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111-567: The original version of the GMFCS was developed in 1997. As of 2007, the expanded and revised version, known as GMFCS - E&R , further includes an age band for youth 12 to 18 years. The original concept was developed collaboratively by Robert Palisano, Professor of Physiotherapy at Drexel University ; Peter Rosenbaum, Professor of Developmental Paediatrics at McMaster University ; Stephen Walter, Professor of Biostatistics at McMaster University; Dianne Russell; Ellen Wood; and Barbara Galuppi. GMFCS

222-806: A Herder Handbook and continues to conduct research and work with nomadic herders to develop sustainable practices. The Mongolian Aquatic Insect Survey is a multi-year biodiversity survey, environmental monitoring and capacity building project managed by Jon Gelhaus of the Academy's Entomology Department . A total of 217 sites from the Selenge River Basin, the most populous and most extensive drainage in Mongolia, were surveyed from 2003 to 2006. Most of these sites are in rivers or streams, but some are in freshwater and saltwater lakes, hot and cold springs, and marsh wetlands. Additional sites from

333-424: A Philadelphia financier and philanthropist. The original mission of the institution was to provide educational opportunities in the "practical arts and sciences" for women and men of all backgrounds. Drexel can now trace its roots to 1812 as in 2011 Drexel took over the management of what is now named Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University which Academy was formed in the winter of 1812. In April 1817,

444-624: A B.A. program in entrepreneurship and innovation, while graduate students a combined Master of Science degree in biomedicine and entrepreneurship. Minors in entrepreneurship are also offered to undergraduate students. Housed within the Close School is the Baiada Institute for Entrepreneurship. The institute serves as an incubator for Drexel student startups, providing resources and mentorships to students and some post-graduates who are starting their own business while enrolled in one of

555-631: A LeBow College of Business program. The LeBow College of Business has been ranked as the 38th best private business school in the nation. Its online MBA program is ranked 14th in the world by the Financial Times ; the publication also ranks the undergraduate business program at LeBow as 19th in the United States. The part-time MBA program ranks 1st in academic quality in the 2015 edition of Business Insider's rankings. Undergraduate and graduate entrepreneurship programs are ranked 19th in

666-415: A bewildering assemblage of specimens with little in the way of supplemental information. Over time, however, museums such as the Academy started to showcase their more popular specimens while sequestering the bulk of the collections. In addition, they spent more effort interpreting their public displays. Museums started to play a more active role in educating the public. One expression of this transformation

777-622: A central criterion of water quality . Its 1948 biological survey of the Conestoga River Basin in Pennsylvania, a milestone in environmental research , led to similar surveys and studies throughout much of the United States. Characteristically, these earlier projects were joint projects of the Limnology Department and private industry. Since the rise of the environmental movement in the 1960s and 1970s and

888-452: A child on their best performance rather than their average performance. There seems to be more uncertainty between classifying children at level I or II than in other levels. The GMFCS has been used to classify people with conditions other than cerebral palsy. This use is not recommended by the authors of the GMFCS. The Gross Motor Functional Measure is sometimes used instead of the GMFCS. Drexel University Drexel University

999-628: A for-profit venture, but rather become an internal division within the university to better serve its online student population. Although headquartered in Philadelphia, Drexel announced a new Washington, D.C., location in December 2012 to serve as both an academic and outreach center, catering to the online student population. Drexel University Online founded the National Distance Learning Week, in conjunction with

1110-603: A logistical hub for a number of Working Groups organized around sustainability issues. Currently active groups include one for condominium and building co-op owners, a network of faith-based environmental groups, and a forum of senior executives in the private sector. The Library and Archives were established at the Academy's founding meeting in 1812 for the purpose of supporting its natural science research. The library provides online access, services, collections, imaging, and shared resources with other libraries. The library houses nearly 200,000 volumes ranging from works published in

1221-454: A number of public programs that are free and open to the public. Urban Sustainability Forums feature panels of local and national experts discussing environmental and sustainability topics as they relate to the Philadelphia region. Town Square, which may feature a panel or an individual, addresses a variety of topics relating to the environment or public science. The center also hosts candidate forums, conferences and workshops. The center acts as

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1332-403: A part of Academy collections and research since its beginnings, but the size of the collection was relatively modest until acquisition of Edward Drinker Cope 's personal collections in 1898. A few years later, Henry Weed Fowler began his tenure at the Academy, during which he systematized the collections and described 1,408 species. James E. Böhlke, William Saul, and William Smith-Vaniz are among

1443-685: A railing • May propel a manual wheelchair and need assistance for long distances or uneven surfaces • Walking ability severely limited even with assistive devices • Uses wheelchairs most of the time and may propel own power wheelchair • Standing transfers, with or without assistance • Has physical impairments that restrict voluntary control of movement • Ability to maintain head and neck position against gravity restricted • Impaired in all areas of motor function • Cannot sit or stand independently, even with adaptive equipment • Cannot independently walk but may be able to use powered mobility The GMFCS has been used to describe study samples in terms of

1554-482: A transitional zone between the semi-arid Eurasian Steppe (grasslands) to the south and the Eurasian Taiga (boreal forest) to the north. As such, it is an ideal mid-continental site at which to monitor the ecological effects of climate change. In addition, changes in livestock herding practices raise concerns about overgrazing and desertification . In response, the team at Hovsgol created and distributed

