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112-942: The River Ribble runs through North Yorkshire and Lancashire in Northern England . It starts close to the Ribblehead Viaduct in North Yorkshire, and is one of the few that start in the Yorkshire Dales and flow westwards towards the Irish Sea (the Dee in Dentdale and the Twiss in Kingsdale being notable others). The name Ribble may be a Brittonic compound-formation. The second element

224-578: A Special Protection Area (SPA) under the Joint Nature Conservation Committee , a Marine Conservation Zone up to Samlesbury , Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), a National Nature Reserve , and is under development as a Coast & Wetlands Regional Park . Preston City Council published plans to build a barrage across the River Ribble, in their 'Riverworks' proposals (2006). The aim of these proposals

336-640: A corn mill within the abbey precinct. After his defeat in the Battle of Hexham in 1464 (during the Wars of the Roses ), King Henry VI went into hiding at a number of houses belonging to his supporters. A little over a year later he was at Waddington Hall in Waddington . On 13 July 1465, a group of Yorkists, including the property-owner's brother, arrived at the hall to arrest him. Escaping into nearby woods, Henry

448-643: A development similar to the Rance Tidal Power Station in Brittany . In 2011, an April fools' joke suggested a 9-mile-long (14 km) road tunnel from Marshside to Lytham St Annes . The River Ribble catchment is covered by the Ribble Rivers Trust, a UK based charity working to improve, protect and promote the River Ribble for both people and wildlife. The Ribble Estuary is an Internationally important Ramsar Wetland site ,

560-587: A family member would die. A public health report detailed how 76% of children worried daily in 2014, and by 2018, this had dropped to 61%. By 2024, this had risen again to 86%. North Yorkshire has a number of bridge with clusters such as bridges of York or in the Tees Lowlands, over the River Tees . Many are road bridges, railway viaducts or footbridges; such Lendal Bridge in York, Saltburn Viaduct and

672-573: A fifth, Stockton-on-Tees . The local authorities of York and North Yorkshire form a combined authority of the same name, and the local authorities of the other three areas are part of the Tees Valley Combined Authority . The county was historically part of Yorkshire . The centre of the county contains a wide plain, called the Vale of Mowbray in the north and Vale of York in the south. The North York Moors uplands lie to

784-534: A former freight-only line. The medium-term aim is to operate into Northallerton station on the ECML, once an agreement can be reached with Network Rail . In the longer term, the aim is to reinstate the full line west via Hawes to Garsdale on the Settle-Carlisle line. York railway station is the largest station in the county, with 11 platforms and is a major tourist attraction in its own right. The station

896-399: A large head compared to other types of wheel which usually means significant investment in constructing the headrace. Sometimes the final approach of the water to the wheel is along a flume or penstock , which can be lengthy. A backshot wheel (also called pitchback ) is a variety of overshot wheel where the water is introduced just before the summit of the wheel. In many situations, it has

1008-446: A mill pond, which is formed when a flowing stream is dammed . A channel for the water flowing to or from a water wheel is called a mill race . The race bringing water from the mill pond to the water wheel is a headrace ; the one carrying water after it has left the wheel is commonly referred to as a tailrace . Waterwheels were used for various purposes from things such as agriculture to metallurgy in ancient civilizations spanning

1120-544: A poem by Antipater of Thessalonica , which praises it as a labour-saving device (IX, 418.4–6). The motif is also taken up by Lucretius (ca. 99–55 BC) who likens the rotation of the waterwheel to the motion of the stars on the firmament (V 516). The third horizontal-axled type, the breastshot waterwheel, comes into archaeological evidence by the late 2nd century AD context in central Gaul . Most excavated Roman watermills were equipped with one of these wheels which, although more complex to construct, were much more efficient than

1232-436: A quicker route between the seaside resorts of Southport and Blackpool . Two routes for a tramroad were proposed; the first in 1899 outlined a route between Crossens and Lytham , then between 1900 and 1906 as a route from Crossens to Warton via Hesketh Bank . A railway tunnel was proposed in 1907, between Hesketh Bank and Warton. A bridge was proposed between 1938 and 1947. A road link was campaigned for in 2007, envisaging

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1344-631: A relatively healthy and diverse economy which largely mirrors the national picture in terms of productivity and jobs. Mineral extraction and power generation are also sectors of the economy, as is high technology. Tourism is a significant contributor to the economy. A study of visitors between 2013 and 2015 indicated that the Borough of Scarborough, including Filey, Whitby and parts of the North York Moors National Park, received 1.4m trips per year on average. A 2016 report by

1456-449: A reversible water wheel was by Georgius Agricola and dates to 1556. As in all machinery, rotary motion is more efficient in water-raising devices than oscillating motion. In terms of power source, waterwheels can be turned by either human respectively animal force or by the water current itself. Waterwheels come in two basic designs, either equipped with a vertical or a horizontal axle. The latter type can be subdivided, depending on where

1568-414: A vertical axle. Commonly called a tub wheel , Norse mill or Greek mill , the horizontal wheel is a primitive and inefficient form of the modern turbine. However, if it delivers the required power then the efficiency is of secondary importance. It is usually mounted inside a mill building below the working floor. A jet of water is directed on to the paddles of the water wheel, causing them to turn. This

