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60-467: In the precolonial era, the island, then usually known as Butung, was within the sphere of influence of Ternate . Especially in the sixteenth century, Buton served as an important secondary regional center within the Ternaten empire, controlling regional trade and collecting tribute to be sent to Ternate. The Sultanate of Buton ruled over the island from the 14th until the 20th century. Sultan Murhum,

120-520: A museum as well as the sultan's home . The museum exhibits the genealogy of the Ternatean royal family from 1257, a collection of Portuguese and Dutch helmets, swords and armour, and memorabilia from the previous sultans. The eastern Indonesian archipelago empire led by Ternate had indeed fallen apart since the middle of the 17th century but the influence of Ternate as a kingdom with a long history continued to be felt until centuries later. Ternate has

180-429: A center of spice trade , has nevertheless revealed that Islam probably had a certain presence there since c. 1200, so that Muslim impulses may have reached the region much earlier than previously assumed. The dates for Cico's reign, 1257-1277, are probably not reliable, and it is not clear how Valentijn calculated them. A fathomable history of Ternate only starts with the first Sultan Zainal Abidin alias Tidore Wonge in

240-405: A coastal chief taking over the golden objects underscores the importance of the coastal trade in spices, that brought fortune to Ternate. About Cico's reign as Kolano , Valentijn merely tells that he ruled in a discreet and friendly way. Although he had been invested with kingship over the island, he never made full use of his powers, in order not to alienate the people who had appointed him. From

300-682: A fort on the island, today known as Kastella , construction of which began in 1522, but relations between the Ternateans and Portuguese were strained from the start. Ternate developed closer relations with the Ottomans as a result. An outpost far from Europe generally only attracted the most desperate and avaricious, so that the generally poor behaviour of the Portuguese, combined with feeble attempts at Christianisation , strained relations with Ternate's Muslim ruler. In 1535 Sultan Tabariji

360-485: A misreading of the 17th-century writer Rijali, Valentijn claims that he was also known as Kaicili Cuka, Kaicili meaning prince. In fact, this is due to confusion since Kaicili Cuka was a 16th-century prince who fought the Portuguese. Before his demise in 1277, Cico made the Ternatans acknowledge his son Poit as the rightful successor. The 19th-century chronicle of Ternate written by Naïdah has it that Cico (or Jiko)

420-666: A part of southern Philippines. Ternate was a major producer of cloves and a regional power from the 15th to 17th centuries. The dynasty founded by Cico continues to the present, as does the Sultanate itself, although it no longer holds any political power. The sultanate was originally named the Kingdom of Gapi, but later changed the name to be based on that of its capital, Ternate . Originally there were four villages in Ternate and led by clan leaders called Momole. Main activities of

480-451: A substitute for petroleum asphalt. As a result, natural asphalt can be used to reduce dependency on conventional fossil based resources. Buton Island is administratively divided into five second level administrative divisions ( Daerah Tingkat II ): Baubau City, Buton Regency , (part of) South Buton Regency (which includes several smaller islands to the west and south of Buton), North Buton Regency and (part of) Muna Regency . However,

540-550: A test, Jafar Sadik received his wife back and they were formally married by her father, the Lord of Heaven. A fourth son, Mashur-ma-lamo (the Great Known-by-all) was born in heaven, before the couple returned to Earth. Jafar Sadik and Nurus Safa found their three children who had been left behind. In due time, the sons took up residence in various quarters. Buka went to Makian Island on the west side of Halmahera and became

600-466: A very large share in the eastern archipelago culture, especially Sulawesi (north and east coast) and Maluku . These influences include religion, customs and language. As the first kingdom to embrace Islam, Ternate had a large role in the efforts to convert and introduce Islamic Sharia in the eastern part of the archipelago and the southern part of the Philippines . The form of the organization of