1665-662: Is classified among " R1: Doctoral Universities – Very High Research Activity" . The university was ranked 51st in the 2018 edition of the "Top 100 Worldwide Universities Granted U.S. Utility Patents" list released by the National Academy of Inventors and the Intellectual Property Owners Association . USNWR graduate school rankings USNWR departmental rankings In its 2024 rankings, U.S. News & World Report ranked Drexel tied for 98th among national universities in

1776-588: Is a private space-grant research university with its main campus in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania. Drexel's undergraduate school was founded in 1891 by Anthony J. Drexel , a financier and philanthropist . Founded as Drexel Institute of Art, Science and Industry , it was renamed Drexel Institute of Technology in 1936, before assuming its current name in 1970. As of 2020 , more than 24,000 students were enrolled in over 70 undergraduate programs and more than 100 master's, doctoral, and professional programs at

1887-526: Is best known for his rivalry with Othniel Charles Marsh during the infamous Bone Wars . Curator Edward B. Daeschler is currently studying the evolution of Devonian tetrapods , but he will be retiring in September 2023. He is a co-discoverer of the transitional "fishapod" Tiktaalik roseae from the Canadian Arctic and the discoverer of two tetrapods, Hynerpeton and Densignathus from

1998-701: Is located in the East Falls neighborhood of northwest Philadelphia and is primarily utilized by first- and second-year medical students, and researchers. A free shuttle is available, connecting the Queen Lane Campus to the Center City Hahnemann and University City Main campuses. The Center City Campus is in the middle of Philadelphia, straddling the Vine Street Expressway between Broad and 15th Streets. Shuttle service

2109-631: Is located just west of the Schuylkill River in the University City district of Philadelphia . It is Drexel's largest and oldest campus; the campus contains the university's administrative offices and serves as the main academic center for students. The northern, residential portion of the main campus is located in the Powelton Village section of West Philadelphia. The two prominent performing stages at Drexel University are

2220-475: Is named; and Paul Baran , inventor of the packet-switched network. Today, Drexel University's College of Engineering, which is home to 19 percent of the undergraduate student body, is known for creating the world's first engineering degree in appropriate technology . The college is also one of only 17 U.S. universities to offer a bachelor's degree in architectural engineering, and only one of five private institutions to do so. The engineering curriculum used by

2331-476: Is now the standard in both North America and Western Europe for mobility assessment and ambulatory ability prediction for cerebral palsy. The examination is done using the "Gross Motor Function Measure", (GMFM), a set of 66 sitting (truncal control) as well as walking exercises conducted during the GMFM assessment that help the specialist classify the person into one of the system's five levels or, sometimes, to classify

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2442-568: Is offered between the Center City Campus and both the University City and Queen Lane campuses of the university. In 2011, The Academy of Natural Sciences entered into an agreement to become a subsidiary of Drexel University. Founded in 1812, the Academy of Natural Sciences is America's oldest natural history museum and is a world leader in biodiversity and environmental research. On January 5, 2009, Drexel University opened

2553-676: Is one of the largest and oldest in the United States. Drexel has a fully internet -based job database, where students can submit résumés and request interviews with any of the thousands of companies that offer positions. Students also have the option of obtaining a co-op via independent search. A student graduating from Drexel's 5-year degree program typically has a total of 18 months of co-op with up to three different companies. The majority of co-ops are paid, averaging $ 18,720 per 6-month period, however this figure changes with major. About one third of Drexel graduates are offered full-time positions by their co-op employers right after graduation. Drexel

2664-785: Is ranked in the top 15 such programs in the United States; its anesthesia programs and physical therapy programs are, respectively, ranked as top-50 programs nationwide. Established in 1892, the department now known as the College of Professional Studies has focused exclusively on educational programs and pursuits for nontraditional adult learners. Today, the Goodwin College of Professional Studies offers several options designed for adult learners at all stages of career and educational development. Bachelor of Science degree completion programs are offered in part-time evening or weekend formats; graduate programs and doctoral programs are offered at

2775-480: Is study of plants, including nonvascular bryophytes ( mosses , liverworts , and hornworts ) and vascular plants, including ferns, conifers and flowering plants. The field of botany has also traditionally included the study of algae , lichens , and fungi which are now classified in different biological kingdoms . Collections at the Academy, which are housed in the Philadelphia Herbarium (PH),

2886-531: Is the most comprehensive collection of rotifers on microslides. The herpetology collection contains about 40,000 specimens, including more than 500 type specimens. The mammalogy collection contains about 36,000 specimens and 180 holotypes . Among the naturalists and scientists associated with these collections are Timothy Conrad, Edward Drinker Cope , Richard Harlan , John Edwards Holbrook , William W. Jefferis , Henry Charles Lea , Isaac Lea , Joseph Leidy , Samuel George Morton , and Thomas Say . Formerly

2997-448: Is the most comprehensive collection of bird images in the world. Started in 1979, the collection contains over 180,000 photographs representing over 7,300 species. The collection contains work by some of the world's most talented photographers. VIREO licenses bird images for a wide variety of commercial and non-profit uses. The Academy first opened its collections to the public in 1828. The popularity of its exhibits soared in 1868 with

