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98-613: Gamelan instruments : slab-type (wilahan) instruments ( saron /sarun/pemade, demung /sarun ganal, Gendèr /kiliningan, slenthem/selentem/jegogan, peking/sarun paking/kantilan, kecrek/keprak), gong-type (pencon) instruments ( gong , kempul , kenong , bonang , trompong, kethuk , talempong , kempyang), String instruments ( siter , celempung, kecapi , rebab ), Bamboo instrument ( suling ), Drums instruments ( kendhang , Bedug , ketipung, gendang beleq ), Wooden instrument ( gambang ) Gamelan ( / ˈ ɡ æ m ə l æ n / ) ( Javanese : ꦒꦩꦼꦭꦤ꧀ , Sundanese : ᮌᮙᮨᮜᮔ᮪ , Balinese : ᬕᬫᭂᬮᬦ᭄ )

196-675: A Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity from Indonesia , and encouraged the Indonesian people and the Indonesian government to safeguard, transmit, promote, and develop the gamelan. Methods include the support of national, international and provincial festivals, the establishment of educational curricula including the Gamelan Goes to School program, an intention to increase the numbers of regional gamelan associations, and cultural diplomacy by sending gamelan specialists to global universities. The word gamelan comes from

294-461: A 6.3-magnitude earthquake on 27 May 2006, killing 5,782 people, injuring approximately 36,000, and leaving 600,000 people homeless. The region of Bantul suffered the most damage and deaths. The Special Region is located near the southern coast of Java, surrounded on three sides by the province of Central Java , and with the Indian Ocean on the south side. The population at the 2010 Census

392-431: A Japanese ryukyuan scale ), and madenda (similar to a Japanese hirajoshi scale ). In central Javanese gamelan, sléndro is a system with five notes to the octave , with large intervals, while pélog has seven notes to the octave, with uneven intervals , usually played in five note subsets of the seven-tone collection. A full gamelan will include a set of instruments in each tuning, and classically only one tuning

490-482: A consistent speed for all pairs of notes in all registers. This concept is referred to as "ombak," translating to "wave," communicating the idea of cyclical undulation. One instrument, tuned slightly higher, is thought of as the "inhale," and the other, slightly lower, is called the "exhale" (Also called the "blower" and the "sucker," or pengimbang and pengisep in Bali). When the inhale and the exhale are combined, beating

588-473: A diameter of 12 inches. This disc contains recorded messages from Earth for extraterrestrials who can find them. A gamelan is a multi-timbre ensemble consisting of metallophones , xylophones , flutes , gongs , voices , as well as bowed and plucked strings . The hand-played drum called kendang controls the tempo and rhythm of pieces as well as transitions from one section to another, while one instrument gives melodic cues to indicate treatment or sections of

686-594: A faster tempo and uses high notes. Javanese gamelan has pelog and slendro tunings, if the pelog consists of notations 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 (ji, ro, lu, pat, mo, nem, tu), slendro has notation 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, i (ji, ro, lu, mo, nem, i). Balinese gamelan is one type of traditional gamelan ensemble that originates and develops in the island of Bali. Balinese gamelan is an inseparable ensemble of Balinese life, almost all villages in Bali have gamelan. The gamelan can be used as part of Hindu worship in Bali or as community entertainment in

784-411: A gamelan gendér . The sekaha is led by a single instructor whose job it is in the community to lead this group and to come up with new pieces. When they are working on a new piece, the instructor will lead the group in practice and help the group form the new music as they are practicing. When the instructor creates a new song, he leaves enough open for interpretation that the group can improvise, so

882-547: A harmonious tone in social life. In Indonesia, gamelan accompanies many cultural activities such as: Under the influence of the Hindu-Buddhist Majapahit kingdom , gamelan was used as accompaniment in religious ceremonies with tembang (singing) and wayang performances. Even an accompaniment to a king's performance. In the Negarakertagama manuscripts written by Mpu Prapanca in the 14th century. It

980-411: A king enters the pamelegan (place of worship), scenes of heartache, scenes of anger, or scenes that express revenge. However, in the play of certain notes, the pelog tunings can also give the impression of being happy, light, and lively, for example in the music played on the pelog tunings of barang. Gamelan music is traditionally not notated and began as an oral tradition . In the 19th century, however,

1078-399: A number often sizes, from smallest to largest: Each one of those is pitched an octave below the previous. The slenthem or slentho performs a similar function to the sarons one octave below the demung. The sarons are struck with a mallet ( tabuh ). Typically the striking mallet is angled to the right to produce a fuller sound. Demung and saron barung generally use a wooden mallet, while

