distinctively American form of music expression. The minstrel show was an indigenous form of American entertainment consisting of comic skits, variety acts, dancing, and music, usually performed by white people in blackface . Minstrel shows used African American elements in musical performances, but only in simplified ways; storylines in the shows depicted blacks as natural-born slaves and fools, before eventually becoming associated with abolitionism . The minstrel show
9088-399: The European culture. In this sense, the folklore was the major font of inspiration for the composers. Some composers like Brasílio Itiberê da Cunha , Luciano Gallet and Alexandre Levy , despite having a European formation, included some typically Brazilian elements in their works. This trend reached the highest point with Alberto Nepomuceno , who used largely the rhythms and melodies from
9230-453: The European rules of harmony. In the early 19th century, America produced diverse composers such as Anthony Heinrich , who composed in an idiosyncratic, intentionally American style and was the first American composer to write for a symphony orchestra. Many other composers, most famously William Henry Fry and George Frederick Bristow , supported the idea of an American classical style, though their works were very European in orientation. It
9372-530: The French-Canadian culture of the Cajuns with their own styles of music in the 19th century. Large Creole bands that played for funerals and parades became a major basis for early jazz, which spread from New Orleans to Chicago and other northern urban centers. Though jazz had long since achieved some limited popularity, it was Louis Armstrong who became one of the first popular stars and a major force in
9514-740: The Kings of Congo, who were African slaves occupying symbolic leadership positions among the slave population. The music is played on large alfaia drums, large metal gonguê bells, snare drums and shakers. An important variant is found in and around Fortaleza, Ceará (called maracatu cearense), which is different from the Recife/Olinda tradition in many respects: triangles are used instead of gonguês, surdos or zabumbas instead of alfaias. Also, important female characters are performed by cross-dressed male performers, and all African and Afrobrazilian personages are performed using blackface makeup. Afoxé
9656-745: The Musical Conservatory of Rio de Janeiro. He was the author of the Brazilian National Anthem 's melody. His work reflected the musical transition for the Romanticism , when the interest of the national composers was focused in the opera. The most outstanding Brazilian composer of this period was Antônio Carlos Gomes , who composed Italian-styled operas with national themes, such as Il Guarany (based on José de Alencar 's novel O Guarani ) and Lo Schiavo . These operas were very successful in European theaters, like
9798-485: The Nashville sound by stripping the hillbilly elements of the instrumentation and using smooth instrumentation and advanced production techniques. Eventually, most records from Nashville were in this style, which began to incorporate strings and vocal choirs. By the early part of the 1960s, however, the Nashville sound had become perceived as too watered-down by many more traditionalist performers and fans, resulting in
9940-576: The Northeast of Brazil and music from India. The native peoples of the Brazilian rainforest play instruments including whistles , flutes, horns , drums and rattles . Much of the area's folk music imitates the sounds of the Amazon Rainforest . When the Portuguese arrived in Brazil, the first natives they met played an array of reed flutes and other wind and percussion instruments. The Jesuit missionaries introduced songs which used
10082-475: The R&;B market (which was definitively black in the American mindset) and specialize in crossover music . The company emerged as the leading producer (or "assembly line," a reference to its motor-town origins) of black popular music by the early 1960s and marketed its products as "The Motown Sound" or "The Sound of Young America"—which combined elements of soul, funk, disco and R&B. Notable Motown acts include
10224-549: The Royal Chapel during the presence of John VI in Brazil. Nunes Garcia was the most prolific Brazilian composer of this time. He also composed the first opera written in Brazil, Le Due Gemelle ( The Two Twins ), with text in Italian, but the music is now lost. Other important composers of this period are Gabriel Fernandes da Trindade, who composed the only Brazilian chamber music from the 19th century which has survived to
10366-438: The South. When blacks began singing adapted versions of these hymns, they were called Negro spirituals . It was from these roots, of spiritual songs, work songs, and field hollers, that blues, jazz, and gospel developed. Spirituals were primarily expressions of religious faith, sung by slaves on southern plantations. In the mid to late 19th century, spirituals spread out of the U.S. South. In 1871 Fisk University became home to
10508-707: The São Paulo University Symphony, the Orquestra Sinfônica Brasileira , Orquestra Filarmônica de Minas Gerais and the Petrobras Sinfônica, supported by the Brazilian state oil company Petrobras . There are also regular operas scheduled every year in cities such as São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro . The state of São Paulo also hosts the Winter Festival in the city of Campos do Jordão . Some of