3108-742: Is to "provide education, conduct research, and partner with communities and organizations to improve the health of populations". To that end, the school offers both a B.S. and a minor in public health for undergraduate students as well as several options for students pursuing graduate and doctoral degrees in the field. At the graduate level, the Dornsife School offers both a Master of Public Health and an Executive Master of Public Health, as well as an M.S. in biostatistics and an M.S. in epidemiology. Two Doctor of Public Health degrees are also offered, as isa Doctor of Philosophy in epidemiology. The school's graduate and doctoral students are heavily invested in

3219-542: The Catskill Formation in Pennsylvania. The Academy houses several collections of smaller size yet historical and scientific importance. The general invertebrate collection contains about 22,600 specimens, while the invertebrate paleontology collection contains about 105,000 lots. Both contain numerous type specimens. Generally, 21,500 specimens are gaunt, 13,500 are affiliated skins, and 1,700 are wet-preserved specimens. The Frank J. Myers Rotifer Collection

3330-621: The Limnology Department, the Patrick Center for Environmental Research focuses on applied ecology . Founded in 1947 by Ruth Patrick , formerly of the Diatom Herbarium , it was one of the earliest U.S. environmental consulting concerns. Its attachment to the Academy led it to become the first to employ interdisciplinary teams of scientists to study freshwater systems and the first to regard biodiversity as

3441-607: The OBIS Indo-Pacific Mollusc database. Research associate and former curator Danielle Graf, an expert on Unionidae (freshwater mussels), maintains the MUSSEL Project web site. The majority of ornithologists active in the United States during the first half of the 19th century, including Charles Lucien Bonaparte , George Ord , Titian Ramsay Peale , John James Audubon , John Cassin , Thomas Nuttall , and John Kirk Townsend , were active members of

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3552-398: The 16th century to current journals and books. Its holdings also include illustrated works from as early as the 15th century, including Konrad Gessner's Historia animalium , Maria Sibylla Merian 's Insects of Surinam , Edward Lear 's Psittacidae or Parrots , and a double elephant folio of John James Audubon 's The Birds of America . The Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences

3663-421: The 1930s and 1940s. They feature a variety of animals from Africa, Asia, and North America. Some of these, such as the caribou , lion , and plains zebra are familiar and relatively common, but others, such as the desert bighorn , kiang , Kodiak bear , panda , and passenger pigeon , are threatened, endangered , or extinct . In 2018, under the management of Drexel University, The Academy renovated some of

3774-421: The 19th century. Traditionally, researchers at natural science (or natural history) institutions such as the Academy engaged in biological taxonomy , the science of discovering, describing, naming, and classifying species. In recent decades, research has shifted in emphasis to the science of systematics , the study of the evolutionary relationships among these species. The Academy preserves many type specimens ,

3885-804: The 2008 Democratic presidential candidate debate in Philadelphia, televised by MSNBC . In 2002, Drexel University acquired and assumed management of the former MCP Hahnemann University, creating the Drexel University College of Medicine . In 2006, the university established the Thomas R. Kline School of Law , and in 2011 the School of Law achieved full accreditation by the American Bar Association . Constantine Papadakis died of pneumonia in April 2009 while still employed as

3996-574: The Academy for safekeeping. Currently, the collection contains more than 22,000 specimens, including many types. Richard Harlan was an early member who introduced many American naturalists to the groundbreaking works of Georges Cuvier . Joseph Leidy , who described Hadrosaurus and alerted the scientific world to the paleontological treasures of the American West, is considered the "father" of American vertebrate paleontology. Edward Drinker Cope , who also worked extensively on other vertebrates,

4107-430: The Academy of Natural Sciences in the winter of 1812. The academy was meant to foster a gathering of fellow naturalists, and nurture the growth and credibility of American science. They frequently looked to their European counterparts for inspiration and expertise and longed to be regarded as equals. On 25 April 1817 they were incorporated into the society under the title of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia by

4218-661: The Academy since 1890. Vertebrate paleontology in the United States originated in Philadelphia through the efforts of naturalists and scientists associated with the American Philosophical Society (APS) during the first decade of the 19th century and at The Academy of Natural Sciences thereafter. By the end of the 19th century, the holdings from the APS, including the Thomas Jefferson Fossil Collection , had been transferred to

4329-564: The Academy since its founding. Two of its earliest members include Thomas Say , regarded as the father of American entomology, and Titian Peale , a leading natural history illustrator and the chief naturalist on the United States Exploring Expedition (1834–1842). The entomology collection currently contains more than 3.5 million specimens and includes the Titian Peale Moth and Butterfly Collection,

4440-458: The Academy, as well as from other American institutions, Mongolia, Russia, and Japan started a multi-year study of the lake's biodiversity , limnology , and watershed. Although this research was scientifically rewarding, it was apparent that issues concerning environmental protection and sustainable economic development needed addressing. Consequently, work at Hovsgol shifted to ecosystem studies and capacity building . One early undertaking

4551-476: The Academy. Later notable Academy ornithologists include James Bond , Frank Gill , Rodolphe Meyer de Schauensee , Pete Myers, Fred Sheldon, and Witmer Stone . With nearly 200,000 specimens representing over 9,000 species, the Ornithology collection is one of the largest and most taxonomically complete bird collections in the world. The Delaware Valley Ornithological Club (DVOC) has held regular meetings at