660-706: Is now widely used in Eastern Indonesia, especially in North Sulawesi , the east coast of Central and South Sulawesi, Maluku and Papua with different dialects. Two original letters by Sultan Abu Hayat II to the King of Portugal, the first written between 27 April and 8 November 1521 and the second in early 1522, are recognized as the oldest Malay manuscripts in the world after the Tanjung Tanah manuscripts. Abu Hayat's letters are currently stored in

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720-745: Is separated by the Gulf of Kolowana Watabo ( Teluk Kolowana Watabo ). Batuatas Island is to the south. Also the Bouton Passage (as it was known in the pre-Independence era) was an important inter-island navigational location of the northern Flores Sea . The island is largely covered by rainforest and is known for its wildlife. It is one of only two habitats of the anoa , a type of buffalo . The languages spoken on Buton include Wolio , Cia-Cia , various dialects of Muna , Tukang Besi , Kumbewaha , Lasalimu , Kamaru , Pancana , Busoa , Taloki , Kulisusu and Kioko . The Indonesian language ,

780-457: Is the last pre-Islamic ruler Gapi Baguna . Another complex of legends center on the Arab visitor Jafar Sadik and his sons, and aims to explain the division in four Kings of Maluku (Ternate, Tidore , Bacan and Jailolo). In a remote time, according to one chronicle on 9 June 1245, Jafar Sadik arrived to Ternate and found seven nymphs ( bidadari ) bathing in a small lake, leaving their wings on

840-629: The Arab immigrant Jafar Sadik, was the first king. When the Portuguese established their presence in Maluku in the 16th century, they heard a story about the origins of the Malukan kings. The story goes that Bikusigara(who is a seafarer from Bacan ), found four mystical snake eggs among the rocks on an island. He brought them back home, and after a few days three boys and a girl were born from them. As

900-838: The Boholanos of the destroyed Kedatuan of Dapitan , who were formerly at war against Ternate, captured the former Portuguese fort from the Ternatans in 1606, deporting the Ternate Sultan and his entourage to Manila in the Spanish Philippines (Manila was a formerly a Muslim Bruneian vassal state before the Spanish invaded and Christianized them). The Spanish forced the Ternate ruler, Sultan Said Din Berkat to settle in Manila and pushed him to accept Christianity. In 1607

960-533: The Foramadiahi village, halfway down the mountain. As Momole Matiti also soon found himself disturbed by uninvited curious persons, he in turn gave the objects to Cico, the leader of Sampalu village by the coast. Cico was able to handle all the attention he received, and his status among the village leaders grew. Finally he was asked to become the ruler of Ternate with the title Kolano . This happened about 1257. Valentijn's story, derived from "the wisest among

1020-525: The Kingdom of Gapi is one of the oldest Muslim kingdoms in Indonesia besides the sultanates of Tidore , Jailolo , and Bacan . The Ternate kingdom was established by Momole Cico , the first leader of Ternate, with the title Baab Mashur Malamo , traditionally in 1257. It reached its Golden Age during the reign of Sultan Baabullah (1570–1583) and encompassed most of the eastern part of Indonesia and

1080-619: The Museum of Lisbon , Portugal . 15th century 16th century 15th century 16th century 17th century 18th century 19th century 16th century 17th century 15th century 16th century Portuguese India 17th century Portuguese India 18th century Portuguese India 16th century 17th century 19th century Portuguese Macau 20th century Portuguese Macau Cico of Ternate Cico according to historical tradition,

1140-488: The Sultanate of Lanao . The first Europeans to stay on Ternate were part of the Portuguese expedition of Francisco Serrão out of Malacca , which was shipwrecked near Seram and rescued by local residents. Sultan Bayan Sirrullah of Ternate (1500–1522) heard of their stranding and, seeing a chance to ally himself with a powerful foreign nation, he brought them to Ternate in 1512. The Portuguese were permitted to build

1200-462: The jogugu were followed by the soa leaders. Inside the palace, the secretary or jurutulis had important tasks as archivist and caretaker of communications with other realms. For economic relationships, the syahbandar was an important figure who served as contact between the Sultan and foreign traders. The Sultan was the religious and political headman of the realm. As the main representative of

