70-562: Best Film award at San Sebastián Film Festival [REDACTED] The Golden Shell (Spanish: Concha de Oro ; Basque: Urrezko Maskorra ) is the highest prize given to a competing film at the San Sebastián International Film Festival . It was introduced in 1957. In 1953 and 1954, the highest prize had been called the Gran Premio . In 1955 and 1956 it
140-739: A Parish Priest La Guerra de Dios Rafael Gil [REDACTED] Spain 1954 Cursed Mountain Sierra maldita Antonio del Amo 1955 Days of Love Giorni d'amore Giuseppe de Santis [REDACTED] Italy 1956 The Railroad Man Il ferroviere Pietro Germi 1957 Oh! Sabella La nonna Sabella Dino Risi 1958 Eve Wants to Sleep Ewa chce spać Tadeusz Chmielewski [REDACTED] Poland 1959 The Nun's Story Fred Zinnemann [REDACTED] United States 1960 Romeo, Juliet and Darkness Romeo, Julie
210-431: A Parish Priest (1953) Sierra maldita (1954) Days of Love (1955) The Railroad Man (1956) Oh! Sabella (1957) Ewa chce spac (1958) The Nun's Story (1959) Romeo, Juliet and Darkness (1960) One-Eyed Jacks (1961) Arturo's Island (1962) Mafioso (1963) America America (1964) Golden Queen / Mirage (1965) I Was Happy Here (1966) Two for
280-538: A ban on professional employment, the refusal of higher education for the dissidents' children, police harassment and prison. During the 1980s, Czechoslovakia became one of the most tightly controlled Communist regimes in the Warsaw Pact in resistance to the mitigation of controls notified by Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev . In 1989, the Velvet Revolution restored democracy. This occurred around
350-627: A chance for many of their compatriots to participate in communal life before independence. Palacký supported Austro-Slavism and worked for a reorganized federal Austrian Empire , which would protect the Slavic speaking peoples of Central Europe against Russian and German threats. An advocate of democratic reform and Czech autonomy within Austria-Hungary, Masaryk was elected twice to the Reichsrat (Austrian Parliament), from 1891 to 1893 for
420-467: A major factor in the 1980s. Slightly after the foundation of Czechoslovakia in 1918, there was a lack of essential infrastructure in many areas – paved roads , railways , bridges , etc. Massive improvement in the following years enabled Czechoslovakia to develop its industry. Prague 's civil airport in Ruzyně became one of the most modern terminals in the world when it was finished in 1937. Tomáš Baťa ,
490-511: A political monopoly was held by the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ). The leader of the KSČ was de facto the most powerful person in the country during this period. Gustáv Husák was elected first secretary of the KSČ in 1969 (changed to general secretary in 1971) and president of Czechoslovakia in 1975. Other parties and organizations existed but functioned in subordinate roles to
560-648: A threat to German rule. Just like Jews, Poles, Serbs, and several other nations, Czechs were considered to be untermenschen by the Nazi state. In 1940, in a secret Nazi plan for the Germanization of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia it was declared that those considered to be of racially Mongoloid origin and the Czech intelligentsia were not to be Germanized. The deportation of Jews to concentration camps
630-732: A tma Jiri Weiss [REDACTED] Czechoslovakia 1961 One-Eyed Jacks Marlon Brando [REDACTED] United States 1962 Arturo's Island L'isola di Arturo Damiano Damiani [REDACTED] Italy 1963 Mafioso Alberto Lattuada 1964 America, America Elia Kazan [REDACTED] United States 1965 Golden Queen Zlatá reneta Otakar Vávra [REDACTED] Czechoslovakia Mirage Edward Dmytryk [REDACTED] United States 1966 I Was Happy Here Desmond Davis [REDACTED] United Kingdom 1967 Two for
700-777: A unified Czechoslovakia was restored after World War II (after the country had been divided during the war), the conflict between the Czechs and the Slovaks surfaced again. The governments of Czechoslovakia and other Central European nations deported ethnic Germans, reducing the presence of minorities in the nation. Most of the Jews had been killed during the war by the Nazis. Ethnicities of Czechoslovakia in 1921 Ethnicities of Czechoslovakia in 1930 *Jews identified themselves as Germans or Hungarians (and Jews only by religion not ethnicity),