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4662-587: The Academy. The Academy's malacology collection is the oldest such collection in the United States and is the 3rd largest in the world. It currently contains over 10 million specimens, including types erected by more than 400 authors. Curator Gary Rosenberg , an expert on Jamaican land snails, is a leader in digitised museum collections and research data. Research websites include the Malacology Georeferencing Project an online database of Western Atlantic Marine Mollusca (Malacolog) , and

4773-740: The Center for Graduate Studies in Sacramento, California . Eventually renamed Drexel University Sacramento upon the addition of an undergraduate program in business administration, the campus also offered an Ed.D. program in Educational Leadership and Management and master's degree programs in Business Administration, Finance, Higher Education, Human Resource Development, Public Health, and Interdepartmental Medical Science. On March 5, 2015, Drexel University announced

4884-537: The Close School's degree programs or academic minors. Drexel University launched its first Internet-based education program, a master's degree in Library & Information Science, in 1996. In 2001, Drexel created its wholly owned, for-profit online education subsidiary, Drexel e-Learning, Inc., better known as Drexel University Online. It was announced in October 2013 that Drexel University Online would no longer be

4995-518: The College of Medicine offers more than 40 graduate programs in its Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies. The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional studies offers both Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy degree programs in fields like biochemistry, biotechnology, clinical research, and forensic science. The school also serves as the center for biomedical research at Drexel University. Founded in 1961 as

5106-487: The College of Medicine, Drexel's College of Nursing and Health Professions offers more than 25 programs to undergraduate and graduate students in the fields of nursing, nutrition, health sciences, health services, and radiologic technology. The college's research into matters of nutrition and rehabilitation have garnered approximately $ 2.9 million in external research funding on an annual basis. The physician assistant program at Drexel's College of Nursing and Health Professions

5217-787: The Delaware River basin, the ecology and genetics of bridal shiner (a fish that's endangered in Pennsylvania), and the impacts of flow management ( dam releases ) in the Upper Delaware River to native and introduced fish populations. Benthic macroinvertebrates (primarily aquatic insects , crustaceans, and mollusks) are useful for biological monitoring programs. Their varied life spans, ranging from weeks to years, are long enough to reveal intermittent and continuous pollutants, yet short enough respond to worsening or improving water quality. The Macroinvertebrate Section at

5328-580: The Department of Computer Science, and the Computing and Security Technology program. Undergraduate and graduate programs in computer science, software engineering, data science, information systems, and computer security are offered by the college. The Drexel University College of Medicine was added to the colleges and schools of the university in 2002, having been formed upon the acquisition of MCP Hahnemann University. In addition to its M.D. program,

5439-550: The Earle Mack School of Law, was the first law school founded in Philadelphia in more than three decades. The School of Law offers L.L.M. and Master of Legal Studies degrees, in addition to the flagship Juris Doctor program, and uniquely offers cooperative education as part of its curriculum across all programs. In 2015, Bloomberg Business ranked the Kline School of Law as the second most underrated law school in

5550-661: The Mandell Theater and the Main Auditorium. The Main Auditorium dates back to the founding of Drexel and construction of its main hall. It features over 1000 seats, and a pipe organ installed in 1928. The organ was purchased by Saturday Evening Post publisher Cyrus H. K. Curtis after he had donated a similar organ, the Curtis Organ , to nearby University of Pennsylvania and it was suggested that he do

5661-806: The Northeast. In 2016, Bloomberg Businessweek ranked the undergraduate business program 78th in the country. In 2014, Business Insider ranked Drexel's graduate business school 19th in the country for networking. Drexel University's programs are divided across three Philadelphia-area campuses: the University City Campus , the Center City Campus and the Queen Lane College of Medicine Campus . The 77-acre (31 ha) University City Main Campus of Drexel University

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5772-487: The Patrick Center has extensive experience in bioassessment, biomonitoring, and inventorying of freshwater habitats throughout the United States. Because of their great diversity and specific ecological requirements, algae , particularly diatoms , make excellent indicators of water quality . Moreover, diatoms are readily preserved in sediments, which make them useful organisms for studying paleolimnology (the long-term trends of streams and lakes). The Phycology Section of

5883-540: The Patrick Center is concerned with the influence of aquatic organisms on the sources, fate and transport of chemicals in aquatic systems . Studies frequently deal with the carbon and nutrient cycling as well as those of trace elements (e.g., lead, copper, mercury, and zinc) and organic contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The section regularly provides water, sediment and tissue analyses for government, intergovernmental agencies, and private companies from around

5994-484: The Patrick Center provides algal analyses for governmental and other agencies interested in both assessing water quality and long-term environmental trends. One such undertaking is the analyses of diatom assemblages in lake sediments ( sediment cores ) throughout the eastern United States. This work, part of a large project managed by the EPA , will try to establish reference (pre- anthropogenic ) conditions for lakes throughout