1260-610: The 18th century Ternate was the site of a VOC governorship, which attempted to control all trade in the northern Moluccas. By the 19th century, the spice trade had declined substantially. Hence the region was less central to the Netherlands colonial state, but the Dutch maintained a presence in the region to prevent another colonial power from occupying it. After the VOC was nationalised by the Dutch government in 1800, Ternate became part of

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1320-654: The Dutch came back to Ternate, where with the help of Ternatans they built a fort in Malayo. The island was divided between the two powers: the Spaniards were allied with Tidore and the Dutch with their Ternaten allies. For the Ternatan rulers, the Dutch were a useful, if not particularly welcome, presence that gave them military advantages against Tidore and the Spanish. Particularly under Sultan Hamzah (1627–1648), Ternate expanded its territory and strengthened its control over

1380-519: The Government of the Moluccas ( Gouvernement der Molukken ). Ternate was seized and occupied by British forces in 1810 before being returned to Dutch control in 1817. In 1824 it became the capital of a residency (administrative region) covering Halmahera , the entire west coast of New Guinea , and the central east coast of Sulawesi . By 1867 all of Dutch-occupied New Guinea had been added to

1440-608: The Indonesian region. Much of their wealth, however, was wasted fighting each other. Up until the Dutch completed the colonisation of Maluku in the 19th century, the Sultans of Ternate ruled realms that claimed at least nominal influence as far as Ambon , Sulawesi and Papua . In part as a result of its trade-dependent culture, Ternate was one of the earliest places in the region to which Islam spread, coming from Java in

1500-498: The Islamic community, he was known as amir ul mu'minin , leader of the believers. Under him were various religious dignitaries who were collectively known as bobato akhirat . They included judges ( kadi ), imams, preachers ( khatib ) and leaders of prayers ( modin ). The most important figures were four imams from Soa Sio and Soa Sangaji, who were known as imam jiko , imam jawa , imam sangaji , and imam moti . Outside of Ternate,

1560-403: The King of Jailolo . The earliest settlement was Tobona at the top of the volcanic mountain which was headed by a chief called Guna. When going out to tap a sugar palm to make tuak he found a golden mortar and pestle which he brought back to the village. The objects evoked so much curiosity from people that Guna decided to give them away. He thus handed the mortar and pestle to Momole Matiti of

1620-681: The Philippines, when they evacuated Ternate. Till this day, the Ternate community speak Ternateño Chavacano , a creole language of Spanish with Ternatean and Portuguese influence. In attempts to frustrate Spain, the Ternateans militarily supported the Sultanates of Mindanao in the Southern Philippines by sending reinforcement, during the Spanish-Moro Wars . Desiring to restore Ternate to its former glory and expel

1680-402: The Portuguese, the Ternatans expelled the Portuguese in 1575 after a five-year siege. Ambon became the new centre for Portuguese activities in Maluku. European power in the region was weak and Ternate became an expanding, fiercely Islamic and anti-Portuguese state under the rule of Sultan Baab Ullah (r. 1570–1583) and his son Sultan Saidi Berkat . Spanish forces, aided by Filipinos mainly

1740-644: The Sultan held suzerainty over a realm shifting in size, usually including parts of Halmahera , Buru , the Ambon Quarter, the Sula Islands , and the east coast of Sulawesi . Local Malukan rulers who acknowledged Ternate's rule were called sangaji and must send tribute to the Sultan. Fields in Halmahera and elsewhere which belonged to the royal court, were worked by serfs called ngofangare and non-Muslim locals, so-called Alfurs. These workers provided

1800-524: The Sultan was at the center of this social order. The Soa Sio (nine soa ) resided close to the ruler. Among the various descent groups, the houses of Marsaoli, Tomaito, Tomagola, and Tamadi were highest in rank, being collectively known as Fala Raha (the Four Houses). Their leaders bore the title kimalaha . When Ternate expanded its territory in the 16th century, Fala Raha leaders set themselves up as governors in various parts of Maluku. The most important