770-697: Is an annual FIAPF A category film festival held in the Spanish city of Donostia-San Sebastián in September, in the Basque Country . Since its creation in 1953 it has established itself as one of the 14 "A" category competitive festivals accredited by the FIAPF, of which it has one of the lowest budgets. It has hosted several important events of the history of cinema, such as the international premieres of Vertigo , by Alfred Hitchcock (who attended
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#1732781020074840-728: The Danube River basin. The weather is mild winters and mild summers. Influenced by the Atlantic Ocean from the west, the Baltic Sea from the north, and Mediterranean Sea from the south. There is no continental weather. The area was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until it collapsed at the end of World War I . The new state was founded by Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk , who served as its first president from 14 November 1918 to 14 December 1935. He
910-787: The Golden Conch . References [ edit ] ^ Gibbons, Fiachra (1 October 2001). "Distribution 'key to film maker's success' " . The Guardian . ^ Wong, Cindy Hing-Yuk (2011). Film Festivals: Culture, People, and Power on the Global Screen . New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press . p. 3. ISBN 978-0-8135-5065-7 . ^ "San Sebastian Film Festival" . sansebastianfestival . Retrieved 2019-10-02 . ^ "San Sebastian Film Festival" . sansebastianfestival . Retrieved 2019-10-02 . ^ "San Sebastian Film Festival ::" . 2019-09-03. Archived from
980-664: The NSDAP in the December 1938 elections. Almost every decree explicitly stated that the sanctions did not apply to antifascists. Some 250,000 Germans, many married to Czechs, some antifascists, and also those required for the post-war reconstruction of the country, remained in Czechoslovakia. The Beneš Decrees still cause controversy among nationalist groups in the Czech Republic, Germany, Austria and Hungary. Following
1050-711: The Sudetenland . On 29 September 1938, Britain and France ceded control in the Appeasement at the Munich Conference ; France ignored the military alliance it had with Czechoslovakia. During October 1938, Nazi Germany occupied the Sudetenland border region, effectively crippling Czechoslovak defences. The First Vienna Award assigned a strip of southern Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia to Hungary. Poland occupied Zaolzie, an area whose population
1120-597: The Warsaw Pact of 1955. A period of political liberalization in 1968, the Prague Spring , ended when the Soviet Union, assisted by other Warsaw Pact countries, invaded Czechoslovakia . In 1989, as Marxist–Leninist governments and communism were ending all over Central and Eastern Europe , Czechoslovaks peacefully deposed their communist government during the Velvet Revolution , which began on 17 November 1989 and ended 11 days later on 28 November when all of
1190-790: The Young Czech Party , and from 1907 to 1914 for the Czech Realist Party , which he had founded in 1889 with Karel Kramář and Josef Kaizl . During World War I a number of Czechs and Slovaks, the Czechoslovak Legions , fought with the Allies in France and Italy, while large numbers deserted to Russia in exchange for its support for the independence of Czechoslovakia from the Austrian Empire. With
1260-680: The autonomous regions of Slovakia and Subcarpathian Ruthenia. Annexed by Hungary (1939–1945). ČSR; declared a "people's democracy" (without a formal name change) under the Ninth-of-May Constitution following the 1948 coup . ČSSR; from 1969, after the Prague Spring , consisted of the Czech Socialist Republic (ČSR) and Slovak Socialist Republic (SSR). Oblast of the Ukrainian SSR . Oblast of Ukraine . After World War II,