6105-854: The United Kingdom, Georges Cuvier of France, and Alexander von Humboldt of Prussia were among the corresponding members (members who lived far from Philadelphia) of the Academy's first decades. Later during the 19th century, other notable naturalists and scientists, including John James Audubon , Charles S. Boyer, John Cassin , Edward Drinker Cope , Ezra Townsend Cresson , Richard Harlan , Ferdinand V. Hayden , Isaac Lea , William W. Jefferis , John Lawrence LeConte , Joseph Leidy , Samuel George Morton , George Ord , and James Rehn were members. Corresponding members included Charles Darwin along with his supporters Asa Gray , and Thomas Henry Huxley . For much of its history, new members had to be nominated by two current members and then elected by

6216-627: The United States Distance Learning Association, in 2007. In September 2010, Drexel University Online received the Sloan-C award for institution-wide excellence in online education indicating that it had exceptional programs of "demonstrably high quality" at the regional and national levels and across disciplines. Drexel University Online won the 2008 United States Distance Learning Association's Best Practices Awards for Distance Learning Programming. In 2007,

6327-422: The United States' first Biomedical Engineering and Science Institute, the School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems focuses on the emerging field of biomedical science at the undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral levels. Primary research areas within the school include bioinformatics , biomechanics , biomaterials , neuroengineering , and cardiovascular engineering. Formed in 2002 along with

6438-759: The United States, tied for 18th in the "Most Innovative Schools" category, 95th in "Best Value Schools", and tied for 273rd in "Top Performers on Social Mobility. The Wall Street Journal ranked Drexel 54th among 400 institutions in the United States. In its 2018 rankings, Times Higher Education World University Rankings and The Wall Street Journal ranked Drexel 74th among national universities and 351st-400th among international universities. In its 2018 rankings, Forbes ranked Drexel 24th among STEM universities. In 2019, it also ranked Drexel 226th among 650 national universities, liberal arts colleges and service academies, 120th among research universities, 154th among private universities, and 96th among universities in

6549-545: The United States. One of the oldest schools within Drexel University, the modern School of Education dates back to the 1891 founding of the school. Originally, the Department of Education offered teacher training to women as one of its original, career-focused degree programs. Today, the School of Education offers a coeducational approach to teacher training at the elementary and secondary levels for undergraduates. Other undergraduate programs include those focused on

6660-691: The United States. The department also hosts the All Catfish Species Inventory (a comprehensive online resource on catfish) and Catfish Bones (an online digital atlas of catfish morphology), and is a participant in Neodat II (an online resource of Neotropic ichthyology collections). Two of the early members of the Academy, Thomas Say and Isaac Lea , were malacologists (see also conchologists ). R. Tucker Abbott , Samuel Stehman Haldeman , Henry A. Pilsbry , and George W. Tryon, Jr. were other noted malacologists who worked at

6771-615: The University community". Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University The Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University , formerly the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia , is the oldest natural science research institution and museum in the Americas . It was founded in 1812, by many of the leading naturalists of the young American republic with an expressed mission of "the encouragement and cultivation of

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6882-427: The best in the world for its extensive research into matters of international trade. Drexel's College of Engineering is one of its oldest and largest academic colleges and served as the original focus of the career-oriented school upon its founding in 1891. The College of Engineering is home to several notable alumni, including two astronauts; financier Bennett S. LeBow , for whom the university's College of Business

6993-456: The building of the first research laboratory in Mongolia dedicated to the study of aquatic invertebrates. It also includes training of Mongolian scientists and students. The Center for Environmental Policy informs and engages various constituents, promotes solutions, and builds public and professional awareness on important environmental topics. Much of its activities focus on public programs and working groups. The center hosts or participates in

7104-494: The closure of the Sacramento campus, with an 18-month "phase out" period designed to allow current students to complete their degrees. The Graduate Student Association "advocates the interests and addresses concerns of graduate students at Drexel; strives to enhance graduate student life at the University in all aspects, from academic to campus security; and provides a formal means of communication between graduate students and

7215-846: The college earn full accreditation from the National Association of Schools of Art and Design , the National Architectural Accrediting Board , and the Council for Interior Design Accreditation. The Bennett S. LeBow College of Business history dates to the founding in 1891 of the Drexel Institute, that later became Drexel University, and of its Business Department in 1896. Today LeBow offers thirteen undergraduate majors, eight graduate programs, and two doctoral programs; 22 percent of Drexel University's undergraduate students are enrolled in

7326-519: The college provides these students with access to unique cultural and social activities and a unique guest speaker series. Students are also involved in the university's Honors Student Advisory Committee and have the opportunity to take part in Drexel's "Alternative Spring Break", an international study tour held each spring. Upon its founding in 2006, the Thomas R. Kline School of Law, originally known as

7437-643: The cost and accusations of sensationalism, but proved popular amongst the public. In 1935, the Works Progress Administration began providing artists to help work on the dioramas, fueling the exhibits' continued expansion. By presenting the wilderness to the public, dioramas nurtured an appreciation of our natural heritage, which, coincided with the growth of the Conservation Movement in the United States. The Academy currently has 37 dioramas, most of which were installed in

7548-751: The country by the Princeton Review . Economics programs at the LeBow College of Business are housed within the School of Economics. In addition to the undergraduate program in economics, the school is home to an M.S. in Economics program as well as a PhD program in economics. Faculty members in the School of Economics have been published in the American Economic Review , RAND Journal of Economics , and Review of Economics and Statistics . The school has been ranked among