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1176-423: A person with such sense, and is used as an honorific when discussing esteemed gamelan musicians. The high Javanese word for gamelan is gangsa ( ꦒꦁꦱ ), formed either from the words tembaga ( ꦠꦼꦩ꧀ꦧꦒ ) and rejasa ( ꦉꦗꦱ ) referring to the materials used in bronze gamelan construction (copper and tin), or tiga ( ꦠꦶꦒ ) and sedasa ( ꦱꦼꦢꦱ ) referring to their proportions (three and ten). The gamelan predates

1274-411: A piece. In the courts of Java, Javanese gamelan is grouped into 2 groups of gamelan, namely gamelan Pakurmatan and gamelan Ageng. Gamelan pakurmatan is the gamelan used for special Javanese court events and all of them are sacred gamelan. The gamelan pakurmatan consists of the gamelan kodhok ngorek, the gamelan monggang, the gamelan sekati, and the gamelan carabalen. As for the gamelan ageng is considered

1372-414: A way that it was able to stand as a separate musical performance, complete with the accompaniment of the voices of the sindhen. Most of the music rhythms are generally soft and reflect the harmony of life, as the principles of life are generally adopted by Javanese society. Some of them sound quickly according to the event or ritual being held or accompanied by the gamelan like gamelan Banyuwangi which has

1470-453: A whole and that no one person has ownership over an instrument. Not only is this where the instruments are stored, but this is also the practice space for the sekaha (Gamelan orchestra group). The open walls allow for the music to flow out into the community where the rest of the people may enjoy it. Balinese gamelan cannot be heard inside closed rooms, because it easily crosses the threshold of pain . This does not apply to small ensembles like

1568-543: A year for one week in front of the Grand Mosque. This gamelan is only played by the royal family and courtiers under strict conditions, wearing prescribed traditional clothes, and playing certain sacred music that has existed for centuries. The Gamelan Sekaten exists in halves: divided between the two rival courts in Surakarta and Yogyakarta, each court had a matching second half made. In Sumedang , West Java , there

1666-690: Is a legacy of the Sunan Drajat (one of the Wali Sanga ) which was used for broadcasting the Islamic religion in Paciran, Lamongan. Beaten by the Friends of Sunan Drajat to accompany the tembang Pangkur (panguri isine Qur'an) created by Sunan Drajat himself. This gamelan ensemble is an acculturation of Hindu-Buddhist and Islamic culture, considering that the surrounding community is Hindus, so that it

1764-488: Is a product of local wisdom that has survived to this day. The long history that has been passed by Javanese gamelan is a cultural struggle that continues to be sustainable until now and in the future. Gamelan is inseparable from Javanese customs and human life, where gamelan is almost always there in every Javanese ceremony are held. Javanese gamelan is generally used to accompany dances, dance dramas, theater, puppets, rituals, events and festivals. Until then it developed in such

1862-455: Is a slendro notation tone that is played out of place on purpose. Therefore, there are many scenes of homesickness, love missing, sadness, death, languishing accompanied by slendro tunes. Pelog notation produces an atmosphere that gives the impression of being manly, regal, and sacred, especially in the musical play that uses the pelog nem (six) notation. Therefore, there are many scenes that are accompanied by pelog tunings, such as scenes where

1960-639: Is also used in the ceremonies of the Catholic church in Indonesia . Certain pieces are designated for starting and ending performances or ceremonies. When an "ending" piece (such as " Udan Mas ") is begun, the audience will know that the event is nearly finished and will begin to leave. Certain pieces are also believed to possess magic powers and can be used to ward off evil spirits. The religious rituals that accompanied by gamelan such as: sekaten , temple rituals, melasti , galungan , Ogoh-ogoh , etc. Gamelan

2058-615: Is an heirloom of the Kingdom of Sumedang Larang , there is a Gamelan Panglipur belonging to Prince Rangga Gede / Kusumahdinata IV (1625–1633) who is also the regent of Mataram . Gamelan was deliberately made to entertain himself after his beloved child died. The Panglipur gamelan along with 9 other ancient gamelan sets are kept at the Museum Prabu Geusan Ulun in Sumedang Regency . One of the ten sets of gamelan

