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74-542: Maluku is mentioned in Nagarakretagama . The term originally denoted the spice-producing islands of North Maluku, of which Ternate became the dominant one. The Ternate Kingdom was previously known as the Kingdom of Gapi. Moluccan tradition says that there was an exodus of people moving out of Halmahera around 1250 due to political conflicts. The settlement founded by people from Halmahera was first situated close on

148-477: A cult, since he often invoked a divine quality of the king and his royal family. Nevertheless, the work seems to be independent of court's patronage since Prapanca wrote them incognito after he retired from the court. One of the religious practices of the Majapahit royal family was the "royal walkabout". They visited cornerstones of the empire and paid homage to the ancestors of the king. The poem also describes

222-607: A great symbolic role. Cico replaced his title with Kolano , which means "king". The capital of the kingdom was first in Sampalu village, but moved to Formadiahi during the reign of Kaicil Siale (1284–1298). Under Kaicil Ngara Malamo (1304–1317), Ternate expanded its influence and conquered neighbouring islands. Ngara Malamo was succeeded by Patsyarangan Malamo (1317–1322) and later Sidang Arif Malamo (1322–1331). During this time, Ternate started to interact with Chinese and Arab traders, especially from Malacca and Java . Ternate became

296-520: A local branch in Ternate. Nagarakretagama The Nagarakretagama or Nagarakṛtāgama , also known as Desawarnana or Deśavarṇana , is an Old Javanese eulogy to Hayam Wuruk , a Javanese king of the Majapahit Empire . It was written on lontar as a kakawin by Mpu Prapanca in 1365 (1287 Saka year ). The Nagarakretagama contains detailed descriptions of

370-581: A major port city and center of the spice trade in the Moluccas region, competing with its rival, Tidore. Some of the foreign traders eventually created the foundations of the Chinese and Arab communities in the city today. Around 1322, Arif Malamo initiated the Moti Agreement, which was a result of discussions between the rulers in Moluccas about trade and standardization of government structures. As

444-519: A result of this agreement, the Moluccas had relatively peaceful times of over the next twenty years and trade flourished. However, Arif was succeeded by Kaicil Tulu Malamo, who revoked the agreement as he thought it limited his expansionist ambitions. Ternate conquered neighbouring islands like the Sula Islands and Seram Island over the course of the 1400s. In the midst of this expansionist era, Ternate officially became an Islamic sultanate during

518-687: Is a non-Austronesian language that belongs to the North Halmahera branch of the West Papuan languages . Many inhabitants of Ternate use Ternatean as their first language and employ Ternate Malay as a means of interethnic or trade communication. In 2020, the city had 114 kindergartens, 124 elementary schools, 43 junior high schools, 26 senior high schools, and 9 vocational high schools. All three public higher education institutions in North Maluku are located in Ternate. Khairun University

592-939: Is a public university in the province, located in South Ternate District. It is the main university of the province and accepts students from the national SNMPTN system. It was previously a private university, but was taken over by the Ministry of Education and Culture to serve as the public university of North Maluku in 2004. There is also the Ternate State Islamic Institute, which is also public, and Ternate Medical Polytech. Other private universities and institutions also exist, such as Muhammadiyah University, Wiratama Polytech of Science and Technology, Kie Raha Teaching and Education College, and Ternate Computer Academy. Aside from formal education, there are six registered Islamic boarding schools in

666-400: Is dominated by the volcanic Mount Gamalama (1,715 m). An 1840 eruption destroyed most houses, and additional ones occurred in 1980, 1983, 1994 and 2011. During the 2011 eruption, Indonesia closed a domestic airport near the volcano for several days following ash emissions that reached 2,000 metres (6,600 feet) into the atmosphere. The foothills are home to groves of clove trees, and climbs to

740-570: Is held in early December. It consists of a parade of decorated boats, a rowing competition, a fishing competition, and traditional art and dance shows. Another festival is the Legu Gam Festival, which is held to celebrate the sultan's birthday. During the festival, several traditional dances are performed in a parade. These festivals have been supported and promoted by the Ministry of Tourism. There are several city parks in Ternate, such as Nukila Park. Another city park, Moya Park, located in

814-551: Is served by Sultan Babullah Airport . The city has angkots and online ride-hailing services such as Gojek . There are nine media companies registered in Ternate according to the Press Council , both digital and printed. There are local television stations such as Gamalama TV, and also branches of nationwide private channels such as Trans TV Ternate Branch. Printed news media in the city include Malut Post, Fajar Malut, and Posko Malut. Radio Republik Indonesia also has