7659-550: The country's commercial centers. Two of the city's institutions, the Library Company and the American Philosophical Society , were centers of enlightened thought and scientific inquiry. The increasing sophistication of the earth and life sciences, combined with a growing awareness of the variety of life and landscape in the American wilderness that has not been discovered, led a small group of naturalists to establish

7770-631: The country. In addition to these research efforts, the Phycology Section of the Patrick Center has developed a set of online resources for using algae in environmental research. These include an algal image database, autecology datasets for freshwater algae, algae research with the USGS National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program, and a diatom paleolimnology database. For most of its history, biological taxonomy and systematics were conducted using comparative morphology . In recent decades, however, advances in molecular biology and computational technologies have opened new possibilities for studying

7881-640: The country. In addition to the sediment core project mentioned above, it has recently studied the effects of small dams on sediment contaminants, photochemical transformation of marsh-derived dissolved organic matter , and sedimentation and eutrophication in salt marshes . The Ecological Modeling Section employs sophisticated and rigorous mathematical modelling techniques to address a variety of questions in basic and applied research. Examples include watershed-scale modeling and risk assessment ; nonlinear population models structured by age, body size, or space; particle transport in turbulent aquatic systems ; and

7992-473: The debut of the world's first mounted dinosaur skeleton, Hadrosaurus . The size of the crowds flocking to this display prompted the Academy to relocate to its present-and roomier-location in 1876. As with most museums in the 19th century, there was little separation of the Academy's collections, which were vital to scientific work, and the public spaces. Not only did this subject the collections to extra wear and tear, but visitors were typically confronted with

8103-431: The diversity and history of life through the use of cladistics and computational phylogenetics . These technologies also offer new opportunities for molecular ecology and conservation genetics . Academy scientists have been early adapters of molecular biology techniques. Allozymes , DNA-DNA hybridization , immunoelectrophoresis , restriction site analyses of mitochondrial DNA and serology were used extensively since

8214-494: The donation or purchase of existing collections or individual items, the collection activities of Academy-sponsored expeditions, or those of individual scientists, whether or not they work at the Academy. Some collections were originally gathered by other institutions. For example, a number of the natural history collections at the American Philosophical Society were relocated to the Academy by the end of

8325-509: The ecology and control of exotic invasive plants in urban parks. The Fisheries Section of the Patrick Center conducts research into the ecology, conservation , and management of lotic and estuarine fishes . Studies may range from the analysis of fish tissues for contaminants, monitoring fish populations for environmental assessments, to investigating the life histories of individual species. Recent and ongoing work include, glass eel (the larvae of freshwater or American eels ) recruitment in

8436-399: The engineering student. The College of Engineering hasn't used the tDEC curriculum since approximately 2005. The College of Computing and Informatics is a recent addition to Drexel University, though its programs have been offered to students for many years. The college was formed by the consolidation of the former College of Information Science & Technology (often called the "iSchool"),

8547-426: The form of its cooperative education program, was introduced in 1919. Participating students alternate periods of classroom-based study with periods of full-time, practical work experience related to one's academic major and career interests. Between 1995 and 2009, Drexel University underwent a period of significant change to its programs, enrollment, and facilities under the leadership of Dr. Constantine Papadakis ,

8658-470: The graduate level, as are self-paced "continuing education" courses and nearly a dozen self-paced certification programs. The Pennoni Honors College , named for Drexel alumnus and trustee Dr. C.R. "Chuck" Pennoni '63, '66, Hon. '92, and his wife Annette, recognizes and promotes excellence among Drexel students. Students admitted to the Honors College live together and take many of the same classes;

8769-534: The intersection between learning and technology, teacher certification for non-education majors, and a minor in education for students with an interest in instruction. Graduate degrees offered by the School of Education include those in administration and leadership, special education, higher education, mathematics education, international education, and educational creativity and innovation. Doctoral degrees are offered in educational leadership and learning technologies. The School of Public Health states that its mission

8880-540: The lab offers research opportunities for students and post-doctoral fellowships. The Academy's work in Mongolia started with the realization of the unique research opportunities available at Lake Hovsgol (Hovsgol Nuur). This large lake and its watershed were remarkably pristine and relatively unknown, especially in comparison to its sister lake in Russia, Lake Baikal . In 1995, a multidisciplinary team of scientists from

8991-458: The late 1960s. Recent molecular work mainly employs DNA sequencing , microsatellites , and AFLP ( amplified fragment length polymorphism ). In 2004, the Laboratory for Molecular Systematics and Ecology (LMSE) was formed as a shared, multi-user facility to improve access to and provide training for the use of molecular data in systematic and ecological research. In addition to supporting staff,

9102-617: The legislature of Commonwealth of Pennsylvania incorporated the organization under the name "Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia". In 1936, the institution was renamed as the Drexel Institute of Technology. It eventually gained university status and was finally named Drexel University in 1970. Despite changes during its first century, the university has remained a privately controlled, non-sectarian, coeducational center of higher learning committed to practical education and hands-on experience in an occupational setting. The central aspect of Drexel University's focus on career preparation, in

