John Edward Williams (August 29, 1922 – March 3, 1994) was an American author, editor and professor. He was best known for his novels Butcher's Crossing (1960), Stoner (1965), and Augustus (1972), which won a U.S. National Book Award .
79-642: Gabe Polsky (born May 3, 1979) is an American film director, writer, and producer. Gabe Polsky was born on May 3, 1979, to Ukrainian immigrants in Illinois , and he was primarily raised in the Chicago area. He attended the Hotchkiss School . After graduating, he attended Yale University , where he played NCAA hockey. He competed on Team USA in hockey at the 1997 Maccabiah Games in Israel , winning
158-484: A Russified though multiethnic Soviet people was officially promoted, according to which the non-Russian nations were relegated to second-class status . Despite this, many Ukrainians played prominent roles in the Soviet Union, including such public figures as Semen Tymoshenko . The creation of a sovereign and independent Ukraine in 1991, however, pointed to the failure of the policy of the "merging of nations" and to
237-635: A bleak sense of disappointment, even futility." Dickstein called Stoner "something rarer than a great novel—it is a perfect novel, so well told and beautifully written, so deeply moving, it takes your breath away." In 2018, a biography of Williams written by Charles J. Shields titled The Man Who Wrote the Perfect Novel: John Williams, Stoner, and the Writing Life was published by the University of Texas Press . In
316-589: A collection of poetry. Upon completing his MA, Williams enrolled at the University of Missouri , where he taught and worked on his Ph.D. in English literature , which he obtained in 1954. In the fall of 1955, Williams returned to the University of Denver as an assistant professor, becoming director of the creative writing program. His second novel, Butcher's Crossing ( Macmillan , 1960) depicts frontier life in 1870s Kansas . In 1963, Williams edited and wrote
395-715: A descendent of Old East Slavic. In Western and Central Europe it was known by the exonym "Ruthenian". In the 16th and 17th centuries, with the establishment of the Zaporozhian Sich , names of Ukraine and Ukrainian began to be used in Sloboda Ukraine. After the decline of the Zaporozhian Sich and the establishment of Imperial Russian hegemony in Left Bank Ukraine, Ukrainians became more widely known by Russians as " Little Russians ", with
474-467: A distinct lack of a Ukrainian state, as its territories were on a number of occasions, annexed by its more powerful neighbours. The watershed period in the development of modern Ukrainian national consciousness was the struggle for independence during the creation of the Ukrainian People's Republic from 1917 to 1921. A concerted effort to reverse the growth of Ukrainian national consciousness
553-517: A further 1.9% are Protestants and 0.4% are Latin Catholics . As of 2016, 16.3% of the population does not claim a religious affiliation, and 1.7% adheres to other religions. According to the same survey, 70% of the population of Ukraine declared to be believers, but do not belong to any church. 8.8% do not identify themselves with any of the denominations, and another 5.6% identified themselves as non-believers. Ukrainian cuisine has been formed by
632-729: A local junior college for a year but dropped out after failing freshman English, and then worked in media before joining the war effort in early 1942 by enlisting in the United States Army Air Force . He spent two and a half years as a sergeant in India, China, and Burma . During his enlistment in Calcutta , he wrote pages of a novel, which later became Nothing But the Night , published in 1948 by Swallow Press and later reissued by New York Review Books Classics . At
711-517: A number of princes in medieval Kiev, as well as for some of the Byzantine emperors , while others occupied key administrative positions in Kievan Rus' society, and eventually became slavicized. Besides other cultural traces, several Ukrainian names show traces of Norse origins as a result of influences from that period. Differentiation between separate East Slavic groups began to emerge in
790-634: A number of principalities. The quarreling between the princes left Kievan Rus' vulnerable to foreign attacks, and the invasion of the Mongols in 1236. and 1240. finally destroyed the state. Another important state in the history of the Ukrainians is the Kingdom of Ruthenia (1199–1349). The third important state for Ukrainians is the Cossack Hetmanate . The Cossacks of Zaporizhzhia since