1330-911: The 1946 parliamentary election, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia was the winner in the Czech lands , and the Democratic Party won in Slovakia. In February 1948 the Communists seized power . Although they would maintain the fiction of political pluralism through the existence of the National Front , except for a short period in the late 1960s (the Prague Spring ) the country had no liberal democracy . Since citizens lacked significant electoral methods of registering protest against government policies, periodically there were street protests that became violent. For example, there were riots in
1400-1075: The Beehive El espíritu de la colmena Víctor Erice [REDACTED] Spain 1974 Badlands Terrence Malick [REDACTED] United States 1975 Poachers Furtivos José Luis Borau [REDACTED] Spain 1976 Gypsies Are Found Near Heaven Табор уходит в небо Emil Loteanu [REDACTED] Soviet Union 1977 An Unfinished Piece for Mechanical Piano Неоконченная пьеса для механического пианино Nikita Mikhalkov 1978 Alambrista! Robert M. Young [REDACTED] United States 1979 Autumn Marathon Осенний марафон Georgi Daneliya [REDACTED] Soviet Union 1980 The Orchestra Conductor Dyrygent Andrzej Wajda [REDACTED] Poland 1981 Tales of Ordinary Madness Storie di ordinaria follia Marco Ferreri [REDACTED] Italy 1982 Demons in
1470-574: The Black Hill Andrew Grieve [REDACTED] United Kingdom 1989 Homer and Eddie Andrei Konchalovski [REDACTED] United States La nación clandestina Jorge Sanjinés [REDACTED] Bolivia 1990 Letters from Alou Las cartas de Alou Montxo Armendáriz [REDACTED] Spain 1991 Butterfly Wings Alas de mariposa Juanma Bajo Ulloa 1992 A Place in
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#17327810200741540-607: The Czech intelligentsia; the intellectual elites and middle class made up a considerable number of the 200,000 people who passed through concentration camps and the 250,000 who died during German occupation. Under Generalplan Ost , it was assumed that around 50% of Czechs would be fit for Germanization . The Czech intellectual elites were to be removed not only from Czech territories but from Europe completely. The authors of Generalplan Ost believed it would be best if they emigrated overseas, as even in Siberia they were considered
1610-629: The Czechs of the Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia, German occupation was a period of brutal oppression. Czech losses resulting from political persecution and deaths in concentration camps totaled between 36,000 and 55,000. The Jewish populations of Bohemia and Moravia (118,000 according to the 1930 census) were virtually annihilated. Many Jews emigrated after 1939; more than 70,000 were killed; 8,000 survived at Terezín. Several thousand Jews managed to live in freedom or in hiding throughout
1680-565: The Festival) and the European premiere of Star Wars . It was the first festival attended by Roman Polanski and has helped advance the professional careers of filmmakers such as Francis Ford Coppola , Bong Joon-ho and Pedro Almodóvar . José Luis Rebordinos has served as the director of the festival since 2011. The festival was founded on September 21, 1953. Non-Spanish language films became eligible for consideration in 1955 , when
1750-776: The Garden Demonios en el jardín Manuel Gutiérrez Aragón [REDACTED] Spain 1983 Entre Nous Diane Kurys [REDACTED] France 1984 Rumble Fish Francis Ford Coppola [REDACTED] United States 1985 Yesterday Radosław Piwowarski [REDACTED] Poland 1986 Half of Heaven La mitad del cielo Manuel Gutiérrez Aragón [REDACTED] Spain 1987 Wedding in Galilee عرس الجليل Michel Khleifi [REDACTED] Belgium [REDACTED] France 1988 On
1820-747: The Garden (1982) Entre Nous (1983) Rumble Fish (1984) Yesterday (1985) Half of Heaven (1986) Wedding in Galilee (1987) On the Black Hill (1988) Homer and Eddie / La nación clandestina (1989) Letters from Alou (1990) Butterfly Wings (1991) A Place in the World (1992) The Beginning and the End / Sara (1993) Dias contados (1994) Margaret's Museum (1995) Bwana / Trojan Eddie (1996) The Swindle (1997) Wind with
1890-536: The German war effort was accelerated. Under the authority of Karl Hermann Frank , German minister of state for Bohemia and Moravia, some 350,000 Czech laborers were dispatched to the Reich. Within the protectorate, all non-war-related industry was prohibited. Most of the Czech population obeyed quiescently up until the final months preceding the end of the war, while thousands were involved in the resistance movement . For
