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86-495: Gonzalo Suárez Rendón is mentioned in the work of uncertain authorship Epítome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada as "Suarex". Gonzalo Suárez Rendón was born around 1503 in the Andalusian city of Málaga to Rodrigo Suárez Rendón de Jerez and Isabel Jiménez, or Ximénez, Suárez. He had one brother and one sister: Rodrigo Sabariego Suárez Rendon; and María Suárez Rendón. He married Mencia de Figueroa y Godoy in 1563 and

172-578: A Company that would initially go to Tunisia, but the organization of said campaign was prolonged, so it ended on the voyage of discovery and conquest alongside the Adelantado of Canary Islands , Pedro Fernández de Lugo, who signed capitulations, and in compliance with which they had to find a land path to Peru and the origin of the Magdalena River, but ended up discovering the Muisca and founding

258-523: A flatter terrain, described as "what would become the New Kingdom of Granada". It is described that the people of this area were different and also spoke a different language from the people along the Magdalena River and of the Sierras del Opón, making it impossible to understand them at first. Over time, it became possible to communicate and the people in the flatter area, called San Gregorio provided

344-491: A long expedition led by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada to the Andes Mountains. This expedition departed from Santa Marta made up of 800 Spanish soldiers and an unknown number of indigenous companions and negro slaves. In it Suárez Rendón who held the position of cavalry captain. The days were exhausting, with difficult daily marches in swamps and mangroves and numerous sacrifices and calamities lurking in torrential rains and

430-546: A museum since 1965. Ep%C3%ADtome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada Epítome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada (English: Summary of the conquest of the New Kingdom of Granada ) is a document of uncertain authorship, possibly (partly) written by Spanish conquistador Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada between 1548 and 1559. The book was not published until 1889 by anthropologist Marcos Jiménez de la Espada in his work Juan de Castellanos y su Historia del Nuevo Reino de Granada . Epítome narrates about

516-433: A number of brigs on the Magdalena River. De Quesada and his troops marched over land on the bank of the river. Names of the captains in the army of De Quesada are given as San Martín , Céspedes , Valençuela , Lázaro Fonte , Librixa , de Junco and Suarex . The captains heading the brigs are named as (Francisco Gómez del) Corral , Cardosso and Albarracín . The troops went out of free will and consent of

602-452: A number of reviewing articles, books and other texts since the first publication by Jiménez de la Espada in 1889. Enrique Otero D'Costa has attributed parts of Epítome to Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, written in 1539, and other parts to other people, unrelated to the conquistador. Friede concludes these errors not definitive; he maintains the Epítome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada

688-399: A scorching sun. Food came from what they found and, often, dogs and horses had to be sacrificed for sustenance, something that at a certain point Jiménez de Quesada had to prohibit on death knell. They also suffered from the hostility of the native peoples, who caused heavy casualties. The objective of this expedition was initially to find a way to Peru, in addition to exploring the territory,

774-430: A temple, with many others scattered across the area , accessible by roads and isolated. The sacred places are lavishly adorned with gold and emeralds . The process of sacrifices is described as happening with blood, water and fire. Birds are killed and their blood runs over the temples, their heads hanging from the sides of the holy places. Water running through pipes also is used as a sacrifice. Fire and aromatic smoke

860-545: Is also called Río Grande , thanks to the great width of the river close to Santa Marta. A description of the journey over the river is given where the heavy and frequent rains made it impossible to disembark the ships ( brigantines ). According to the Epítome , the Spanish could not ascend further than Sompallón . The distance unit used, is the legua ( league ), an old and poorly defined unit of distance varying from 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) to 6 kilometres (3.7 mi). On

946-515: Is described that his [sic] Majesty created a Royal Chancillery in the year 1547 [sic] with oídores in charge of the New Kingdom. The name of the New Kingdom of Granada was given by Jiménez de Quesada based on the Kingdom of Granada "here" (in Spain), that showed similiraties in size, topography and climate. The text notes that Jiménez de Quesada received for his efforts of conquering and populating