1860-452: The ancestor of the Kings of Bacan. Darajat withdrew to Moti Island , to the north of Makian, and was the progenitor of the Kings of Jailolo. Sahajat or Sahjati went to Tidore, to the south of Ternate, and founded a dynasty there. The fourth and youngest son Mashur-ma-lamo gave rise to the royal line of Ternate. His kopiah (headdress), which he had received from his heavenly grandfather, became

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1920-455: The ancestor of the Malukan kings was an Arab descendant of the Prophet called Jafar Sadik. Coming to Ternate, he encountered a nymph ( bidadari ) from heaven ( kayangan ) called Nurus Safa. Their four sons were the dynastic ancestors of Bacan , Jailolo , Tidore , and Ternate. The idea of a genealogical unity of the four realms of Maluku has had a large cultural significance that persists until

1980-480: The boys grew up, they became kings of Bacan, the Papuan Islands , and Buton - Banggai , while the girl married the king of Loloda . From them, all the kings of Maluku Islands descended. A more elaborate story is found in the work of François Valentijn , Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indien (1724). In the mid-13th century a number of migrant groups from Halmahera settled in Ternate to escape the covetous rule by

2040-404: The court with provisions such as sago, meat, palm wine, betel, wood, and water. Most importantly, they tended and harvested the clove trees, which gave the Sultan most of his income up to the onset of Dutch colonialism. The old sultan's palace was abandoned between 1781 and 1813, when construction of the existing palace ( kadaton ) began. It was restored in a semi-colonial style and is now partly

2100-422: The crown of Ternate. In one version, Mashur-ma-lamo was adopted by Mole-ma-titi, chief of Foramadiahi village, who was childless, and groomed as his successor. Mashur-ma-lamo in turn sired eight sons called Komalo , Jamian, Baku, Ngara-ma-lamo, Paji-ma-lamo , Patsaranga-ma-lamo , Sidang Arif-ma-lamo , and Sah Alam . Sah Alam eventually succeeded his father as Kolano . There are several problems in assessing

2160-461: The empire and the application of Islamic law which was first introduced by Sultan Zainal Abidin and later implemented by his successors in the 16th century, became the standard followed by all the kingdoms in Maluku without significant changes. The success of the Ternate people under Sultan Baabullah in expelling Portugal in 1575, was the first indigenous victory of an archipelagic polity over western powers. The 20th-century writer Buya Hamka praised

2220-429: The eponymous archipelago is administered under an additional four regencies: the rest of Muna Regency and South Buton Regency , together with West Muna Regency , Wakatobi Regency , Central Buton Regency (which does not include any portion of Buton Island), and (part of) Bombana Regency . Sultanate of Ternate The Sultanate of Ternate ( Jawi : کسلطانن ترناتي ‎ ), previously also known as

2280-514: The first Islamic monarch on the island, is remembered in the name of the island's major harbor, Murhum Harbor, in Baubau. Its largest town is Baubau , where the Wolio and Cia-Cia languages are spoken. Major nearby islands include Wawonii (to the north), Muna and Kabaena (to the west) and Siumpu (to the southwest). The Tukangbesi Islands lie just to the east where Tukang Besi is spoken, and

2340-468: The historical elements of the legends of Cico or Mashur-ma-lamo. Some of the eight sons of the latter are also found in Valentijn's history of the Ternate dynasty, though in different genealogical positions. Jafar Sadik and some of his sons and grandsons have Muslim names, although the Ternatan elite was only converted to Islam in the second half of the 15th century. Archaeological excavations on Banda ,

2400-496: The kingdom into an Islamic Sultanate; the title Kolano (king) was then replaced with Sultan. The peak of Ternate's power came near the end of the 16th century, under Sultan Baabullah (1570–1583), when it had influence over most of the eastern part of Sulawesi , the Ambon and Seram area, Timor island, parts of southern Mindanao and Papuan Islands . It frequently engaged in fierce competition for control of its periphery with