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2156-498: Is commonly used in traditional ritual processions such as death ceremonies which we know as the Ngaben tradition. Meanwhile, for human ceremonies, gender is used and for ceremonies in temples, gong gede is usually used. In terms of the development of the era, Balinese gamelan can be divided into 3 types: The Sundanese gamelan is one of the typical gamelan ensemble from West Java and Banten province (Tatar Pasundan ) in Indonesia. In

2254-421: Is considered primary. Slendro notation generally produces a light, cheerful atmosphere and feels busier. This is evidenced by the scenes in the wayang kulit and wayang wong performances such as scenes of war and marching that accompanied by slendro notation. The use of the slendro can also have the opposite impression, such as sad or romantic. As in the case of gending that uses a slendro miring. Slendro miring

2352-617: Is dominated by the sound of flutes makes it not only soft but also mellow. Javanese gamelan is a gamelan that originates and develops in the Central Java and East Java , including the Special Region of Yogyakarta . In the Javanese palaces, the gamelan is divided into two, namely the gamelan pakurmatan and gamelan ageng. Gamelan pakurmatan is used for certain events or rituals in the royal environment. The gamelan pakurmatan set

2450-721: Is easily accepted by the community. The Gamelan Singo Mengkok is now stored in the Museum Sunan Drajat in Lamongan . In the kingdom of Islamic Mataram, Gamelan Kanjeng Kyai Guntur Sari was made in 1566 and Gamelan Kanjeng Kyai Guntur Madu was made in 1642 during the reign of Sultan Agung . Both gamelans called Gamelan Sekati ( Gamelan Sekaten ) which is only beaten/sounded to accompany the Sekaten ceremony. Gamelan Sekaten in Surakarta and Yogyakarta will be played once

2548-450: Is found on the bas-relief of the 8th century Buddhist monument of Borobudur , Central Java. The Borobudur's musicians play lute -like stringed instruments, various kendang drums, various suling flutes, cymbals , bells , metallophones , and xylophones . Some of these musical instruments are indeed included in a complete gamelan orchestra. Musical instruments such as metallophones ( saron , kenong , kecer ), xylophones ( gambang ),

2646-540: Is located to the immediate north of the city of Yogyakarta and Sleman Regency . It is the most active volcano in Indonesia and has erupted regularly since 1548. It last erupted in October–November 2010, killing and injuring many people and temporarily displacing approximately 100,000 residents. Indonesia has several geo-heritage sites in the Yogyakarta Special Region. It has been declared by

2744-405: Is not as complete as the ageng gamelan, and its shape and pitch are somewhat different from the traditional gamelan owned by the community. Gamelan pakurmatan consists of gamelan kodhok Ngorek, gamelan munggang, gamelan sekati, and gamelan carabalen, while gamelan ageng is the most complete gamelan used for various traditional ceremonies and events in the palace. Gamelan outside the palace, owned by

2842-424: Is often used to accompany religious ceremonies and entertainment. In terms of religion, Balinese Gamelan is often displayed to accompany the running of religious ceremonies or to accompany sacred traditional dances. Meanwhile, in terms of entertainment, Balinese Gamelan is often presented as a musical performance as well as accompaniment to various arts that are entertainment in Bali. Gamelan in Bali known as gambelan

2940-628: Is pillow lava in Berbah (Sleman) which is a big, rough black rock that lies on the bank of the narrow Dengkeng River. The prehistoric volcano in Nglanggeran (Gunungkidul Regency) has already been developed as a tourist destination. According to Act No. 22 of 1948 (which is also the basis of Act No. 3 of 1950 on the formation of DIY), the Head and Vice Head of the Special Region are appointed by

3038-421: Is produced, meant to represent the beating of the heart, or the symbol of being alive. It is thought that this contributes to the "shimmering" sound of Balinese gamelan ensembles. In the religious ceremonies that contain gamelan, these interference beats are meant to give the listener a feeling of a god's presence or a stepping stone to a meditative state. The scale roughly approximates that of the phrygian mode of

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3136-555: Is said that the gamelan accompaniment was used by King Hayam Wuruk in performing a mask dance with eight young people accompanied by a song from the Queen Mother. With the collapse of the Majapahit kingdom and being replaced by the Islamic kingdom of Demak led by Raden Patah , gamelan as a traditional musical instrument did not just disappear. Its function is used as a media tool for preaching Islam. Gamelan's role in rituals

3234-473: Is served by Adisutjipto International Airport and Yogyakarta International Airport , the latter being opened for minimum operations in late April 2019 and fully operational starting late March 2020. There are two main railway stations: Lempuyangan Station and Yogyakarta railway station . Yogyakarta is considered one of the major hubs that link the west–east main railway route in Java island. Yogyakarta Station

