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110-541: The Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology ( Bengali : বাংলাদেশ প্রকৌশল বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় ) commonly known by its acronym BUET , is a public technological research university in Dhaka , the capital city of Bangladesh . Founded in 1876 as the Dacca Survey School and gained university status in 1962, it is the oldest institution for the study of engineering, architecture, and urban planning in

220-560: A human chain on their campus, demanding the capital punishment for Abrar's killers. Students from Islamic University in Kushtia blocked the Kushtia-Khulna highway in protest of the killing, Teachers from the university also joined in, holding a human chain to call for justice for Abrar's murder. In Khulna , students from Khulna University blocked the main road in front of their campus, wearing black badges and forming

330-466: A memorandum of understanding (MoU) to establish the first ICT Academy in Bangladesh on BUET campus. On 21 June 2021, BUET and Saitama University , Japan signed second renewal of the agreement on academic exchange and the memorandum on student exchange between the two institutions. Saitama University (SU) and BUET have had a long-standing relationship for the past 20 years. In January 2022, BUET

440-500: A bid to lessen this burden on young learners, efforts have been made by educational institutions in the two main Bengali-speaking regions (West Bengal and Bangladesh) to address the opaque nature of many consonant clusters, and as a result, modern Bengali textbooks are beginning to contain more and more "transparent" graphical forms of consonant clusters, in which the constituent consonants of a cluster are readily apparent from

550-537: A different word from a speaker of Standard Bengali in Bangladesh, even though both words are of native Bengali descent. For example, the word salt is লবণ lôbôṇ in the east which corresponds to নুন nun in the west. Bengali exhibits diglossia , though some scholars have proposed triglossia or even n-glossia or heteroglossia between the written and spoken forms of the language. Two styles of writing have emerged, involving somewhat different vocabularies and syntax : Linguist Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar categorises

660-480: A diphthong. The total number of diphthongs is not established, with bounds at 17 and 31. An incomplete chart is given by Sarkar (1985) of the following: In standard Bengali, stress is predominantly initial. Bengali words are virtually all trochaic ; the primary stress falls on the initial syllable of the word, while secondary stress often falls on all odd-numbered syllables thereafter, giving strings such as in সহযোগিতা shô -hô- jo -gi- ta "cooperation", where

770-573: A gas shortage. Perhaps the poet wrote in search of such happiness: 'For others' sake, I say Give all your life and mind, Is there such happiness anywhere That you forget yourself?' ( Translated from Bengali ) Several hundred students from the University of Dhaka held a protest at the base of the Anti Terrorism Raju Memorial Sculpture . Teachers and students from Jahangirnagar University also organized

880-550: A highly publicized trial. An autopsy report later confirmed that Fahad died as a result of severe blunt force trauma . Abrar Fahad was born on February 12, 1998, in the village of Radhanagar, Kumarkhali , Kushtia , Bangladesh . His father, Barkat Ullah, was a banker at BRAC Bank , while his mother, Rokeya Khatun, was a homemaker. Abrar began his formal education at Kushtia Mission Primary School before moving on to Kushtia Zilla School , where he completed his Secondary School Certificate (SSC) exam. After completing SSC, He

990-541: A human chain at the university’s main gate to protest Abrar’s death. In University of Chittagong , female residential students brought out a procession followed by a human chain in front of the Shaheed Minar on the campus demanding death penalty for those involved in the killing. Students from Rajshahi University staged a demonstration and blocked the Rajshahi-Dhaka highway for half an hour protesting

1100-692: A large scale and were communally limited. Owing to Bengal's geographic location, Bengali areas bordering non-Bengali regions have been influenced by each other. Small numbers of people in Midnapore , which borders Odisha , have used the Odia script to write in Bengali. In the border areas between West Bengal and Bihar , some Bengali communities historically wrote Bengali in Devanagari , Kaithi and Tirhuta . In Sylhet and Bankura , modified versions of

1210-682: A majority in Bangladesh speaks dialects notably different from SCB. Some dialects, particularly those of the Chittagong region, bear only a superficial resemblance to SCB. The dialect in the Chittagong region is least widely understood by the general body of Bengalis. The majority of Bengalis are able to communicate in more than one variety – often, speakers are fluent in Cholitobhasha (SCB) and one or more regional dialects. Even in SCB,

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1320-414: A part in catalyzing broader political movements in Bangladesh, culminating in what has been referred to as the " July Revolution ". This movement saw mass protests against the government, calling for greater democratic freedoms, transparency, and a pushback against oppressive political practices. On the fifth anniversary of Fahad's death, a foundation stone was laid after a memorial meeting organized under

1430-519: A part in the adoption of the English alphabet to write Bengali, with certain social media influencers publishing entire novels in Roman Bengali. Murder of Abrar Fahad The incident sparked national outrage and led to protests against campus violence. Out of 25 convicts, 20 were given death sentence and 5 others were give life sentence in relation to the murder of Abrar Fahad following

1540-593: A renewed effort by the Chhatra League to reintroduce student politics at BUET faced widespread resistance, sparking protests and a boycott of academic activities across the university. In response to widespread protests across Bangladesh, the BUET administration implemented measures to enhance campus safety. These measures include: Amnesty International condemned the murder as a "heinous crime requiring urgent investigation." The organization stated that "Abrar

1650-576: A rounded total of 280 million) worldwide. The Bengali language is native to the region of Bengal , which comprises the present-day nation of Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal . Besides the native region it is also spoken by the Bengalis living in Tripura , southern Assam and the Bengali population in the Indian union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Bengali is also spoken in