1680-484: A water wheel. The mechanical engineer Ma Jun (c. 200–265) from Cao Wei once used a water wheel to power and operate a large mechanical puppet theater for the Emperor Ming of Wei ( r. 226–239). The technological breakthrough occurred in the technologically developed Hellenistic period between the 3rd and 1st century BC. A poem by Antipater of Thessalonica praised the water wheel for freeing women from

1792-407: Is a simple system usually without gearing so that the vertical axle of the water wheel becomes the drive spindle of the mill. A stream wheel is a vertically mounted water wheel that is rotated by the water in a water course striking paddles or blades at the bottom of the wheel. This type of water wheel is the oldest type of horizontal axis wheel. They are also known as free surface wheels because

1904-597: Is assumed that the scientists of the Museum of Alexandria , at the time the most active Greek research center, may have been involved in its invention. An episode from the Alexandrian War in 48 BC tells of how Caesar's enemies employed geared waterwheels to pour sea water from elevated places on the position of the trapped Romans. Around 300 AD, the noria was finally introduced when the wooden compartments were replaced with inexpensive ceramic pots that were tied to

2016-530: Is immediately adjacent to the National Railway Museum . The main road through the county is the north–south A1(M) , which has gradually been upgraded in sections to motorway status since the early 1990s. The only other motorways within the county are the short A66(M) near Darlington and a small stretch of the M62 motorway close to Eggborough . The other nationally maintained trunk routes are

2128-680: Is most plentiful on the coast, receiving an average of 1,650 hours a year. It reduces further west in the county, with the Pennines receiving 1,250 hours a year. The county borders multiple counties and districts: The City of York Council and North Yorkshire Council formed the York and North Yorkshire Combined Authority in February 2024. The elections for the first directly elected mayor will take place in May 2024. Both North Yorkshire Council and

2240-507: Is needed. Larger heads store more gravitational potential energy for the same amount of water so the reservoirs for overshot and backshot wheels tend to be smaller than for breast shot wheels. Overshot and pitchback water wheels are suitable where there is a small stream with a height difference of more than 2 metres (6.5 ft), often in association with a small reservoir. Breastshot and undershot wheels can be used on rivers or high volume flows with large reservoirs. A horizontal wheel with

2352-424: Is not known, but parts contain features indicating they may date to the late medieval period. The current Ribchester Bridge dates from 1774. It replaced one built in 1669, which also had a predecessor of unknown age. Evidence of a bridge between Preston and Walton-le-Dale occurs in a deed in the early 13th century. A stone bridge was built in the early 1400s, possibly just west of the present Walton Bridge which

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2464-524: Is the noun *pol , with connotations including "puddle, pond, upland-stream" ( Welsh pwll ). The first is rö- , an intensive prefix, with nouns meaning "great" (Welsh rhy- , Cornish re-). Ribble may once have been known as *Bremetonā- , underlying the name Bremetenacum , the Roman fort at Ribchester . Involved here is the Brittonic root *breμ– , meaning "roaring" (c.f. Welsh brefu ), as observed at

2576-700: Is the only major river rising in Yorkshire which flows westward. It flows through Settle , Clitheroe , Ribchester and Preston , before emptying into the Irish Sea between Lytham St. Annes and Southport , a length of 75 miles (121 km). Its main tributaries are the Hodder and Calder which join the river near Great Mitton, the River Darwen which joins at Walton-le-Dale and the River Douglas which joins near Hesketh Bank . Above Hellifield

2688-408: Is the overhead timber structure and a branch to the left supplies water to the wheel. The water exits from under the wheel back into the stream. A special type of overshot/backshot wheel is the reversible water wheel. This has two sets of blades or buckets running in opposite directions so that it can turn in either direction depending on which side the water is directed. Reversible wheels were used in

2800-551: Is the primary source of employment. Approximately 85% of the county is considered to be "rural or super sparse". Other sectors in 2019 included some manufacturing, the provision of accommodation and meals (primarily for tourists) which accounted for 19 per cent of all jobs. Food manufacturing employed 11 per cent of workers. A few people are involved in forestry and fishing in 2019. The average weekly earnings in 2018 were £531. Some 15% of workers declared themselves as self-employed. One report in late 2020 stated that "North Yorkshire has

2912-495: Is used for wheels where the water entry is significantly above the bottom and significantly below the top, typically the middle half. They are characterized by: Both kinetic (movement) and potential (height and weight) energy are utilised. The small clearance between the wheel and the masonry requires that a breastshot wheel has a good trash rack ('screen' in British English) to prevent debris from jamming between

3024-465: The A168 / A19 , A64 , A66 and A174 . Coach and bus Long-distance coach services are operated by National Express and Megabus . Local bus service operators include Arriva Yorkshire , Stagecoach, Harrogate Bus Company , The Keighley Bus Company, Scarborough & District ( East Yorkshire ), Yorkshire Coastliner , First York and the local Dales & District . There are no major airports in

3136-481: The Ancient Near East before Alexander's conquest can be deduced from its pronounced absence from the otherwise rich oriental iconography on irrigation practices. Unlike other water-lifting devices and pumps of the period though, the invention of the compartmented wheel cannot be traced to any particular Hellenistic engineer and may have been made in the late 4th century BC in a rural context away from