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1032-633: Is named as pigeons and ducks, that are raised in the many lakes. The diet is supplied further with fish, described as only one species and small, "only one or two handpalms long", but of a good taste. The penal system of the Muisca is described as "moral" and of "medium reason", because the offenses are punished "very well". Epítome describes "there are more gallows than in Spain" with people hanging between two posts with arms, feet and hair attached to them. The Muisca are described as cutting hands, noses and ears for "not so serious crimes". Shaming happened to

1118-404: Is not considered pure enough to serve as sacrifice. Before going to war, the guecha warriors are described to stay one month in a temple, with people outside singing and dancing and the Muisca honouring Sué and Chía. The warriors sleep and eat little during this time. After the battles, the people perform the same ritual for various days and when the warriors are defeated, they also do this to lament

1204-760: Is sourced by Lake Fúquene in Boyacá at an altitude of 2,540 metres (8,330 ft) and forms together with the Chicamocha River the Sogamoso River in Santander at an altitude of 700 metres (2,300 ft). The river starts on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense where it forms the boundary between Cundinamarca and Boyacá and for a major part of its course downstream it is the natural boundary between Boyacá and Santander. The Suárez River

1290-1061: Is the only outlet of Lake Fúquene. In Chiquinquirá , it meets the Chiquinquirá River , and in Puente Nacional Quebrada Aguaclara. In Barbosa, the Suárez River meets the Moniquirá River and in Moniquirá the Ubasa River . West of San Gil , the Fonce River flows into the Suárez River and in Villanueva the Chicamocha River and the Suárez River form the Sogamoso River together. Other headwaters are

1376-493: Is used in the temples, too. The religious rituals are reported to be accompanied with singing. It is described the Muisca did not sacrifice humans for religious purposes, yet in two other ways. When the Panche were beaten, the boys who were presumed still being virgin were taken and sacrificed. The ritual passed with screams and the heads of the victims were hanged on the posts of their bohíos . The other way would be to sacrifice

1462-439: Is written in its totality in the years 1548 to 1549, when Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada was in Spain. Researcher Fernando Caro Molina concluded in 1967 that only minor parts were written by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. Carmen Millán de Benavides wrote an article in 2014, a book in 2001, and her PhD thesis about the document in 1997. She concludes the work is written by Alonso de Santa Cruz (1505-1567), cosmographer who worked for

1548-597: The Caribbean Sea . The 172 kilometres (107 mi) long river is one of the longest on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense and forms the natural borders of Cundinamarca and Boyacá and Boyacá and Santander in its upstream and downstream part respectively. The river formed the trajectory for the Spanish conquest of the Muisca , when the conquistadors went uphill into the Andes from the tropical lowlands of Barrancabermeja in

1634-562: The Ika word hayu . Colombian-Jewish-Ukrainian scholar Juan Friede (1901-1990) has listed inconsistencies that were analysed by Enrique Otero D'Costa in the document: Friede compared the work Gran Cuaderno by Jiménez de Quesada and concluded the descriptions were identical. Gran Cuaderno was handed over to Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés , who included the contents in his Historia general y natural de las Indias of 1535 (expanded, from his notes, in 1851). Epítome has produced

1720-817: The Lenguazaque River , Ráquira River , Ubaté River , Susa River , Simijaca River and Cucunubá . Nearby Lake Suesca has an endorheic basin , not flowing out to the Suárez River. Around Saboyá , the climate is very wet, with more than 2,400 millimetres (94 in) of rain per year, while its source, Lake Fúquene only receives 1,000 millimetres (39 in) per year. The discharge registered in Saboyá varies between 1 and 12 cubic metres per second (35 and 424 cu ft/s) with maximum values in May and minimum values in January. In Saboyá, various flora surrounding

1806-576: The Spanish conquest of the Muisca , from the start from Santa Marta in April 1536 to the leave of main conquistador Jiménez de Quesada in April 1539 from Bogotá, arriving to Spain, about "The Salt People" ( Muisca ) encountered in the conquest expedition in the heart of the Colombian Andes , their society, rules, religion , handling of the dead , warfare and neighbouring "cannibalistic" Panche . The text has been studied by various authors over