10650-845: The United States Religious music Ethnic music Charts Festivals Media Other The United States' multi-ethnic population is reflected through a diverse array of styles of music . It is a mixture of music influenced by the music of Europe , Indigenous peoples , West Africa , Latin America , Middle East , North Africa , amongst many other places. The country's most internationally renowned genres are jazz , blues , country , bluegrass , rock , rock and roll , R&B , pop , hip-hop/rap , soul , funk , religious , disco , house , techno , ragtime , doo-wop , folk , americana , boogaloo , tejano , surf , and salsa , amongst many others. American music
10792-491: The United States as slaves, working primarily in the plantations of the South. They were from hundreds of tribes across West Africa, and they brought with them certain traits of West African music including call and response vocals and complexly rhythmic music, as well as syncopated beats and shifting accents. The African musical focus on rhythmic singing and dancing was brought to the New World, where it became part of
10934-414: The United States can be characterized by the use of syncopation and asymmetrical rhythms, long, irregular melodies , which are said to "reflect the wide open geography of (the American landscape)" and the "sense of personal freedom characteristic of American life". Some distinct aspects of American music, like the call-and-response format, are derived from African techniques and instruments. Throughout
11076-413: The age of 14. Nazareth's choros are often listed as polkas ; he also composed waltzes , schottisches , milongas and Brazilian Tangos . (He resisted the popular term maxixe to represent Brazilian tango.) Chiquinha Gonzaga was another important composer of choros and started shortly after Nazareth. Chiquinha Gonzaga composed her first success, the polka-choro "Atraente", in 1877. In the beginning,
11218-400: The arrival of musicians from Lisbon and the castrati from Italy, re-ordering the Royal Chapel. Later, John VI ordered the construction of a sumptuous theater, called the Royal Theater of São João. The secular music had the presence of Marcos Portugal , who was designated as the official composer of the household, and of Sigismund von Neukomm , who contributed with his own work and brought
11360-532: The ballads of the Civil War "the first American folk music with discernible features that can be considered unique to America: the first 'American' sounding music, as distinct from any regional style derived from another country." The Civil War, and the period following it, saw a general flowering of American art , literature and music. Amateur musical ensembles of this era can be seen as the birth of American popular music. Music author David Ewen describes these early amateur bands as combining "the depth and drama of
11502-423: The ballet Uirapuru and the two series of Chôros and Bachianas Brasileiras . Other composers of Brazilian national music of this era include Oscar Lorenzo Fernández , Radamés Gnattali , Camargo Guarnieri , Osvaldo Lacerda , Francisco Mignone , and Ernesto Nazareth . As a reaction against the nationalist school, who was identified as "servile" to the centralizing politics of Getúlio Vargas , in 1939
11644-473: The ballet and then serial music . Charles Ives was one of the earliest American classical composers of enduring international significance, producing music in a uniquely American style, though his music was mostly unknown until after his death in 1954. Many of the later 20th-century composers, such as John Cage , John Corigliano , Terry Riley , Steve Reich , John Adams , and Miguel del Aguila , used modernist and minimalist techniques. Reich discovered
11786-546: The blues and drew upon more aspects of 19th-century pop songs as hillbilly music evolved into a commercial genre eventually known as country and western and then simply country . The earliest country instrumentation revolved around the European-derived fiddle and the African-derived banjo , with the guitar later added. String instruments like the ukulele and steel guitar became commonplace due to
11928-603: The blues by adapting the field shouts and hollers, turning them into passionate solo songs. When mixed with the Christian spiritual songs of African American churches and revival meetings, blues became the basis of gospel music . Modern gospel began in African American churches in the 1920s, in the form of worshipers proclaiming their faith in an improvised, often musical manner (testifying). Composers like Thomas A. Dorsey composed gospel works that used elements of blues and jazz in traditional hymns and spiritual songs. Ragtime
12070-426: The city of Arraial do Tejuco, nowadays Diamantina , there were ten conductors in activity. In Ouro Preto about 250 musicians were active, and in all of the territory of Minas Gerais almost a thousand musicians were active. With the impoverishment of the mines at the end of the century, the focus of the musical activity changed to other centers, specially Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo , where André da Silva Gomes ,