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888-1058: Is today), Kelang ( Klang Valley ), Kedah , Jerai ( Gunung Jerai ), and Kanjapiniran. Also in Canto 14 are territories east of Java: Badahulu and Lo Gajah (part of today's Bali ). Gurun and Sukun, Taliwang , Sapi (Sape town, east end of Sumbawa island, by the Sape Strait ) and Dompo , Sang Hyang Api , Bima . Sheran ( Seram Island ). Hutan Kadali ( Buru island). Gurun island, and Lombok Merah . Together with prosperous Sasak (central, north and east Lombok ) are already ruled. Bantayan with Luwu . Further east are Udamakatraya ( Sangir and Talaud ). Also mentioned are Makassar , Buton , Banggai , Kunir, Galiao with Selayar , Sumba , Solot , Muar . Also Wanda(n) ( Banda island), Ambon or Maluku islands, Kai-islands (Ewab Ohoi-Ewur Mas-Il Larvul-Ngabal-istiadat), Wanin (Onin peninsula, today Fakfak Regency , West Papua), Sran ( Sran or Kowiai, Kaimana ). Timor and other islands. "The wonders of

962-509: The Indonesian Army . Other private hospitals are also present, such as Dharma Ibu Ternate General Hospital and Medika Harifalm General Hospital, both classified as D-class hospital. Only 68% of city population has government-mandated healthcare insurance BPJS Kesehatan as of 2020, and major health problems in the city includes 27.59% of city population above 15 years old smoking an average 80 cigarettes per week. Toddler inoculation in

1036-785: The Indonesian independence movement . In 1970, during the state visit of President Suharto to the Netherlands, the manuscript was given back to Indonesia. Today, the manuscript is held by the National Library of Indonesia , with inventory code number NB 9. In May 2008, UNESCO recognised the significance of the Nagarakretagama by naming it "The Memory of the World - Regional Register for Asia/Pacific", and finally registered it in 2013. Historians have examined

1110-535: The Momole from other villages for a meeting, who all agreed to choose Cico , the chief of Sampalu village, as the collective ruler of Ternate. Cico may correspond to Kaicil Mashur Malamo, who was the first ruler according to other traditions and was a son of the Arab Jafar Sadik, who is claimed to be the father of the founding kings of Ternate, Tidore , Bacan and Jailolo . This political four-division had

1184-872: The Portuguese battles in the Indian Ocean against Muslim powers continued, Ternate became a site of interest, particularly for the Ottomans , who had gained much information about maritime Southeast Asia from the Sultanate of Aceh . Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis , the Ottoman admiral, intended to reach both Java, Borneo and Ternate but was engaged in battle and outnumbered against the Portuguese fleet in Sumatra . Spanish and Dutch traders competing for control over

1258-667: The Sultanate of Brunei by siding with the subjugated Kingdom of Tondo , the state which Manila displaced when Brunei invaded Luzon . The Spanish set up Manila as a captaincy-general under the Mexico-based Viceroyalty of New Spain , and Spanish Ternate in turn was ruled under the governor-general based in Manila. In 1607, the Dutch came back to Ternate and built a fort in Malayo with the locals' help. The Spaniards occupied

1332-499: The 18th century, Ternate was the site of a VOC governorship, which attempted to control all trade in the northern Moluccas. By the 19th century, the spice trade had declined substantially, and the region was less central to the Netherlands colonial state, but the Dutch maintained a presence in the region to prevent another colonial power from occupying it. After the VOC was nationalised by the Dutch government in 1800, Ternate became part of

1406-499: The Central Ternate District, and there are 12 healthcare centers. The main public hospital in the city, Dr. H. Chasan Boesoirie Regional Hospital, is a public hospital owned by province government and classified as B-class by the Ministry of Health. Another public hospital was inaugurated in 2021, named Ternate City Regional Hospital, which is maintained by the city's government. There's also army hospital operated by

1480-712: The God of the Realm. Leonard Andaya Leonard Andaya is Professor of Southeast Asian History at University of Hawaii at Manoa . His concentration is in the modern history of Southeast Asia , particularly that of Malaysia , Indonesia , the southern Philippines , and southern Thailand . Andaya received his BA in History from Yale University , and his MA and PhD in Southeast Asian history from Cornell University . He has also taught and held research positions at