3332-494: Is so important that there is a Javanese saying, "It is not official until the gong is hung". Some performances are associated with royalty, such as visits by the sultan of Yogyakarta . Certain gamelans are associated with specific rituals, such as the Gamelan Sekaten , which is used in the celebration of Mawlid an-Nabi ( Muhammad 's birthday). In Bali , almost all religious rituals include gamelan performance. Gamelan

3430-624: Is sometimes called "garap." Some teachers have also devised certain notations, generally using kepatihan principles, for the cengkok (melodic patterns) of the elaborating instruments . Some ethnomusicologists, trained in European music, may make transcriptions onto a Western staff. This entails particular challenges of tuning and time, sometimes resulting in unusual clefs . Varieties of gamelan are distinguished by their collection of instruments and use of voice, tunings, repertoire, style, and cultural context. In general, no two gamelan ensembles are

3528-700: Is the gamelan Sari Oneng Parakansalak from Sukabumi , West Java , which on 31 March 1889, participated in celebrating the inauguration of the Eiffel Tower in Paris, France. On 5 September 1977, Gending ketawang puspawarna ( Javanese gamelan music) which was created by Mangkunegara IV (1853–1881) was carried by two satellites of The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) named Voyager I and Voyager II . The satellites are in charge of making observations on planets in outer space. The two satellites are equipped with gold-plated copper disks with

3626-400: Is the main train station located in the center, and Lempuyangan Station is the second train station in the city. The two stations have their schedule to and from other cities on Java island. The Prambanan Express commuter rail service operates west of Yogyakarta Station across Kulonprogo Regency to Purworejo, and KAI Commuter Yogyakarta Line electric commuter rail system operates from east of

3724-576: Is the traditional ensemble music of the Javanese , Sundanese , and Balinese peoples of Indonesia , made up predominantly of percussive instruments . The most common instruments used are metallophones (played with mallets ) and a set of hand-drums called kendang , which keep the beat . The kemanak , a banana-shaped idiophone , and the gangsa , another metallophone, are also commonly used gamelan instruments on Bali . Other notable instruments include xylophones , bamboo flutes (similar to

3822-462: Is used at a time. The precise tuning used differs from ensemble to ensemble and gives each ensemble its own particular flavor. A set of gamelan instruments will be tuned to the same set of notes, but the tuning will vary from one gamelan to the next, including variations in the size of intervals. Colin McPhee , a Canadian composer who spent much time in Bali, remarked, "Deviations in what is considered

3920-467: Is used to accompany various traditional ceremonies in Indonesia, gamelan kodhok ngorek, gamelan monggang, gamelan carabalen, and gamelan ageng are used for important ceremonies related to kings in the Yogyakarta and Surakarta palaces such as the king's coronations ceremony, the king's birthday ceremony, the coronation anniversary, royal guest reception, baby birth , marriage, death, and so on. Outside

4018-483: Is with their most sacred songs which they do not change. A single new piece of music can take several months before it is completed. Men and women usually perform in separate groups. A set of complete Balinese gamelan ensemble consists of: The tuning and construction of a gamelan orchestra is a complex process. Javanese gamelan use two tuning systems : sléndro and pélog . There are other tuning systems such as degung (exclusive to Sunda, or West Java, similar to

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4116-586: The Kraton . While the city sprawls outward in all directions from the Kraton, the "modern" centre of the city is located to the north. The Special Region forms one of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to the People's Representative Council . The Yogyakarta S.R. Electoral District consists of all of the 4 regencies in the province, together with the city of Yogyakarta, and elects 8 members to

4214-571: The 2024 election has 55 members. The largest party in the legislature is the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle . The Special Region of Yogyakarta (provincial level) is subdivided into four regencies ( kabupaten ) and one city ( kota ), and divided further into districts ( kapanewon or kemantren in the city of Yogyakarta) and villages (rural kalurahan or urban kelurahan , doublet ); these are listed below, with their areas and their population at

4312-618: The Gadjah Mada University . The Special Region is also the home of the first established private university in Indonesia, the Islamic University of Indonesia , which was founded in 1945. The Indonesia Institute of Arts , the first-established university in fine arts, is also in the region. Other large universities include Yogyakarta State University , Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University , Sanata Dharma University , Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta , and