12212-485: The classics with undemanding technique, eschewing complexity in favor of direct expression. If it was vocal music, the words would be in English, despite the snobs who declared English an unsingable language. In a way, it was part of the entire awakening of America that happened after the Civil War, a time in which American painters, writers, and 'serious' composers addressed specifically American themes." During this period
12354-401: The composer Heitor Villa-Lobos , regarded as the most outstanding name of the Brazilian nationalism, was revealed. Villa-Lobos did researches about the musical folklore of Brazil, and mixed elements both from classical and popular music. He explored many musical genres such as concertos, symphonies , modinhas , Fados , and other symphonic, vocal and chamber music. Some of his masterworks are
12496-605: The concert hall". Gottschalk's music reflected the cultural mix of his home city, New Orleans, Louisiana, which was home to a variety of Latin, Caribbean, African American, Cajun, and Creole music. He was well acknowledged as a talented pianist in his lifetime, and was also a known composer who remains admired though little performed. The New York classical music scene included Charles Griffes , originally from Elmira, New York , who began publishing his most innovative material in 1914. His early collaborations were attempts to use non-Western musical themes. The best-known New York composer
12638-499: The country commingled, the multifarious strands of American music began to cross-fertilize each other, a process that was aided by the burgeoning railroad industry and other technological developments that made travel and communication easier. Army units included individuals from across the country, and they rapidly traded tunes, instruments and techniques. The war was an impetus for the creation of distinctly American songs that became and remained wildly popular. The most popular songs of
12780-611: The country was almost without roads and the people had become the most backward in Europe. As his plays show, the spectacle struck António's observation, but he had to criticize with caution. He produced his first play or opera in 1733, and the next year he married his cousin, D. Leonor Maria de Carvalho, whose parents had been burnt by the Inquisition, while she herself had gone through an auto-da-fé in Spain and been exiled on account of her religion. They had their first daughter in 1734, but
12922-865: The creation of new genres and self expression from enslaved people. By the mid-19th century, a distinctly African American folk tradition was well-known and widespread, and African American musical techniques, instruments, and images became a part of mainstream American music through spirituals , minstrel shows , and slave songs. African American musical styles became an integral part of American popular music through blues , jazz , rhythm and blues , and then rock and roll , soul , and hip hop ; all of these styles were consumed by Americans of all races, but were created in African American styles and idioms before eventually becoming common in performance and consumption across racial lines. In contrast, country music derives from both African and European, as well as Native American and Hawaiian, traditions and has long been perceived as
13064-421: The development of jazz, along with his friend pianist Earl Hines . Armstrong, Hines, and their colleagues were improvisers, capable of creating numerous variations on a single melody. Armstrong also popularized scat singing , an improvisational vocal technique in which nonsensical syllables ( vocables ) are sung. Armstrong and Hines were influential in the rise of a kind of pop big band jazz called swing . Swing
13206-536: The end of the 19th century, the greatest composers for the symphonic music were revealed. One of the most outstanding name of this period was Leopoldo Miguez , who followed the Wagnerian style and Henrique Oswald , who incorporated elements of the French Impressionism . In the beginning of the 20th century, there was a movement for creating an authentically Brazilian music, with less influences of
13348-461: The end of the 19th century. The most famous ragtime performer and composer was Scott Joplin , known for works such as "Maple Leaf Rag". Blues became a part of American popular music in the 1920s, when classic female blues singers like Bessie Smith grew popular. At the same time, record companies launched the field of race music , which was mostly blues targeted at African American audiences. The most famous of these acts went on to inspire much of
13490-480: The first decade of the 20th century. The most important characteristics of the blues is its use of the blue scale , with a flatted or indeterminate third, as well as the typically lamenting lyrics; though both of these elements had existed in African American folk music prior to the 20th century, the codified form of modern blues (such as with the AAB structure) did not exist until the early 20th century. The United States
13632-462: The first folk music in what is now the United States, using a wide variety of styles and techniques. Some commonalities are near universal among Native American traditional music, however, especially the lack of harmony and polyphony , and the use of vocables and descending melodic figures. Traditional instrumentations use the flute and many kinds of percussion instruments , like drums , rattles , and shakers . Since European and African contact
