110-692: The River Torrens / ˈ t ɒr ən z / ( Karrawirra Parri / Karrawirraparri ) is the most significant river of the Adelaide Plains . It was one of the main reasons for the siting of the city of Adelaide , capital of South Australia . It flows 85 kilometres (53 mi) from its source in the Adelaide Hills near Mount Pleasant , across the Adelaide Plains, past the city centre and empties into Gulf St Vincent between Henley Beach South and West Beach . The upper stretches of
220-601: A gorge after Cudlee Creek . It flows through the gorge to Athelstone , passing over the Eden Fault Zone of the Adelaide Hills face and associated escarpment. After the scarp it flows over sedimentary rocks of varying resistance to erosion , which has led to interspersed narrows and broad basins. From the base of the Adelaide Hills to the Adelaide central business district it runs in a shallow valley with
330-473: A monotreme , appeared. The predatory South American phorusrhacids were rare in this time; among the last was Titanis , a large phorusrhacid that migrated to North America and rivaled mammals as top predator. Other birds probably evolved at this time, some modern (such as the genera Cygnus , Bubo , Struthio and Corvus ), some now extinct. Alligators and crocodiles died out in Europe as
440-541: A 1-in-200-year flood. When the O-Bahn Busway was opened, the bridges were designed to cope with this scale of flood, although the two bridges in St Peters would likely be awash. The 470 ML (17 million cu ft) Torrens Lake was created in 1881 with the construction of a weir, landscaping of Elder Park and modification of the river's bank and surrounds into an English formal park. The lake forms
550-487: A 1940 remodelling including an Olympic-size swimming pool and diving tower. The baths were demolished in 1970 to make way for the Adelaide Festival Centre . The 16,500 ML (3.6 billion imp gal; 4.4 billion US gal) Millbrook Reservoir was constructed high in the Adelaide Hills from 1913 to 1918 submerging the town of Millbrook. An earth bank dam fed by mile long tunnel from
660-629: A central and non-metropolitan subset of the plain. This is evidenced by the local government area of Adelaide Plains Council , which occupies 932 square kilometres (360 sq mi) from the Gawler River in the south to Wild Horse Plains , Long Plains and Grace Plains north of Dublin and Mallala . This South Australia geography article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Pliocene The Pliocene ( / ˈ p l aɪ . ə s iː n , ˈ p l aɪ . oʊ -/ PLY -ə-seen, PLY -oh- ; also Pleiocene )
770-406: A centrepiece of many Adelaide events and postcard scenes. Elder Park with its iron rotunda was opened on 28 November 1882. The Rotunda is a largely Glasgow built 9-metre-high (30 ft) iron bandstand which was funded by Sir Thomas Elder , the park being named after him. In 1867, prison labour from nearby Adelaide Gaol was used to build a wooden dam near the site of the current weir. The dam
880-509: A choir in Popeye 4 . Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser officially launched three new fibreglass models named Popeyes I , II and III in 1982 as the wooden boats' replacements. In the early days of Adelaide, the Torrens was used for bathing, stock watering, rubbish disposal, water supply and as a de facto sewer and drainage sump. This led to a range of health issues until finally, in 1839, when
990-515: A dysentery outbreak killed five children in one day, Governor Gawler forbade bathing, clothes washing and the disposal of animal carcases in the Torrens within 1.6 kilometres (1 mi) of town. The quality of the river's water was not helped by water supply methods. Carters used to drive water carts into the Torrens to refill. To prevent this the State Government in 1852 built a facility with steam powered pumps and water storage, from which
1100-406: A large neocortex relative to body mass and stone tool manufacture. Improvements in dating methods and in the use of climate proxies have provided scientists with the means to test hypotheses of the evolution of human ancestors. Early hypotheses of the evolution of human traits emphasized the selective pressures produced by particular habitats. For example, many scientists have long favored
1210-429: A particular habitat. The change to a cooler, drier, more seasonal climate had considerable impacts on Pliocene vegetation, reducing tropical species worldwide. Deciduous forests proliferated, coniferous forests and tundra covered much of the north, and grasslands spread on all continents (except Antarctica). Eastern Africa in particular saw a huge expansion of C 4 grasslands. Tropical forests were limited to
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#17327723927001320-554: A terraced floor, then down the slope of its own alluvial fan . The structure of this fan shows that the river formerly entered Gulf St Vincent via the Port River . Over time the Torrens deposited sediment , choking its own outflow; becoming locked behind coastal sand dunes and forming the swampy areas of the Cowandilla Plains and The Reedbeds . The Torrens is fed by numerous seasonal creeks, which are dry for most of
1430-968: A tight band around the equator, and in addition to dry savannahs , deserts appeared in Asia and Africa. Both marine and continental faunas were essentially modern, although continental faunas were a bit more primitive than today. The land mass collisions meant great migration and mixing of previously isolated species, such as in the Great American Interchange . Herbivores got bigger, as did specialized predators. In North America, rodents , large mastodons and gomphotheres , and opossums continued successfully, while hoofed animals ( ungulates ) declined, with camel , deer , and horse all seeing populations recede. Three-toed horses ( Nannippus ), oreodonts , protoceratids , and chalicotheres became extinct. Borophagine dogs and Agriotherium became extinct, but other carnivores including
1540-408: A vast but shallow freshwater wetlands . These wetlands, known as The Reedbeds after the dominant vegetation, occupied a large area of the western Adelaide Plains and were also fed by other waterways. The river only flowed to the sea through the Port River , Barker Inlet , and Patawalonga River following heavy rain. The river's catchment area of approximately 500 km (193 sq mi)