1760-408: A special diacritic, called the hôsôntô (্) , may be added below the basic consonant grapheme (as in ম্ [m] ). This diacritic, however, is not common and is chiefly employed as a guide to pronunciation. The abugida nature of Bengali consonant graphemes is not consistent, however. Often, syllable-final consonant graphemes, though not marked by a hôsôntô , may carry no inherent vowel sound (as in

1870-523: A state language of the then Dominion of Pakistan . On 21 February 1952, five students and political activists were killed during protests near the campus of the University of Dhaka ; they were the first ever martyrs to die for their right to speak their mother tongue. In 1956, Bengali was made a state language of Pakistan. 21 February has since been observed as Language Movement Day in Bangladesh and has also been commemorated as International Mother Language Day by UNESCO every year since 2000. In 2010,

1980-494: A university student, Abrar Fahad was beaten to death by the BUET Chhatra League , the vice-chancellor of the university, Saiful Islam, banned all kinds of student politics and political organizations and their activities in the campus. According to the university ordinance, teacher politics has also been banned on the campus. There are nine residence halls for BUET students. Most are named after eminent figures in

2090-463: A vowel in isolation from any preceding or following consonant, the independent form of the vowel is used. For example, in মই [moj] "ladder" and in ইলিশ [iliʃ] "Hilsa fish", the independent form of the vowel ই is used (cf. the dependent form ি) . A vowel at the beginning of a word is always realised using its independent form. In addition to the inherent-vowel-suppressing hôsôntô , three more diacritics are commonly used in Bengali. These are

2200-500: Is Bangladesh's national march, written by The National Poet Kazi Nazrul Islam in Bengali in 1928. It was adopted as the national marching song by the Bangladeshi government in 1972. Additionally, the first two verses of Vande Mataram , a patriotic song written in Bengali by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee , was adopted as the "national song" of India in both the colonial period and later in 1950 in independent India. Furthermore, it

2310-547: Is a classical Indo-Aryan language from the Indo-European language family native to the Bengal region of South Asia. With over 237 million native speakers and another 41 million as second language speakers as of 2024, Bengali is the fifth most spoken native language and the seventh most spoken language by the total number of speakers in the world. It is the fifth most spoken Indo-European language . Bengali

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2420-468: Is a cursive script with eleven graphemes or signs denoting nine vowels and two diphthongs , and thirty-nine graphemes representing consonants and other modifiers. There are no distinct upper and lower case letter forms. The letters run from left to right and spaces are used to separate orthographic words . Bengali script has a distinctive horizontal line running along the tops of the graphemes that links them together called মাত্রা matra . Since

2530-456: Is a fairly competitive written examination. After completion of higher secondary level (HSC) education, a student can submit her or his application for undergraduate admission if he/she fulfills the minimum requirements. The students with the best grades in mathematics, physics and chemistry on their Higher Secondary School Certificate (HSC) examination are allowed to take the admission test. The screening process allows 18,000 students to sit for

2640-400: Is an abugida , a script with letters for consonants, with diacritics for vowels, and in which an inherent vowel (অ ô ) is assumed for consonants if no vowel is marked. The Bengali alphabet is used throughout Bangladesh and eastern India (Assam, West Bengal, Tripura). The Bengali alphabet is believed to have evolved from a modified Brahmic script around 1000 CE (or 10th–11th century). It

2750-707: Is believed by many that the national anthem of Sri Lanka ( Sri Lanka Matha ) was inspired by a Bengali poem written by Rabindranath Tagore , while some even believe the anthem was originally written in Bengali and then translated into Sinhala . After the contribution made by the Bangladesh UN Peacekeeping Force in the Sierra Leone Civil War under the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone ,

2860-721: Is considered a separate language, although it shares similarities to Northern Bengali dialects. During the standardisation of Bengali in the 19th century and early 20th century, the cultural centre of Bengal was in Kolkata , a city founded by the British. What is accepted as the standard form today in both West Bengal and Bangladesh is based on the West-Central dialect of Nadia and Kushtia District . There are cases where speakers of Standard Bengali in West Bengal will use

2970-634: Is held by the incumbent president of Bangladesh . The vice-chancellor is the executive head of the university. The position is always held by a senior professor of the university. The university is administered by the University Syndicate which is chaired by the vice-chancellor. Members of the syndicate include deans of several faculties, director general of Secondary and Higher Education in Bangladesh, director general of Technical Education in Bangladesh, eminent academics from this university as well as from other famous public universities. Each of

3080-404: Is known as Apabhraṃśa , by the end of the first millennium. The Bengali language evolved as a distinct language over the course of time. Though some archaeologists claim that some 10th-century texts were in Bengali, it is not certain whether they represent a differentiated language or whether they represent a stage when Eastern Indo-Aryan languages were differentiating. The local Apabhraṃśa of

3190-490: Is set out below in the International Phonetic Alphabet (upper grapheme in each box) and romanisation (lower grapheme). Bengali is known for its wide variety of diphthongs , combinations of vowels occurring within the same syllable . Two of these, /oi̯/ and /ou̯/ , are the only ones with representation in script, as ঐ and ঔ respectively. /e̯ i̯ o̯ u̯/ may all form the glide part of