3248-670: The Esk Valley Line from Middlesbrough to Whitby . Last but certainly not least, the Settle-Carlisle Line runs through the west of the county, with services again operated by Northern. The county suffered badly under the Beeching cuts of the 1960s. Places such as Richmond , Ripon , Tadcaster , Helmsley , Pickering and the Wensleydale communities lost their passenger services. Notable lines closed were

3360-640: The Hellenistic Greek world , Rome , China and India . Waterwheels saw continued use in the post-classical age , like in medieval Europe and the Islamic Golden Age , but also elsewhere. In the mid- to late 18th century John Smeaton 's scientific investigation of the water wheel led to significant increases in efficiency, supplying much-needed power for the Industrial Revolution . Water wheels began being displaced by

3472-526: The Infinity Bridge respectively. The Tees Transporter Bridge , opened in 1911 is a symbol of Teesside and is one of few surviving transporter bridges worldwide. Further inland, the Tees Barrage complex (which opened in 1995) incorporates a tidal barrier , road bridge, footbridge and barge lock . Larpool Viaduct near Whitby is a repurposed railway viaduct (footbridge), the viaduct

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3584-777: The Scarborough and Whitby Railway , Malton and Driffield Railway and the secondary main line between Northallerton and Harrogate via Ripon. Heritage railways within North Yorkshire include: the North Yorkshire Moors Railway , between Pickering and Grosmont , which opened in 1973; the Derwent Valley Light Railway near York; and the Embsay and Bolton Abbey Steam Railway . The Wensleydale Railway , which started operating in 2003, runs services between Leeming Bar and Redmire along

3696-544: The copper mines at Rio Tinto in Spain , one system involving 16 such wheels stacked above one another so as to lift water about 80 feet from the mine sump. Part of such a wheel was found at Dolaucothi , a Roman gold mine in south Wales in the 1930s when the mine was briefly re-opened. It was found about 160 feet below the surface, so must have been part of a similar sequence as that discovered at Rio Tinto. It has recently been carbon dated to about 90 AD, and since

3808-414: The mining industry in order to power various means of ore conveyance. By changing the direction of the wheel, barrels or baskets of ore could be lifted up or lowered down a shaft or inclined plane. There was usually a cable drum or a chain basket on the axle of the wheel. It is essential that the wheel have braking equipment to be able to stop the wheel (known as a braking wheel). The oldest known drawing of

3920-510: The (sand) beaches around Fairhaven and St. Annes . Its 10-mile-wide (16 km) estuary forms part of the Ribble and Alt Estuaries Special Protection Area for wildlife. An average of 340,000 water birds over-winter in the estuary making it the most important wetland site in Britain. The Ribble is also a key breeding ground for the endangered Atlantic salmon . 1.25 million people live in

4032-449: The 1600s. It continued operating as a regular toll service until 1938, but continued occasionally afterward until it finally ceased operation in 1955. In later years it operated two johnboat -type rowing boats . The older boat could carry twelve passengers and a newer boat had a capacity of 19. The former is now in the collection at Clitheroe Castle Museum . A Ribble estuary fixed crossing has been proposed on several occasions, to provide

4144-544: The Balderstone Hall Ferry. Also at Samlesbury Church as well as an old boat house, upstream of Penwortham Old Bridge. It is uncertain when these services began. A 1354 charter assigned some land for the use of the ferryman near Ribchester, possibly referring to the crossing near Osbaldeston Hall. The Hacking Ferry seems to have been funded by the Shireburn family of Stonyhurst , and established during

4256-594: The City of York district and parts of the three adjoining districts ( Haxby and nearby rural areas) became the City of York unitary authority . On 1 April 2023, the non-metropolitan county became a unitary authority. This abolished the remaining seven district councils and extended the powers of the county council to act as a district council. The York and North Yorkshire Combined Authority held its first meeting on 22 January 2024, assumed its powers on 1 February 2024 and

4368-622: The National Park, states the park area gets 7.93 million visitors annually, generating £647 million and supporting 10,900 full-time equivalent jobs. The Yorkshire Dales have also attracted many visitors. In 2016, there were 3.8 million visits to the National Park including 0.48 million who stayed at least one night. The parks service estimates that this contributed £252 million to the economy and provided 3,583 full-time equivalent jobs. The wider Yorkshire Dales area received 9.7 million visitors who contributed £644 million to

4480-660: The North and West Yorkshire borders. It extends to the east to cover small communities such as Huby , Kirkby Overblow , and Follifoot before covering the gap between the towns of Harrogate and Knaresborough, helping to keep those towns separate. The belt adjoins the southernmost part of the Yorkshire Dales National Park , and the Nidderdale AONB . It extends into the western area of Selby district, reaching as far as Tadcaster and Balne . The belt

4592-519: The Ribble's catchment area. The Normal Tidal Limit (NTL) of the river is at Fishwick Bottoms, between Preston and Walton-le-Dale , 11 miles (18 km) from the sea. The River Ribble has the third-largest tides in England, with tides that run at 4 knots (5 mph; 7 km/h) and a tidal range at the mouth of the river of 30 feet (9 m) during spring tides . Since River Ribble dredging ceased,

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4704-759: The Tees between Yarm and Ingleby Barwick; the Esk flows east directly into the North Sea at Whitby as well as the Rye (which later becomes the Derwent at Malton) flows south into the River Ouse at Goole. The county is less than 10 miles from Morecambe Bay at its closest point. North Yorkshire contains a small section of green belt in the south of the county, which surrounds the neighbouring metropolitan area of Leeds along