4410-537: The Hindu-Buddhist culture that dominated Indonesia in its earliest records and thus represents an indigenous art form of Indonesia . In contrast to the heavy Indian influence in other art forms, the only obvious Indian influence in gamelan music is in the Javanese, Sundanese, and Balinese style of singing, and in the themes of the Wayang kulit and Wayang Golek (shadow puppet plays). In Javanese mythology,

4508-615: The Indonesian National Revolution (1945–1949). As a first-level division in Indonesia, Yogyakarta is governed by Sultan Hamengkubuwono X as the governor and Duke Paku Alam X as the vice governor. With a land area of just 3,170.65 km , it is the second-smallest province-level entity of Indonesia after Jakarta . In Javanese, it is pronounced [joɡjaˈkartɔ] , and named after the city of Ayodhya in Javanese-Hindu mythology. The Dutch name of

4606-456: The Javanese word gamel ( ꦒꦩꦼꦭ꧀ ), which refers to playing of percussion instruments or the act of striking with a mallet , and the noun -forming suffix an . The gamelan in the Sundanese is Degung ( Degung ), the word Degung apparently is an old Sundanese term, which refers to gongs and Gong ensembles. For this reason, the words degung and gong are essentially synonyms for

4704-842: The National Intangible Cultural Heritage of Indonesia by the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture . On 15 December 2021, Gamelan was inscribed onto the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity . The nomination builds on the archaeological connection to the Borobudur , and includes a focus on its role in fostering a sense of national identity and pride, in addition to wellbeing aspects such as mental health,

4802-482: The Prambanan temple. Today, Trans Jogja has reached other points in the south side of the city. Yogyakarta is home to more than 100 institutions of higher education in Indonesia, the highest number of higher education institutions of any province in Indonesia. Hence, Yogyakarta earned its nickname "Kota Pelajar" (The City of Students). Yogyakarta is the home of the first established state university in Indonesia,

4900-530: The Sultanate of Cirebon , on the north coast of Java. The gamelan Sakati in the Keraton Kasepuhan is originated from Demak Sultanate in 1495 which was a gift from Sultan Trenggono of Demak for the marriage of Ratu Mas Nyawa (daughter of Raden Patah, king of Demak) to Prince Bratakelana (son of Sunan Gunung Jati from his wife Syarifah Bagdad). This gamelan is closely related to the early days of

4998-469: The president from the descendants of the ruling family in the region before Indonesian independence with the conditions of "skill, honesty, and loyalty, and keeping in mind the customs of the area." Thus, the Head of the Special Region, until 1988, was automatically held by the reigning Sultan of Yogyakarta, and the Vice Head of the Special Region, until 1998, was automatically held by Prince Paku Alam who

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5096-466: The 2000, 2010 and 2020 Censuses, with their present estimates, as of mid-2023. Located within the Special Region of Yogyakarta, the city of Yogyakarta is known as a center of classical Javanese fine art and culture, such as batik , ballet, drama, music, poetry, and shadow puppetry . It is also one of Indonesia's most renowned centres of higher education. At the city's core is the Sultan's palace ,

5194-535: The Banjar in villages of Bali. Because gamelan also functions as a medium for socializing with each other, it can be seen that playing gamelan requires cooperation between players to get the desired tone or sound harmony. This Balinese gamelan has several differences from gamelan instruments in general, both in form and how to play it. This Balinese gamelan is usually performed as an accompaniment to an art performance in Bali, both sacred and entertainment. Balinese gamelan

5292-509: The Gamelan instruments are all kept together in a balé , a large open space with a roof over the top of it and several open sides. Gambelan (the Balinese term) are owned by a banjar , nobility or temples and kept in their respective compounds. In case of banjar ownership the instruments are all kept there together because people believe that all the instruments belong to the community as

5390-966: The Geological Agency of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources . The sites consist of nine sites: Eocene limestone in Gamping (Sleman Regency), pillow lava in Berbah (Sleman), pre-historic volcanic sediment in Candi Ijo, Prambanan (Sleman), dunes in Parangtritis Beach (Bantul Regency), Kiskendo cave, and former manganese mining site in Kleripan (Kulonprogo regency), the prehistoric volcano in Nglanggeran (Gunungkidul regency), Wediombo-Siung beaches (Gunungkidul) and Bioturbasi site in Kalingalang (Gunungkidul). The most unusual one

5488-485: The Indian bansuri ), a bowed string instrument called a rebab (somewhat similar to the gadulka of Bulgaria ), and a zither -like instrument called a siter , used in Javanese gamelan. Additionally, vocalists may be featured, being referred to as sindhen for females or gerong for males. Although the popularity of gamelan has declined slightly since the introduction of modern popular music to Indonesia,