1650-436: A weir on the river at Gumeracha , its elevation allows gravity supply of water to Adelaide's eastern suburbs. Due to the river's path through the centre of Adelaide, transport necessitated the construction of many bridges. Prior to the bridges all crossings had been via fords which proved a dangerous practice in winter and spring. The first bridge was one of timber built in 1839 approximately 500 metres (1,600 ft) west of
1760-462: A year with 785.6 millimetres (30.93 in) of rain compared to the Adelaide average of 530 millimetres (21 in). The river flooded market gardens and farms throughout its hills course causing extensive damage. Norwood was inundated to The Parade , Adelaide to Pirie and Rundle Streets, and many areas west of the city were left in a shallow lake. The river ran 9 feet (2.7 m) deep over
1870-552: Is a key finding of research into a lake-sediment core obtained in Eastern Siberia, which is of exceptional importance because it has provided the longest continuous late Cenozoic land-based sedimentary record thus far. During the late Zanclean, Italy remained relatively warm and humid. Central Asia became more seasonal during the Pliocene, with colder, drier winters and wetter summers, which contributed to an increase in
1980-437: Is now covered by the city of Adelaide , the capital of South Australia . The central area is considered the breadbasket of South Australia with many market gardens and wineries, particularly around the towns of Virginia and Angle Vale . The northern area is predominantly used for growing cereal grains such as wheat , barley , and canola , and farming sheep . Usage of the term Adelaide Plains frequently refers to
2090-509: Is now the official name of Fourth Creek. This name has been adapted to Morialta, which is now the name of an electoral district , school and the park through which the creek flows. Fifth Creek arises within the Morialta Conservation Park, runs alongside Montacute Road for some way and discharges into the Torrens at Athelstone . The largest catchment of the Torrens is Sixth Creek in the Adelaide Hills, which joins
2200-722: Is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.33 to 2.58 million years ago (Ma). It is the second and most recent epoch of the Neogene Period in the Cenozoic Era . The Pliocene follows the Miocene Epoch and is followed by the Pleistocene Epoch. Prior to the 2009 revision of the geologic time scale, which placed the four most recent major glaciations entirely within the Pleistocene,
2310-548: Is the largest of any waterway within the Adelaide region. The upper reaches are used to create a potable water supply for metropolitan Adelaide with the river supplying three of Adelaide's eight reservoirs. The upper catchment has an average annual rainfall of between 575 millimetres (22.6 in) at its eastern end to 1,025 millimetres (40.4 in) near Uraidla . The Torrens has a very variable flow leaving early settlers to use trial and error in determining bridge heights, with many bridges consequently being washed away. Due to
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#17327723927002420-622: The Adelaide Botanic Garden to create the First Creek Wetland , a scheme set up to ensure water security and to encourage diversity of flora and fauna in the area, thus helping to maintain healthy urban environments. Botanic Creek runs through the eastern Adelaide parklands from south to north, into the Adelaide Botanic Garden before joining First Creek. Second Creek arises in the Summertown area of
2530-565: The Adelaide Hills , north of First Creek, and flows through Greenhill , through Slape Gully, entering the more populated suburbs as it flows through the Michael Perry Reserve in Stonyfell and onwards through the eastern suburbs of Erindale , Marryatville , Kensington (open at Borthwick Park) and Norwood , much of it canalised underground as far as St Peters . The St Peters section is an open canal shortly before it joins
2640-602: The Adelaide Zoo . The first boat was launched on the Torrens Lake by Gordon Watts in 1935. It was a 25-foot (7.6 m) boat, built on the banks of the Torrens to hold up to 20 passengers and named Popeye 1 . Watts purchased a former Glenelg cruise boat in 1948 and placed it in service as Popeye 2 . Over the next two years three new jarrah hulled boats were built at Port Adelaide ; carrying 40 passengers each they were numbered Popeye 3 through Popeye 5 . Trips on
2750-588: The Hardangervidda plateau to 1200 m in the Early Pliocene. In Southern Sweden similar movements elevated the South Swedish highlands leading to a deflection of the ancient Eridanos river from its original path across south-central Sweden into a course south of Sweden. The Pliocene is bookended by two significant events in the evolution of human ancestors. The first is the appearance of
2860-686: The Isthmus of Panama during the Pliocene, making possible the Great American Interchange and bringing a nearly complete end to South America's distinctive native ungulate fauna, though other South American lineages like its predatory mammals were already extinct by this point and others like xenarthrans continued to do well afterwards. The formation of the Isthmus had major consequences on global temperatures, since warm equatorial ocean currents were cut off and an Atlantic cooling cycle began, with cold Arctic and Antarctic waters decreasing temperatures in
2970-463: The Kaurna language , which formed the basis of the 21st-century language revival of the language. The "native location" and school moved from the southern side of the river (now Bonython Park ) to the northern side several times. During early years of colonisation, the surrounding trees were cut down and the river's gravel used in road making and construction of buildings. As the natural environment
3080-571: The Netherlands the Pliocene is divided into these stages (old to young): Brunssumian C, Reuverian A, Reuverian B, Reuverian C, Praetiglian , Tiglian A, Tiglian B, Tiglian C1-4b, Tiglian C4c, Tiglian C5, Tiglian C6 and Eburonian . The exact correlations between these local stages and the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) stages is not established. During the Pliocene epoch (5.3 to 2.6 million years ago (Ma)),