4816-517: The UK for visitors. In a 2020 Condé Nast Traveller report, York rated as the sixth best among ten "urban destinations [in the UK] that scored the highest marks when it comes to ... nightlife, restaurants and friendliness". During February 2020 to January 2021, the average property in North Yorkshire county sold for £240,000, up by £8100 over the previous 12 months. By comparison, the average for England and Wales

4928-740: The Ure/Ouse, which at 208 km (129 mi) long is the sixth-longest river in the United Kingdom. The river is called the Ure until it meets Ouse Gill beck just below the village of Great Ouseburn, where it becomes the Ouse and flows south before exiting the county near Goole and entering the Humber estuary . The North York Moors are the catchment for a number of rivers: the Leven which flows north into

5040-469: The advantage that the bottom of the wheel is moving in the same direction as the water in the tailrace which makes it more efficient. It also performs better than an overshot wheel in flood conditions when the water level may submerge the bottom of the wheel. It will continue to rotate until the water in the wheel pit rises quite high on the wheel. This makes the technique particularly suitable for streams that experience significant variations in flow and reduces

5152-863: The alternative creation of a Country Park. Parts of the river are a County Biological Heritage Site. The River Ribble gives its name to the local government boroughs of Ribble Valley and South Ribble , and the Ribble Valley parliamentary constituency . The Ribble Bus Company once operated throughout North West England . The Ribble also lends its name to the Ribble Steam Railway . Certainly there were links between Cheshire and south Lancashire before 1000, when Wulfric Spot held lands in both territories. Wulfric's estates remained grouped together after his death, when they were left to his brother Aelfhelm , and indeed there still seems to have been some kind of connexion in 1086, when south Lancashire

5264-442: The bottom of a water-filled, circular shaft. The water from the mill-race which entered tangentially the pit created a swirling water column that made the fully submerged wheel act like true water turbines , the earliest known to date. Apart from its use in milling and water-raising, ancient engineers applied the paddled waterwheel for automatons and in navigation. Vitruvius (X 9.5–7) describes multi-geared paddle wheels working as

5376-405: The canal. The missing section was never completed and, although heavily modified, the disused Old Tramroad Bridge still stands today. Several ferry crossings were marked along the lower part of the river, on the first Ordnance Survey map of Lancashire, published in the 1840s. The Hacking Ferry near Hacking Hall and Trowers Ferry near Dinckley Hall. Another, downstream of Osbaldeston Hall and

5488-722: The capital on the ECML, Leeds Branch Line and the Northallerton–Eaglescliffe Line . LNER stop at York, Northallerton and on to County Durham or spur over to the Tees Valley Line for Thornaby and Middlesbrough . The operator also branch before the county for Leeds and run to Harrogate and Skipton . Grand Central stop at York, Thirsk Northallerton and Eaglescliffe then over to the Durham Coast Line in County Durham. Northern operates

5600-537: The city of York (141,685) in the south. Middlesbrough is part of the Teesside built-up area, which extends into County Durham and had a total population of 376,663 in 2011. The remainder of the county is rural, and the largest towns are Harrogate (75,515) in the south and Scarborough (59,505) in the east. For local government purposes the county comprises four unitary authority areas— North Yorkshire , Middlesbrough , Redcar and Cleveland , and York —and part of

5712-407: The city's unemployment rate to 14.5%". Some critics claimed that part of the problem was caused by "over-reliance on the booming tourism industry at the expense of a long-term economic plan". A report in mid June 2020 stated that unemployment had risen 114 per cent over the previous year because of restrictions imposed as a result of the pandemic. Tourism in the county was expected to increase after

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5824-400: The combination of the separate Greek inventions of the toothed gear and the waterwheel into one effective mechanical system for harnessing water power. Vitruvius' waterwheel is described as being immersed with its lower end in the watercourse so that its paddles could be driven by the velocity of the running water (X, 5.2). About the same time, the overshot wheel appears for the first time in

5936-451: The combined authority are governed from County Hall , Northallerton . The Tees Valley Combined Authority was formed in 2016 by five unitary authorities ; Middlesbrough , Redcar and Cleveland Borough both of North Yorkshire, Stockton-on-Tees Borough (Uniquely for England, split between North Yorkshire and County Durham ), Hartlepool Borough and Darlington Borough of County Durham. In large areas of North Yorkshire, agriculture

6048-772: The county being situated in the east, it receives below-average rainfall for the UK. Inside North Yorkshire, the upper Dales of the Pennines are one of the wettest parts of England, where in contrast the driest parts of the Vale of Mowbray are some of the driest areas in the UK. Summer temperatures are above average, at 22 °C. Highs can regularly reach up to 28 °C, with over 30 °C reached in heat waves . Winter temperatures are below average, with average lows of 1 °C. Snow and Fog can be expected depending on location. The North York Moors and Pennines have snow lying for an average of between 45 and 75 days per year. Sunshine

6160-747: The county itself, but nearby airports include Teesside International ( Darlington ), Newcastle and Leeds Bradford . The main campus of Teesside University is in Middlesbrough, while York contains the main campuses of the University of York and York St John University . There are also two secondary campuses in the county: CU Scarborough , a campus of Coventry University , and Queen's Campus, Durham University in Thornaby-on-Tees. The county receives terrestrial television from four main transmission towers. Bilsdale Mast transmits in