3300-555: Is the official , national , and most widely spoken language of Bangladesh , with 98% of Bangladeshis using Bengali as their first language. It is the second-most widely spoken language in India . It is the official language of the Indian states of West Bengal and Tripura and the Barak Valley region of the state of Assam . It is also the second official language of the Indian state of Jharkhand since September 2011. It

3410-508: Is the most widely spoken language in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal , and is spoken by significant populations in other states including Bihar , Arunachal Pradesh , Delhi , Chhattisgarh , Meghalaya , Mizoram , Nagaland , Odisha and Uttarakhand . Bengali is also spoken by the Bengali diasporas ( Bangladeshi diaspora and Indian Bengalis) across Europe, North America,

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3520-509: The Aesop's Fables in Bengali was printed using Roman letters based on English phonology by the Scottish linguist John Gilchrist . Consecutive attempts to establish a Roman Bengali have continued across every century since these times, and have been supported by the likes of Suniti Kumar Chatterji , Muhammad Qudrat-i-Khuda , and Muhammad Enamul Haq . The Digital Revolution has also played

3630-675: The Arabic , Persian , and Turkic languages . The arrival of merchants and traders from the Middle East and Turkestan into the Buddhist -ruling Pala Empire , from as early as the 7th century, gave birth to Islamic influence in the region. In the 13th century, subsequent Arab Muslim and Turco-Persian expeditions to Bengal heavily influenced the local vernacular by settling among the native population. Bengali absorbed Arabic and Persian influences in its vocabulary and dialect, including

3740-589: The BUET Energy Club . Abrar Fahad was found dead in Room 2011 of Sher-e-Bangla Hall at BUET . He had been staying in Room 1011 of the same dormitory. Abrar had gone home on leave 10 days earlier, intending to stay until October 20th. However, with exams approaching, he decided to return to his hall to focus on his studies. On October 4th, Mehedi Hasan Robin, the Organizing Secretary of

3850-474: The Constitution of Bangladesh states Bengali to be the sole official language of Bangladesh. The Bengali Language Implementation Act, 1987 , made it mandatory to use Bengali in all records and correspondences, laws, proceedings of court and other legal actions in all courts, government or semi-government offices, and autonomous institutions in Bangladesh. It is also the de facto national language of

3960-579: The Kaithi script had some historical prominence, mainly among Muslim communities. The variant in Sylhet was identical to the Baitali Kaithi script of Hindustani with the exception of Sylhet Nagri possessing matra . Sylhet Nagri was standardised for printing in c.  1869 . Up until the 19th century, numerous variations of the Arabic script had been used across Bengal from Chittagong in

4070-524: The Nadia region . Bengali shows a high degree of diglossia , with the literary and standard form differing greatly from the colloquial speech of the regions that identify with the language. Modern Bengali vocabulary is based on words inherited from Magadhi Prakrit and Pali, along with tatsamas and reborrowings from Sanskrit and borrowings from Persian , Arabic , Austroasiatic languages and other languages with which it has historically been in contact. In

4180-607: The University of Karachi (established by East Pakistani politicians before Independence of Bangladesh ) also offers regular programs of studies at the Bachelors and at the Masters levels for Bengali Literature. The national anthems of both Bangladesh ( Amar Sonar Bangla ) and India ( Jana Gana Mana ) were written in Bengali by the Bengali Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore . Notuner Gaan known as " Chol Chol Chol"

4290-499: The boldface represents primary and secondary stress. Native Bengali words do not allow initial consonant clusters ; the maximum syllabic structure is CVC (i.e., one vowel flanked by a consonant on each side). Many speakers of Bengali restrict their phonology to this pattern, even when using Sanskrit or English borrowings, such as গেরাম geram (CV.CVC) for গ্রাম gram (CCVC) "village" or ইস্কুল iskul (VC.CVC) for স্কুল skul (CCVC) "school". The Bengali-Assamese script

4400-473: The government of East Bengal granted recognition to the engineering college. Ali became the first principal of the college. In 1951, TH Mathewman was appointed the next principal. M. A. Rashid succeeded him in 1954 as the first Bengali principal of the college and held the post until 1960. In 1956, a new course curriculum and the semester system were introduced at the college. On 1 June 1962, in order to create facilities for postgraduate studies and research,

4510-480: The liberation war of 1971, and Bangladesh's independence, EPUET was renamed to Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET). In 2002, a first year student in the chemical engineering department, Sabekun Nahar Sony, was killed during a factional clash between two feuding groups of the Jatiyatabadi Chhatra Dal (JCD) at BUET. The two factions exchanged gunfire and she was caught in

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4620-557: The phonology of Eastern Bengali is seen through the lack of nasalised vowels and an alveolar articulation of what are categorised as the "cerebral" consonants (as opposed to the postalveolar articulation of western Bengal). Some varieties of Bengali, particularly Sylheti , Chittagonian and Chakma , have contrastive tone ; differences in the pitch of the speaker's voice can distinguish words. Kharia Thar and Mal Paharia are closely related to Western Bengali dialects, but are typically classified as separate languages. Similarly, Hajong

4730-592: The withdrawal of water from the Feni River , and the import of LPG from Bangladesh. The post reads: 1.After the partition in 1947 , there was no seaport in the western part of the country. The then government requested India to use the Kolkata Port for six months, but the response was dismissive. Consequently, the Mongla Port was opened prematurely to combat famine . Ironically, India now seeks to use