5586-596: The Indonesian Republic's capital to be transferred again to Bukittinggi in West Sumatra on 19 December 1948. In return for Yogyakarta's support, the declaration of Special Authority over Yogyakarta was granted in full in 1950 and Yogyakarta was given the status of a Special Administrative Region, making Yogyakarta the only region headed by a monarchy in Indonesia . The Special Region was struck by

5684-484: The Majapahit period, the kingdom even had a government office in charge of supervising the performing arts, including the gamelan. The arts office oversaw the construction of musical instruments, as well as scheduling performances at the court. In Bali, there are several gamelan selonding that have existed since the 9th century during the Sri Kesari Warmadewa reign. Some words refer to gamelan selonding

5782-577: The People's Representative Council. Aside from the Indonesian language , the Javanese language is also designated as the official language of the Special Region of Yogyakarta under Yogyakarta Special Region Regulation Number 2 of 2021. The majority of the population is Muslim , which is 92.94%, the rest are Catholic Christians 4.45%, then Protestant Christians 2.42%, Buddhists 0.08%, Hindus 0.09%, Confucianism and others 0.02%. Yogyakarta

5880-709: The Special Region is Djokjakarta . The Sultanate has existed in various forms and survived through the rule of the Dutch and the 1942 invasion of the Dutch East Indies by the Japanese Empire . In August 1945 Indonesia's first president, Sukarno proclaimed the independence of the Indonesian Republic , and by September of that year, Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX and Duke Sri Paku Alam VIII had sent letters to Sukarno expressing their support for

5978-434: The Sultan's Jumenengan (coronation ceremony), welcoming highly respected guests at the palace, royal weddings, and Garebeg. This gamelan is only owned by the court and the general public is not allowed to have a similar gamelan set. In the wengker or Ponorogo culture, in the 15th century Gamelan Reyog was not only used to accompany the art of Reog Ponorogo but was also used during war, the troops of ki Ageng Surya Alam from

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6076-463: The Western major scale (E-E on the white keys of the piano), with the notes EFGBC corresponding to the note positions 12356 in the slendro scale used by most gamelan. In addition to non-western scales, Javanese gamelan uses a combination of tempo and density known as Irama , relating how many beats on the saron panerus instrument there are to notes in the core melody or balungan ; density

6174-647: The art form is still widely respected, being commonly played in many traditional ceremonies. It may also be performed as entertainment for some modern events, such as official cultural, corporate, government or educational functions, both formal or informal. Gamelan is also, traditionally, arranged and performed to accompany religious rituals , ceremonies , dance theatre, dance-drama , traditional Indonesian theater , wayang puppets theatre , singing , concerts , festivals , exhibitions , and many more. Many consider gamelan to be an integral part of Indonesian culture . In 2014, Gamelan traditions were recognized as part of

6272-554: The bamboo flute ( suling ), drums in various sizes (kendang), cymbals, bell (genta), and bowed and plucked string instruments were identified in this image. These reliefs of this musical ensemble are suggested to be the ancient form of the gamelan. The instruments developed into their current form during the Majapahit Empire . According to the inscriptions and manuscripts ( Nagarakretagama and Kakawin Sutasoma ) dated from

6370-417: The bell-tree ( byong ) in the 3-toned gamelan kodhok ngorek . Regionally variable village gamelan are often distinguished from standard gamelan (which have the rebab as the main melodic instrument) by their inclusion of a double-reed wind ( selompret , slompret , or sompret ) in addition to variable drum and gong components, with some also including the shaken bamboo angklung . Gamelan in Javanese society

6468-402: The chorus that accompanies the modern bedhaya dance. In the 17th century, these loud and soft styles mixed, and to a large extent, the variety of modern gamelan styles of Bali, Java, and Sunda resulted from different ways of mixing these elements. Thus, despite the seeming diversity of styles, many of the same theoretical concepts, instruments, and techniques are shared between the styles. In

6566-519: The court of Java ( Surakarta Sunanate and Yogyakarta Sultanate ) the oldest known ensembles, Gamelan Munggang and Gamelan Kodok Ngorek , are apparently from the 12th century. These formed the basis of a "loud style" of music. These Gamelan are the oldest existing gamelan instruments and still preserved well in the courts. The Gamelans become the heirloom of the Javanese courts. Gamelan Kodhok Ngorek and Gamelan Monggang are sacred gamelan that will only be sounded for Javanese court ritual ceremonies such as