3190-478: The North Atlantic and North Pacific Ocean beds. Mid-latitude glaciation was probably underway before the end of the epoch. The global cooling that occurred during the Pliocene may have accelerated on the disappearance of forests and the spread of grasslands and savannas. During the Pliocene the earth climate system response shifted from a period of high frequency-low amplitude oscillation dominated by
3300-425: The O-Bahn Busway . It passes between the city centre and North Adelaide , forming the Torrens Lake between the Adelaide Zoo and a weir opposite Adelaide Gaol . The river then continues the remaining eight kilometres to the sea at Henley Beach South, emptying into Gulf St Vincent via a constructed outlet. Hope Valley , Millbrook and Kangaroo Creek Reservoirs, which provide water storage for Adelaide, capture
3410-725: The Paleozoic era then further dislocated during the Cretaceous and earliest Tertiary . There is a 400-metre (1,300 ft) subsidence along the Para Fault which also affects the rivers flow. This subsidence was formed in the last two million years, after the Pliocene era. From its origin to Birdwood the river follows rolling, relatively level country before entering a hilly section that continues to Gumeracha . The river then follows sedimentary rock strata before entering
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3520-497: The hominin Australopithecus anamensis in the early Pliocene, around 4.2 million years ago. The second is the appearance of Homo , the genus that includes modern humans and their closest extinct relatives, near the end of the Pliocene at 2.6 million years ago. Key traits that evolved among hominins during the Pliocene include terrestrial bipedality and, by the end of the Pliocene, encephalized brains (brains with
3630-634: The savannah hypothesis . This proposes that the evolution of terrestrial bipedality and other traits was an adaptive response to Pliocene climate change that transformed forests into more open savannah . This was championed by Grafton Elliot Smith in his 1924 book, The Evolution of Man , as "the unknown world beyond the trees", and was further elaborated by Raymond Dart as the killer ape theory . Other scientists, such as Sherwood L. Washburn , emphasized an intrinsic model of hominin evolution. According to this model, early evolutionary developments triggered later developments. The model placed little emphasis on
3740-493: The weasel family diversified, and dogs and short-faced bears did well. Ground sloths , huge glyptodonts , and armadillos came north with the formation of the Isthmus of Panama. The latitudinal diversity gradient among terrestrial North American mammals became established during this epoch some time after 4 Ma. In Eurasia rodents did well, while primate distribution declined. Elephants , gomphotheres and stegodonts were successful in Asia (the largest land mammals of
3850-597: The "Parliamentary Standing Committee on Public Works" recommended that an outlet for the river be created to accommodate flows of up to 370 m/s (13,000 cu ft/s), covering a 1-in-60-year flood. The work was partly financed by a Commonwealth Government grant with the State Government arranging for the balance. The State Government, western and eastern local councils and the Municipal Tramways Trust shared interest costs. The scheme
3960-424: The 1889 flood, the weir was overwhelmed, its gates jammed, and in trying to free them the weir's designer John Langdon was crippled. The weir was rebuilt from 1928 to 1929 with its footbridge relocated and the centre section replaced. The gates can now be fully raised and the river allowed to flow unimpeded. The " Popeye " boats are privately owned recreational ferries that operate on the lake between Elder Park and
4070-565: The 19th century, native forests were cleared, gravel removed for construction and many foreign species introduced. With construction of the linear parks, many species native to the river have been replanted, and introduced species have been controlled as weeds. The river and its tributaries are highly variable in flow, and together drain an area of 508 square kilometres (196 sq mi). They range from sometimes raging torrents, damaging bridges and flooding city areas, to trickles and completely dry in summer. Winter and spring flooding has prompted
4180-414: The 2,840 ML (620 million imp gal; 750 million US gal) Hope Valley Reservoir in the foothills of the Adelaide Hills was completed as a storage reservoir, supplied via an aqueduct and tunnel. Public baths were built in 1861 just north of the current Parliament House . They were supplied with reticulated water from the Torrens and progressively upgraded with the last change
4290-469: The 41,000-year period of Earth's obliquity to one of low-frequency, high-amplitude oscillation dominated by the 100,000-year period of the orbital eccentricity characteristic of the Pleistocene glacial-interglacial cycles. During the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene, 3.6 to 2.6 Ma, the Arctic was much warmer than it is at the present day (with summer temperatures some 8 °C warmer than today). That
4400-595: The Earth's climate became cooler and drier, as well as more seasonal, marking a transition between the relatively warm Miocene to the cooler Pleistocene . However, the beginning of the Pliocene was marked by an increase in global temperatures relative to the cooler Messinian . This increase was related to the 1.2 million year obliquity amplitude modulation cycle . By 3.3-3.0 Ma, during the Mid-Piacenzian Warm Period (mPWP), global average temperature
4510-552: The Kangaroo Creek dam's level was raised, its spillway modified, the Breakout Creek channel capacity increased and some bridges reinforced. A development plan was approved in 1981 to purchase land along the length of the river, create a flood mitigating linear park and also to modify the Kangaroo Creek dam further. The sea outlet was enlarged to a capacity of 410 m/s (14,000 cu ft/s) which now covered