4840-623: The 16th century, Portuguese missionaries began a tradition of using the Roman alphabet to transcribe the Bengali language. Though the Portuguese standard did not receive much growth, a few Roman Bengali works relating to Christianity and Bengali grammar were printed as far as Lisbon in 1743. The Portuguese were followed by the English and French respectively, whose works were mostly related to Bengali grammar and transliteration. The first version of

4950-652: The 19th and 20th centuries, there were two standard forms of written Bengali: In 1948, the government of Pakistan tried to impose Urdu as the sole state language in Pakistan, giving rise to the Bengali language movement . This was a popular ethnolinguistic movement in the former East Bengal (today Bangladesh ), which arose as a result of the strong linguistic consciousness of the Bengalis and their desire to promote and protect spoken and written Bengali's recognition as

5060-593: The 6th century, which competed with the ancestor of Bengali for some time. The ancestor of Bengali was the language of the Pala Empire and the Sena dynasty . During the medieval period, Middle Bengali was characterised by the elision of the word-final অ ô and the spread of compound verbs, which originated from the Sanskrit Schwa . Slowly, the word-final ô disappeared from many words influenced by

5170-714: The BCL were common in the dormitories. Fahad's murder sparked nearly two months of student protests against violent ragging and bullying at the residence halls. The protests ended after university authorities met student demands. They expelled for life 25 students allegedly involved in the killing, expelled a further 15 from their places in Ahsan Ullah Hall, Suhrawardy Hall, and Titumir Hall, handed down various suspensions and warnings, and adopted new penalties for ragging and political activities. In February 2021, BUET and Chinese multinational technology company Huawei signed

5280-563: The BUET Chhatra League , reportedly gave instructions in a group chat to beat Abrar. This information came to light following a confession from Ifti Mosharraf Shakal, the group's Deputy Social Service Secretary. Amit Saha, the Deputy Law Secretary, who was also a member of ISKCON , suggested waiting until Abrar returned from his home. On the night of October 6th, 2019, Abrar was brought to Room 2011, along with his two mobile phones and laptop. At that point, Mujtaba Rafid,

5390-456: The Bengali equivalent of a full stop – have been adopted from Western scripts and their usage is similar. Unlike in Western scripts (Latin, Cyrillic, etc.) where the letter forms stand on an invisible baseline, the Bengali letter-forms instead hang from a visible horizontal left-to-right headstroke called মাত্রা matra . The presence and absence of this matra can be important. For example,

5500-426: The Bengali script is an abugida, its consonant graphemes usually do not represent phonetic segments , but carry an "inherent" vowel and thus are syllabic in nature. The inherent vowel is usually a back vowel , either [ɔ] as in মত [m ɔ t] "opinion" or [o] , as in মন [m o n] "mind", with variants like the more open [ɒ] . To emphatically represent a consonant sound without any inherent vowel attached to it,

5610-635: The Deputy Office Secretary of BUET Chhatra League, and Khandaker Tabakkharul Islam Tanvir, a third-year Mechanical Engineering student, inspected his phones. Meanwhile, Muntasir Al Jemi, a second-year student from the same department, checked his laptop. During this, Mehedi Hasan Robin began slapping Abrar. Shamsul Arefin Rafat, a second-year Mechanical Engineering student, brought a cricket stump , which Ifti Mosharraf Shakal used to hit Abrar multiple times until it broke. Later, Anik Sarkar,

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5720-679: The Information and Research Secretary of BUET Chhatra League and a fourth-year Mechanical Engineering student, repeatedly beat Abrar on his knees, legs, soles, and arms with another stump. Meftahul Islam Zion, the Sports Secretary, also slapped Abrar and hit him on the knees with the stump. Meanwhile, Mehedi Hasan communicated with the General Secretary of the BUET Chhatra League, Rasel Mehedi Hasan, over

5830-520: The Middle East and other regions. Bengali was accorded the status of a classical language by the government of India on 3 October 2024. It is the second most spoken and fourth fastest growing language in India , following Hindi in the first place, Kashmiri in the second place, and Meitei ( Manipuri ), along with Gujarati , in the third place, according to the 2011 census of India . Bengali has developed over more than 1,400 years. Bengali literature , with its millennium-old literary history,

5940-490: The Mongla Port. 2. There were headlines a few years ago about disputes over the sharing of water from the Kaveri River between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu . In contrast, we are willing to supply 150,000 cubic meters of water daily without exchange. 3. A few years ago, North India ceased exporting coal and stones to protect its resources, yet we are providing them with gas, even though our own factories are shut due to

6050-555: The Sub-Overseer's examination, which certified land surveyors . According to a report on public instruction in Bengal, on 31 March 1903, Dhaka Survey School had 117 students of which 103 were Hindus and 14 were Muslims. In 1908, the school started to offer diploma degrees. Nawab Sir Khwaja Ahsanullah Bahadur, a philanthropist and Nawab of Dhaka , endowed donations for developing the survey school. After his death in 1901, his son,

6160-525: The activist was, but the Chhatra League did not allow them to enter the hall afterward." Abrar's classmates suggested that his death might have been related to his Facebook posts . In a status update, Abrar criticized the signing of bilateral agreements with India during Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina 's four-day official visit. In his post, he discussed the Indian use of the Mongla Port ,

6270-464: The admission test for BUET, the same institute where Abrar was murdered. He added, "I took the decision upon discussing the matter with my family members". In October 2024, a short film titled Room Number 2011 was released, named after the dorm room where he was killed. Directed by Sheikh Jisan Ahamed , the film was based on the events surrounding his death and the subsequent impact on student politics and free speech . Abrar's death also played