869-409: A silver medal. In 2009, Polsky produced Bad Lieutenant: Port of Call New Orleans with Stephen Belafonte, Alan Polsky, Edward R. Pressman , Randall Emmett , and John Thompson. In 2011, Polsky produced Little Birds , an indie/drama film loosely based on Anaïs Nin 's Little Birds (short story collection) published in 1979. Later that year, he produced His Way , a documentary that looked into
SECTION 10
#1732793737682948-668: A similar percentage of Haplogroup R1a-Z280 (43%) in their population—compare Belarusians , Russians , and Lithuanians and (55%, 46%, and 42% respectively). Populations in Eastern Europe which have never been Slavic do as well. Ukrainians in Chernivtsi Oblast (near the Romanian border) have a higher percentage of I2a as opposed to R1a, which is typical of the Balkan region, but a smaller percentage than Russians of
1027-544: A single cluster positioned between the Northern on one side, and Western European populations on the other. [4] There was a significant overlap with Central European populations as well as with people from the Balkans . In addition to the close geographic distance between these populations, this may also reflect the insufficient representation of samples from the surrounding populations. The Ukrainian gene-pool includes
1106-559: A study identified more than 13 million genetic variants, representing about a quarter of the total genetic diversity discovered in Europe. Among these nearly 500,000 are previously undocumented and likely to be unique for this population. Medically relevant mutations whose prevalence in the Ukrainian genomes differed significantly compared to other European genome sequences, particularly from Western Europe and Russia. Ukrainian genomes form
1185-539: A very close lexical distance between the two. Historically, state-inforced Russification saw the Ukrainian language banned as a subject from schools and as a language of instruction in the Russian Empire . The oppression continued in various ways while Ukraine was a part of the Soviet Union . However, the language continued to be used throughout the country, especially in the western part . Ukraine
1264-457: A wide-ranging interview with The Paris Review in 2019, Williams's widow, Nancy Gardner, discussed his war service, working methods and alcoholism. Stoner has been translated into many languages, including Arabic, Croatian, Dutch, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Korean, Portuguese, Serbian and Spanish. The acclaimed novelist Anna Gavalda translated Williams's novel into French, which has contributed to its enthusiastic reception by
1343-602: Is Ukrainian , and the majority adhere to the Eastern Orthodox Church . By total population, the Ukrainians form the second-largest Slavic ethnic group after the Russians . Historically, under rule from various realms, the Ukrainians have been given various names by their rulers. Some of the states that have governed over the Ukrainian people include the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth ,
1422-790: Is often called the " Breadbasket of Europe ", and its plentiful grain and cereal resources such as rye and wheat play an important part in its cuisine; essential in making various kinds of bread. Chernozem , the country's black-colored highly fertile soil, produces some of the world's most flavorful crops. Popular traditional dishes varenyky ( dumpling ), nalysnyky ( crêpe ), kapusnyak (cabbage soup ), nudli (dumpling stew ), borscht ( sour soup ) and holubtsi ( cabbage roll ). Among traditional baked goods are decorated korovai and paska ( easter bread ). Ukrainian specialties also include Chicken Kiev and Kyiv cake . Popular drinks include uzvar ( kompot ), ryazhanka , and horilka . Liquor (spirits) are
1501-621: The Kievan Chronicle under the year 1187. The terms Ukrainiany (first recorded in the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle under the year 1268 ), Ukrainnyky , and even narod ukrainskyi (the Ukrainian people) were used sporadically before Ukraintsi attained currency under the influence of the writings of Ukrainian activists in Russian-ruled Ukraine in the 19th century. From the 14th to the 16th centuries