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4620-793: The Minister for the Environment and Conservation. The river is a used by many for recreation, with the footpaths on the riverbanks often filled with cyclists and joggers. Rowers use the lake for training all year round, and many clubs such as the Adelaide University Boat Club , the Adelaide Rowing Club , and the boat houses of the secondary schools which participate in the annual Head of the River are located upon its banks. Several rowing regattas are held on
4730-510: The Pliocene also included the Gelasian Stage, which lasted from 2.59 to 1.81 Ma, and is now included in the Pleistocene. As with other older geologic periods, the geological strata that define the start and end are well-identified but the exact dates of the start and end of the epoch are slightly uncertain. The boundaries defining the Pliocene are not set at an easily identified worldwide event but rather at regional boundaries between
4840-628: The Pliocene contains the Dacian (roughly equal to the Zanclean) and Romanian (roughly equal to the Piacenzian and Gelasian together) stages. As usual in stratigraphy, there are many other regional and local subdivisions in use. In Britain , the Pliocene is divided into the following stages (old to young): Gedgravian, Waltonian , Pre-Ludhamian, Ludhamian, Thurnian, Bramertonian or Antian, Pre-Pastonian or Baventian, Pastonian and Beestonian . In
4950-566: The Pliocene were such proboscideans as Deinotherium , Anancus , and Mammut borsoni , ) though proboscidean diversity declined significantly during the Late Pliocene. Hyraxes migrated north from Africa. Horse diversity declined, while tapirs and rhinos did fairly well. Bovines and antelopes were successful; some camel species crossed into Asia from North America. Hyenas and early saber-toothed cats appeared, joining other predators including dogs, bears, and weasels. Africa
5060-510: The Popeyes from Elder Park to the zoo became a treasured family outing and the boats hosted weddings and other events. In March 1962 Keith Altman, owner of riverside eatery "Jolley's Boathouse", took over the Popeyes and introduced recreational paddle boats to the river. The Popeyes had a brush with royalty in March 1977 with Popeye 5 ferrying Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip followed by
5170-547: The Torrens Lake course in the summer months of each year, contested by both club and school crews. Adelaide Plains The Adelaide Plains (Kaurna name Tarndanya ) is a plain in South Australia lying between the coast ( Gulf St Vincent ) on the west and the Mount Lofty Ranges on the east. The southernmost tip of the plain is in the southern seaside suburbs of Adelaide around Brighton at
5280-407: The Torrens at Castambul on Gorge Road . At the time of European settlement the river was a summertime chain of waterholes bounded by large gum trees . Flowing through the area where the city of Adelaide is sited the river was sometimes invisible beneath its gravel stream bed . It frequently flooded in winter and did not reach the sea, instead ending at coastal dunes where its waters created
5390-692: The Torrens. It was once called Hallet's Rivulet. Stonyfell Creek , arising on the eastern boundary of Stonyfell , flows through Kensington Gardens , including an open stretch in the Reserve before again being piped underground under West Terrace, passing under Kensington Park and Beulah Park . It joins Second Creek near the junction of Magill and Portrush Roads . First and Second Creeks come within about 46 metres (50 yd) of each other in Marryatville, with formerly only flat land between them. Third Creek arises near Norton Summit and flows through
5500-546: The Western Atlantic, assemblages of bivalves exhibited remarkable stasis with regards to their basal metabolic rates throughout the various climatic changes of the Pliocene. The Pliocene was a high water mark for species diversity among Caribbean corals. From 5 to 2 Ma, coral species origination rates were relatively high in the Caribbean, although a noticeable extinction event and drop in diversity occurred at
5610-544: The abundance of C 4 plants across the region. In the Loess Plateau , δ13C values of occluded organic matter increased by 2.5% while those of pedogenic carbonate increased by 5% over the course of the Late Miocene and Pliocene, indicating increased aridification. Further aridification of Central Asia was caused by the development of Northern Hemisphere glaciation during the Late Pliocene. A sediment core from
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#17327723927005720-478: The board of Colonisation Commissioners for South Australia from 1834 to 1841 (when he was sacked). From March 1837 settlers camped in tents and makeshift huts along the west end of the River Torrens and freely used the river's resources. A Native Location was created on the north banks of the Torrens and indigenous labour was often used by the settlers for tasks such as hewing wood or delivering water. During
5830-485: The carters then filled their casks. The "Waterworks Act" of 1856 was passed to enable damming of the upstream Torrens for water supply purposes. The resulting "Water Commission" arranged the following year for foundations to be laid for a water supply weir 11 kilometres (7 mi) from Adelaide near Campbelltown . Unsuitable geology and shoddy work by contractors Frost & Watson led to it being washed away in July 1858 and
5940-735: The climate cooled. Venomous snake genera continued to increase as more rodents and birds evolved. Rattlesnakes first appeared in the Pliocene. The modern species Alligator mississippiensis , having evolved in the Miocene, continued into the Pliocene, except with a more northern range; specimens have been found in very late Miocene deposits of Tennessee . Giant tortoises still thrived in North America, with genera like Hesperotestudo . Madtsoid snakes were still present in Australia. The amphibian order Allocaudata became extinct. In