6380-536: The basis of modern standard colloquial Bengali. In the dialects prevalent in much of eastern and south-eastern Bangladesh ( Barisal , Chittagong , Dhaka and Sylhet Divisions of Bangladesh), many of the stops and affricates heard in West Bengal and western Bangladesh are pronounced as fricatives . Western alveolo-palatal affricates চ [ tɕɔ ] , ছ [ tɕʰɔ ] , জ [ dʑɔ ] correspond to eastern চ [tsɔ] , ছ [tsʰɔ~sɔ] , জ [dzɔ~zɔ] . The influence of Tibeto-Burman languages on

6490-614: The college was upgraded to East Pakistan University of Engineering and Technology (EPUET), becoming the fourth university of the then East Pakistan . Rashid was appointed the first vice-chancellor of the university. A partnership with the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas (renamed Texas A&M University ) was forged, and professors from A&M came to teach and formulate the curriculum. During this period, EPUET offered courses in mechanical, electrical, civil, metallurgical, and chemical engineering, and architecture. After

6600-469: The consonant which comes first is put on top of or to the left of the one that immediately follows. In these ligatures, the shapes of the constituent consonant signs are often contracted and sometimes even distorted beyond recognition. In the Bengali writing system, there are nearly 285 such ligatures denoting consonant clusters. Although there exist a few visual formulas to construct some of these ligatures, many of them have to be learned by rote. Recently, in

6710-455: The controller of exams. The university has also the following Statutory Authorities. The University Syndicate is the supreme authority in major policy-making matters and in approving recommendations. The Finance Committee, the Planning and Development Committee and other committees assist the syndicate in matters important for the proper functioning of the university. The Academic Council is

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6820-528: The country. BUET is considered to be the most prestigious university in Bangladesh for science and research. A large number of BUET alumni are active in notable engineering and non-engineering roles in Bangladesh and abroad. Dacca Survey School was established in 1876 at Nalgola, west of the current Sir Salimullah Medical College campus, in Old Dhaka by the government of Bengal under British Raj . It offered two-year engineering and survey courses toward

6930-507: The country. In India, Bengali is one of the 23 official languages . It is the official language of the Indian states of West Bengal , Tripura and in Barak Valley of Assam . Bengali has been a second official language of the Indian state of Jharkhand since September 2011. In Pakistan , Bengali is a recognised secondary language in the city of Karachi mainly spoken by stranded Bengalis of Pakistan . The Department of Bengali in

7040-490: The department of humanities, offer postgraduate courses as well. At present, there are six institutes in BUET. These institutes offer postgraduate diplomas, master's and doctoral degrees. BUET has several research centres. BUET has been ranked #801-850 in the world, #187 in Asia and #2 in Bangladesh by QS World University Rankings in 2024. BUET central library has a collection of 142,913 items of information materials. Among

7150-427: The departments and institutes and hall libraries in each of the residence halls. After the independence of Bangladesh and the subsequent name change, the first convocation of the university was held in 1973. Since then, convocations have been held in 1976, 1992, 1993, 1997, 2001, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2011 and 2019. The chancellor is the ceremonial head of the university who appoints the vice-chancellor . The position

7260-604: The development of Dobhashi . Bengali acquired prominence, over Persian, in the court of the Sultans of Bengal with the ascent of Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah . Subsequent Muslim rulers actively promoted the literary development of Bengali, allowing it to become the most spoken vernacular language in the Sultanate. Bengali adopted many words from Arabic and Persian , which was a manifestation of Islamic culture on

7370-700: The east to Meherpur in the west. The 14th-century court scholar of Bengal, Nur Qutb Alam , composed Bengali poetry using the Persian alphabet . After the Partition of India in the 20th century, the Pakistani government attempted to institute the Perso-Arabic script as the standard for Bengali in East Pakistan ; this was met with resistance and contributed to the Bengali language movement. In

7480-457: The eastern periphery of main academic campus. It is used as venue of annual athletics competition of the university as well as cricket , football , and hockey competitions. Students can access the facility all year round. Besides, visiting foreign national football teams as well as few top football clubs of Bangladesh sometimes use this ground for practice sessions. The playground is also used as venue of alumni reunions. BUET has tennis court in

7590-443: The eastern subcontinent, Purbi Apabhraṃśa or Abahatta (lit. 'meaningless sounds'), eventually evolved into regional dialects, which in turn formed three groups, the Bengali–Assamese languages , the Bihari languages , and the Odia language . The language was not static: different varieties coexisted and authors often wrote in multiple dialects in this period. For example, Ardhamagadhi is believed to have evolved into Abahatta around

7700-521: The expertise at the university, its teachers and the laboratory facilities are available to other organizations of the country. A separate institution – Bureau of Research, Testing and Consultation (BRTC) has been formed to oversee these activities. The university undertakes research programs sponsored by outside organizations like United Nations Organizations, Commonwealth Foundation , European Union , University Grants Commission (Bangladesh) , World Bank , Asian Development Bank , DfID , JICA etc. In

7810-399: The faculties is headed by a dean and each of the departments is chaired by a head of the department. They are generally full professors from their respective faculties and departments. Institutes, Research Centers and Directorates are headed by the directors who are full professors from relevant fields of research. Other major administrative posts include the registrar , the comptroller and