6272-459: The county was traditionally low in recent years, but the lockdowns and travel restrictions necessitated by the COVID-19 pandemic had a negative effect on the economy during much of 2020 and into 2021. The UK government said in early February 2021 that it was planning "unprecedented levels of support to help businesses [in the UK] survive the crisis". A report published on 1 March 2021 stated that

6384-567: The county's north from near Helmsley in the county; providing BBC North East and Cumbria , ITV Tyne Tees and BBC Radio Tees . Emley Moor Mast transmits in the county's south, between Selby and Northallerton, from West Yorkshire and Oliver's Mount Mast transmits Scarborough and Filey providing BBC Yorkshire , ITV Yorkshire and BBC Radio York . Settle and the county's far west is served by BBC Radio Lancashire , BBC North West and ITV Granada from Winter Hill Mast , Lancashire. Water wheel Some water wheels are fed by water from

6496-411: The descendants of the water wheel, as they too take advantage of the movement of water downhill. Water wheels come in two basic designs: The latter can be subdivided according to where the water hits the wheel into backshot (pitch-back ), overshot, breastshot, undershot, and stream-wheels. The term undershot can refer to any wheel where the water passes under the wheel but it usually implies that

6608-532: The east, and south of them the Vale of Pickering is separated from the main plain by the Howardian Hills . Further east, the county has a coastline on the North Sea. The west of the county contains the Yorkshire Dales , an extensive upland area which contains the source of the River Ouse / Ure and many of its tributaries, which together drain most of the county before reaching the Humber estuary in

6720-424: The economy. The North York Moors and Yorkshire Dales are among England's best known destinations. York is a popular tourist destination. A 2014 report, based on 2012 data, stated that York alone receives 6.9 million visitors annually; they contribute £564 million to the economy and support over 19,000 jobs. In the 2017 Condé Nast Traveller survey of readers, York rated 12th among The 15 Best Cities in

6832-443: The energy in the flow of water striking the wheel as measured by English civil engineer John Smeaton in the 18th century. More modern wheels have higher efficiencies. Stream wheels gain little or no advantage from the head, a difference in water level. Stream wheels mounted on floating platforms are often referred to as hip wheels and the mill as a ship mill . They were sometimes mounted immediately downstream from bridges where

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6944-425: The estuary is filling up with sand and is developing a meandering path, depending on the tides and river runoff. In addition, many tributaries flow into the main channel including the Savick Brook /Ribble Link, while the River Douglas, has a significant influence both on sediment transport and hydrodynamics of the estuary. There was a bridge at Edisford , Clitheroe in 1339. The age of the present sandstone bridge

7056-416: The exhausting labor of milling and grinding. The compartmented water wheel comes in two basic forms, the wheel with compartmented body ( Latin tympanum ) and the wheel with compartmented rim or a rim with separate, attached containers. The wheels could be either turned by men treading on its outside or by animals by means of a sakia gear. While the tympanum had a large discharge capacity, it could lift

7168-505: The far north east of the county is Roseberry Topping . North Yorkshire contains several major rivers. The River Tees is the most northerly, forming part of the border between North Yorkshire and County Durham in its lower reaches and flowing east through Teesdale before reaching the North Sea near Redcar. The Yorkshire Dales are the source of many of the county's major rivers, including the Aire , Lune , Ribble , Swale , Ure , and Wharfe . The Aire, Swale, and Wharfe are tributaries of

7280-446: The first mayor was elected in May 2024. The geology of North Yorkshire is closely reflected in its landscape. Within the county are the North York Moors and most of the Yorkshire Dales , two of eleven areas in England and Wales to be designated national parks . Between the North York Moors in the east and the Pennine Hills . The highest point is Whernside , on the Cumbrian border, at 2,415 feet (736 m). A distinctive hill to

7392-431: The flow restriction of the bridge piers increased the speed of the current. Historically they were very inefficient but major advances were made in the eighteenth century. An undershot wheel is a vertically mounted water wheel with a horizontal axle that is rotated by the water from a low weir striking the wheel in the bottom quarter. Most of the energy gain is from the movement of the water and comparatively little from

7504-452: The former North Riding were in the county of Cleveland for twenty-two years (from 1974 to 1996) and were placed in the North East region from 1993. When Cleveland was abolished on 1 April 1996, these areas ( Middlesbrough , Redcar and Cleveland and Stockton borough south of the River Tees ) became part of the ceremonial county as separate unitary authorities. These areas remain within the North East England region. Also on 1 April 1996,

7616-514: The former county borough of York . Northallerton , as the former county town for the North Riding, became North Yorkshire's county town. In 1993 the county was placed wholly within the Yorkshire and the Humber region. From 1974 to 1996 the area of the non-metropolitan county was the same as the area of the ceremonial county. The county was divided into eight districts ( York , Craven , Hambleton , Harrogate , Richmondshire , Ryedale , Scarborough and Selby ). Some areas which were part of

7728-420: The head. They are similar in operation and design to stream wheels. The term undershot is sometimes used with related but different meanings: This is the oldest type of vertical water wheel. The word breastshot is used in a variety of ways. Some authors restrict the term to wheels where the water enters at about the 10 o’clock position, others 9 o’clock, and others for a range of heights. In this article it