6050-619: The construction of flood reduction works. A constructed sea outlet, landscaped linear parks and three holding reservoirs contain peak flow. The River Torrens runs largely westward from the Adelaide Hills, through the centre of Adelaide to the Gulf St Vincent. It originates close to the eastern fault scarp of the Mount Lofty Ranges , near Mount Pleasant , approximately 480 metres (1,575 ft) above sea level . It runs predominantly along faulted north-south ground structures, which were formed over 250 million years ago during
6160-480: The contractors and forced to resign. The water was captured at the weir, piped for storage to the Thorndon Park Reservoir then to a water tower at Kent Town. Water from Kent Town storage was distributed via a manually controlled water system, unmetered for its first six years. Within six years 20,000 citizens in Adelaide and Port Adelaide were connected to reticulated water from the Torrens. By 1872,
6270-459: The current City bridge, but destroyed by floods in September 1844. In 1849 £6,000 was allocated to bridge the Torrens. Within four years three wooden bridges had been built and subsequently destroyed in floods. The bridges listed below are from up-river to down-river. The river was formerly a food source with yabbies , mussels and small fish, however the reduction in water quality, changing of
6380-592: The department of works favoured a cutting through sand dunes near Henley Beach allowing the river an outlet, mitigating floods and preventing silting of the Port River. He also advocated the construction of a reservoir where the Kangaroo Creek Reservoir is now, to both mitigate floods and provide summer irrigation water for market gardens. Unfortunately the bill lapsed with no action as the government and local councils were unwilling to fund
6490-433: The early years of settlement, the river acted as both the city's primary water source and main sewer , leading to outbreaks of typhoid . Since European settlement the river has been a frequently touted tourist attraction . The river's long linear parks and a constructed lake in the lower stretch are iconic of the city. The river's flora and fauna have been both deliberately and accidentally impacted since settlement . In
6600-475: The early-mid Pliocene (5 Ma – 3 Ma), after three-million-year intervals with modern or glacial ice volume became longer and collapse occurs only at times when warmer global temperature coincide with strong austral summer insolation anomalies. Continents continued to drift , moving from positions possibly as far as 250 km from their present locations to positions only 70 km from their current locations. South America became linked to North America through
6710-570: The end of this interval. Oceans continued to be relatively warm during the Pliocene, though they continued cooling. The Arctic ice cap formed , drying the climate and increasing cool shallow currents in the North Atlantic. Deep cold currents flowed from the Antarctic. The formation of the Isthmus of Panama about 3.5 million years ago cut off the final remnant of what was once essentially a circum-equatorial current that had existed since
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#17327723927006820-491: The first time since the Cretaceous , with North American rodents and primates mixing with southern forms. Litopterns and the notoungulates , South American natives, were mostly wiped out, except for the macrauchenids and toxodonts , which managed to survive. Small weasel-like carnivorous mustelids , coatis and short-faced bears migrated from the north. Grazing glyptodonts , browsing giant ground sloths and smaller caviomorph rodents , pampatheres , and armadillos did
6930-419: The flooding elsewhere. Two early floods were, 18 September 1841 which resulted in two people drowning while trying to cross the river at Klemzig , and 22 September 1844, the largest recorded since settlement began, when "Shands' Brewery" was washed away after the river undermined its foundations . The 1899 flood was particularly widespread with extensive flooding of both the river and its tributaries , after
7040-734: The foot of the O'Halloran Hill escarpment with the south Hummocks Range and Wakefield River roughly approximating the northern boundary. Traditionally entirely occupied by the Kaurna (indigenous) people, the Adelaide Plains are crossed by a number of rivers and creeks, but several dry up during summer. The rivers (from south to north) include: the Onkaparinga/Ngangki , Sturt/Warri Torrens/Karra Wirra , Little Para , Gawler , Light/Yarralinka and Wakefield/Undalya . The plains are generally fertile with annual rainfall of about 460 millimetres (18 in) per year. The plain can be roughly divided into three parts. The southern area
7150-503: The forest that was seen by European discoverers. Still present are many of the original vegetation species like: Sheoak ( Casuarina stricta ), native cherry ( Exocarpos cupressiformis ), native pine ( Callitris preissii ) and Australia's floral emblem the golden wattle ( Acacia pycnantha ) From its source the river flows westwards through Birdwood and Gumeracha . It then continues down through Torrens Gorge entering suburban Adelaide at Athelstone with some of its path paralleled by
7260-413: The influence of seasonal variation. More recent research has emphasized the variability selection hypothesis, which proposes that variability in climate fostered development of hominin traits. Improved climate proxies show that the Pliocene climate of east Africa was highly variable, suggesting that adaptability to varying conditions was more important in driving hominin evolution than the steady pressure of
7370-428: The lake are icons of the area and frequently featured in postcard photographs of the city. Due to now-limited natural river flow and stormwater born organic material, the lower river, (particularly the lake), is often polluted with algal blooms and significant levels of E. coli bacteria in spring and summer. Numerous taskforces have been formed to improve the river's water quality , including one created in 2006 by