7920-466: The final ন in মন [m o n] or the medial ম in গামলা [ɡamla] ). A consonant sound followed by some vowel sound other than the inherent [ɔ] is orthographically realised by using a variety of vowel allographs above, below, before, after, or around the consonant sign, thus forming the ubiquitous consonant-vowel typographic ligatures . These allographs, called কার kar , are diacritical vowel forms and cannot stand on their own. For example,

8030-726: The government of Ahmad Tejan Kabbah declared Bengali as an honorary official language in December 2002. In 2009, elected representatives in both Bangladesh and West Bengal called for Bengali to be made an official language of the United Nations . Regional varieties in spoken Bengali constitute a dialect continuum . Linguist Suniti Kumar Chatterji grouped the dialects of Bengali language into four large clusters: Rarhi , Vangiya , Kamrupi and Varendri ; but many alternative grouping schemes have also been proposed. The south-western dialects ( Rarhi or Nadia dialect) form

8140-499: The graph মি [mi] represents the consonant [m] followed by the vowel [i] , where [i] is represented as the diacritical allograph ি (called ই-কার i-kar ) and is placed before the default consonant sign. Similarly, the graphs মা [ma] , মী [mi] , মু [mu] , মূ [mu] , মৃ [mri] , মে [me~mɛ] , মৈ [moj] , মো [mo] and মৌ [mow] represent the same consonant ম combined with seven other vowels and two diphthongs. In these consonant-vowel ligatures,

8250-412: The graphical form. However, since this change is not as widespread and is not being followed as uniformly in the rest of the Bengali printed literature, today's Bengali-learning children will possibly have to learn to recognise both the new "transparent" and the old "opaque" forms, which ultimately amounts to an increase in learning burden. Bengali punctuation marks, apart from the downstroke । daṛi –

8360-405: The history of Bangladesh: The administrative head of a residence hall is its provost , usually chosen from the senior teachers of different faculties. Three Assistant Provosts are also appointed in the hall administration. Students who do not stay at halls of residence are facilitated by the university's own commuter buses which cover major routes of Dhaka city. BUET has a large playground at

8470-776: The killing and "expresses grave concern on this situation of lawlessness and culture of fear". Eventually, eighteen members of the BUET Chhatra League were detained in connection with the murder. Later on, 25 people were convicted in the Abrar Fahad murder case and all were students at the Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) and members of the Bangladesh Chhatra League (BCL). The Dhaka Speedy Trial Tribunal-1 sentenced 20 of them to death and 5 to life imprisonment. On 2022, Fahad's younger brother, Abrar Faiyaz, cleared

8580-911: The killing. Students from Shahjalal University of Science and Technology also formed a human chain at the main entrance of the Sylhet campus. Later, they organized a protest march, which circled the Sylhet-Sunamganj highway. Students in other districts, including Mymensingh , Comilla , Noakhali , Barisal , Bogura , Gazipur , Manikganj , Jessore , Patuakhali , Brahmanbaria , Tangail , and Rajbari , also held human chains. Celebrities also voiced their protest. Lyricist Prince Mahmud , filmmaker Mostofa Sarwar Farooki , playwright Masum Reza , drama director Chayanika Chowdhury , film director Redoan Rony , actor Zayed Khan , actress Moushumi Hamid , and musician Konal expressed their sorrow and protest on social media regarding this incident. In 2024,

8690-494: The language as: While most writing is in Standard Colloquial Bengali (SCB), spoken dialects exhibit a greater variety. People in southeastern West Bengal, including Kolkata, speak in SCB. Other dialects, with minor variations from Standard Colloquial, are used in other parts of West Bengal and western Bangladesh, such as the Midnapore dialect, characterised by some unique words and constructions. However,

8800-523: The language movement. Although Sanskrit has been spoken by Hindu Brahmins in Bengal since the 3rd century BC, the local Buddhist population spoke varieties of the Prakrit . These varieties are generally referred to as "eastern Magadhi Prakrit ", as coined by linguist Suniti Kumar Chatterji , as the Middle Indo-Aryan dialects were influential in the first millennium when Bengal

8910-547: The language. Major texts of Middle Bengali (1400–1800) include Yusuf-Zulekha by Shah Muhammad Sagir and Srikrishna Kirtana by the Chandidas poets. Court support for Bengali culture and language waned when the Mughal Empire conquered Bengal in the late 16th and early 17th century. The modern literary form of Bengali was developed during the 19th and early 20th centuries based on the west-central dialect spoken in

9020-428: The letter ত tô and the numeral ৩ "3" are distinguishable only by the presence or absence of the matra , as is the case between the consonant cluster ত্র trô and the independent vowel এ e , also the letter হ hô and Bengali Ôbogroho ঽ (~ô) and letter ও o and consonant cluster ত্ত ttô . The letter-forms also employ the concepts of letter-width and letter-height (the vertical space between

9130-505: The line of fire. In 2007, BUET celebrated 60 years (1947–2007) of engineering education in Bangladesh by arranging a 6-month-long series of programs and events. In October 2019, sophomore Abrar Fahad was tortured and beaten to death in Sher-e-Bangla Hall, allegedly by members of the Bangladesh Chhatra League (BCL), the student wing of the ruling Awami League party. The Independent reported that beatings and torture by

9240-483: The main academic area. It also has a gymnasium near halls of residence where students can do gymnastics and play basketball during leisure. Following is the position of BUET in ICPC world finals over the years: *AWC = Asia-West Champion; HM = Unranked but Honourable Mention; NQ = Not Qualified Bengali language Bengali , also known by its endonym Bangla ( বাংলা , Bāṅlā , [ˈbaŋla] ),