13774-437: The idea that American classical music needed its own models instead of imitating European composers; he helped to inspire subsequent composers to make a distinctly American style of classical music. By the beginning of the 20th century, many American composers were incorporating disparate elements into their work, ranging from jazz and blues to Native American music. During the colonial era, there were two distinct fields of what
13916-405: The individuality of each student and giving to the students the freedom of creativity before the knowledge of the traditional rules for composition. The movement edited a magazine and presented a series of radio programs showing their fundaments and works of contemporary music. Later, Guerra-Peixe and Santoro followed an independent way, centered in the regional music. Other composers, who used freely
14058-523: The later part of American history, and into modern times, the relationship between American and European music has been a discussed topic among scholars of American music. Some have urged for the adoption of more purely European techniques and styles, which are sometimes perceived as more refined or elegant, while others have pushed for a sense of musical nationalism that celebrates distinctively American styles. Modern classical music scholar John Warthen Struble has contrasted American and European, concluding that
14200-441: The later popular development of the blues and blues-derived genres, including the legendary delta blues musician Robert Johnson and Piedmont blues musician Blind Willie McTell . By the end of the 1940s, however, pure blues was only a minor part of popular music, having been subsumed by offshoots like rhythm & blues and the nascent rock and roll style. Some styles of electric, piano-driven blues, like boogie-woogie , retained
14342-493: The middle of the 20th century, jazz evolved into a variety of subgenres, beginning with bebop . Bebop is a form of jazz characterized by fast tempos, improvisation based on harmonic structure rather than melody, and use of the flatted fifth . Bebop was developed in the early and mid-1940s, later evolving into styles like hard bop and free jazz . Innovators of the style included Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie , who arose from small jazz clubs in New York City. Country music
14484-663: The modern world. Beginning with the birth of recorded music, American performers have continued to lead the field of popular music, which out of "all the contributions made by Americans to world culture... has been taken to heart by the entire world". Most histories of popular music start with American ragtime or Tin Pan Alley ; others, however, trace popular music to the Renaissance and through broadsheets , ballads , and other popular traditions. Other authors typically look at popular sheet music, tracing American popular music to spirituals , minstrel shows , vaudeville , and
14626-548: The most famous Brazilian conductors are Roberto Minczuk , John Neschling and Isaac Karabtchevsky . The instrumentalists include, among others: Roberto Szidon , Antonio Meneses , Cussy de Almeida, Gilberto Tinetti, Arnaldo Cohen , Nelson Freire , Eudóxia de Barros, Guiomar Novaes and Magda Tagliaferro . And some of the most famous Brazilian singers were, historically, Zola Amaro , Constantina Araújo and Bidu Sayão ; living singers include Eliane Coelho , Kismara Pessatti , Maria Lúcia Godoy, Sebastião Teixeira, and others. In
14768-490: The most known form of Brazilian music worldwide, especially because of the country's carnival , although bossa nova , which had Antônio Carlos Jobim as one of its most acclaimed composers and performers, has received much attention abroad since the 1950s, when the song " Desafinado ", interpreted by João Gilberto , was first released. The first four winners of the Shell Brazilian Music prize have each left
14910-466: The music industry and consumer market. Music journalist Jerry Wexler (who coined the phrase "rhythm and blues") once said of Motown: "[They] did something that you would have to say on paper is impossible. They took black music and beamed it directly to the white American teenager." Berry Gordy founded Motown in 1959 in Detroit, Michigan . It was one of few R&B record labels that sought to transcend
15052-520: The music of the United States is inherently distinct because the United States has not had centuries of musical evolution as a nation. Instead, the music of the United States is that of dozens or hundreds of indigenous and immigrant groups, all of which developed largely in regional isolation until the American Civil War , when people from across the country were brought together in army units, trading musical styles and practices. Struble deemed
15194-517: The new generation of Brazilian composers, Caio Facó has achieved international recognition for his work. Brazil has a large number of internationally recognized orchestras and performers, despite the relatively low support of the government. The most famous Brazilian orchestra is probably the São Paulo State Symphony Orchestra , currently under conductor Thierry Fischer . Other Brazilian orchestras worthy of note are