7840-422: The industrial revolution. A vertically mounted water wheel that is rotated by water entering buckets just past the top of the wheel is said to be overshot. The term is sometimes, erroneously, applied to backshot wheels, where the water goes down behind the wheel. A typical overshot wheel has the water channeled to the wheel at the top and slightly beyond the axle. The water collects in the buckets on that side of

7952-455: The kinetic energy of the water entering the wheel. They are suited to larger heads than the other type of wheel so they are ideally suited to hilly countries. However even the largest water wheel, the Laxey Wheel in the Isle of Man , only utilises a head of around 30 m (100 ft). The world's largest head turbines, Bieudron Hydroelectric Power Station in Switzerland , utilise about 1,869 m (6,132 ft). Overshot wheels require

8064-613: The late Warring States period (476-221 BC). It says that the waterwheel was invented by Zigong, a disciple of Confucius in the 5th century BC. By at least the 1st century AD, the Chinese of the Eastern Han Dynasty were using water wheels to crush grain in mills and to power the piston- bellows in forging iron ore into cast iron . In the text known as the Xin Lun written by Huan Tan about 20 AD (during

8176-534: The marsh extended out into the River Ribble due to sedimentation. The Ribble would appear to have been known in Roman times as the Belisama , possibly giving its name to Samlesbury . Ptolemy 's " Belisama aest. " seems to represent the estuary of the Ribble. Bremetennacum was a Roman fort that guarded a crossing-point of the river at Ribchester . Remains of another Roman site were discovered at Walton-le-Dale in

8288-475: The metropolis of Alexandria. The earliest depiction of a compartmented wheel is from a tomb painting in Ptolemaic Egypt which dates to the 2nd century BC. It shows a pair of yoked oxen driving the wheel via a sakia gear, which is here for the first time attested, too. The Greek sakia gear system is already shown fully developed to the point that "modern Egyptian devices are virtually identical". It

8400-466: The mid-19th century. The Cuerdale Hoard , the largest Viking silver hoard ever found outside Russia was discovered in 1840 on the southern bank of a bend of the river, at Cuerdale near Preston. Whilst the medieval silver Mitton Hoard was found near where this river joins the River Hodder in 2009. At one time the Ribble marked the northernmost extent of the ancient kingdom of Mercia . At

8512-537: The name of which means 'boundary river' is known to have divided the kingdoms of Northumbria and Mercia and there is no doubt that this was the real boundary. 53°45′N 2°46′W  /  53.750°N 2.767°W  / 53.750; -2.767 North Yorkshire North Yorkshire is a ceremonial county in the Yorkshire and the Humber and North East regions of England. It borders County Durham to

8624-529: The north, the North Sea to the east, the East Riding of Yorkshire to the south-east, South Yorkshire to the south, West Yorkshire to the south-west, and Cumbria and Lancashire to the west. The county is the largest in England by land area, at 8,654 km (3,341 sq mi), and had a population of 1,158,816 in 2021. The largest settlements are Middlesbrough (148,215) in the north-east and

8736-493: The outside of an open-framed wheel. The Romans used waterwheels extensively in mining projects, with enormous Roman-era waterwheels found in places like modern-day Spain . They were reverse overshot water-wheels designed for dewatering deep underground mines. Several such devices are described by Vitruvius , including the reverse overshot water-wheel and the Archimedean screw . Many were found during modern mining at

8848-475: The palace of the Pontian king Mithradates VI Eupator , but its exact construction cannot be gleaned from the text (XII, 3, 30 C 556). The first clear description of a geared watermill offers the late 1st century BC Roman architect Vitruvius who tells of the sakia gearing system as being applied to a watermill. Vitruvius's account is particularly valuable in that it shows how the watermill came about, namely by

8960-418: The pestle and mortar, which is so useful, and later on it was cleverly improved in such a way that the whole weight of the body could be used for treading on the tilt-hammer ( tui ), thus increasing the efficiency ten times. Afterwards the power of animals—donkeys, mules, oxen, and horses—was applied by means of machinery, and water-power too used for pounding, so that the benefit was increased a hundredfold. In

9072-405: The regions roads, which was also mirrored in road accidents, which totalled 948 in 2020, a drop of 7% on the previous year which had 1,021 accidents. Additionally, miles travelled by all types of vehicle dropped, with cars having the largest drop, LCV and HGV less so, but pedal bicycle usage slightly increased. Post-pandemic health effects included children worrying more about life and whether

9184-755: The remaining lines in the county, including commuter services on the Harrogate Line , Airedale Line and York & Selby Lines, of which the former two are covered by the Metro ticketing area. Remaining branch lines operated by Northern include the Yorkshire Coast Line from Scarborough to Hull, York–Scarborough line via Malton , the Hull to York Line via Selby , the Tees Valley Line from Darlington to Saltburn via Middlesbrough and

9296-704: The restrictions imposed due the pandemic are relaxed. One reason for the expected increase is the airing of All Creatures Great and Small , a TV series about the vet James Herriot , based on a successful series of books; it was largely filmed within the Yorkshire Dales National Park. The show aired in the UK in September 2020 and in the US in early 2021. One source stated that visits to Yorkshire websites had increased significantly by late September 2020. The lockdowns affected traffic volumes across