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1892-486: The afterlife of the Muisca is described as "barbaric" and "confused" in terms of the immortality of the soul. The people who have been good in life would have great pleasures and rest after their death, while those who were bad during their lifetime would have a lot of work and be punished with lashes. The guecha who died in warfare and the women dying when giving birth would have access to the same right of rest and pleasures, "although they were bad in life". In contrast to

1978-445: The caciques are located behind various circular posts, described in Epítome as "a labyrinth of Troy". The houses were surrounded by large patios and painted walls. The cuisine of the Muisca is described as mainly consisting of maize and yuca , with other food coming from farther away. Plantation of the various tubers was arranged in multiple ways. The infinite supply of salt is described in Epítome , extracted from wells on

2064-444: The "king" of Tunja . The lands crossing the Sierras del Opón consisted of valleys (on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense ), where each valley was ruled by a different person. The valleys were densely populated and around the valleys (to the west) lived indigenous people who were called Panches . They consumed human flesh, while the people from the New Kingdom of Granada (i.e. Muisca , called moxcas ) did not perform cannibalism . Also

2150-702: The Bogotá savanna [in Zipaquirá , Nemocón and other places] and made into loafs of salt. The salt was traded up until the north, the Sierras del Opón and until the Magdalena River, as earlier described. The meat of the people consisted of deer , that is described to have been in great quantities, "like livestock in Spain". Other meat were rabbits , also in large quantities, and named fucos . Epítome names those "rabbits" also existed in Santa Marta and other parts, where they were called curíes ( guinea pigs ). Poultry

2236-618: The Cabildo and other matters such as making important decisions regarding the needs of the city. He was married to Mencía de Figueroa y Godoy. The house built by Suárez Rendon, ( Casa del Fundador Gonzalo Suárez Rendón ), between August   7, 1539, the day after the foundation of Tunja, and 1570, still exists as the oldest colonial building in Tunja and the only remaining house of a colonial city founder in Latin America; it has been

2322-547: The Germans, with news about natives from very rich lands. He brought 150 men with him. During the same period, some fifteen days later, came from Peru Sebastián de Venalcázar , captain under Francisco Pizarro , and brought 100 soldiers and the same news. The three commanders laughed about their three years so close to each other. Epítome describes that Jiménez de Quesada took all of the soldiers of De Federman and half of those of De Benalcázar to refresh his troops and sent them to

2408-596: The New Kingdom of Granada. Gonzalo Suárez Rendón was awarded one of the last paintings of Raphael , known as " La Madonna de Bogota " by Emperor Charles V as a war trophy for his service after the Battle of Pavia . The painting was confiscated from the French King Francis I , who was captured during the battle. Gonzalo Suárez Rendón brought the painting to the New World. In the month of April 1536, in

2494-456: The New Kingdom the title Mariscal and 2000 ducats for him and his descendants for the reign of the New Kingdom. For the natives of the New Kingdom another 8000 ducats were provided as well as an annual fee of 400 ducats for the mayor of Bogotá . The closing paragraph of Epítome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada concludes with the description of the family of Jiménez de Quesada as son of Gonçalo Ximénez and Ysabel de Quesada, living in

2580-479: The Panche are described as fighting silently with slingshots , poisoned arrows and large heavy poles made of palm trees ( macanas ) swinging them with both hands to hit their enemies. The practice, later described from the Muisca as well, of tieing mummies on their backs is reported from the Panche. The habit is described as showing what will happen to their opponents; fighting like they fought and to instigate fear in

2666-529: The Panche, that lived closer to them than to the people from the Tunja province. Jiménez de Quesada left Bogotá and went to Coçontá ( Chocontá ), that he called Valle del Spiritusancto . From there he went to Turmequé in a valley he named Valle de la Trompeta , the first of the Tunja lands. From Turmequé he send his men to discover the emerald mines and after that leaving for another valley, of San Juan, in Muysccubun called Tenesucha and from there to