1580-644: The Audience Award . In 2014, Polsky wrote, directed, and produced Red Army , a documentary film which tells the story of the rise and fall of the Soviet Union through an ice hockey team . Red Army was executive produced by Jerry Weintraub and Werner Herzog and premiered at the Cannes Film Festival . Red Army was the only documentary included in the official selections at the 2014 Cannes , Telluride , Toronto , New York , and AFI , film festivals. Red Army won audience awards at
1659-542: The Habsburg monarchy , the Austrian Empire , and then Austria-Hungary . The East Slavic population inhabiting the territories of modern-day Ukraine were known as Ruthenians , referring to the territory of Ruthenia ; the Ukrainians living under the Russian Empire were known as Little Russians, named after the territory of Little Russia . The ethnonym Ukrainian (a term associated with the Cossack Hetmanate )
SECTION 20
#17327937376821738-844: The Holodomor . The Soviet regime remained silent about the Holodomor and provided no aid to the victims or the survivors. But news and information about what was going on reached the West and evoked public responses in Polish-ruled Western Ukraine and in the Ukrainian diaspora . Since the 1990s the independent Ukrainian state, particularly under President Viktor Yushchenko , the Ukrainian mass media and academic institutions, many foreign governments, most Ukrainian scholars, and many foreign scholars have viewed and written about
1817-899: The Kuban , for example, have vacillated among three identities: Ukrainian, Russian (an identity supported by the Soviet regime ), and " Cossack ". Approximately 800,000 people of Ukrainian ancestry live in the Russian Far East in an area known historically as " Green Ukraine ". In a 2011 national poll of Ukraine, 49% of Ukrainians said they had relatives living in Russia. According to some previous assumptions, an estimated number of almost 2.4 million people of Ukrainian origin live in North America (1,359,655 in Canada and 1,028,492 in
1896-785: The Russian Empire . The newly established Ukrainian government, the Central Rada , headed by Mykhailo Hrushevsky , issued four universals, the Fourth of which, dated 22 January 1918, declared the independence and sovereignty of the Ukrainian National Republic (UNR) on 25 January 1918. The session of the Central Rada on 29 April 1918 ratified the Constitution of the UNR and elected Hrushevsky president. During
1975-685: The Seventh-day Adventist Church , Jehovah's Witnesses . A 2020 survey conducted by the Razumkov Centre found that majority of Ukrainian populations was adhering to Christianity (81.9%). Of these Christians, 75.4% are Eastern Orthodox (34% of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine and 13.8% of the Moscow Patriarchate, and 27.6% are simply Orthodox), 8.2% are Greek Catholics, 7.1% are simply Christians,
2054-605: The Slavic migrations of the 6th and 7th centuries CE. The state of Kievan Rus united the East Slavs during the 9th to 13th centuries. East Slavic tribes cited as "proto-Ukrainian" include the Volhynians , Derevlianians , Polianians , and Siverianians and the less significant Ulychians , Tivertsians , and White Croats . The Gothic historian Jordanes and 6th-century Byzantine authors named two groups that lived in
2133-669: The Soviet era (1917–1991), official historiography emphasized "the cultural unity of 'proto-Ukrainians' and 'proto-Russians' in the fifth and sixth centuries". A poll conducted in April 2022 by " Rating " found that the vast majority (91%) of Ukrainians (excluding the Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine ) do not support the thesis that "Russians and Ukrainians are one people ". Ukrainians, like most Europeans, largely descend from three distinct lineages: Mesolithic hunter-gatherers , descended from populations associated with
2212-483: The United States , Brazil , Kazakhstan , Italy and Argentina . According to some sources, around 20 million people outside Ukraine identify as having Ukrainian ethnicity, however the official data of the respective countries calculated together does not show more than 10 million. Ukrainians have one of the largest diasporas in the world. The East Slavs emerged from the undifferentiated early Slavs in
2291-564: The second largest ethno-linguistic group among Eastern Orthodox in the world. Ukrainians have their own autocephalous Orthodox Church of Ukraine headed by Metropolitan Epiphanius , where it is the most common church and in the small areas of Ukraine the Ukrainian Orthodox Church who were under the jurisdiction of the Moscow Patriarchate is the smaller common. The Russian invasion of Ukraine impacted