1554-793: The Lord of the Mountains, or the Supreme God of the Realm. This religious belief is indigenous to the Javanese people who combined the Deities of two religions, Hinduism and Buddhism , into the same God, the oneness of the Dharma , as is written in the Kakawin Sutasoma (see Bhinneka Tunggal Ika ). When Kertanegara was deified as Shiva–Buddha, he symbolised the collective powers of

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1628-660: The Majapahit Empire during its greatest extent. The poem affirms the importance of Hindu–Buddhism in the Majapahit empire by describing temples and palaces and several ceremonial observances. In 1894, the Dutch East Indies launched a military expedition against the Cakranegara royal house of Lombok . That year, the Dutch took the manuscript as part of the valuable Lombok treasure , war booty from

1702-462: The Moya subdistrict, was previously a dump site. The city has several shopping malls, such as Jatiland Mall, Hypermart Ternate, and Muara Mall. There are 319 kilometers of road in the city, out of which 284 kilometers have been paved with hotmix asphalt. There are also 18 kilometers that have been paved with concrete instead. As Ternate is made of several islands, water transport is an important part of

1776-529: The Muslim Ternateans rebelled against the Portuguese who were besieged in their castle. Their captain was Dom Álvaro de Ataíde, and Belchior Vieira de Ternate distinguished himself in the defense until the garrison was forced to capitulate to Sultan Babullah in 1575, who made the castle his palace. Ambon and Tidore became the new centres for Portuguese activity in Maluku. European power in the region

1850-526: The Philippines; about 200 families of mixed Mexican-Filipino-Spanish and Papuan-Indonesian-Portuguese descent left. In the Philippines, they settled in Ermita , Manila; San Roque, Cavite ; Tanza , Cavite; and Ternate, Cavite , which they named after their homeland. Some mixed people chose to stay in Ternate, Indonesia, though they were persecuted and went through Islamization by a resurgent sultanate. In

1924-527: The Portuguese, while Fort Oranje was a temporary headquarters of Dutch East India Company . The palace of the Ternate sultanate still exists and currently functions as a museum. It is named Kedaton Sultan Ternate and is considered the national cultural heritage of Indonesia. Another historical building is the Ternate Sultanate Mosque. The city celebrates the kora-kora (traditional Moluccan boat) festival during their city anniversary, which

1998-767: The Rajapatni's soul in hopes that her favour would shine on the reign of her descendants. The posthumous ceremony continued and the king ordered the repair of the Kamal Pundak sanctuary to enact a new holy shrine ( candi ) for the Queen Grandmother, deified as the Prajnaparamita . Nagarakretagama was written as a puja sastra , a genre of Old Javanese literature of adoration and reverence, directed mainly to King Hayam Wuruk . Prapanca did not shy away to express his admiration, even bordering somewhat

2072-533: The Ternate sultante's power came near the end of the 16th century under Sultan Baabullah , when it exerted influence over most of the eastern part of Sulawesi, the Ambon and Ceram area, the Banda Islands , Solor Islands , Mindanao , and parts of Papua. It engaged in a fierce competition for control of its periphery with Tidore. According to historian Leonard Andaya , Ternate's "dualistic" rivalry with Tidore

2146-538: The city as of 2021. Half of them are located in South Ternate District, while the rest are located in North Ternate and Central Ternate Districts. Due to numbers of higher education institutions in the city, it is also known as "Education City". School participation rate is high: around 99.06% for children in the 15-year-old age group. Female student enrollment is higher than those of males as of 2020, reaching 100% as opposed to 98.05% on male students. Literacy rate

2220-511: The city for basic vaccines such as BCG and polio is relatively high, at 92.29% and 89.70%, respectively, while 91.02% of births in the city were assisted by professional healthcare workers. The city's population has a life expectancy of around 71 years, which is roughly similar to the national average. The city houses historical forts built by both Europeans and the Ternate sultanate, such as Kalamata Fort, Kastela Fort, Oranje Fort, and Santo Pedro Fort. Fort Tolukko and Fort Kalamata were built by

2294-471: The city in 2020 was 10.55 trillion rupiahs, an increase of 100 million rupiahs from the previous year. Economic growth in 2019 was 8.16% but later dropped to -0.85% in 2020. Historically, the city and surrounding region were major producers of nutmeg in the world. As of 2020, 1,006 tons of nutmeg was harvested. Other agricultural products are clove with 330 tons, mango with 120 tons, tomato with 74.30 tons, and eggplant with 58.80 tons. The trading sector employed