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2752-648: The Royal Audience of Santo Domingo to find a solution to the problem and in 1546 the Extremaduran captain Francisco Ruiz departing from Cumaná, on the Venezuelan coast, with 60 soldiers traced a path that, passing through El Tocuyo, reached Tunja. After two years, this solution was materialized assuming a considerable reduction in the price of cattle. Before having this livestock track, a horse

2838-431: The Sierras del Opón. The consumption of salt is described as coming from Santa Marta along the river for "70 leguas" and so far from the coast the grainy salt was expensive and only available to the highest social classes. The rest of the salt came from urine or palm trees. Higher up, the salt was different; came in loafs, much like sugar loafs. The salt of this type was less expensive and the conquistadors concluded that

2924-518: The Spanish King was crossing France to reach Flanders . On the last page of Epítome it is said that the Licenciado had differences of opinion with Alonso de Lugo , married to Beatriz de Noroña, sister of María de Mendoza, wife of the great commander De Léon. The disagreements were about the reign over the New Kingdom, because De Lugo and his son had the governance over Santa Marta . It

3010-556: The Spanish, and saw them as children of the deities Sun ( Sué ) and Moon ( Chía ). The people believed, according to Epítome , they were sent to punish the people for their sins. Hence they named the Spanish usachíes ; a combination of Usa , referring to the Sun and Chíe to the Moon as "children of the Sun and the Moon". The document narrates that the Muisca women climbed the hills surrounding

3096-400: The Suárez River have been registered, among others Inga sp. , Croton funckianus , Mircyanthes sp. , Gynerium saggitattum , tropical smoke bush ( Euphorbia cotinifolia ), castorbeans ( Ricinus communis ), Alchornea sp. , Colombian oaks ( Quercus humboldtii ), Eucalyptus globulus and Cupressus sp. , Pinus sp. and Acacia sp. The Suárez River is of importance in

3182-412: The adventure of the expeditions. Already by the sixteenth century they had the freedom to form private companies, through capitulations with the government, in exchange for privileges and official positions for the same businessmen. His was a concrete and exemplary case of those private initiatives for the colonization of America, who, with his experience and military discipline, organized at his own expense

3268-408: The capes and mantles seen with other natives ( Yndias ). On their heads they wore garlands ( guirnaldas ) of cotton , decorated with flowers. The caciques wore hats ( bonetes ) made of cotton. The wives of the caciques wore a type of kofia on their heads. The climate and daytime is described as roughly the same all year round and the architecture of the houses as made of wood. The houses of

3354-479: The city of Granada and originating from Córdoba . The Epítome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada contains a number of words transcribed or taken from Muysccubun . Examples are moscas ( muysca ), Bogotá ( Muyquyta ), Tunja (Chunsa), Sumindoco , uchíes ; combination of u- ( Sun ) and chíe ( Moon ), fucos ( fuquy ), yopo , Osca ( hosca ), and yomas ( iome ; Solanum tuberosum ). The word written as hayo probably refers to

3440-507: The city of Tunja as its nerve center. During late 1544, at the Cabo de la Vela, Hernán Pérez de Quesada was killed by lightning, as was his brother Francisco, struck down by the electric shock; while Suárez Rendón broke his leg when he was thrown by the impact of the deadly spark. When in 1561 the threat of the "tyrant" Lope de Aguirre occurred in Venezuela, Suárez Rendón left Tunja with

3526-498: The city of Vélez and making contact with the Muisca people. Of the 800 expeditionaries who had left Santa Marta, only 180 managed to reach the Cordillera region alive, where the city of Santafé de Bogotá was founded on August 6, 1538. After Santfé de Bogotá, in 1539, Gonzalo Suárez Rendón founded the city of Tunja. As was mandatory, the layout was organized, the land to be occupied by the church and other administrative dependencies