6664-598: The development of interpersonal skills and the connection between its cosmology and an ethics of mutual respect and care. The listing consists of Javanese gamelan (gamelan jawa) of Central Java and Special Region of Yogyakarta , Balinese gamelan (gamelan bali) of Bali , Sundanese gamelan (gamelan sunda) of West Java , Madurese gamelan (gamelan madura) and Banyuwangian Gamelan (gamelan banyuwangi) of East Java , Gendang beleq of West Nusa Tenggara , Banjarese gamelan (gamelan banjar) of South Kalimantan , Gamelan peking of Lampung , and Talempong of West Sumatra as

6762-462: The feelings of the players. Playing gamelan is not just the ability to play various musical instruments together, thus giving birth to the harmony of tones and rhythms. But also, by playing the gamelan there is a meaning that describes the system of deliberation and consensus in the midst of society, through each gamelan musical instrument. Gamelan symbolizes the spirit of cohesiveness and mutual cooperation, together, and in line. So that it gives birth to

6860-448: The gamelan music brings dance to life and graceful to see. The main function of the gamelan as a dance accompaniment is to provide rhythm, beat, or tempo guidance. So that the selection of accompanying music must be adjusted to the rhythm and theme of the dance. Dance performance using live gamelan is a complex artistic activity. Gamelan in dance is used as an illustration or support for the atmosphere. The accompanying gamelan music must give

6958-573: The gamelan was created by Sang Hyang Guru in Saka era 167 ( c.  AD 230 ), the god who ruled as king of all Java from a palace on the Maendra mountain in Medang Kamulan (now Mount Lawu ). He needed a signal to summon the gods and thus invented the gong. For more complex messages, he invented two other gongs, thus forming the original gamelan set. The earliest image of a musical ensemble

7056-713: The general public, is usually the gamelan ageng, although it is not as complete as that of the palace, according to the needs and objectives of the gamelan ownership. The Javanese gamelan used by the communities has many kinds and types including the gamelan gadhon , gamelan siteran, gamelan Wayang , gamelan bambu, gamelan prawa, gamelan pelog, gamelan renteng, gamelan slendro, gamelan Banyuwangi , and gamelan Madura . In oral Javanese culture distinctions are made between complete or incomplete, archaic and modern, and large standard and small village gamelan. The various archaic ensembles are distinguished by their unique combinations of instruments and possession of obsolete instruments such as

7154-472: The group will write the music as they practice it. There are many styles in Balinese gamelan. Kebyar is one of the most recent ones. Some Balinese gamelan groups constantly change their music by taking older pieces they know and mixing them together, as well as trying new variations of the music. Their music constantly changes because they believe that music should grow and change; the only exception to this

7252-506: The impression of "speaking" or communication and constitute the perfect unity between music and dance. Typically players in the gamelan will be familiar with dance moves and poetry, while dancers are able to play in the ensemble. Some examples of famous dance include: bedhaya , serimpi , gambyong, Bambangan Cakil , legong , oleg tamulilingan , pendet , cendrawasih , barong , baris , jaipong , topeng , Bajidor Kahot , gandrung , etc. Saron (instrument) Sarons typically come in

7350-532: The king and his family and only served when the corpse departs to the cemetery. Meanwhile, gendhing offerings at duhkitan ceremonies in the general public (outside the palace environment) are usually served at the time of the death of musical artists of dance, musical puppetry, wayang orang, cultural observers, and theater using the gamelan gadhon ensemble. Almost all dances originating from the island of Java and Bali are accompanied by gamelan music. Gamelan gives spirit and beauty to live dance performances. The sound of

7448-420: The kraton (palaces) of Yogyakarta and Surakarta developed distinct notations for transcribing the repertoire. These were not used to read the music, which was memorized, but to preserve pieces in the court records. The Yogyanese notation is a checkerboard notation, which uses six or seven vertical lines to represent notes of higher pitch in the balungan (melodic framework), and horizontal lines which represent

7546-404: The manuscript Sanghyang Siksa Kandang Karesian , the art of gamelan is estimated to have entered in the 16th century. In this text, at that time there was a gamelan player called K umbang Gending and a musical expert called Paraguna . Sundanese gamelan is also called Degung . The word Degung is said to have originated from the word "Ratu-agung" or "Tumenggung", because at that time Gamelan Degung