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2368-531: The city in 2020 was 101 males per 100 females. As with most places in Indonesia, the population is relatively young with the group above 15 years numbering around 182,439 people. Population growth in 2019 was 2.21%. Most inhabitants of Ternate are Muslim . There is also a small Protestant minority, mostly migrants from neighbouring regions. The indigenous inhabitants of Ternate speak the Ternate language , which

2442-795: The city in an election. Head of districts are appointed directly by city mayor with recommendation by the city secretary. Ternate city is part of the First North Maluku electoral district with the West Halmahera Regency , both of which have 12 out of 45 seats in provincial parliament combined. At the city level, it is divided into four electoral districts, which has 30 representatives in total. The first electoral district consists of Central Ternate which has eight seats on city parliament, second electoral district with seven seats from North Ternate, third electoral district with 12 seats from South Ternate and Moti Island Districts, and

2516-615: The city's gross regional product in 2020, and agriculture and fishing combined only 4.08%. The fastest growing sector in 2020 was the administration service with a growth of 13.95% followed by communication and information with 10.46%. The transportation sector in 2020 was significantly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and imposed restrictions, declining as much as 20.44%. Trading and manufacture sector also decreased 7.45% and 7.56%, respectively, in 2020. The city's GDRP per capita stood at 46.13 million rupiahs in 2019, and total nominal GDRP of

2590-413: The city's transportation system. Goods transport is mostly done through Ahmad Yani Port; it is a relatively large port with a quay length of 167 meters and container yards totalling 1,889 hectares. The port is also served by routes operated by Pelni , and served 376,727 people out of the city in 2019. The city also has a separate port for fishing vessels, which can handle ships up to 2,250 gigatons. The city

2664-428: The city, and 104 identified potential tourist spots according to Statistics Indonesia . In 2019, the city was visited by 1,501 international tourists and 208,871 domestic tourists. The city experienced an inflation of 2.13% in 2020. Religion in Ternate (2023) The most populous district is South Ternate with 74,960 people in 2022, while the least populous is Batang Dua Island District with 2,820 people. The sex ratio in

2738-456: The city: the red stone walls, thick and high, around the palace. The west gate called Pura Waktra, overlooking a spacious ground, belted with trench. Brahmastana tree with bodhi tree trunk, lining along the square, neatly shaped. That is where the royal guards stay, constantly patrolling and guarding the paseban . On the north side stood a beautiful gate with ornate iron door. To the east is the high stage, with stone-lined floor, white and shiny. In

2812-400: The court artisans. During the ceremony, lion thrones were erected, where priests placed a flower effigy ( puspa ) symbolising the soul of the Queen Grandmother. The descent of the soul to earth and its final placement in the puspa were narrated in canto 64, stanza 5. The ceremony lasted for seven days. Colorful pageants crowded the main courtyard. The whole ceremony was performed to please

2886-525: The death of Hayam Wuruk's most trusted regent, Gajah Mada . The Queen Grandmother Rajapatni had a special place in Prapanca's poem. In one stanza, the poem describes the Queen Grandmother as chattra ning rat wisesa (the eminent protector of the world). Rajapatni was the progenitor of the Majapahit kingdom, because she was the daughter of Kertanegara, the last king of the Singhasari kingdom, and she

2960-529: The destroyed palace of Mataram -Cakranagara in Lombok. The first Western scholar to study the manuscript was J.L.A. Brandes  [ nl ] , a Dutch philologist . He accompanied the KNIL expedition to Lombok in 1894 and is credited with saving the valuable manuscripts collection of the Lombok royal library from being burnt in the chaos of the battle. A generation of Dutch scholars participated in translating

3034-444: The founder of the Singhasari kingdom , Rajasa . At the waxing moon, on the twelfth night, they invited there that swah (soul), sutra (sacred texts) recital was performed and homa (fire offering) worship, on the other hand also parίshrama (amphidromy); they were (only considered) complete at the arrival of the swah (soul) again (on earth). The honoured holy puspa (flower effigy) was worked on with yoga (concentration); in

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3108-637: The fourth electoral district with three seats from Ternate Island, Hiri Island, and Batang Dua Island Districts. The city's economy is diverse. Its gross regional product is dominated by service sector, such as trade and wholesale, which made 25.13% of the city's gross regional product in 2020. Other big sectors are the transportation sector with 13.13%, public administration and social security service with 19.15%, information and communication with 8.17%, and financial and insurance services with 7.31%. In contrast with neighbouring regions, it does not rely much on extraction or agriculture, with mining making only 0.08% of