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3612-776: The conquest and at the founding of Tunja, are found in the General Archive of Indie in Seville, Patronato Real, where his participation in the wars in Italy, Hungary, Germany and France and his promotions that qualified him as Captain are specified. He was present in the Christian armies during the fights against the Turks under the orders of Suleyman the Magnificent . After the wars abroad, Suárez returned to Spain, soon to join

3698-494: The conquistadors with emeralds . Jiménez de Quesada asked the people where they were coming from and the natives pointed him to the Valle de los Alcázares ( Bogotá savanna ), upon which the troops headed that way. They encountered a "king" they called Bogothá who gave the conquistadors many golden objects to expel the Spanish from his lands and the indigenous people told the Spanish the emeralds were coming from lands belonging to

3784-665: The couple had four children: two sons and two daughters. His paternal grandfather was Gonzalo Suárez Rendón, his great-grandfather Antonio Sánchez Rendón and his third grandparents along the same line García Rendón and Catalina de Suárez. Ancestry of men who served the King and the Catholic faith in the war against the Moors, according to his proof of ancestry issued in 1571. His merits of military career in Europe, as well as those executed during

3870-531: The course of the 20th and 21st centuries, mainly by Juan Friede and modern scholars and various theories about authorship and temporal setting have been proposed. The document is held by the National Historical Archive in Madrid , Spain. The document is written in old Spanish in the present tense and first person with descriptions of Jiménez de Quesada, written as Ximénez de Quesada, in

3956-418: The difference in climate is reported; the Panche lived in warm climates while the Muisca lived in cold or temperate climates. Epítome describes the extent of the New Kingdom as "130 leguas, more or less, long" and "30 leguas, in some parts 20 wide". The Kingdom is divided into two provinces; that of Tunja and of Bogotá (modern names are used). The document describes that the rulers have surnames referring to

4042-614: The document is written entirely by someone else. Su%C3%A1rez River The Suárez River , originally Saravita , is a river in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes . The river originates in Lake Fúquene on the border of Cundinamarca and Boyacá and its mouth is the confluence with the Chicamocha River , forming the Sogamoso River in Santander . It is part of the Magdalena Basin flowing towards

4128-411: The enemy. Of the Panche is described that when they won their battles, they celebrated their victory with festivities, took the children of their enemies to sacrifice them, captured the women and killed the men by poking out the eyes of the combat leaders. The combat of the Panche is described as fiercer as of the Muisca and the combatants walked naked. They had tubes made of animal skins where they held

4214-531: The first years, the development of Tunja was numbed, because before 1546, the cattle of European origin that entered the Bogotá plain and the entire Andean zone, had to be raised from Santa Marta following the Magdalena riverbed to Barrancabermeja and then go up the Opon riverbed. This maneuver astonishingly increased the final price of cattle. Suárez Rendón and the first members of the council (cabildo) managed to get

4300-492: The forces that had gathered to fight Aguirre, who was entrenched in the Venezuelan city of Barquisimeto. Those from Tunja did not really intervene, because when they arrived they had already murdered the tyrant. Suárez Rendón had one of the most luxurious houses of the Neogranadine period built in Tunja; housing that in addition to housing the family, on several occasions was used as an institutional unit to hold meetings of

4386-409: The governor of Santa Marta, Pedro de Lugo. The troops went under command of Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. The third page describes that the troops spent more than a year and more than 100 leguas on their journey. They reached La Tora [present-day Barrancabermeja ], farther than any soldier had gone before, after 150 leguas . The expedition took so long because of the waters and the narrow passages of

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4472-462: The grainy salt went up the river, while the better salt came from higher altitudes down the river. The indigenous people who carried the salt, told the conquistadors that it was coming from a land of richness. This led the Spanish uphill, on the Camino de la Sal ("The Salt Route") to search for its source. At this point, the Sierras del Opón were crossed and the brigantines returned to the coast, leaving

4558-421: The higher social classes, where hair and pieces of the clothing were cut. The respect for the caciques is told to have been "enormous", as the people didn't look them in the face and when a cacique enters, the people turned and inclined showing him their backs. When the "Bogothá" ( zipa ) spit, the people caught his saliva in cotton bowls, to prevent it from hitting the ground. When the people were marrying,