15336-525: The noteworthy composers of this period were Lobo de Mesquita , Manoel Dias de Oliveira, Francisco Gomes da Rocha , Marcos Coelho Neto and Marcos Coelho Neto Filho. All of them were very active, but in many cases few pieces have survived until the present day. Some of the most famous pieces of this period are the Magnificat by Manoel Dias de Oliveira and the Our Lady's Antiphon by Lobo de Mesquita. In
15478-490: The opening of the first radio station in Rio de Janeiro, the so-called radio era began spreading songs – especially the novelty Samba in its current format – to larger masses. This period was dominated by few male interpreters – notably Almirante, Braguinha , Mário Reis , Sílvio Caldas , Francisco Alves and singer/composer Noel Rosa and even fewer chanteuses such as Aracy de Almeida and sisters Aurora Miranda and Carmen Miranda , who eventually came to Hollywood becoming
15620-423: The patriotic songs of the Civil War. The patriotic lay songs of the American Revolution constituted the first kind of mainstream popular music. These included "The Liberty Tree" by Thomas Paine . Cheaply printed as broadsheets , early patriotic songs spread across the colonies and were performed at home and at public meetings. Fife songs were especially celebrated, and were performed on fields of battle during
15762-411: The people socially, politically, and economically. "Brazil is a regionally divided country with a rich cultural and musical diversity among states. As such, musicians in the country choose to define their local heritage differently depending on where they come from." This shows how globalization has not robbed Brazil of its identity but instead given it the ability to represent its people both in Brazil and
15904-422: The popularity of Hawaiian musical groups in the early 20th century. The roots of commercial country music are generally traced to 1927, when music talent scout Ralph Peer recorded Jimmie Rodgers and The Carter Family . Popular success was very limited, though a small demand spurred some commercial recording. After World War II , there was increased interest in specialty styles like country music, producing
16046-402: The present times, and João de Deus de Castro Lobo, who lived in the cities of Mariana and Ouro Preto, which were decadent at this time. This period, however, was brief. In 1821, John VI went back to Lisbon, taking with him the household, and the cultural life in Rio de Janeiro became empty. And, despite the love of Peter I of Brazil for the music – he was also author of some musical pieces like
16188-442: The previous styles were Marlos Nobre , Almeida Prado , and Armando Albuquerque, who created their own styles. After 1960, the Brazilian avant-garde movement received a new wave, focusing on serial music , microtonal music , concrete music and electronic music , employing a completely new language. This movement was called Música Nova (New Music) and was led by Gilberto Mendes and Willy Corrêa de Oliveira . An important fact
16330-596: The process caused the "commercial commodification of other peoples' songs ... and the inevitable dilution of mean" in the appropriated musics. The use of African American musical techniques, images, and conceits in popular music largely by and for white Americans has been widespread since at least the mid-19th century songs of Stephen Foster and the rise of minstrel shows . The American music industry has actively attempted to popularize white performers of African American music because they are more palatable to mainstream and middle-class Americans. This process has been related to
16472-511: The rest of the world. In recent years Brazilian artists have become more interested in Africa, the Caribbean and their own indigenous and folk music. While there are some artists who continue to perform rock and Western pop, there are now just as many contemporaries playing a fusion of African and European influences with those from across The Americas. Some artists have even become influenced by Asian music, noticing some parallels between music from
16614-476: The rise of stars as varied as Benny Goodman , Eminem , and Elvis Presley , as well as popular styles like blue-eyed soul and rockabilly . Folk music in the US is varied across the country's numerous ethnic groups. The Native American tribes each play their own varieties of folk music, most of it spiritual in nature. African American music includes blues and gospel , descendants of West African music brought to
16756-465: The roots of blues, gospel, jazz, and country music took shape; in the 20th century, these became the core of American popular music, which further evolved into the styles like rhythm and blues, rock and roll, and hip hop music. Music intertwines with aspects of American social and cultural identity, including through social class , race and ethnicity , geography , religion , language , gender , and sexuality . The relationship between music and race
16898-518: The second part of the 18th century, there was a great flourishing in Minas Gerais , mostly in the regions of Vila Rica (currently Ouro Preto ), Mariana and Arraial do Tejuco (currently Diamantina ), where the mining of gold and diamonds for the Portuguese metropolis attracted a sizable population. At this time, the first outstanding Brazilian composers were revealed, most of them mulattoes . The musical pieces were mostly sacred music. Some of