1960-655: The Gone El viento se llevó lo qué Alejandro Agresti [REDACTED] Argentina [REDACTED] France [REDACTED] Netherlands [REDACTED] Spain 1999 C'est quoi la vie? François Dupeyron [REDACTED] France 2000 The Ruination of Men La perdición de los hombres Arturo Ripstein [REDACTED] Mexico [REDACTED] Spain 2001 A Cab for Three Taxi para tres Orlando Lübbert [REDACTED] Chile 2002 Mondays in
2030-574: The Gone (1998) What's Life? (1999) The Ruination of Men (2000) 2001–present A Cab for Three (2001) Mondays in the Sun (2002) Gun-shy (2003) Turtles Can Fly (2004) Something Like Happiness (2005) Half Moon / Mon fils à moi (2006) A Thousand Years of Good Prayers (2007) Pandora's Box (2008) City of Life and Death (2009) Neds (2010) Los pasos dobles (2011) In
2100-647: The Gulf War with a small force of 200 troops under the command of the U.S.-led coalition. In 1992, because of growing nationalist tensions in the government, Czechoslovakia was peacefully dissolved by parliament. On 31 December 1992, it formally separated into two independent countries, the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic . ČSR; boundaries and government established by the 1920 constitution . Annexed by Nazi Germany . ČSR; included
2170-1181: The House Dans la maison François Ozon [REDACTED] France 2013 Bad Hair Pelo malo Mariana Rondón [REDACTED] Venezuela [REDACTED] Peru [REDACTED] Germany 2014 Magical Girl Carlos Vermut [REDACTED] Spain 2015 Sparrows Þrestir Rúnar Rúnarsson [REDACTED] Denmark [REDACTED] Iceland 2016 I Am Not Madame Bovary 我不是潘金莲 Feng Xiaogang [REDACTED] China 2017 The Disaster Artist James Franco [REDACTED] United States 2018 Between Two Waters Entre dos Aguas Isaki Lacuesta [REDACTED] Spain 2019 Pacified Pacificado Paxton Winters [REDACTED] Brazil 2020 Beginning დასაწყისი Déa Kulumbegashvili [REDACTED] Georgia 2021 Blue Moon Crai Nou Alina Grigore [REDACTED] Romania 2022 The Kings of
Golden Shell - Misplaced Pages Continue
2240-2300: The House (2012) Bad Hair (2013) Magical Girl (2014) Sparrows (2015) I Am Not Madame Bovary (2016) The Disaster Artist (2017) Between Two Waters (2018) Pacified (2019) Beginning (2020) Blue Moon (2021) The Kings of the World (2022) The Rye Horn (2023) v t e San Sebastián International Film Festival Awards Main competition Golden Shell Silver Shell for Best Director Silver Shell for Best Leading Performance Silver Shell for Best Supporting Performance Retired categories Silver Shell for Best Actor Silver Shell for Best Actress Other awards Donostia Award Independent awards Sebastiane Award By year 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golden_Shell&oldid=1253328605 " Categories : San Sebastián International Film Festival Spanish film awards Lists of films by award International film awards Awards established in 1957 Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Articles containing Spanish-language text Articles containing Basque-language text Articles with Spanish-language sources (es) Articles with Basque-language sources (eu) San Sebasti%C3%A1n International Film Festival The San Sebastián International Film Festival ( abbr. SSIFF ; Spanish : Festival Internacional de San Sebastián , Basque : Donostia Zinemaldia )
2310-817: The KSČ. All political parties, as well as numerous mass organizations, were grouped under umbrella of the National Front . Human rights activists and religious activists were severely repressed. Czechoslovakia had the following constitutions during its history (1918–1992): In the 1930s, the nation formed a military alliance with France, which collapsed in the Munich Agreement of 1938. After World War II , an active participant in Council for Mutual Economic Assistance ( Comecon ), Warsaw Pact , United Nations and its specialized agencies; signatory of conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe . Before World War II,
2380-765: The Road Stanley Donen [REDACTED] United States 1968 The Long Day's Dying Peter Collinson [REDACTED] United Kingdom 1969 The Rain People Francis Ford Coppola [REDACTED] United States 1970 Dead of Summer Ondata di calore Nelo Risi [REDACTED] Italy 1971 Claire's Knee Le Genou de Claire Eric Rohmer [REDACTED] France 1972 The Glass House Tom Gries [REDACTED] United States 1973 The Spirit of