2370-591: The 1920s, under the Ukrainisation policy pursued by the national Communist leadership of Mykola Skrypnyk , Soviet leadership encouraged a national renaissance in the Ukrainian culture and language. Ukrainisation was part of the Soviet-wide policy of Korenisation (literally indigenisation). During 1932–1933, millions of Ukrainians were starved to death by the Soviet regime which led to a famine , known as
2449-717: The 2014 AFI, Chicago , and Middleburg film festivals. It was released in theaters by Sony Pictures Classics on January 22, 2015. In 2017, Polsky was an executive producer on the Genius series on National Geographic . He and his brother Alan acquired the rights to the Einstein estate and the book Einstein: His Life and Universe by Walter Isaacson . The series was nominated for eleven Primetime Emmy Awards . In 2018, Polsky wrote, directed, and produced In Search of Greatness . The film consists of interviews with sports icons Wayne Gretzky , Pelé , and Jerry Rice . In April 2018,
Gabe Polsky - Misplaced Pages Continue
2528-437: The Holodomor as genocide and issued official declarations and publications to that effect. Modern scholarly estimates of the direct loss of human life due to the famine range between 2.6 million (3–3.5 million) and 12 million although much higher numbers are usually published in the media and cited in political debates. As of March 2008, the parliament of Ukraine and the governments of several countries, including
2607-749: The Kievan Rus', became influenced by the Byzantine Empire ; the first known conversion was by the Princess Saint Olga who came to Constantinople in 945 or 957. Several years later, her grandson, Prince Vladimir baptised his people in the Dnieper River . This began a long history of the dominance of the Eastern Orthodoxy in Ruthenia (Ukraine). Ukrainians are majority Eastern Orthodox Christians, and they form
2686-666: The N1c1 lineage found among Finno-Ugric, Baltic, and Siberian populations, and also less R1b than West Slavs . In terms of haplogroup distribution, the genetic pattern of Ukrainians most closely resembles that of Belarusians. The presence of the N1c lineage is explained by a contribution of the assimilated Finno-Ugric tribes. Within Ukraine and adjacent areas, there are several other distinct ethnic sub-groups, especially in western Ukraine: places like Zakarpattia and Halychyna . Among them
2765-664: The Paleolithic Epigravettian culture; Neolithic Early European Farmers who migrated from Anatolia during the Neolithic Revolution 9,000 years ago; and Yamnaya Steppe pastoralists who expanded into Europe from the Pontic–Caspian steppe of Ukraine and southern Russia in the context of Indo-European migrations 5,000 years ago. In a survey of 97 genomes for diversity in full genome sequences among self-identified Ukrainians from Ukraine,
2844-574: The UK, Israel, Slovakia, Kyrgyzstan, Austria, Uruguay and the former Yugoslavia . Generally, the Ukrainian diaspora is present in more than one hundred and twenty countries of the world. The number of Ukrainians in Poland amounted to some 51,000 people in 2011 (according to the Polish Census ). Since 2014, the country has experienced a large increase in immigration from Ukraine. More recent data put
2923-448: The Ukrainian diaspora and Ukrainian academics of "ignoring, glossing over, or outright denying" his role in this and other war crimes. The Ukrainian state has occupied a number of territories since its initial foundation. Most of these territories have been located within Eastern Europe, however, as depicted in the maps in the gallery below, has also at times extended well into Eurasia and South-Eastern Europe. At times there has also been
3002-784: The United States have recognized the Holodomor as an act of genocide . Following the Invasion of Poland in September 1939, German and Soviet troops divided the territory of Poland. Thus, Eastern Galicia and Volhynia with their Ukrainian population became part of Soviet Ukraine. When the German armies invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, those regions temporarily became part of the Nazi-controlled Reichskommissariat Ukraine . In total,