3182-454: The government of the Moluccas ( Gouvernement der Molukken ). Ternate was captured and occupied by the British in 1810 before being returned to Dutch control in 1817. In 1824, it became the capital of a residency (administrative region) covering Halmahera, the entire west coast of New Guinea , and the central east coast of Sulawesi. By 1867 all of Dutch-occupied New Guinea had been added to

3256-550: The hillside of the Gamalama mountain and named Tobona. During this time, Tobona was ruled by a tribal chief with the title of Momole . This period was characterized by several smaller tribal settlements around Gamalama which were founded afterwards, such as Foramadiahi being established further downhill, while Sampalu, and Gamlamo were founded along the coast. These settlements also had their own Momole and were nominally independent from each other. In 1257, Tobona gathered all

3330-483: The island. Relations between the Ternateans and Portuguese were strained from the start; an outpost far from Europe generally only attracted the most desperate and avaricious figures. The poor behaviour of the Portuguese combined with feeble attempts at Christianisation strained relations with Ternate's Muslim ruler, as did their efforts to monopolise the spice trade and dominate local politics. In 1535 King Tabariji

3404-553: The locations of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages in each district (all classed as urban kelurahan ), and its post code. Notes: As with all Indonesian cities , the local government is a second-level administrative division run by a mayor and vice mayor with the city parliament, and it is equivalent to regency. Executive power lies with the mayor and vice mayor, while legislation duties are carried by local parliament. Mayor, vice mayor, and parliament members are democratically elected by people of

3478-468: The lucrative clove trade were caught up in the competition between Ternate and Tidore. The Dutch eventually became the ruling power, though for a long time their influence was limited, and the sultanates are still in place today. Spanish forces captured the former Portuguese fort from the Ternateans in 1606 and deported the Ternate sultan and his entourage to Manila , a city which the Spanish captured from

3552-473: The most people in the city, with 12,683 working in 2020. Industries employed 5,068 people, and other service sectors employed 2,310 people. The total registered SMEs in the city number around 13,765 units with 21,723 employed people in the city. Most of the SMEs are engaged in commerce and trading sector. There are also 976 business entities registered in the city. In 2020, there are total 73 hotel accommodations in

3626-400: The night was performed the eminent pratistha (placing) ceremony. Canto 64, stanza 5 . Prapanca told details of the sraddha ceremony, performed to honour the soul of a deceased. He described specifically the ceremony for the Queen Grandmother's soul, Gayatri Rajapatni , who had died twelve years earlier. In the canto 63, stanza 4, Prapanca narrated the preparation of the ceremony by

3700-406: The north, Afetaduma and Jouburiki in the west, and the beach at the village of Kastela in the southeast. Ternate has a tropical rainforest climate with heavy rainfall year-round. At the time of the 2010 census, Ternate city (which includes seven neighbouring islands and islets as well as the main island of Ternate) was divided into seven districts , but in 2018 an eighth district (Ternate Barat)

3774-487: The north, south from the marketplace, full with elongated houses, very beautiful. On the south a road intersection: a soldier hall stood, where they held a meeting every Caitra month." Canto 8, stanza 1 and 2 . The manuscript describes the capital city of Majapahit. According to the account of Prapanca in the Nagarakretagama poem, the royal compound was surrounded by a thick, high wall of red brick . Nearby

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3848-545: The palace were quarters for Shiva priests, Buddhists, and other members of the nobility. Further away, and separated from the palace by open fields, were more royal compounds, including that of the chief minister Gajah Mada . all the multitude of the artisans there, making plaited bamboo-work, fashioning the sthana singha (lion-throne) in the wanguntur (main court-yard), setting aside those who carved wawans (carriers) for food, bukubukuran (all kinds of tower-like structures) and figures and things of that kind. Took part also

3922-439: The peak of the volcano can be made. The airport lies along the northeast coastline. Hiri island is a stratovolcanic cone lying off the northern tip of Ternate. Moti Island is also a stratovolcano, and is situated between Tidore and Mare Islands to the north and Makian to the south. Crocodile-infested Tolire Lake lies in the northwest of Ternate island and is bordered by sheer cliffs. Ternate beaches include Sulamadaha in