2450-685: The Road (1967) The Long Day's Dying (1968) The Rain People (1969) Dead of Summer (1970) Claire's Knee (1971) The Glass House (1972) The Spirit of the Beehive (1973) Badlands (1974) Furtivos (1975) 1976–2000 Gypsies Are Found Near Heaven (1976) An Unfinished Piece for Mechanical Piano (1977) Alambrista! (1978) Autumn Marathon (1979) The Orchestra Conductor (1980) Tales of Ordinary Madness (1981) Demons in
2520-604: The Slovaks, who were hostile to the more numerous Czechs, weakened the country in the late 1930s. Slovakia became autonomous in the fall of 1938, and by mid-1939, Slovakia had become independent, with the First Slovak Republic set up as a satellite state of Nazi Germany and the far-right Slovak People's Party in power . After 1933, Czechoslovakia remained the only democracy in central and eastern Europe. In September 1938, Adolf Hitler demanded control of
2590-502: The Soviet Union, gradually put the brakes on their earlier liberal policies. Meanwhile, one plank of the reform program had been carried out: in 1968–69, Czechoslovakia was turned into a federation of the Czech Socialist Republic and Slovak Socialist Republic . The theory was that under the federation, social and economic inequities between the Czech and Slovak halves of the state would be largely eliminated. A number of ministries, such as education, now became two formally equal bodies in
2660-1410: The Sun Los lunes al sol Fernando León de Aranoa [REDACTED] Spain [REDACTED] France [REDACTED] Italy 2003 Gun-shy Schussangst Dito Tsintsadze [REDACTED] Germany 2004 Turtles Can Fly کیسەڵەکانیش دەفڕن Bahman Ghobadi [REDACTED] Iran [REDACTED] France [REDACTED] Iraq 2005 Something Like Happiness Štěstí Bohdan Sláma [REDACTED] Czech Republic 2006 Half Moon نیوەمانگ Bahman Ghobadi [REDACTED] Iran Mon fils à moi Martial Fougeron [REDACTED] France 2007 A Thousand Years of Good Prayers Wayne Wang [REDACTED] United States 2008 Pandora's Box Pandora'nın Kutusu Yeşim Ustaoğlu [REDACTED] Turkey 2009 City of Life and Death 南京！南京！ Lu Chuan [REDACTED] China 2010 Neds Peter Mullan [REDACTED] United Kingdom [REDACTED] France [REDACTED] Italy 2011 Los pasos dobles Isaki Lacuesta [REDACTED] Spain [REDACTED] Switzerland 2012 In
2730-894: The World Los reyes del mundo Laura Mora [REDACTED] Colombia 2023 The Rye Horn O corno Jaione Camborda [REDACTED] Spain [REDACTED] Portugal [REDACTED] Belgium 2024 Afternoons of Solitude Tardes de soledad Albert Serra [REDACTED] Spain [REDACTED] Portugal [REDACTED] France See also [ edit ] Silver Shell for Best Director Silver Shell for Best Leading Performance Silver Shell for Best Actor Silver Shell for Best Actress Donostia Award Sebastiane Award Notes [ edit ] ^ Also referred to in English-language sources as
2800-1068: The World Un lugar en el mundo Adolfo Aristarain [REDACTED] Argentina 1993 The Beginning and the End Principio y fin Arturo Ripstein [REDACTED] Mexico Sara سارا Dariush Mehrjui [REDACTED] Iran 1994 Días contados Imanol Uribe [REDACTED] Spain 1995 Margaret's Museum Mort Ransen [REDACTED] Canada [REDACTED] United Kingdom 1996 Bwana Imanol Uribe [REDACTED] Spain Trojan Eddie Gillies MacKinnon [REDACTED] Ireland 1997 The Swindle Rien ne va plus Claude Chabrol [REDACTED] France 1998 Wind with
2870-503: The economy was about the fourth in all industrial countries in Europe. The state was based on strong economy, manufacturing cars ( Škoda , Tatra ), trams, aircraft ( Aero , Avia ), ships, ship engines ( Škoda ), cannons, shoes ( Baťa ), turbines, guns ( Zbrojovka Brno ). It was the industrial workshop for the Austro-Hungarian empire. The Slovak lands relied more heavily on agriculture than the Czech lands. After World War II,
Golden Shell - Misplaced Pages Continue
2940-484: The economy was centrally planned, with command links controlled by the communist party, similarly to the Soviet Union . The large metallurgical industry was dependent on imports of iron and non-ferrous ores. After World War II, the country was short of energy, relying on imported crude oil and natural gas from the Soviet Union, domestic brown coal , and nuclear and hydroelectric energy . Energy constraints were