3081-589: The United States). Large numbers of Ukrainians live in Brazil (600,000), Kazakhstan (338,022), Moldova (325,235), Argentina (305,000), (Germany) (272,000), Italy (234,354), Belarus (225,734), Uzbekistan (124,602), the Czech Republic (110,245), Spain (90,530–100,000) and Romania (51,703–200,000). There are also large Ukrainian communities in such countries as Latvia, Portugal, France, Australia, Paraguay,
3160-539: The Western European model (presented by political philosopher Vyacheslav Lypynsky ) were unsuccessful until the 1990s. Territorial loyalty has also been manifested by the historical national minorities living in Ukraine. The official declaration of Ukrainian sovereignty of 16 July 1990 stated that "citizens of the Republic of all nationalities constitute the people of Ukraine." Due to Ukraine's geographical location, its culture primarily exhibits Eastern European influence as well as Central European to an extent (primarily in
3239-420: The Zaporozhian Sich, with the Hetmanate and with their struggle against Poles, Russians, Turks and Crimean Tatars) and to themselves and their language as Ruthenians / Ruthenian . With the publication of Ivan Kotliarevsky 's Eneyida (Aeneid) in 1798, which established the modern Ukrainian language , and with the subsequent Romantic revival of national traditions and culture, the ethnonym Ukrainians and
Gabe Polsky - Misplaced Pages Continue
3318-425: The command of Roman Shukhevych, UPA began the ethnic cleansing. Shukhevych was one of the perpetrators of the Galicia-Volhynia massacres of tens of thousands of Polish civilians. It is unclear to what extent Shuchevych was responsible for the massacres of Poles in Volhynia, but he certainly condoned them after some time, and also directed the massacres of Poles in Eastern Galicia. Historian Per Anders Rudling has accused
3397-413: The end of the war, Williams moved to Denver, Colorado , and enrolled in the University of Denver , receiving Bachelor of Arts (1949) and Master of Arts (1950) degrees. During his time at the University of Denver, his first two books were published, Nothing But the Night (1948), a novel depicting the terror and waywardness resulting from an early traumatic experience, and The Broken Landscape (1949),
3476-422: The enduring strength of the Ukrainian national consciousness. Today, one of the consequences of these acts is Ukrainophobia . Biculturalism is especially present in southeastern Ukraine where there is a significant Russian minority. Historical colonization of Ukraine is one reason that creates confusion about national identity to this day. Many citizens of Ukraine have adopted the Ukrainian national identity in
3555-501: The film was nominated for a Writers Guild of America Award. Polsky wrote, directed, and produced the documentary Red Penguins , which premiered at the 2019 Toronto International Film Festival . The film was released by Universal Pictures in August 2020. Red Penguins tells the true story in Moscow shortly after the collapse of the Soviet Union . In 2020, Gabe Polsky also directed season 24, episode 21 of Storyville called Red Penguins: Murder, Money and Ice Hockey. In 2021, it
3634-439: The first time that the award was split. Williams retired from the University of Denver in 1985 and died of respiratory failure in 1994 at home in Fayetteville, Arkansas . He was survived by his wife and descendants. A fifth novel, The Sleep of Reason , was unfinished at the time of his death, but two lengthy excerpts were published in Ploughshares and the Denver Quarterly in 1981 and 1986, respectively. Williams loved
3713-404: The following Y- haplogroups , in order from the most prevalent: Roughly all R1a Ukrainians carry R1a -Z282; R1a-Z282 has been found significantly only in Eastern Europe. Chernivtsi Oblast is the only region in Ukraine where Haplogroup I2a occurs more frequently than R1a, much less frequent even in Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast . In comparison to their northern and eastern neighbors, Ukrainians have
3792-444: The homeland as in " nash rodnoi kraj " (our homeland), and the other "edge, border", and originally had the sense of "periphery", "borderland" or "frontier region". According to another theory, the term ukraina should be distinguished from the term okraina : whereas the latter term means "borderland", the former one has the meaning of "cut-off piece of land", thus acquiring the connotation of "our land", "land allotted to us". In