7480-497: The more than 100 species seen. The number of exotic waterfowl species such as mallards has reduced in recent years. In places the steep banks of the river are an ideal habitat for long-necked tortoises . The river, and its tributaries, had a population of water rats (Hydromys chrysogaster) and Australian swamp rats ( Rattus lutreolus ). Water rats remain in reduced numbers, but the introduced black rat ( Rattus rattus ) and brown rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) have largely supplanted
7590-408: The natives. The house mouse ( Mus musculus ) is now the most common mammal of the Torrens environ. Widely found native reeds , sedges and rushes along the upper river are bulrush , knobby club rush, spike rush, common reed, sea rush and pale rush . River red gum ( Eucalyptus camaldulensis ) and blue gum ( Eucalyptus leucoxylon ) trees are found along the riverbanks, although sparser than
7700-555: The northern South China Sea shows an increase in dust storm activity during the middle Pliocene. The South Asian Summer Monsoon (SASM) increased in intensity after 2.95 Ma, likely because of enhanced cross-equatorial pressure caused by the reorganisation of the Indonesian Throughflow. In the south-central Andes , an arid period occurred from 6.1 to 5.2 Ma, with another occurring from 3.6 to 3.3 Ma. These arid periods are coincident with global cold periods, during which
7810-754: The now-separated Atlantic Ocean. Africa 's collision with Europe formed the Mediterranean Sea , cutting off the remnants of the Tethys Ocean . The border between the Miocene and the Pliocene is also the time of the Messinian salinity crisis . During the Late Pliocene, the Himalayas became less active in their uplift, as evidenced by sedimentation changes in the Bengal Fan . The land bridge between Alaska and Siberia ( Beringia )
7920-512: The onset of continental glaciation in the Arctic, suggesting that vegetation changes in Australia during the Pliocene behaved similarly to during the Late Pleistocene and were likely characterised by comparable cycles of aridity and humidity. The equatorial Pacific Ocean sea surface temperature gradient was considerably lower than it is today. Mean sea surface temperatures in the east were substantially warmer than today but similar in
8030-400: The opposite, migrating to the north and thriving there. The marsupials remained the dominant Australian mammals, with herbivore forms including wombats and kangaroos , and the huge Diprotodon . Carnivorous marsupials continued hunting in the Pliocene, including dasyurids , the dog-like thylacine and cat-like Thylacoleo . The first rodents arrived in Australia. The modern platypus ,
8140-657: The original vegetation has disappeared from the creeks, particularly those closest to the city. Introduced species including olives , bamboo , boxthorn , watsonia and blackberries have displaced native flora. There is some risk of flooding from all of these eastern suburbs creeks, as shown by the Floodplain Study, which includes plans and maps drawn up by the City of Burnside and neighbouring councils. First Creek begins in Cleland Wildlife Park on
8250-628: The position of the Southern Hemisphere westerlies shifted northward and disrupted the South American Low Level Jet, which brings moisture to southeastern South America. From around 3.8 Ma to about 3.3 Ma, North Africa experienced an extended humid period. In northwestern Africa, tropical forests extended up to Cape Blanc during the Zanclean until around 3.5 Ma. During the Piacenzian, from about 3.5 to 2.6 Ma,
8360-514: The recent", referring to the essentially modern marine mollusc fauna. In the official timescale of the ICS , the Pliocene is subdivided into two stages . From youngest to oldest they are: The Piacenzian is sometimes referred to as the Late Pliocene, whereas the Zanclean is referred to as the Early Pliocene. In the system of In the Paratethys area (central Europe and parts of western Asia)
8470-556: The reed beds, and Yertala everywhere when in flood, which has survived as Yatala in the naming of various places in Adelaide. Pirltawardli , now within Park 1/Pitawardli, a location next to the river near the weir, on the western side of North Adelaide , is an area of great historical significance, as the location of a Kaurna camp and later the first Christian mission and school in South Australia. The missionaries documented
8580-499: The region was forested at irregular intervals and contained a significant Saharan palaeoriver until 3.35 Ma, when trade winds began to dominate over fluvial transport of pollen. Around 3.26 Ma, a strong aridification event that was followed by a return to more humid conditions, which was itself followed by another aridification around 2.7 Ma. From 2.6 to 2.4 Ma, vegetation zones began repeatedly shifting latitudinally in response to glacial-interglacial cycles. The climate of eastern Africa
8690-400: The rest numbered consecutively northward. They were once named Greenhill, Hallett, Todd, Anstey and Ormsby rivulets respectively, and had Kaurna names before European settlement. First, Second and Third Creeks have been particularly heavily modified. Some sections have been converted to concrete channels; others run through landscaped private gardens and some run in underground pipes. Much of
8800-408: The river and the reservoirs in its watershed supply a significant part of the city's water supply . The river is also known by the native Kaurna name for the river—Karrawirra Parri or Karrawirraparri ( karra meaning redgum , wirra meaning forest and parri meaning river), having been officially dual-named in 2001. Another Kaurna name for the river was Tarndaparri (Kangaroo river). The river
8910-480: The river has been dually known by the indigenous Kaurna people's name of Karra wirra-parri (meaning river of the Red Gum forest), referring to the dense eucalyptus forest that lined its banks prior to clearing by early settlers. This name, alternatively Karra-weera , only referred to the lake section of the river, between Adelaide and North Adelaide. It was known as Karrundo-ingga at Hindmarsh , Witoingga near
9020-442: The river's alluvial fan. As development of Adelaide progressed the amount of rainfall required for flooding decreased and consequent damage increased. Increased stormwater runoff, modification of the river's banks and other changes all served to exacerbate the problem. Work done by various groups to minimise flooding was often counter productive with the creation of levees , moving and widening channels and other works simply shifting