9350-447: The materials, 125,066 and 17,847 are books and bound periodicals respectively. Besides, 152 titles are in the current subscription list of journals. Every year, 1500 volumes are added to this library. The main reading room of the central library can accommodate 200 students at a time to provide reading facilities of rare and out-of-print books, and also ready reference and prescribed textbooks. There are also departmental libraries in each of

9460-472: The morning. Abrar's phone and laptop were in the possession of Chhatra League members, making it impossible for any of his friends to inform his family immediately after his death. Eventually, they obtained the contact number of Abrar's younger brother, Abrar Faiyaz, from a BUET student named Diganta who used to tutor him. Faiyaz was called, and after a few rings, he picked up, allowing the family to learn about his death. News of Abrar's death spread fear among

9570-605: The neighbouring states of Odisha , Bihar , and Jharkhand , and sizeable minorities of Bengali speakers reside in Indian cities outside Bengal, including Delhi , Mumbai , Thane , Varanasi , and Vrindavan . There are also significant Bengali-speaking communities in the Middle East , the United States , Singapore , Malaysia , Australia , Canada , the United Kingdom , and Italy . The 3rd article of

9680-517: The parliament of Bangladesh and the legislative assembly of West Bengal proposed that Bengali be made an official UN language. As of January 2023, no further action has been yet taken on this matter. However, in 2022, the UN did adopt Bangla as an unofficial language, after a resolution tabled by India. In 2024, the government of India conferred Bengali with the status of classical language . Approximate distribution of native Bengali speakers (assuming

9790-409: The phone. By around 10:30 PM, Abrar was lying on the floor, weakened from the beating Ifti Mosharraf Shakal forced him to stand up and slapped him. Mujahidur Rahman, a third-year Electrical Engineering student, then hit him with a skipping rope . Ifti Mosharraf Shakal continued to strike Abrar's knees and legs with a stump, and Khandaker Tanvir repeatedly slapped him. Around 11 PM, Anik Sarkar entered

9900-552: The police, labeling him as a " Shibir activist" (a term used for members of the student wing of Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami ). One leader at the scene even called the Duty Officer at Chawkbazar Police Station , stating, "We have caught an activist; come take him away." A police patrol team was dispatched to Sher-e-Bangla Hall following this call. However, a security guard at the hall, who wished to remain anonymous, told Bangla Tribune , "A police vehicle arrived and asked where

10010-441: The preliminary admission test based on the cumulative sum of their GPA in those three subjects. After the admission test, about 1,309 students get selected on the basis of merit and are offered admission. The admission test is of 400 marks, with 40 questions carrying 10 marks each. 13 questions are from physics, 13 from chemistry and 14 from mathematics. The test is taken within two hours. There are 26 seats for foreign students at

10120-421: The room again and hit Abrar with the stump and the group eventually left the room around midnight. Abrar, struggling to breathe, was given two pillows under his head by Ifti Mosharraf Shakal. Abrar vomited several times. The group then moved him to Room 2005 of the dormitory. Amit Saha tried to extract more information from Abrar, suggesting they continue beating him to get more details. Realizing his condition

10230-465: The same time. CCTV footage from the second floor of the dormitory showed several individuals dragging Abrar by his hands and feet down a corridor. Footage also revealed that at 3:26 AM, the Director of BUET's Student Welfare Council, Professor Mizanur Rahman, stood beside the body and had a conversation with the suspects before leaving. The next day, he claimed he knew nothing about the incident until

10340-427: The so-called "inherent" vowel [ɔ] is first expunged from the consonant before adding the vowel, but this intermediate expulsion of the inherent vowel is not indicated in any visual manner on the basic consonant sign ম [mɔ] . The vowel graphemes in Bengali can take two forms: the independent form found in the basic inventory of the script and the dependent, abridged, allograph form (as discussed above). To represent

10450-502: The students of Sher-e-Bangla Hall. Many were too scared to share information, fearing retaliation from Chhatra League members . A few students from the 17th batch decided to write a message and posted it across all BUET-related Facebook pages and groups, including the Alumni Association. This helped the news gradually spread. Initially, when Abrar was in critical condition, Chhatra League leaders planned to hand him over to

10560-536: The superposed chôndrôbindu (ঁ) , denoting a suprasegmental for nasalisation of vowels (as in চাঁদ [tʃãd] "moon"), the postposed ônusbar (ং) indicating the velar nasal [ŋ] (as in বাংলা [baŋla] "Bengali") and the postposed bisôrgô (ঃ) indicating the voiceless glottal fricative [h] (as in উঃ! [uh] "ouch!") or the gemination of the following consonant (as in দুঃখ [dukʰːɔ] "sorrow"). The Bengali consonant clusters ( যুক্তব্যঞ্জন juktôbênjôn ) are usually realised as ligatures, where

10670-461: The supreme body for formulating academic rules and regulations to which the CASR, Boards of Undergraduate and Postgraduate Studies and the faculties recommend. Following is the complete list of the vice-chancellors. The undergraduate admission of BUET is based on grades and examinations. Extracurriculars or financial needs are not considered in the admission process. The undergraduate admission test

10780-446: The then Prime Minister of Bengal , appointed Hakim Ali as the principal of the school. After the partition of India in 1947, Chief Minister of East Bengal Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin approved the school to be upgraded to Ahsanullah Engineering College , as a faculty of engineering under the University of Dhaka , offering four-year bachelor's course in civil, electrical, mechanical, chemical and metallurgical engineering . In 1948,