3010-553: The expulsion of the ethnic German population from Czechoslovakia, parts of the former Sudetenland , especially around Krnov and the surrounding villages of the Jesenik mountain region in northeastern Czechoslovakia, were settled in 1949 by Communist refugees from Northern Greece who had left their homeland as a result of the Greek Civil War . These Greeks made up a large proportion of the town and region's population until
3080-402: The festival was specialized in color films. It has been acknowledged by the FIAPF as an A category festival since 1957, with the exception of the 1980–1984 period, when no major awards were given. SSIFF has hosted the European premiere of Star Wars , the international premiere of Vertigo , presented by Alfred Hitchcock and Roman Polanski 's first attendance at a film festival. These are
3150-589: The late 1980s/early 1990s. Although defined as "Greeks", the Greek Communist community of Krnov and the Jeseniky region actually consisted of an ethnically diverse population, including Greek Macedonians , Macedonians , Vlachs , Pontic Greeks and Turkish speaking Urums or Caucasus Greeks . Carpathian Ruthenia (Podkarpatská Rus) was occupied by (and in June 1945 formally ceded to) the Soviet Union. In
3220-533: The main sections of the festival: An international jury evaluates the films in the Official Selection and awards the following prizes: Former awards include: The following are the main awards for films in the parallel sections: Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia ( / ˌ tʃ ɛ k oʊ s l oʊ ˈ v æ k i . ə , ˈ tʃ ɛ k ə -, - s l ə -, - ˈ v ɑː -/ CHEK -oh-sloh- VAK -ee-ə, CHEK -ə-, -slə-, - VAH - ; Czech and Slovak : Československo , Česko-Slovensko )
3290-492: The most industrialized regions of the former Austria-Hungary. The new country was a multi-ethnic state, with Czechs and Slovaks as constituent peoples . The population consisted of Czechs (51%), Slovaks (16%), Germans (22%), Hungarians (5%) and Rusyns (4%). Many of the Germans, Hungarians, Ruthenians and Poles and some Slovaks, felt oppressed because the political elite did not generally allow political autonomy for minority ethnic groups. This policy led to unrest among
3360-428: The non-Czech population, particularly in German-speaking Sudetenland , which initially had proclaimed itself part of the Republic of German-Austria in accordance with the self-determination principle. The state proclaimed the official ideology that there were no separate Czech and Slovak nations, but only one nation of Czechoslovaks (see Czechoslovakism ), to the disagreement of Slovaks and other ethnic groups. Once
3430-428: The occupation. Despite the estimated 136,000 deaths at the hands of the Nazi regime, the population in the Reichsprotektorate saw a net increase during the war years of approximately 250,000 in line with an increased birth rate. On 6 May 1945, the third US Army of General Patton entered Plzeň from the south west. On 9 May 1945, Soviet Red Army troops entered Prague . After World War II, pre-war Czechoslovakia
3500-400: The occupations. In 1948, this provision was cancelled for the Hungarians, but only partially for the Germans. The government then confiscated the property of the Germans and expelled about 90% of the ethnic German population , over 2 million people. Those who remained were collectively accused of supporting the Nazis after the Munich Agreement , as 97.32% of Sudeten Germans had voted for
3570-420: The original on 2019-09-03 . Retrieved 2019-10-05 . ^ "Official Awards - FIAPF" . 2020-09-26 . Retrieved 2020-09-26 . External links [ edit ] Official website [REDACTED] (in Spanish, Basque, and English) "San Sebastián International Film Festival" . IMDb . v t e Golden Shell 1953–1975 I Was
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#17327810200743640-408: The outbreak of World War I, Masaryk began working for Czech independence in a union with Slovakia. With Edvard Beneš and Milan Rastislav Štefánik , Masaryk visited several Western countries and won support from influential publicists. The Czechoslovak National Council was the main organization that advanced the claims for a Czechoslovak state. The Bohemian Kingdom ceased to exist in 1918 when it