3996-500: The periphery particularly under Hamzah 's rule (r. 1627–1648). Dutch influence over the kingdom was limited, though Hamzah and his successor, Sultan Mandar Syah (r. 1648–1675) ceded some regions to the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in exchange for helping control rebellions. The Spanish abandoned Ternate and Tidore in 1663; when they abandoned Ternate, some of the people accompanied the Spanish in their retreat to

4070-461: The poem describes the deification of Kertanegara in three forms: a splendid Jina , an Ardhanarishvara , and an imposing Shiva - Buddha . Particularly for the Shiva–Buddha Deity, Prapanca praises him as "the honoured Illustrious Protector of Mountains, Protector of the protectorless. He is surely, Ruler over the rulers of the world". The Shiva–Buddha Deity is neither Shiva nor Buddha, but

4144-758: The poem for what it reveals about political history. In canto 13 to 14, the poet Prapanca named several states within today's Indonesian borders. This suggested that those areas were within Majapahit spheres of influence. Prapanca said the states were subsumed by Majapahit or were vassal states. In Canto 13, several lands on Sumatra are mentioned, some of which possibly correspond to contemporary areas: Jambi , Palembang , Teba ( Muaro Tebo ), and Dharmasraya . Also mentioned are Kandis, Kahwas, Minangkabau , Siak , Rokan , Kampar and Pane , Kampe, Haru ( Aru Kingdom in coastal North Sumatra , today around Medan ), and Mandailing . Tamiyang ( Aceh Tamiang Regency ), negara Perlak ( Peureulak ), and Padang Lawas are noted in

4218-441: The poem. Much of its historical value was due to its having been the product of priestly activities directed at enhancing the magical powers of the ruler at the time. The manuscript is written on lontar leaves. It was held in the library of Leiden University in the Netherlands, with inventory code number L Or 5.023. After its translation in the early 20th century, the Nagarakretagama became an inspiration and foundation of

4292-520: The reign of Zainal Abidin (1468–1500) and supplemented the Kolano title with that of sultan. It was during this time that a period of Islamization began. Abidin also changed the traditional Moluccan government structure into a more Islamic one, including the foundation of the Jolabe , a council made up of Islamic clerics that would advise the sultan on religious matters. This structural and titular change

4366-566: The residency, but its region was gradually transferred to Ambon (Amboina) before being subsumed into it in 1922. Like the rest of Indonesia, Ternate was occupied by Japanese forces during World War II ; eastern Indonesia was governed by the navy. After Japan surrendered in August 1945 and Indonesia declared independence, Ternate was reoccupied in early November 1945 by Allied forces who intended to return Indonesia to Dutch control. After World War 2, Ternate gained city status on 10 December 1946, but

4440-431: The rest of the population. The first Europeans to arrive at Ternate were part of the Portuguese expedition of Francisco Serrão coming from Malacca ; they were shipwrecked near Ceram and rescued by local residents. Sultan Abu Lais of Ternate heard of their plight and brought them to Ternate in 1512 when he saw a chance to ally himself with a powerful foreign nation. The Portuguese were allowed to build Fort Kastela on

4514-513: The smiths of dadaps (embossed coverings) of gold and silver, all of them bestirring themselves the more in their respective customary occupations. Canto 63, stanza 4. In the poem, Prapanca recounted Hayam Wuruk's religious observances in the Candi Singhasari , in which he entered the sanctuary and performed the puspa ceremony for his great-grandfather Kertanegara . After the visit, he went to Kagenengan to perform worship to

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4588-417: The south end a gate led to rows of houses set on terraces in which palace servants lived. Another gate led to a third courtyard crowded with houses and a great hall for those waiting to be admitted into the ruler's presence. The king's own quarters, which lay to the east of this courtyard, had pavilions on decorated red brick bases, ornately carved wooden pillars, and a roof decorated with clay ornaments. Outside

4662-540: The southern part of the island where they had their main settlement, Ciudad del Rosario. The island was divided between the two powers: the Spaniards were allied with Tidore and the Dutch with Ternate. For the Ternatean rulers, the Dutch were a useful, if not particularly welcome, presence that gave them military advantages against Tidore and the Spanish. Ternate expanded its territory and strengthened its control over