3871-475: The introduction for the anthology English Renaissance Poetry: A Collection of Shorter Poems from Skelton to Jonson ( Doubleday ). The publication elicited a backlash from poet and literary critic Yvor Winters who claimed that Williams's anthology overlapped with his canon and the introduction imitated his arguments. The publishers agreed to include an acknowledgement to Winters in the publication. Williams's second collection of poems, The Necessary Lie (1965),
3950-537: The last three centuries the population of Ukraine experienced periods of Polonization and Russification , but preserved a common culture and a sense of common identity. Most ethnic Ukrainians live in Ukraine, where they make up over three-quarters of the population. The largest population of Ukrainians outside of Ukraine lives in Russia where about 1.9 million Russian citizens identify as Ukrainian, while millions of others (primarily in southern Russia and Siberia ) have some Ukrainian ancestry. The inhabitants of
4029-412: The late 15th century controlled the lower bends of the river Dnieper, between Russia, Poland and the Tatars of Crimea , with the fortified capital, Zaporozhian Sich . Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky is one of the most celebrated and at the same time most controversial political figures in Ukraine's early-modern history. A brilliant military leader, his greatest achievement in the process of national revolution
SECTION 50
#17327937376824108-417: The later medieval period, and an East Slavic dialect continuum developed within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , with the Ruthenian language emerging as a written standard. The active development of a concept of a Ukrainian nation and the Ukrainian language began with the Ukrainian National Revival in the early 19th century in times when Ruthenians (Русини) changed their name due to the region name. In
4187-431: The latter part of the 19th century, in Transcarpathia until the 1930s, and in the Prešov Region until the late 1940s. The modern name Ukraintsi (Ukrainians) derives from Ukraina (Ukraine), a name first documented in 1187. Several scientific theories attempt to explain the etymology of the term. According to the traditional theory, it derives from the Proto-Slavic root *kraj-, which has two meanings, one meaning
4266-407: The life of Jerry Weintraub that was released on HBO . Polsky and Alan Polsky (his brother), co-directed and produced The Motel Life (2012), that starred Emile Hirsch , Dakota Fanning , and Stephen Dorff . The film was released in November 2012 and was based on the novel of the same name by Willy Vlautin . The film won three awards at its world premiere at the Rome Film Festival , including
4345-405: The majority of Ukrainian élites espousing Little Russian identity and adopting the Russian language (as Ukrainian was outlawed in almost all contexts). This exonym (regarded now as a humiliating imperialist imposition) did not spread widely among the peasantry which constituted the majority of the population. Ukrainian peasants still referred to their country as "Ukraine" (a name associated with
4424-420: The medieval state of Kievan Rus' , which first split into Ruthenian and Russian . The Ruthenian languages then evolved into modern-day Ukrainian, Belarusian and Rusyn . In modern-day Ukraine, most of its population are also fluent in Russian and many use it as their native tongue. Comparisons are often made between Ukrainian and Russian. Yet, there is more mutual intelligibility with Belarusian, and
4503-408: The most consumed type of alcoholic beverage . Alcohol consumption has seen a stark decrease, though by per capita, it remains among the highest the world . Ukrainian music incorporates a diversity of external cultural influences. It also has a very strong indigenous Slavic and Christian uniqueness whose elements were used among many neighboring nations. John Edward Williams Williams
4582-413: The most known are Hutsuls , Volhynians , Boykos and Lemkos (otherwise known as Carpatho-Rusyns – a derivative of Carpathian Ruthenians ), each with particular areas of settlement, dialect, dress, and folk traditions. Ukraine has had a very turbulent history, a fact explained by its geographical position. In the 9th century the Varangians from Scandinavia conquered the proto-Slavic tribes on
4661-515: The nation's tumultuous history, geography, culture and social customs. Chicken is the most consumed type of protein , accounting for about half of the meat intake. It is followed by pork and beef . Vegetables such as potatoes , cabbages , mushrooms and beetroots are widely consumed. Pickled vegetables are considered a delicacy. Salo , which is cured pork fat, is considered the national delicacy. Widely used herbs include dill , parsley , basil , coriander and chives . Ukraine