3710-474: The preservation of the Soviet, socialist system and vowed to intervene in any state that sought to replace Marxism-Leninism with capitalism . In the week after the invasion, there was a spontaneous campaign of civil resistance against the occupation. This resistance involved a wide range of acts of non-cooperation and defiance: this was followed by a period in which the Czechoslovak Communist Party leadership, having been forced in Moscow to make concessions to
3780-434: The prime architect of the Czechoslovak-Romanian-Yugoslav alliance (the " Little Entente ", 1921–38) directed against Hungarian attempts to reclaim lost areas. Beneš worked closely with France. Far more dangerous was the German element, which after 1933 became allied with the Nazis in Germany. Czech-Slovak relations came to be a central issue in Czechoslovak politics during the 1930s. The increasing feeling of inferiority among
3850-501: The reformer Alexander Dubček was appointed to the key post of First Secretary of the Czechoslovak Communist Party, there was a brief period of liberalization known as the Prague Spring . In response, after failing to persuade the Czechoslovak leaders to change course, five other members of the Warsaw Pact invaded . Soviet tanks rolled into Czechoslovakia on the night of 20–21 August 1968. Soviet Communist Party General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev viewed this intervention as vital for
3920-417: The same time as the fall of communism in Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany and Poland. The word "socialist" was removed from the country's full name on 29 March 1990 and replaced by "federal". Pope John Paul II made a papal visit to Czechoslovakia on 21 April 1990, hailing it as a symbolic step of reviving Christianity in the newly-formed post-communist state. Czechoslovakia participated in
3990-432: The state ceased to exist, as Slovakia proclaimed its independence and Carpathian Ruthenia became part of Hungary , while the German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was proclaimed in the remainder of the Czech Lands . In 1939, after the outbreak of World War II , former Czechoslovak President Edvard Beneš formed a government-in-exile and sought recognition from the Allies . After World War II, Czechoslovakia
4060-504: The sum is, therefore, more than 100%. During the period between the two world wars Czechoslovakia was a democratic state. The population was generally literate, and contained fewer alienated groups. The influence of these conditions was augmented by the political values of Czechoslovakia's leaders and the policies they adopted. Under Tomas Masaryk , Czech and Slovak politicians promoted progressive social and economic conditions that served to defuse discontent. Foreign minister Beneš became
4130-404: The top Communist leaders and Communist party itself resigned. On 31 December 1992, Czechoslovakia peacefully split into the two sovereign states of the Czech Republic and Slovakia . The country was of generally irregular terrain. The western area was part of the north-central European uplands. The eastern region was composed of the northern reaches of the Carpathian Mountains and lands of
4200-417: The town of Plzeň in 1953 , reflecting economic discontent. Police and army units put down the rebellion, and hundreds were injured but no one was killed. While its economy remained more advanced than those of its neighbors in Eastern Europe, Czechoslovakia grew increasingly economically weak relative to Western Europe. The currency reform of 1953 caused dissatisfaction among Czechoslovak laborers. To equalize
4270-445: The two formally equal republics. However, the centralized political control by the Czechoslovak Communist Party severely limited the effects of federalization. The 1970s saw the rise of the dissident movement in Czechoslovakia, represented among others by Václav Havel . The movement sought greater political participation and expression in the face of official disapproval, manifested in limitations on work activities, which went as far as