9130-467: The river's flow. These reservoirs form part of the Adelaide Hills catchment, which supplies 60% of Adelaide's water needs in an average year. Adelaide City Council uses water from the lower river to irrigate the city's surrounding parklands . Rubbish accumulation in the lower river is controlled with numerous collection racks, and sediments and other pollutants are filtered through constructed wetlands . The earliest linear river park in Australia bounds
9240-509: The river's habitat, and introduction of European fish species has led to a reduction in fauna quantity and diversity. Exotic pest species such as the European carp , redfin perch and trout have greatly reduced native fish populations like the big headed gudgeon ( Philypnodon grandiceps ) but native waterfowl are common along the river with Pacific black ducks , Australian wood ducks , black swans , ibis , egrets and herons amongst
9350-448: The river's natural beauty, and developing it for recreational uses. The "River Torrens Acquisition Act 1970–72" was passed, authorising the purchase of land, in some cases 60 metres (200 ft) back from the top of the river's banks. By 1980, further development along the riverbanks and removal of levées had reduced the outlet's capacity to a 1-in-35-year flood. A study showed that a 1-in-200-year flood would inundate 13,000 properties; so
9460-482: The river's use for potable water this has greatly reduced the overall flow especially in the lower river. A flood mitigation bill was passed in 1917 to not only combat the damage caused by floods but also the public health risk due to the lack of mains sewerage in the western suburbs. Popular opinion favoured diverting the flood waters into their "natural" outlets of the Port and Patawalonga Rivers. The chief engineer of
9570-527: The scene. Bears, dogs and weasels (originally from North America) joined cats, hyenas and civets as the African predators, forcing hyenas to adapt as specialized scavengers. Most mustelids in Africa declined as a result of increased competition from the new predators, although Enhydriodon omoensis remained an unusually successful terrestrial predator. South America was invaded by North American species for
9680-457: The site abandoned. Engineer Hamilton was replaced by John England . Government then created a Waterworks Department, which started construction of a weir 16 kilometres (10 mi) from the city and reservoir at Thorndon Park in 1859. The weir was completed on 4 June 1860 and the reservoir began supplying piped water in December. Engineer England was found by a Select Committee to have overpaid
9790-523: The site for the suburb of West Lakes . Based on recommendations in a 1925 report on flood mitigation, work began in the 1960s on the building of the Kangaroo Creek Reservoir, opened in 1969 with a capacity of 24.4 megalitres (860,000 cu ft). It remains the only reservoir damming the river rather than being fed from weirs. The "River Torrens Committee" was formed in 1964 to advise the minister of works on preserving and enhancing
9900-437: The suburban end of the river. The park is 35 km long with numerous playgrounds walkways and bicycle tracks. On the south bank of the lake, adjacent to the Adelaide Festival Centre , Elder Park is used for the annual Tasting Australia festival, mass singing of christmas carols at the annual "Carols by Candlelight", and other public events throughout the year. The Popeye tourist boats, small paddle boats and Black Swans of
10010-507: The suburbs of Magill , Tranmere , Trinity Gardens and Payneham , much of the way underground, before discharging into the Torrens at Felixstow . Fourth Creek , or Morialta Creek , arises on the other side of Norton Summit, with various tributaries flowing into it from Marble Hill and Lobethal . It is most well known for its falls in Morialta Conservation Park . "Moriatta", a Kaurna word meaning "ever flowing",
10120-400: The surrounding environment. Anthropologists tended to focus on intrinsic models while geologists and vertebrate paleontologists tended to put greater emphasis on habitats. Alternatives to the savanna hypothesis include the woodland/forest hypothesis, which emphasizes the evolution of hominins in closed habitats, or hypotheses emphasizing the influence of colder habitats at higher latitudes or
10230-423: The swamp the summer filth of Adelaide we cannot guess; but the Torrens at other times is not a river at all, but merely a chain of fresh water pools. At the present moment, its running water may be spanned with the hand and sounded with the forefinger Since settlement it has repeatedly flooded, sometimes with disastrous consequences. Adelaide's western suburbs were especially prone to flooding due to their location on
10340-437: The variability of Adelaide's climate , flow rates can change from a trickle to flood conditions quickly. On 5 June 1889, prior to major flooding, the flow rate before it entered the suburbs was 0.7 cubic metres per second (25 cu ft/s ), rising to 129.1 m/s (4,560 cu ft/s), eight days later. What the River Torrens may be capable of performing for a week or two of the rainy season beyond sweeping down to
10450-514: The warmer Miocene and the relatively cooler Pleistocene. The upper boundary was set at the start of the Pleistocene glaciations. Charles Lyell (later Sir Charles) gave the Pliocene its name in Principles of Geology (volume 3, 1833). The word pliocene comes from the Greek words πλεῖον ( pleion , "more") and καινός ( kainos , "new" or "recent") and means roughly "continuation of
10560-808: The weir near Thorndon Park Reservoir, 3 feet (0.9 m) over the Torrens Lake Weir and 1 foot (0.3 m) over the Morphett Street Bridge. The Underdale (or Holbrooks) Bridge was destroyed, the Torrens Lake weir's bridge damaged, and the Felixstow Bridge over the Fourth Creek washed away. The first European sighting of the river was in November 1836 by an exploration party comprising Lieutenant W.G. Field , John Morphett and George Strickland Kingston . The river