9408-653: The river-names Breamish in Northumberland , Braan in Scotland and Brefi in Wales. Neolithic to Saxon finds from along the River Ribble during the creation of the Preston Docks and others revealed man has been in the area for a long time. The River Ribble looked completely different then and the coastline is likely to have been much further inland than it is at present where land has been reclaimed and

9520-497: The rushing of the water ( chi shui ) to operate it ... Thus the people got great benefit for little labor. They found the 'water(-powered) bellows' convenient and adopted it widely. Water wheels in China found practical uses such as this, as well as extraordinary use. The Chinese inventor Zhang Heng (78–139) was the first in history to apply motive power in rotating the astronomical instrument of an armillary sphere , by use of

9632-478: The size, complexity, and hence cost of the tailrace. The direction of rotation of a backshot wheel is the same as that of a breastshot wheel but in other respects, it is very similar to the overshot wheel. See below. Some wheels are overshot at the top and backshot at the bottom thereby potentially combining the best features of both types. The photograph shows an example at Finch Foundry in Devon, UK. The head race

9744-419: The smaller, less expensive and more efficient turbine , developed by Benoît Fourneyron , beginning with his first model in 1827. Turbines are capable of handling high heads , or elevations , that exceed the capability of practical-sized waterwheels. The main difficulty of water wheels is their dependence on flowing water, which limits where they can be located. Modern hydroelectric dams can be viewed as

9856-590: The south. The Dales also contain the county's highest point, Whernside , at 2,415 feet (736 m). North Yorkshire non-metropolitan and ceremonial county was formed on 1 April 1974 as a result of the Local Government Act 1972 . It covered most of the North Riding of Yorkshire , as well as northern parts of the West Riding of Yorkshire , northern and eastern East Riding of Yorkshire and

9968-538: The time of the Domesday Book , the river formed the northern boundary of an area of land (known as Inter Ripam et Mersam ) that was included in the Domesday information for Cheshire , though it was probably not formally part of the county of Cheshire. Sawley Abbey was founded by Cistercian monks in 1147, at a bend in the river. It is thought that the monks built a weir to supply a mill race that powered

10080-461: The unemployment rate in North Yorkshire had "risen to the highest level in nearly 5 years – with under 25s often bearing the worst of job losses". York experienced high unemployment during lockdown periods. One analysis (by the York and North Yorkshire Local Enterprise Partnership) predicted in August 2020 that "as many as 13,835 jobs in York will be lost in the scenario considered most likely, taking

10192-457: The use of such wheels for submerging siege mines as a defensive measure against enemy sapping. Compartmented wheels appear to have been the means of choice for draining dry docks in Alexandria under the reign of Ptolemy IV (221−205 BC). Several Greek papyri of the 3rd to 2nd century BC mention the use of these wheels, but do not give further details. The non-existence of the device in

10304-444: The usurpation of Wang Mang ), it states that the legendary mythological king known as Fu Xi was the one responsible for the pestle and mortar, which evolved into the tilt-hammer and then trip hammer device (see trip hammer ). Although the author speaks of the mythological Fu Xi, a passage of his writing gives hint that the water wheel was in widespread use by the 1st century AD in China ( Wade-Giles spelling): Fu Hsi invented

10416-600: The valley of the river is known as Ribblesdale . The Ribble Way is a long-distance footpath which follows the river for much of its course. The river is connected to both the Leeds and Liverpool Canal and the Lancaster Canal (via the Ribble Link ). The river downstream of Preston was actively dredged when Preston was an active port; this is no longer done and silt from the river is now spreading more widely over

10528-448: The vertical-axle waterwheel. In the 2nd century AD Barbegal watermill complex a series of sixteen overshot wheels was fed by an artificial aqueduct, a proto-industrial grain factory which has been referred to as "the greatest known concentration of mechanical power in the ancient world". In Roman North Africa , several installations from around 300 AD were found where vertical-axle waterwheels fitted with angled blades were installed at

10640-400: The water entry is low on the wheel. Overshot and backshot water wheels are typically used where the available height difference is more than a couple of meters. Breastshot wheels are more suited to large flows with a moderate head . Undershot and stream wheel use large flows at little or no head. There is often an associated millpond , a reservoir for storing water and hence energy until it

10752-416: The water hits the wheel paddles, into overshot, breastshot and undershot wheels. The two main functions of waterwheels were historically water-lifting for irrigation purposes and milling, particularly of grain. In case of horizontal-axle mills, a system of gears is required for power transmission, which vertical-axle mills do not need. The earliest waterwheel working like a lever was described by Zhuangzi in

10864-434: The water is not constrained by millraces or wheel pits. Stream wheels are cheaper and simpler to build and have less of an environmental impact than other types of wheels. They do not constitute a major change of the river. Their disadvantages are their low efficiency, which means that they generate less power and can only be used where the flow rate is sufficient. A typical flat board undershot wheel uses about 20 percent of

10976-560: The water only to less than the height of its own radius and required a large torque for rotating. These constructional deficiencies were overcome by the wheel with a compartmented rim which was a less heavy design with a higher lift. The earliest literary reference to a water-driven, compartmented wheel appears in the technical treatise Pneumatica (chap. 61) of the Greek engineer Philo of Byzantium ( c.  280  – c.  220 BC ). In his Parasceuastica (91.43−44), Philo advises