4740-476: The notion of a Ukrainian language came into more prominence at the beginning of the 19th century and gradually replaced the words "Rusyns" and "Ruthenian(s)". In areas outside the control of the Russian/Soviet state until the mid-20th century ( Western Ukraine ), Ukrainians were known by their pre-existing names for much longer. The appellation Ukrainians initially came into common usage in Central Ukraine and did not take hold in Galicia and Bukovina until
4819-432: The number of Ukrainian migrant workers at 1.2 – 1.3 million in 2016. In the last decades of the 19th century, many Ukrainians were forced by the Tsarist autocracy to move to the Asian regions of Russia, while many of their counterpart Slavs under Austro-Hungarian rule emigrated to the New World seeking work and better economic opportunities. Today, large ethnic Ukrainian minorities reside in Russia , Canada ,
SECTION 60
#17327937376824898-412: The number of ethnic Ukrainians who fought in the ranks of the Soviet Army is estimated from 4.5 million to 7 million. The pro-Soviet partisan guerrilla resistance in Ukraine is estimated to number at 47,800 from the start of occupation to 500,000 at its peak in 1944, with about 50% being ethnic Ukrainians. Of the estimated 8.6 million Soviet troop losses, 1.4 million were ethnic Ukrainians. In 1943, under
4977-415: The past 20 years. According to the concept of nationality dominant in Eastern Europe the Ukrainians are people whose native language is Ukrainian (an objective criterion) whether or not they are nationally conscious, and all those who identify themselves as Ukrainian (a subjective criterion) whether or not they speak Ukrainian. Attempts to introduce a territorial-political concept of Ukrainian nationality on
5056-402: The period are considered to have been largely opportunists and men of little vision who could not muster broad popular support for their policies. There were roughly 4 million Ukrainians at the end of the 17th century. At the final stages of the First World War, a powerful struggle for an independent Ukrainian state developed in the central Ukrainian territories, which, until 1917, were part of
5135-506: The religious identity of some Ukrainians. In the Western region known as Halychyna , the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church , one of the Eastern Rite Catholic Churches has a strong membership. Since the fall of the Soviet Union there has been a growth of Protestant churches ( Baptists , Evangelism , Pentecostalism ) There are also ethnic minorities that practice other religions, i.e. Crimean Tatars ( Islam ), and Jews and Karaim ( Judaism ). Also, some Ukrainians are members of
5214-464: The south-east of Europe: Sclavins (western Slavs) and Antes . Polianians are identified as the founders of the city of Kiev and as playing the key role in the formation of the Kievan Rus' state. At the beginning of the 9th century, Varangians used the waterways of Eastern Europe for military raids and trade, particularly the trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks . Until the 11th century these Varangians also served as key mercenary troops for
5293-513: The study of literature. In a 1986 interview, he was asked, "And literature is written to be entertaining?" to which he replied emphatically, "Absolutely. My God, to read without joy is stupid." The critic Morris Dickstein has noted that while Butcher's Crossing , Stoner , and Augustus are each "strikingly different in subject," they all "show a similar narrative arc: a young man's initiation, vicious male rivalries, subtler tensions between men and women, fathers and daughters, and finally
5372-405: The territory of today's Ukraine, Belarus, and western Russia and laid the groundwork for the Kievan Rus' state. The ancestors of the Ukrainian nation such as Polianians had an important role in the development and culturalization of Kievan Rus' state. The internecine wars between Rus' princes, which began after the death of Yaroslav the Wise , led to the political fragmentation of the state into