4736-751: The west, together with Samudra ( Samudra Pasai ) and Lamuri , Batan ( Bintan ), Lampung , and Barus . Also listed are the states of Tanjungnegara (believed to be on Borneo ): Kapuas Katingan , Sampit , Kota Lingga, Kota Waringin , Sambas , and Lawas. In Canto 14 several lands on Borneo (and Philippines) are mentioned: Kadandangan, Landa , Samadang, Tirem, Sedu ( Sarawak ), Barune ( Brunei ), Kalka, Saludung (Manila), Solot ( Sulu ), Pasir, Barito , Sawaku, Tabalung , Tanjung Kutei and Malano . And also in Hujung Medini (and Singapore): Pahang , Langkasuka , Saimwang, Kelantan , Trengganu , Johor , Paka , Muar , Dungun , Tumasik (where Singapore

4810-545: Was 99.68% as of 2020. Despite relatively developed infrastructure, schools in smaller islands, particularly such as those in the Moti and Hiri Districts, have fewer teachers in general compared to the mainland part of the city. The teacher-to-student ratio in the city is relatively lower compared to other parts of Indonesia: one teacher per 14 students. The city has total 5 hospitals, 5 polyclinics, 26 puskesmas , and 22 pharmacies as of 2020. Three out of five hospitals are located in

4884-469: Was a dominant theme in the early history of the Maluku Islands. As a result of its trade-dependent culture, Ternate was one of the earliest places in the region to which Islam spread, originating from Java in the late 15th century, though Islamic influence in the area can be traced further back to the late 14th century. The faith was restricted to Ternate's small ruling family before spreading to

4958-551: Was also adopted by Tidore and Bacan. Ternate and Tidore were the world's major producer of cloves , from which their rulers became among the wealthiest and most powerful sultans in the Indonesian region. Much of their wealth was used to fight each other. Until the Dutch completed the colonization of Maluku in the 19th century, the sultans of Ternate ruled an empire that periodically claimed at least nominal influence in magnitude as Ambon , Sulawesi , and Papua . The peak of

5032-717: Was also the wife of Raden Wijaya , the founder of Majapahit. Thus she was seen as the protector of the world. The Queen Grandmother is said in the poem to embody the Pramabhagavati ; Bhagavati is another name of Prajnaparamita (the Goddess of Wisdom in Mahayana ). The poem portrays Kertanegara as a staunch Buddhist , described as "submissive at the Feet of the Illustrious Shakya -Lion ". Upon his death,

5106-410: Was assigned as the de facto capital of the province until 2010, when Sofifi was chosen. However, Sofifi still lacked infrastructure and city status, and today most activity in the province is still conducted in Ternate. Ternate lies in a very active seismic region where volcanic activity and earthquakes are common. Ternate belongs to a group of islands that make up part of the Ring of Fire . Ternate

5180-465: Was created in the west of the island from part of the Pulau Ternate District. The districts are tabulated below with their areas (in square kilometres) and their populations during the 2010 and 2020 censuses, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. Five of these districts are on the island of Ternate, and the remaining three each consist of a smaller neighbouring island or (in the case of Pulau Batang Dua District) islands. The table also includes

5254-419: Was demoted to a district on 30 March 1965. It regained its city designation on 11 March 1981. The sultanate still exists but with no power, and the titular rulers only act as cultural figures. Ternate became part of Maluku when Indonesia became independent. There was some violence in Ternate during the 1998–2000 sectarian conflict across the Maluku islands. After the split of the new North Maluku province, it

5328-457: Was deposed and sent to Goa by the Portuguese. He converted to Christianity and changed his name to Dom Manuel. After being declared innocent of the charges against him, he was sent back to reassume his throne, but died en route in Malacca in 1545, though he bequeathed Ambon to his Portuguese godfather Jordão de Freitas. When Sultan Hairun was murdered and his head displayed on a pike in 1570,

5402-434: Was the fortified guard post. The main gate into the palace was located in the north wall, and was entered through huge doors of decorated iron. Outside the north gate was a long building where courtiers met once a year, a market place, and a sacred crossroads. Just inside the north gate was a courtyard containing religious buildings. On the western side of this courtyard were pavilions surrounded by canals where people bathed. At

5476-536: Was weak and Ternate became an expanding, fiercely Islamic and anti-Portuguese state under the rule of Babullah (r. 1570–1583) and his son Sultan Saidi Berkat . In 1579, the sultan entertained the English adventurer and circumnavigator Francis Drake , who had little interest in buying cloves, as his ship, the Golden Hind , was too full of gold that he had raided from Spanish treasure ships to carry cloves. As

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