10890-458: The then Nawab of Dhaka, Sir Khwaja Salimullah Bahadur released the grant in 1902 in accordance with his late fathers wish. As an acknowledgement of this contribution, the school was renamed to Ahsanullah School of Engineering in 1908. The school offered three-year diploma courses in civil engineering, electrical engineering and mechanical engineering in 1908. In 1912, the university was moved to its present premises. In 1938, A. K. Fazlul Huq ,

11000-1147: The undergraduate level. The pre-requisite qualification for admission is HSC or GCE A-level or its equivalent with high grades in mathematics, physics, and chemistry. The admission fee is $ 200; the course registration fee is US$ 50 per credit hour and the approximate cost of food, lodging etc. is US$ 100 per month. A maximum of 10 students from a single country are allowed for admission. In master's and PhD programs, around 1,000 graduate students are accepted on an annual basis. For admission to these programs, candidates are required to appear in interviews and/or written tests. Postgraduate degrees offered by departments and institutes are MSc (Master of Science), MSc Engg. ( Master of Science in Engineering ), M. Engg ( Master of Engineering ), MURP ( Master of Urban and Regional Planning ), MArch ( Master of Architecture ), M.Phil. ( Master of Philosophy ) and PhD (Doctor of Philosophy). Postgraduate diplomas (PG. Dip.) are also offered in IT and Water resources development . For consultation and research

11110-484: The visible matra and an invisible baseline). There is yet to be a uniform standard collating sequence (sorting order of graphemes to be used in dictionaries, indices, computer sorting programs, etc.) of Bengali graphemes. Experts in both Bangladesh and India are currently working towards a common solution for this problem. Throughout history, there have been instances of the Bengali language being written in different scripts, though these employments were never popular on

11220-435: The vocabulary may differ according to the speaker's religion: Muslims are more likely to use words of Persian and Arabic origin, along with more words naturally derived from Sanskrit ( tadbhava ), whereas Hindus are more likely to use tatsama (words directly borrowed from Sanskrit). For example: The phonemic inventory of standard Bengali consists of 29 consonants and 7 vowels, as well as 7 nasalised vowels . The inventory

11330-814: The wake of the COVID-19 pandemic , BUET developed OxyJet, a cost-effective CPAP ventilator , which was approved by the Directorate General of Drug Administration (DGDA) in July 2021. BUET regularly organizes national and international conferences and workshops in its campus to enhance the research capabilities of its students and faculties. Among the conferences organized by BUET, following are notable: Source: According to Ordinance 1962, all organizational politics have been banned in Bangladesh Engineering University. After

11440-568: Was a part of the Greater Magadhan realm. The local varieties had no official status during the Gupta Empire , and with Bengal increasingly becoming a hub of Sanskrit literature for Hindu priests, the vernacular of Bengal gained a lot of influence from Sanskrit. Magadhi Prakrit was also spoken in modern-day Bihar and Assam , and this vernacular eventually evolved into Ardha Magadhi . Ardha Magadhi began to give way to what

11550-709: Was admitted to Notre Dame College in Dhaka , where he completed his Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC) examination under the Dhaka Board . Abrar was offered admission to several universities, including the University of Dhaka and Kushtia Medical College . Despite his mother's desire for him to study medicine, Abrar chose to pursue engineering, enrolling in the Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE) department at Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET). At BUET, Abrar maintained his academic focus and became involved in several clubs, including

11660-439: Was coordinating with the police. When Muntasir Al Jemi informed Ifti Mosharraf Shakal that Abrar's condition had worsened, Shakal suggested massaging him. Ismail and Monir called for an ambulance, but due to a delay, Tamim brought a doctor from BUET Medical Center. At 3 AM on Monday, police recovered Abrar's body from the ground floor of BUET's Sher-e-Bangla Hall. Medical Officer Dr. Md. Mashuk Elahi declared him dead around

11770-403: Was deteriorating, Amit suggested they take him out of the hall. Mehedi Hasan and Anik Sarkar went into Room 2005, saw that Abrar seemed somewhat stable, and left. Shortly after, Abrar vomited again. Mehedi Hasan talked about handing him over to the police. Members of the 17th batch then moved Abrar to the ground floor with a mattress. During this time, Mehedi Hasan Rasel, the General Secretary,

11880-565: Was extensively developed during the Bengali Renaissance and is one of the most prolific and diverse literary traditions in Asia. The Bengali language movement from 1948 to 1956 demanding that Bengali be an official language of Pakistan fostered Bengali nationalism in East Bengal leading to the emergence of Bangladesh in 1971. In 1999, UNESCO recognised 21 February as International Mother Language Day in recognition of

11990-583: Was ranked 1st among Bangladeshi and 1589th among global educational institutions in the Webometrics Ranking of World Universities . BUET has an urban campus located in the Palashi area of Dhaka. The campus houses academic and administrative buildings, residential halls for students and other amenities. Academic activities are undertaken by 18 departments under six faculties . Thirteen departments offer undergraduate courses, all of which, except

12100-506: Was simply exercising his right to freedom of expression through his Facebook posts criticizing the government." Brad Adams , Asia Director at Human Rights Watch , remarked, "A government that overlooks torture, enforced disappearances, extrajudicial killings by security forces, and arbitrary arrests of dissenters fosters an environment where students can operate a 'torture cell' on a university campus." Asian Forum for Human Rights and Developments member organisation Odhikar condemned

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