4644-524: The history of Colombia, as it formed the fluvial artery that the conquistadors followed after they left the tropical lowlands of La Tora , present-day Barrancabermeja, uphill towards the Muisca Confederation . The Spanish conquerors followed the course of the Suárez river on the left bank until reaching Lake Fúquene. When Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada and his greatly reduced troops arrived at

4730-436: The indigenous people ( bárbaros ) against the conquistadors during all of 1537 and part of 1538, until they finally bowed to the reign of his Majesty, the King of Spain. The description of the Panche is different in Epítome than the Muisca; the Panche are described as a much more war-like people, their rugged terrain worse for the cavalry and the style of warfare different. While the Muisca "fought" using screams and shouting,

4816-535: The indigenous people who did not willingly accept coexistence with the Spaniards. The Suárez River , which the conquistadors followed to reach the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in early 1537, was named after Suárez Rendón when his horse drowned in it. Together with Hernán Pérez de Quesada and Gonzalo García Zorro , Suárez Rendón was one of the torturers of the last psihipqua , Sagipa . In

4902-421: The kings Carlos II and Felipe II . She describes the Epítome as a fragmentary text, not a narrative. The abbreviations used in the text, led her to conclude it was a scribble text, not meant for direct publication. Manuel Lucena Salmoral wrote in an article in 1962 that the document was written by an unknown writer, none of the authors suggested by other researchers. Also Javier Vergara y Velasco maintains

4988-591: The lances and bow and arrows to shoot. The Panche warriors are described as eating the flesh of their enemies at the battlefield or later at home with their wives and children. The process of treaties is described as performed not by the men, but by the women, as "they cannot be refused". The people, and especially the women, from the New Kingdom are described as highly religious and beautiful in faces and body shapes; less brown than "the other indigenous that we have seen". The women wore white, black and colourful dresses that covered their bodies from breast to feet instead of

5074-432: The losses. During these rituals, the people are described to burn certain herbs, called Jop ( yopo ) and Osca ( hosca ; tobacco ) in Epítome , inhaling the smoke and putting those herbs on the joints of their bodies. When certain joints are moving it would be a sign of luck in warfare and when others move, it means bad luck. The sacred sites of the Muisca consist of forests and lakes, according to Epítome , where

5160-412: The main members of society are not buried, yet their intestines taken out, wrapped in cloths, and adorned with gold and emeralds placed on slightly elevated beds in special dedicated bohíos and left there forever. The other way of treating the deceased Muisca is in Bogotá, where they are buried or thrown into the deepest lakes after putting them in coffins filled with gold and emeralds. The ideas about

5246-421: The majority of the soldiers with De Quesada because many of his troops had died already during the expedition. The route over the Sierras del Opón is described as rugged and little populated by natives, a journey of various days and 50 leguas long. In the sparse settlements, the conquistadors found great quantities of the high quality salts and after a while they had crossed the difficult mountainous area, reaching

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5332-407: The men are reported to not organise festivities, but simply take the women home. Polygamy is noted; "the men could marry as many women as they wanted, given that they could maintain them"; so some had ten wives and others twenty. Of the "Bogothá" is stated that "he had more than 400 wives". Marrying first degree relatives was forbidden and in some parts second degree marriages too. Heritage of rule

5418-478: The mines of Tunja, where the emeralds were more numerous than in Peru. Epítome describes the process of extracting the emeralds with wooden sticks from the veins in the rocks. From the emerald mines of Tunja, he returned to Bogotá. Epítome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada continues with a description of how the indigenous people received and saw the conquistadors. The people experienced great fears seeing

5504-420: The north. The difference in altitude along the river course, from 2,538 metres (8,327 ft) at the source to 700 metres (2,300 ft) at its mouth, in its 98,230 square kilometres (37,930 sq mi) large basin causes climatic variations, especially with respect to precipitation. The frequent floodings of the river have given the Suárez River its name; conquistador Gonzalo Suárez Rendón tried to cross