10670-505: The west. This condition has been described as a permanent El Niño state, or “El Padre.” Several mechanisms have been proposed for this pattern, including increased tropical cyclone activity . The extent of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet oscillated at the 40 kyr period of Earth's obliquity. Ice sheet collapse occurred when the global average temperature was 3 °C warmer than today and carbon dioxide concentration
10780-472: The western side of Mount Lofty and Crafers , flows north-west through the south-eastern suburbs, past a drop at the Waterfall Gully falls, through Hazelwood and Tusmore Parks , and Marryatville High School , before discharging into the Torrens near Adelaide Zoo . Much of its course through the suburbs has been canalised , some underground. About 7.5% of its flow is diverted as it flows through
10890-413: The works. The Millbrook Reservoir opened in 1918 as a summer water source, and flood mitigator if required. A bill was passed in 1923 to enact the earlier plan of cutting through the dunes and adding an upstream regulating weir. Again the bill lapsed due to a lack of commitment from parties on payment. A major flood in 1931 and another in 1933 led to the latest in a series of government enquiries. In 1934
11000-402: The year in their lower reaches, but prone to occasional flooding during the winter and spring. There are five main creeks that join it from the southern side as it crosses the Adelaide Plains east of Adelaide, and at least five more in its path through the Adelaide Hills. The plains tributaries, known as First to Fifth Creeks, lie to the east of the city, with First being the most southerly and
11110-470: Was 2–3 °C higher than today, while carbon dioxide levels were the same as today (400 ppm). Global sea level was about 25 m higher, though its exact value is uncertain. The northern hemisphere ice sheet was ephemeral before the onset of extensive glaciation over Greenland that occurred in the late Pliocene around 3 Ma. The formation of an Arctic ice cap is signaled by an abrupt shift in oxygen isotope ratios and ice-rafted cobbles in
11220-511: Was at 400 ppmv. This resulted in open waters in the Ross Sea . Global sea-level fluctuation associated with ice-sheet collapse was probably up to 7 meters for the west Antarctic and 3 meters for the east Antarctic. Model simulations are consistent with reconstructed ice-sheet oscillations and suggest a progression from a smaller to a larger West Antarctic ice sheet in the last 5 million years. Intervals of ice sheet collapse were much more common in
11330-486: Was dominated by hoofed animals, and primates continued their evolution, with australopithecines (some of the first hominins ) and baboon-like monkeys such as the Dinopithecus appearing in the late Pliocene. Rodents were successful, and elephant populations increased. Cows and antelopes continued diversification and overtook pigs in numbers of species. Early giraffes appeared. Horses and modern rhinos came onto
11440-463: Was enacted in 1935 with the construction of the Breakout Creek (also sometimes Breakout Channel ) to take the Torrens westwards to the sea, completed in 1937. The scheme involved diversion of the river at Lockleys (near Adelaide Airport ), with the original channel blocked and a new channel created to the sea. The reedbeds and swamps were subsequently drained and some of their area is now
11550-452: Was first flooded near the start of the Pliocene, allowing marine organisms to spread between the Arctic and Pacific Oceans. The bridge would continue to be periodically flooded and restored thereafter. Pliocene marine formations are exposed in northeast Spain , southern California , New Zealand , and Italy . During the Pliocene parts of southern Norway and southern Sweden that had been near sea level rose. In Norway this rise elevated
11660-692: Was named "The Yatala" by the party but later renamed by Surveyor General Colonel William Light after Robert Torrens , chairman of the South Australian Colonisation Commission . On 29 December 1836 Light announced the location of the new city of Adelaide, 6 miles (9.7 km) inland on the river's banks. The first Europeans to explore the Torrens Gorge to the headwaters and sources of the river were Dr George Imlay and John Hill in January 1838. In recent years
11770-414: Was poorly constructed and almost immediately the Torrens washed it away. Construction of a permanent concrete weir was begun in November 1880 and completed, at a cost of £7,000, in 1881. The sluice gates were closed to begin filling the 12-hectare (30-acre) Torrens Lake on 1 July 1881. At the lake's official opening on 21 July 1881 an estimated 40,000, almost the entire population of Adelaide, attended. During
11880-478: Was removed, the banks were eroded and the riverbed gradually levelled as waterholes filled. By 1878 the river was noted to be a malodorous, black sewer rather than the sylvan stream of the 1830s. ...anything in the guise of a river more ugly than the Torrens would be impossible to either see or describe... Much of the river's catchment area consists of cleared farmland with run-off captured in private dams to sustain farming over Adelaide's dry summer. Combined with
11990-553: Was thought to be a reflection of the Milky Way ("wodliparri"), and was the heartland of the Kaurna people , who lived along its length and around the tributary creeks. At its 1836 exploration by William Light , an inland bend was chosen as the site of the Adelaide city centre and North Adelaide . The river was first named the Yatala by the initial exploration party, but later renamed to honour Robert Torrens senior, chairman of
12100-545: Was very similar to what it is today. Unexpectedly, the expansion of grasslands in eastern Africa during this epoch appears to have been decoupled from aridification and not caused by it, as evidenced by their asynchrony. Southwestern Australia hosted heathlands , shrublands , and woodlands with a greater species diversity compared to today during the Middle and Late Pliocene. Three different aridification events occurred around 2.90, 2.59, and 2.56 Ma, and may have been linked to
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