17040-411: The sound. In the early 1970s, Haggard was also part of outlaw country , alongside singer-songwriters such as Willie Nelson and Waylon Jennings . Outlaw country was rock-oriented and lyrically focused on the criminal antics of the performers, in contrast to the clean-cut country singers of the Nashville sound. By the middle of the 1980s, the country music charts were dominated by pop singers, alongside
17182-570: The start of the 20th century. Formerly the bandmaster of the United States Marine Band , Sousa wrote military marches like " The Stars and Stripes Forever " that reflected his "nostalgia for [his] home and country", giving the melody a "stirring virile character". In the early 20th century, American musical theater was a major source for popular songs, many of which influenced blues, jazz, country, and other extant styles of popular music. The center of development for this style
17324-732: The style has been revived with works by Jorge Antunes , Flo Menezes, and others. Since 2014 the International Brazilian Opera (IBOC) has been producing new works, most notably by its artistic director and resident composer Joao MacDowell . Nowadays, Brazilian music follows the guidelines of both experimentalism and traditional music. Some of the contemporary Brazilian composers are Amaral Vieira , Sílvio Ferraz , Nestor de Hollanda Cavalcanti, Flo Menezes, Marcos Balter , Alexandre Lunsqui, Rodolfo Caesar, Felipe Lara , Edson Zampronha , Marcus Siqueira, Rodrigo Lima, Jorge Antunes , Roberto Victorio and João MacDowell . From
17466-552: The style of prominent English composers of the day. Classical music was brought to the United States during the colonial era. Many American composers of this period worked exclusively with European models, while others, such as Supply Belcher and Justin Morgan , also known as the First New England School , developed a style almost entirely independent of European models. Among the country's earliest composers
17608-399: The success of choro came from informal groups of friends which played in parties, pubs ( botecos ), streets, home balls (forrobodós), and also the musical scores published by print houses. By the 1910s, much of the Brazilian first phonograph records are choros. The mainstream success of this style of music (By the 1930s) came from the early days of radio, when bands performed live on the air. By
17750-511: The suggestive lyrics and driving rhythms. Bandleaders like Louis Jordan innovated the sound of early R&B, using a band with a small horn section and prominent rhythm instrumentation. By the end of the 1940s, he had had several hits, and helped pave the way for contemporaries like Wynonie Harris and John Lee Hooker . Many of the most popular R&B songs were not performed in the rollicking style of Jordan and his contemporaries; instead they were performed by white musicians like Pat Boone in
17892-554: The works of the Austrian composers Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Joseph Haydn . The works of these composers strongly influenced the Brazilian music of this time. José Maurício Nunes Garcia , the first of the great Brazilian composers, emerged at this time. With a large culture for his origin – he was poor and mulatto – he was one of the founders of the Irmandade de Santa Cecília, in Rio de Janeiro, teacher and mestre de capela of
18034-515: The years of their marriage and of Silva's dramatic career were few, for on 5 October 1737, husband and wife were both imprisoned on the charge of "judaizing." A slave of theirs had denounced them to the Holy Office. Though the details of the accusation against them seemed trivial and contradictory, and some of his friends testified about his Catholic piety and observation, António was condemned to death. On 18 October, like those who wanted to die in
18176-586: Was George Gershwin . Gershwin was a songwriter with Tin Pan Alley and the Broadway theatres , and his works were strongly influenced by jazz , or rather the precursors to jazz that were extant during his time. Gershwin's work made American classical music more focused, and attracted an unheard of amount of international attention. Following Gershwin, the first major composer was Aaron Copland from Brooklyn, who used elements of American folk music, though it remained European in technique and form. Later, he turned to
18318-558: Was John Knowles Paine , however, who became the first American composer to be accepted in Europe. Paine's example inspired the composers of the Second New England School , which included such figures as Amy Beach , Edward MacDowell , and Horatio Parker . Louis Moreau Gottschalk is perhaps the best-remembered American composer of the 19th century, said by music historian Richard Crawford to be known for "bringing indigenous or folk, themes and rhythms into music for
18460-719: Was William Billings who, born in Boston, composed patriotic hymns in the 1770s; he was also influential "as the founder of the American church choir, as the first musician to use a pitch pipe , and as the first to introduce a violoncello into church service". Many of these composers were amateur singers who developed new forms of sacred music suitable for performance by amateurs, and often using harmonic methods which would have been considered bizarre by contemporary European standards. These composers' styles were untouched by "the influence of their sophisticated European contemporaries", using modal or pentatonic scales or melodies and eschewing