5590-547: The people all have personal idols, called in Epítome Lares ( tunjos ). They are described as small figures made of fine gold with emeralds in their bellies. It is described the people wore those on their arms and when going to battle, having them in one hand and the weapons in the other, "especially in the province of Tunja where the people are more religious." The dead, as reported in Epítome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada , are buried in two ways; in Tunja

5676-402: The people bury gold and emeralds and throw those precious resources in the lakes. The people do not cut the trees of the sacred woods but bury their dead there. The Sun and Moon are considered husband and wife and are celebrated as the creators of things. Apart from that, the people have various other gods, "much like our [Spanish] saints", honoured in temples throughout the area. On top of that,

5762-433: The people eat ants and make bread of the insects. The ants ( hormiga culona , still a delicacy in Santander ) are described as available in great quantities, some small, but mostly large. The people of the region kept them as livestock enclosed by large leaves. The period of conquest of the New Kingdom of Granada is reported in Epítome to have taken most of 1538. This period resulted in the creation of three main cities;

5848-438: The people lost themselves in music, singing and dances , one of their greatest pleasures. The author calls the people "lying very much, they never tell the truth". The goldworking and weaving by the Muisca is described as "the first not as well as the people from New Spain and the second not as well as the people from Peru ". The religion of the Muisca is reported as very important and they constructed in each settlement

5934-422: The province of Bogotá in the city of " Santa Fee ", the province of Tunja in the city with the same name and the later founded city of Vélez , where the conquistadors entered afterwards. The conquest is said to have been completed in the year 1539, when Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada ("El Licenciado") returned to Spain to report to the King and claim his rewards. Epítome describes that Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada left

6020-474: The reign of the New Kingdom in the hands of his brother, Hernán Pérez de Quesada , and traveled along the Magdalena River ( Río Grande ) using brigs to not have to cross the strenuous Sierras del Opón again, the way he reached Bogotá. It is described that "one month before this leave" from Venezuela came Nicolás Fedreman [sic], captain under Jorge Espira , governor of the province of Venezuela for

6106-744: The river in one of his conquest expeditions, but the sudden flooding made his horse drown in the Suárez River. The Suárez River is named after conquistador Gonzalo Suárez Rendón , after his horse drowned in the river when it experienced sudden flooding. The original name in Chibcha , given by the Guane was Saravita , meaning "departs from here". The Suárez River is 172 kilometres (107 mi) long and its drainage basin extends over 98,230 square kilometres (37,930 sq mi), of which 34,825.6 square kilometres (13,446.2 sq mi) in Santander. It

6192-469: The role they will fulfill in society. They are incarcerated for seven years in small spaces without a view of the Sun and given delicacies at certain times. Only the people caring for the children are allowed access to the space and they torture them. After their imprisonment, the children are allowed to wear golden jewels ; nosepieces and earrings. The people are also described as wearing breast plates, golden mitres ( mitras ) and bracelets. Epítome reports

6278-472: The search for riches that were thought to be treasured by the primitive settlers. The expedition followed the ascending course of the Magdalena River reaching Barrancabermeja , where they took the path of salt and other products that were traded by the various tribes of the highlands. Following the course of the Opón River, they ascended towards the eastern mountain range, arriving at the current location of

6364-481: The second page, the rich golden burial sites of the Zenú are described, as well as the routes inland from later Venezuela , that was conquered by German conquistadors. The next paragraph narrates about the start of the main expedition inland from Santa Marta, leaving the city in the month of April 1536. It is said Gonzalo Ximénez de Quesada left with 600 men, divided into 8 groups of infantry , 10 groups of cavalry and

6450-459: The settlements of the New Kingdom to populate the area. The other half of De Benalcázar's men he sent (back) to the province between the New Kingdom and Quito , called Popayán , of which De Benalcázar was governor. Federmann and some of his men accompanied De Quesada in his journey along the Magdalena River to the coast and back to Spain. Epítome reports they arrived there in November 1539, when