2460-430: The lake shore. Jafar Sadik stole the wings of the youngest nymph, Nurus Safa, who could therefore not return to the heavenly realm. Jafar Sadik took her as wife, and they had three sons called Buka, Darajat and Sahajat, and four daughters. Later on, Nurus Safa found her wings and returned to heaven alone. Jafar Sadik was however helped by an eagle who brought him before the Lord of Heaven and asked for his wife. After passing

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2520-523: The language of association in various regions which were under its influence. Prof. E.K.W. Masinambow, in his text "Ternate Language in the context of Austronesian and Non-Austronesian languages", suggested that Ternate had the greatest impact on the Malay language used by the people of eastern Indonesia. 46% of Malay vocabulary in Manado is taken from Ternate. Ternate Malay or North Moluccan Malay language

2580-478: The late 15th century. However, Islamic influence in the area can be traced further back to the late 14th century. Initially, the faith was restricted to Ternate's small ruling family, and spread only slowly to the rest of the population. The royal family of Ternate converted to Islam during the reign of Marhum (1465–1486), making him the first King of Ternate that embraced Islam; his son and successor, Zainal Abidin (1486–1500) enacted Islamic Law and transformed

2640-757: The national language of Indonesia, is also widely used and taught in schools. In 2009, the Cia-Cia tribe in Baubau city began to use the Korean Hangul alphabet for their language, based on textbooks created by the Hunminjeongeum Society , a linguistic society in Seoul., but in 2012 it was reported that adoption ultimately failed and has been abandoned. The island has a massive reserve of natural asphalt and several other minerals. Asphalt from Buton can be utilized as bitumen modifiers as well as

2700-409: The natives", has several symbolical-mythical components. The mortar and pestle were sacred objects in megalithic cultures of Indonesia and New Guinea and probably symbolized the wealth derived from clove production. Guna's name means "fortune" in Malay language , and he appears as a culture hero whose inherent spiritual qualities made him find the potent mortar and pestle. Finally, Cico's position as

2760-801: The nearby Sultanate of Tidore. According to historian Leonard Y. Andaya , Ternate's "dualistic" rivalry with Tidore is a dominant theme in the early history of the Maluku Islands. Ternate was also often a part of the political affairs of Philippine kingdoms. In a punitive expedition, it once destroyed the Boholano Kedatuan of Dapitan in the Central Visayas region, forcing the Boholanos to re-establish their kingdom in Northern Mindanao where they waged war against

2820-583: The periphery. Dutch influence over the kingdom was limited, though Hamzah and his grandnephew and successor, Sultan Mandar Syah (1648–1675) did concede some regions to the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in exchange for help controlling rebellions there. The Spaniards abandoned Maluku in 1663. They took the aristocracy of Moluccan-Portuguese and Filipino-Mexican mixed descent and settled them in Ternate, Cavite (Named after their homeland) in

2880-410: The present. The youngest of the four sons, Baab Mashur Malamo was, according to Ternatan legend, born in heaven, and therefore enjoyed a special status. His descendants were sometimes known as Alam-ma-Kolano, "ruler of all [Maluku]". Ternate along with neighbouring Tidore were the world's single major producer of cloves, upon which their rulers became among the wealthiest and most powerful sultans in

2940-407: The residency, but then its region was gradually transferred to Ambon (Amboina) before being dissolved into that residency in 1922. Sultan Haji Muhammad Usman (1902–1914) made a last attempt to oppose the Dutch by clandestinely endorsing revolts in the region; he failed and was dethroned, his wealth being confiscated, and he was exiled to Bandung , where he lived until 1932. This spelt the end of

3000-414: The ruler consulted four officials known as bobato ma dopolo . The most important was the first minister ( jogugu ), who was ideally a member of Marsaoli, the oldest noble house. He was counted as the authochtonous "lord of the land" in relation to the Sultan who supposedly had foreign origins. Other main officials were the sea lord ( kapitan laut ) and two magistrates ( hukum ) who saw it that the commands of