18602-482: Was 7 years old, where she figured among the "reconciled" in the auto-da-fé of 9 July 1713, after undergoing the torment only. Her husband, having then acquired a fixed domicile in Lisbon , settled down to advocacy with success, and he was able to send António to the University of Coimbra , where he matriculated in the faculty of law. In 1726 António was suddenly imprisoned along with his mother on 8 August; on
18744-465: Was a major work that remained an unofficial national anthem until the adoption of " The Star-Spangled Banner ". Much of this early American music still survives in Sacred Harp . Although relatively unknown outside of Shaker Communities, Simple Gifts was written in 1848 by Elder Joseph Brackett and the tune has since become internationally famous. During the Civil War, when soldiers from across
18886-468: Was also a lyric poet of real merit, combining correctness of form with a pretty inspiration and real feeling. His plays were published in the first two volumes of a collection entitled Theatro comico portuguez , which went through at least five editions in the 18th century, while the Alecrim e Mangerona appeared separately in some seven editions. This comedy and the Don Quixote have been reprinted in
19028-474: Was also revolutionary because, until then, the Carnaval parades in Salvador were meant only for light-skinned people. Northeastern Brazil is known for a distinctive form of literature called literatura de cordel , which are a type of ballads that include elements incorporated into music as "repentismo", an improvised lyrical contest on themes suggested by the audience. Similar to Repentismo, appears among
19170-414: Was closely related to ragtime, with which it could be distinguished by the use of more intricate rhythmic improvisation. The earliest jazz bands adopted much of the vocabulary of the blues, including bent and blue notes and instrumental "growls" and smears otherwise not used on European instruments. Jazz's roots come from the city of New Orleans, Louisiana , populated by Cajuns and black Creoles, who combined
19312-419: Was established, Native American folk music has grown in new directions, into fusions with disparate styles like European folk dances and Tejano music . Modern Native American music may be best known for pow wows , pan-tribal gatherings at which traditionally styled dances and music are performed. The Thirteen Colonies of the original United States were all former English possessions, and Anglo culture became
19454-434: Was in New York City, where the Broadway theatres became among the most renowned venues in the city. Theatrical composers and lyricists like the brothers George and Ira Gershwin created a uniquely American theatrical style that used American vernacular speech and music. Musicals featured popular songs and fast-paced plots that often revolved around love and romance. The blues is a genre of African American folk music that
19596-527: Was invented by Daniel Decatur Emmett and the Virginia Minstrels . Minstrel shows produced the first well-remembered popular songwriters in American music history: Thomas D. Rice , Daniel Decatur Emmett, and, most famously, Stephen Foster . After minstrel shows' popularity faded, coon songs , a similar phenomenon, became popular. The composer John Philip Sousa is closely associated with the most popular trend in American popular music just before
19738-527: Was musically similar to other cultural centers of Brazil but was even less important than Minas Gerais. The presence of the Portuguese Royal family, in exile, radically changed this situation, as the Capela Real of Rio de Janeiro was established. The king John VI of Portugal brought with him to Brazil the great musical library from the House of Bragança , one of the best of Europe at that time, and ordered
19880-453: Was only released from prison in October 1729, after she had undergone torture and figured as a penitent in another auto-da-fé . Meanwhile, António had gone back to Coimbra , and finishing his course in 1728–1729 he returned to Lisbon and became associated with his father as an advocate. He found what he believed to be an ignorant and corrupt society ruled by an immoral yet fanatical monarch, who wasted millions on unprofitable buildings though
20022-431: Was originally a piano style, featuring syncopated rhythms and chromaticisms . It is primarily a form of dance music utilizing the walking bass , and is generally composed in sonata form . Ragtime is a refined and evolved form of the African American cakewalk dance, mixed with styles ranging from European marches and popular songs to jigs and other dances played by large African American bands in northern cities during
20164-514: Was the introduction of electronic music in Brazil, with the pioneering works of the carioca Jorge Antunes in 1961. Carlos Gomes was the first composer on non-European origin to achieve wide recognition in the classical music environment of the Golden age of Opera in Italy. Bossa Nova was created as anti-opera in a time when opera seemed to represent the art-form of the elite. [5] In recent years
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