6536-403: The spiritual life of the Muisca, the Panche are described as immoral, as they only care about their crimes and vices. Epítome narrates they do not care about gold or other precious things of life, yet only about war, pleasure and eating human flesh, the only reason to invade the New Kingdom. In other parts of the Panche territories, "close to Tunja across two fast flowing rivers", it is noted that

6622-414: The surrounding area. From La Tora , Jiménez de Quesada sent the ships further upriver, for another 20 leguas , until it became impossible to continue. The indigenous ( yndios ) here didn't live on the river banks, but on small islands. Because of the impossible trajectory along the river, Jiménez de Quesada agreed to ascend over land "on his left hand", climbing a mountain range that later became known as

6708-425: The terrain and are "very powerful" and have caciques who are subject to their reign. The population is described as approximately "70,000 in the Bogotá area, that is larger" and about "40,000 in the smaller and less powerful Tunja province". The relation between Tunja and Bogotá is described as filled with many and ancient wars . According to the Epítome , the people from the Bogotá area had long-standing wars with

6794-474: The third person. The margins of the main texts are notes with sometimes difficult to discern text, vagued in time. Epítome starts with a description of the Caribbean coastal area where the expedition Spanish conquest of the Muisca started. The author speaks of the Magdalena River , dividing the Spanish provinces of Cartagena to the west and Santa Marta to the east. In the document, the Magdalena River

6880-692: The valley of Somondoco where he spoke to the cacique Sumindoco , who governed the mines or quarries of emeralds and was subject to the gran cacique of Tunja. Many emeralds were extracted. He decided to continue to search for the cacique of Tunja, who was at war with the Christians. The document describes the lands of Tunja as richer than those of Bogotá, although those were already rich, but gold and precious emeralds are more abundant in Tunja. In total 1800 emeralds, large and small were found and De Quesada had never seen so many and precious ones in his life. The rich resources of Peru are described in relation to

6966-405: The valleys and threw their infants to the Spanish, some from their breasts, to stop the fury of the gods. It is described that the people very much feared the horses, and only bit by bit got used to them. Epítome says that the people started to attack the Spanish, but were easily beaten because they feared the horses so much and fled. The text describes this as the common practice in the battles of

7052-431: The women live separately from the men; all the women together in one bohío and every man in his own. It is reported that in other parts of the New Kingdom of Granada, the division of time is different; the described ten day periods are longer and two months of the year are reserved for fasting ( quaresma ). To prepare for the cacicazgo , the young boys and girls are held solitary in houses for some years, depending on

7138-459: The young boys by priests [ chyquy ] near the temples. Epítome reports the young boys called moxas , taken from a place called Casa del Sol at thirty leguas from the New Kingdom. They are carried on the shoulders and stay seven to eight years in the temples to be sacrificed afterwards. The process is described as cutting their heads off and letting the blood flow over the sacred sites. The boys have to be virgins, as if they are not, their blood

7224-399: Was marked out, and lots were distributed among the conquerors who took part in the foundation. The first priest that Tunja had was Fray Vicente de Requejada. For 4 years, Suárez Rendón was the chief justice of the newly founded city, and as the person in charge of its development, he dedicated himself to equipping it with the most essential things, making it prosper and maintaining order among

7310-434: Was not the sons of the former cacique , but the siblings and if they didn't have or lived, the sons of the brother or sister of the deceased cacique . The conscience of time is specified as years and months well divided, with during the first ten days of the months a habit of eating coca ( hayo ). The next ten days are for working the farmfields and houses . The last ten days are described as time when people rest and

7396-411: Was worth 500 pesos in Tunja, a cow 100 and a sheep 20. When the track was opened, in Tunja a horse was worth 40 pesos, a cow was worth 4 pesos and a sheep was worth half a peso. This successful solution turned Tunja into a collection center, not only consignments of cattle arrived, but also countless merchandise of all kinds. Since then there would be the door of progress to the entire Andean region, with

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