5451-404: The western portions of the European part of what is now known as Russia, plus the territories of northern Ukraine and Belarus ( Ruthenia ) were largely known as Rus , continuing the tradition of Kievan Rus' . People of these territories were usually called Rus or Rusyns (known as Ruthenians in Western and Central Europe). The Ukrainian language is, like modern Russian and Belarusian,
5530-418: The western region). Over the years it has been influenced by movements such as those brought about during the Byzantine Empire and the Renaissance. Today, the country is somewhat culturally divided with the western regions bearing a stronger Central European influence and the eastern regions showing a significant Russian influence. A strong Christian culture was predominant for many centuries, although Ukraine
5609-425: Was adopted following the Ukrainian national revival . Their affinity with the Cossacks is frequently emphasized, for example, in the Ukrainian national anthem . Citizens of Ukraine are also called Ukrainians regardless of their ethnic origin, and Ukrainian nationals identify themselves as a civic nation . The modern name Ukraintsi (Ukrainians) is derived from Ukraina (Ukraine), a name first documented in
5688-612: Was also the center of conflict between the Catholic, Orthodox and Islamic spheres of influence. Ukrainian ( украї́нська мо́ва , ukraі́nska móva ) is the sole official language in Ukraine. It belongs to the East Slavic branch of the Slavic languages . Written Ukrainian uses the Ukrainian alphabet , one of many based on the Cyrillic alphabet . The language is a lineal descendant of the colloquial Old East Slavic language of
5767-741: Was announced that Polsky directed an adaptation of the John Williams novel, Butcher’s Crossing with Liam Satre Meloy . The film, starring Nicolas Cage alongside Fred Hechinger , it premiered in 2022 at the Toronto International Film Festival . The film was released in theaters in October of 2023. Ukrainians Ukrainians ( Ukrainian : українці , romanized : ukraintsi , pronounced [ʊkrɐˈjinʲts⁽ʲ⁾i] ) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Ukraine . Their native tongue
5846-402: Was begun by the regime of Joseph Stalin in the late 1920s, and continued with minor interruptions until the most recent times. The man-made Famine of 1932–33 , the deportations of the so-called kulaks , the physical annihilation of the nationally conscious intelligentsia, and terror in general were used to destroy and subdue the Ukrainian nation. Even after Joseph Stalin's death the concept of
5925-576: Was born in Clarksville, Texas . Shortly thereafter, his family moved to Wichita Falls, Texas , in pursuit of the Texas oil boom . His grandparents were farmers; his father, J. E. Jewell, worked in a feed store. Jewell disappeared in mysterious circumstances when Williams was two years old, and his mother remarried to George Williams, a local shift worker in Wichita Falls. John Williams attended
6004-417: Was inhabited by pagan tribes until Byzantine rite Christianity was introduced by the turn of the first millennium. It was imagined by later writers who sought to put Kievan Rus' Christianity on the same level of primacy as Byzantine Christianity that Apostle Andrew himself had visited the site where the city of Kiev would be later built. However, it was only by the 10th century that the emerging state,
6083-430: Was issued by Verb Publications. He was the founding editor of the University of Denver Quarterly (later Denver Quarterly ), which was first issued in 1965. He remained as editor until 1970. His third novel, Stoner , detailing the tragic life of a University of Missouri English assistant professor, was published by Viking Press in 1965. It was reissued in 2005 by NYRB Classics to widespread critical acclaim. It
6162-634: Was subsequently translated and published throughout Europe and, beginning in 2011, became a bestseller in France, the Netherlands, Italy, Israel, and the UK. His fourth novel, Augustus (Viking, 1972), a rendering of the violent times of Augustus Caesar in Rome, also remains in print. In the year of its release, it shared the National Book Award for Fiction with Chimera by John Barth ,
6241-741: Was the formation of the Cossack Hetmanate state of the Zaporozhian Host (1648–1782). The period of the Ruin in the late 17th century in the history of Ukraine is characterized by the disintegration of Ukrainian statehood and general decline. During the Ruin Ukraine became divided along the Dnieper River into Left-Bank Ukraine and Right-Bank Ukraine , and the two-halves became hostile to each other. Ukrainian leaders during
#681318