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#17327810200744340-410: The wage rate, Czechoslovaks had to turn in their old money for new at a decreased value. The banks also confiscated savings and bank deposits to control the amount of money in circulation. In the 1950s, Czechoslovakia experienced high economic growth (averaging 7% per year), which allowed for a substantial increase in wages and living standards, thus promoting the stability of the regime. In 1968, when
4410-457: Was a landlocked country in Central Europe , created in 1918, when it declared its independence from Austria-Hungary . In 1938, after the Munich Agreement , the Sudetenland became part of Nazi Germany , while the country lost further territories to Hungary and Poland (the territories of southern Slovakia with a predominantly Hungarian population to Hungary and Zaolzie with a predominantly Polish population to Poland). Between 1939 and 1945,
4480-464: Was incorporated into Czechoslovakia. Czechoslovakia was founded in October 1918, as one of the successor states of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the end of World War I and as part of the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye . It consisted of the present day territories of Bohemia , Moravia , parts of Silesia making up present day Czech Republic , Slovakia , and a region of present-day Ukraine called Carpathian Ruthenia . Its territory included some of
4550-483: Was majority Polish, in October 1938. On 14 March 1939, the remainder ("rump") of Czechoslovakia was dismembered by the proclamation of the Slovak State , the next day the rest of Carpathian Ruthenia was occupied and annexed by Hungary, while the following day the German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was proclaimed. The eventual goal of the German state under Nazi leadership was to eradicate Czech nationality through assimilation, deportation, and extermination of
4620-404: Was organized under the direction of Reinhard Heydrich , and the fortress town of Terezín was made into a ghetto way station for Jewish families. On 4 June 1942 Heydrich died after being wounded by an assassin in Operation Anthropoid . Heydrich's successor, Colonel General Kurt Daluege , ordered mass arrests and executions and the destruction of the villages of Lidice and Ležáky . In 1943
4690-410: Was reestablished under its pre-1938 borders, with the exception of Carpathian Ruthenia, which became part of the Ukrainian SSR (a republic of the Soviet Union ). The Communist Party seized power in a coup in 1948 . From 1948 to 1989, Czechoslovakia was part of the Eastern Bloc with a planned economy . Its economic status was formalized in membership of Comecon from 1949 and its defense status in
4760-437: Was reestablished, with the exception of Sub carpathian Ruthenia , which was annexed by the Soviet Union and incorporated into the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic . The Beneš decrees were promulgated concerning ethnic Germans (see Potsdam Agreement ) and ethnic Hungarians. Under the decrees, citizenship was abrogated for people of German and Hungarian ethnic origin who had accepted German or Hungarian citizenship during
4830-591: Was replaced by the Silver Shell. Six directors have won the Golden Shell twice: American director Francis Ford Coppola (in 1969 & 1984), Spanish director Manuel Gutiérrez Aragón (in 1982 & 1986), Mexican director Arturo Ripstein (in 1993 & 2000), Spanish director Imanol Uribe (in 1994 & 1996), Iranian director Bahman Ghobadi (in 2004 & 2006), and Spanish director Isaki Lacuesta (in 2011 & 2018). Winners [ edit ] Year English Title Original Title Director(s) Production Country 1953 I Was
4900-554: Was succeeded by his close ally Edvard Beneš (1884–1948). The roots of Czech nationalism go back to the 19th century, when philologists and educators, influenced by Romanticism , promoted the Czech language and pride in the Czech people . Nationalism became a mass movement in the second half of the 19th century. Taking advantage of the limited opportunities for participation in political life under Austrian rule, Czech leaders such as historian František Palacký (1798–1876) founded various patriotic, self-help organizations which provided
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