11088-624: The wheel and the apron and potentially causing serious damage. Breastshot wheels are less efficient than overshot and backshot wheels but they can handle high flow rates and consequently high power. They are preferred for steady, high-volume flows such as are found on the Fall Line of the North American East Coast. Breastshot wheels are the most common type in the United States of America and are said to have powered

11200-406: The wheel, making it heavier than the other "empty" side. The weight turns the wheel, and the water flows out into the tail-water when the wheel rotates enough to invert the buckets. The overshot design is very efficient, it can achieve 90%, and does not require rapid flow. Nearly all of the energy is gained from the weight of water lowered to the tailrace although a small contribution may be made by

11312-449: The wood from which it was made is much older than the deep mine, it is likely that the deep workings were in operation perhaps 30–50 years after. It is clear from these examples of drainage wheels found in sealed underground galleries in widely separated locations that building water wheels was well within their capabilities, and such verticals water wheels commonly used for industrial purposes. Taking indirect evidence into account from

11424-510: The work of the Greek technician Apollonius of Perge , the British historian of technology M.J.T. Lewis dates the appearance of the vertical-axle watermill to the early 3rd century BC, and the horizontal-axle watermill to around 240 BC, with Byzantium and Alexandria as the assigned places of invention. A watermill is reported by the Greek geographer Strabon ( c.  64 BC  – c.  AD 24 ) to have existed sometime before 71 BC in

11536-589: The year 31 AD, the engineer and Prefect of Nanyang , Du Shi (d. 38), applied a complex use of the water wheel and machinery to power the bellows of the blast furnace to create cast iron . Du Shi is mentioned briefly in the Book of Later Han ( Hou Han Shu ) as follows (in Wade-Giles spelling): In the seventh year of the Chien-Wu reign period (31 AD) Tu Shih was posted to be Prefect of Nanyang. He

11648-425: Was a generous man and his policies were peaceful; he destroyed evil-doers and established the dignity (of his office). Good at planning, he loved the common people and wished to save their labor. He invented a water-power reciprocator ( shui phai ) for the casting of (iron) agricultural implements. Those who smelted and cast already had the push-bellows to blow up their charcoal fires, and now they were instructed to use

11760-520: Was affected by the Beeching cuts in 1965 with the rail-line connecting Whitby to Scarborough axed. It was opened in 1885, closed in 1965 then repurposed and re-opened in 2000. The East Coast Main Line (ECML) bisects the county stopping at Northallerton , Thirsk and York . Passenger service companies in the area are London North Eastern Railway , Northern Rail , TransPennine Express and Grand Central . LNER and Grand Central operate services to

11872-471: Was captured soon after crossing the river at the old stepping stones at Brungerley. Around 1785, a large weir was constructed across the river, slightly downstream at Waddow Hall , to supply water to a cotton mill at Low Moor . The site relied on water power right up to closure around 1930, although the water wheels gradually gave way to water turbines and were augmented by steam engines . During 2009, an Archimedean screw type hydropower station

11984-494: Was completed in 1781. Until 1755 this was the only bridge over the Ribble at Preston. The original attempt to build a bridge directly to Penwortham was completed in 1755, only to collapse the following year. The Penwortham Old Bridge opened in 1759 to replace it. In 1802 the Lancaster Canal Company completed a timber trestle bridge to facilitate a temporary tramroad to connect the two isolated sections of

12096-462: Was constructed at Settle weir near Bridge End Mill. Built for a community-owned company, Settle Hydro , the site became operational by the end of the year. As of February 2024, the generator has produced 1.2 million kWh of electricity. The Ribble begins at the confluence of the Gayle Beck and Batty Wife Beck near the viaduct at Ribblehead , in the shadow of the Yorkshire three peaks . It

12208-484: Was first drawn up from the 1950s. The city of York has an independent surrounding belt area affording protections to several outlying settlements such as Haxby and Dunnington, and it too extends into the surrounding districts. North Yorkshire has a temperate oceanic climate , like most of the UK. There are large climate variations within the county. The upper Pennines border on a Subarctic climate. The Vale of Mowbray has an almost Semi-arid climate . Overall, with

12320-515: Was surveyed together with Cheshire by the Domesday commissioners. Nevertheless, the two territories do seem to have been distinguished from one another in some way and it is not certain that the shire-moot and the reeves referred to in the south Lancashire section of Domesday were the Cheshire ones. The Domesday Survey (1086) included south Lancashire with Cheshire for convenience, but the Mersey,

12432-561: Was to build a barrage and a water sports park on a section of the Ribble, coupled with over 4,000 units of housing and businesses in the river's flood plain. Some local residents opposed these plans, arguing that they endanger wildlife, increase flood risk to local housing and damage greenbelt areas. These residents set up the Save The Ribble campaign, and their two-year information campaign successfully overturned Preston City Council's proposals, and South Ribble Borough Council announced

12544-451: Was £314,000. In certain communities of North Yorkshire, however, house prices were higher than average for the county, as of early 2021: Harrogate (average value: £376,195), Knaresborough (£375,625), Tadcaster (£314,278), Leyburn (£309,165) and Ripon (£299,998), for example. This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added for North Yorkshire at current basic prices with figures in millions of British pounds sterling. Unemployment in

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