9213-433: The legislature of Pennsylvania. By 1 January 1818, eight members were published. In 2011, the Academy became affiliated with nearby Drexel University and changed its name to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University. Within a decade of its founding, the Academy became the undisputed center of natural sciences in the United States. Academy members were frequently enlisted to participate in national surveys of

9324-460: The most comprehensive core sampling in any estuary, relies extensively on the center's expertise in biogeochemistry and phycology . Once the sampling is completed, scientist will be able to investigate historical trends in marsh development, carbon , nitrogen and phosphorus cycling , water pollution , salinity variations, and climatic change by analysing the core's sediments, chemistry, and diatom assemblages. The Biogeochemistry Section of

9435-420: The number of children in each band. Hence, the GMFCS is much more of a categorization tool or an independent variable rather than an outcome measure. For example, cerebral palsy children with higher GMFCS levels i.e. (III, IV, V) have a greater risk of developing hip subluxation/dislocation than those with lower GMFCS levels i.e. (I, II). A limitation of the original GMFCS was that parents and therapists would rate

9546-605: The oldest entomology collection in the United States. Curator Emeritus, Daniel Otte , an expert on Orthoptera (crickets, grasshoppers, and their relatives) is a pioneer of presenting biological data on the internet through the creation of the Orthoptera Species File . Curator and Entomology Department Chair, Jon Gelhaus is a leading expert on crane flies and manages the Mongolian Aquatic Insect Survey . Ichthyology has also been

9657-672: The oldest institutional herbarium in the New World, include some of the oldest and most important botanical collections in the Americas. Notable early collectors include Benjamin Smith Barton , Constatine Rafinesque , Thomas Meehan , Thomas Nuttall , and Fredrick Pursh . The herbarium contains approximately 1.5 million specimens of vascular plants , fungi , lichens , algae , and fossil plants , 40,000 of which are types. It also contains some special collections, including

9768-443: The online education subsidiary had a revenue of $ 40 million. In March 2013, Drexel Online had more than 7,000 unique students from all 50 states and more than 20 countries pursuing a bachelor's, master's, or certificate. As of December 2013 , Drexel University Online offers more than 100 fully accredited master's degrees, bachelor's degrees and certificate programs. Drexel's longstanding cooperative education, or "co-op" program

9879-504: The person as "in between" two different levels. • Can walk indoors and outdoors and climb stairs without using hands for support • Can perform usual activities such as running and jumping • Has decreased speed, balance and coordination • Can climb stairs with a railing • Has difficulty with uneven surfaces, inclines or in crowds • Has only minimal ability to run or jump • Walks with assistive mobility devices indoors and outdoors on level surfaces • May be able to climb stairs using

9990-527: The plants collected by Johann and Georg Forster during the voyages of Captain James Cook , and by Meriwether Lewis during the Lewis and Clark expedition (Corps of Discovery) . The department's current focus is plant biodiversity and evolution focusing on Apocynaceae (milkweed or dogbane family) and Polygalaceae . The Academy's Diatom Herbarium, the largest in the Americas and the second largest in

10101-437: The reference material that helps establish a species' identity. They also preserve additional specimens with which scientists can investigate the nature of these species, their relationships with other species, their evolutionary history, or their conservation status. The Academy's collections include a wide range of specimens across the tree of life. The museum also maintains several historically important collections. Botany

10212-566: The remaining members. These requirements were dropped in 1924. Notable 20th-century scientists include James Böhlke , James Bond , Henry Weed Fowler , Ruth Patrick , Henry Pilsbry , H. Radclyffe Roberts , and Witmer Stone . The Academy of Natural Sciences holds an internationally important natural history collection. Currently, there are over 18 million biological specimens, and hundreds of thousands of volumes, journals, illustrations , photographs, and archival items in its library. These collections were obtained through multiple means, including

10323-481: The remote drainage systems in western Mongolia will be sampled in 2008. The survey has yielded numerous new species and hundreds of geographic records for known aquatic insects , provided an extensive dataset for ongoing environmental monitoring, and has helped develop research and technical infrastructures in Mongolia. This capacity building includes, in collaboration with the Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology,

10434-405: The research activities of the Dornsife School of Public Health, which has helped the school attract annual funding for its four research centers. The Center for Hospitality and Sport Management was formed in 2013, in an effort to house and consolidate academic programs in hospitality, tourism management, the culinary arts, and sport management. Academic programs combine the unique skills required of

10545-523: The resulting increases in governmental regulation of water pollution , the environmental assessments pioneered at the Academy are increasingly conducted by private environmental consulting firms . As of 2013 , much of the research at the Patrick Center is conducted with regulatory agencies and other governmental bodies, in fields such as diatom autecology, environmental chemistry and toxicology , habitat restoration , long-term environmental trends, species conservation, and watershed management . Some of

10656-441: The same for Drexel. The 424-seat Mandell Theater was built in 1973 and features a more performance-oriented stage, including a full fly system , modern stage lighting facilities, stadium seating, and accommodations for wheelchairs. It is used for the semiannual spring musical, as well as various plays and many events. The Queen Lane Campus was purchased by Drexel University as part of its acquisition of MCP Hahnemann University. It

10767-646: The school was originally called E4 (Enhanced Educational Experience for Engineers) which was established in 1986 and funded in part by the Engineering Directorate of the National Science Foundation . In 1988, the program evolved into tDEC (the Drexel Engineering Curriculum) which is composed of two full years of rigorous core engineering courses which encompass the freshman and sophomore years of