3060-457: The traditional Ternatan kingdom, since the administration and settlement pattern were forcibly changed by the Dutch. The throne of Ternate was left vacant from 1914 to 1929, until the board of ministers under the blessing of the Dutch created Crown Prince Iskandar Muhammad Jabir the next Sultan. Muhammad Jabir reigned when the Japanese arrived in 1942 and began a hard rule. Two years later he

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3120-426: The victory of the Ternate people as it delayed the western occupation of the archipelago for 100 years while at the same time strengthening the position of Islam. If Ternate had not halted European political and missionary efforts, the eastern part of Indonesia might have become a Christian center like the Philippines. The position of Ternate as an influential kingdom also helped raise the degree of Ternate Language as

3180-400: The villages were trading spices with Arab, Malay, and Chinese traders. These lucrative trades attracted pirates and because of this, a kingdom emerged. According to one version, Momole Guna of Tobona suggested a forum in which a stronger organization of kingdom is to be adopted. Momole Cico was elected to be the first Gapi king with regnal name Baab Mashur Malamo. According to another version,

3240-438: The western power, Sultan Sibori Amsterdam (1675–1691) declared war to the Dutch, but the power of Ternate had greatly reduced over the years, he lost and was forced to concede more of his lands to the Dutch by a treaty in 1683. By this treaty, Ternate had lost its equal position with the Dutch and became a vassal. However, the Sultans of Ternate and its people were never fully under Dutch control until its annexation in 1914. In

3300-493: Was Tomagola whose members governed in the Ambon Quarter and were based on the Hoamoal Peninsula on Ceram up to 1656. Detailed records about the administration are known from the 17th century onwards. By that time, the Sultan governed with the help of a council that consisted of eighteen dignitaries called bobato , consisting of the leaders of the nine soas of Soa Sio and the nine of Soa Sangaji. Apart from these,

3360-465: Was deposed and sent to Goa by the Portuguese. He converted to Christianity and changed his name to Dom Manuel. After being declared innocent of the charges against him he was sent back to re-assume his throne; however, he died en route in Malacca in 1545. He had though bequeathed the island of Ambon to his Portuguese godfather, Jordão de Freitas. Following the murder of Sultan Hairun at the hands of

3420-623: Was smuggled to Australia by the Allies. The Sultan played a political role during the Indonesian Revolution , but the tense political situation pushed him to reside in Jakarta after 1950. He made attempts to revive the old body of traditions (adat) in the 1960s, but the sultanate lapsed after his death in 1975. His son Mudaffar was enthroned as a titular head in 1986. He restored many of the old royal traditions, though Ternate society

3480-637: Was temporarily disturbed by sectarian violence in 1999 . Sultan Mudaffar Sjah II died in 2015. The male members of his wife's family, the Dutch Van Gelders, were named Prince of Ternate in 2012, and tried to control the sultanate after Mudaffar's death . The basic unit in Ternatan society was the soa , a territorial unit that consisted of descent groups that originated from a common ancestor. In Ternate, there were four groups of soa called Soa Sio, Soa Sangaji, Soa Heku and Soa Cim. These four were divided into 43 sub- soa . The palace or kadaton of

3540-495: Was the first king ( Kolano ) of Ternate in Maluku Islands , Indonesia . His regnal years are given as 1257-1277. Being originally chief of Sampalu village by the coast, he was acknowledged as ruler by the other village leaders in Ternate, starting a dynasty that is still in existence. There are however, several versions of the foundation story, some of which say that Mashur-ma-lamo ( Jawi : مشهور ملامو ‎), son of

3600-556: Was the great-grandson of the founder of Ternate kingship, Mashur-ma-lamo (see below). In this version he resides as ruler in Sampalu and shared kingship with his elder brother Mole-matiti of Foramadiahi. In Naïdah's chronicle the sacred object is a golden music instrument rather than a mortar and pestle. Moreover, Cico, far from leading a peaceful reign, wages war on the Besi mountain whose king flees and leaves his people in Ternate. Cico's son

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