10878-399: The sciences". It has sponsored expeditions, conducted original environmental and systematics research, and amassed natural history collections containing more than 17 million specimens. The Academy also organizes public exhibits and educational programs for both schools and the general public. During the first decades of the United States, Philadelphia was the cultural capital and one of

10989-499: The scientists who followed Fowler. Curator Emeritus, John Lundberg, an expert in catfishes , pioneered deep channel collecting in large tropical rivers and is the lead author of a seminal scientific paper on the biological and geographic history of the Amazon River Basin . The Ichthyology collection, which currently houses nearly 1.2 million specimens and nearly 3,000 types, is one of the most important such collections in

11100-412: The sports and hospitality industries with the principles and curriculum espoused by the management programs within Drexel's LeBow College of Business. Focusing specifically on the skills required to successfully start and launch a business, The Charles D. Close School of Entrepreneurship is the first and only freestanding school of entrepreneurship in the United States. Undergraduate students take part in

11211-403: The university's president during that time. Papadakis oversaw Drexel's largest expansion in its history, with a 471 percent increase in its endowment and a 102 percent increase in student enrollment. He oversaw improved performance in collegiate rankings, the implementation of a more selective approach to admissions, and a more rigorous academic program at all levels. In 2007, Drexel was the host of

11322-724: The university's president. His successor, John Anderson Fry , was previously the president of Franklin & Marshall College and executive vice president of the University of Pennsylvania . Under Fry's leadership, Drexel has continued its expansion, including the July 2011 acquisition of The Academy of Natural Sciences . In 2024, Drexel has acquired Salus University which has multiple programs in health related fields. John Anderson Fry has announced his resignation [1] effective on appointment of his successor to become President of Temple University The College of Arts and Sciences

11433-429: The university. Drexel's cooperative education program (co-op) is a unique aspect of the school's degree programs, offering students the opportunity to gain up to 18 months of paid, full-time work experience in a field relevant to their undergraduate major or graduate degree program prior to graduation. Drexel University was founded in 1891 as the Drexel Institute of Art, Science and Industry by Anthony J. Drexel ,

11544-495: The western territories and other major expeditions. Several of its earliest members, including William Bartram , John Godman, Richard Harlan , Angelo Heilprin , Charles Alexandre Lesueur , William Maclure , Titian Peale , Charles Pickering , Thomas Say , and Alexander Wilson were among the pioneers or recognized authorities in their respective areas of study. Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, John Edwards Holbrook of South Carolina, Thomas Nuttall and Richard Owen of

11655-468: The work employs most of the center's expertise and capabilities, such as recent studies on the ecological effects of small dams or the ecological benefits of riparian reforestation . Other studies may involve only one or a couple of the research programs. For example, a current project sampling sediment cores in tidal marshes throughout the Delaware Estuary . This undertaking, possibly

11766-620: The world, contains approximately 220,000 slides of these microscopic algae . The herbarium contains many specimens contributed by notable collectors, a diversity of fossil diatoms, and diatoms collected as part of numerous freshwater environmental surveys in the United States. The Diatom Herbarium also provides collections and taxonomic services for the Phycology Section of the Patrick Center for Environmental Research. Former curators of note include Charles S. Boyer, Ruth Patrick , and Charles Reimer. Entomology has been important to

11877-495: Was formed in 1990 when Drexel merged the two existing College of Sciences and College of Humanities together. The College of Media Arts and Design "fosters the study, exploration and management of the arts: media, design, the performing and visual". The college offers 18 undergraduate programs and nine graduate programs, in modern art and design fields that range from architecture, graphic design and dance to fashion design and television management. Its wide range of programs has helped

11988-583: Was issued in 1918. The Academy publishes three other series. The occasional series Notulae Naturae began in 1939 as a means to quickly publish short items, usually not longer than 16 pages on subject areas such as zoology, botany, ecology, geology and paleontology. The Monographs series, which began in 1935, is composed principally of larger systematic reviews of selected taxonomic groups. The Special Publications series, begun in 1922, includes works such as biography, taxonomy, historical reviews, and collections surveys. VIREO (VIsual REsource for Ornithology )

12099-511: Was the enhancement of the operational and physical infrastructure at Hovsgol National Park. Long-term ecological monitoring of several tributary watersheds began in 1997 and soon the site would be adopted into the International Long Term Ecological Research Network . Recent work at Hovsgol is focusing on the consequences of and sustainable responses to climate change . The region lies in

12210-482: Was the first peer-reviewed publication in the United States devoted to the natural sciences. The first volume was published in 1817. By 1842, it had been superseded by the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences . The Proceedings have been published continuously since 1841. The Journal was reborn in 1847 as a larger-format publication that could accommodate longer articles and monographs . The last volume

12321-459: Was the rise of that icon of natural history museums, the diorama . These three-dimensional displays were the virtual reality of their time, providing generations of museum visitors with their only opportunity to experience distant places and exotic wildlife. In 1929 program coordinator Harold T. Green created The Academy's first diorama, depicting rocky mountain goats . Green's work was at first controversial amongst The Academy's staff, due to both

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