7644-443: The most complete in the Javanese court. The Gamelan Ageng instruments are usually owned by the general public (artists, schools, studios, and other communities) in Java and outside Java. This gamelan is used to accompany arts or rituals either in the palace or in the general public, the gamelan can use a complete gamelan or less. A set of complete Javanese Gamelan Ageng Ensemble maintained by the Javanese court consists of: In Bali ,

7742-551: The newly born nation of Indonesia, in which they acknowledged the Yogyakarta Sultanate as part of the Indonesian Republic. The Sunanate of Surakarta did the same, and both of the Javanese kingdoms were awarded special status as special regions within the Indonesian Republic. However, due to a leftist anti-royalist uprising in Surakarta , the Sunanate of Surakarta lost its special administrative status in 1946 and

7840-497: The notes. Today this notation is relatively rare, and has been replaced by kepatihan notation , which is based on the Galin-Paris-Chevé system . Kepatihan notation developed around 1900 at the kepatihan Palace in Surakarta, which had become a high-school conservatory. The pitches are numbered (see the articles on the scales slendro and pélog for an explanation of how), and are read across with dots below or above

7938-473: The numbers indicating the register, and lines above notes showing time values; In vocal notation, there are also brackets under groups of notes to indicate melisma. Like the palace notation, however, Kepatihan records mostly the balungan part and its metric phrases as marked by a variety of gongs. The other parts are created in real time, and depend on the knowledge each musician has of his instrument, and his awareness of what others are playing; this "realization"

8036-417: The other sarons. It usually plays more often, and keeps a constant beat going throughout a piece. Its playing techniques include: The earliest known appearance of a single-octave saron is in a relief at Borobudur , from the 9th century. It was formerly supposed that the saron derived from the decomposition of the gambang gangsa , after it fell out of use. Mantle Hood rejected this hypothesis, and associates

8134-455: The palace in Java, gamelan is used for Wedding reception , birth ceremonies, circumcision ceremonies, rice harvesting, ruwatan ceremonies, and death ceremonies (dhukitan). The musical presentation in the dhukitan ceremony in the general public is different from that in Palace. Gendhing at dhukitan ceremonies in the palace use the kodhok ngorek gamelan instrument, only intended for the death of

8232-478: The peking mallet is made of a water buffalo horn, which gives it a shriller sound. The other hand is used to dampen the previous note by grasping the key, in order to prevent a muddy sound. On repeated notes, the note is usually dampened half a beat before it is struck again. The saron barung and demung usually play less often and more simple parts. These are the usual techniques for playing them: Saron panerus has distinctive patterns which make it different from

8330-444: The preference for a single octave with the characteristic shape of the cadence in the pathet . There is no evidence that the gambang gangsa is older than the saron; indeed, it may be younger. Special Region of Yogyakarta The Special Region of Yogyakarta is a province-level special region of Indonesia in southern Java . It is a semi- enclave that is surrounded by on the landward side by Central Java Province to

8428-541: The same scale are so large that one might with reason state that there are as many scales as there are gamelans." This view is contested, however, by some teachers of gamelan, and there have been efforts to combine multiple ensembles and tuning structures into one gamelan to ease transportation at festival time. One such ensemble is gamelan Manikasanti , which can play the repertoire of many different ensembles. Balinese gamelan instruments are built in pairs that are tuned slightly apart to produce interference beats , ideally at

8526-505: The same, and those that arose in prestigious courts are often considered to have their own style and tuning. Certain styles may also be shared by nearby ensembles, leading to a regional style. The varieties are generally grouped geographically, with the principal division between the styles favored by the Balinese , Javanese , and Sundanese peoples. Javanese gamelan has soft and slow tones, while Balinese gamelan has strong and dynamic tones with fast music rhythms, while Sundanese gamelan which

8624-456: The series of beats, read downward with time. The fourth vertical line and every fourth horizontal line (completing a gatra ) are darkened for legibility. Symbols on the left indicate the colotomic or metric structure of gongs and so forth, while specific drum features are notated in symbols to the right. The Solonese notation reads horizontally, like Western notation, but does not use barlines. Instead, note values and rests are squiggled between

8722-693: The spread of Islam by Wali Sanga in Java . At the Keraton Kasepuhan , the gamelan Sakati is played on the Idul Adha month of Hajj (Zulhijah) in the Sri Manganti building when the sultan and his relatives head to the Grand Mosque. This gamelan is kept in the Museum Pusaka Keraton Kasepuhan Cirebon. In Lamongan , East Java , there is an ancient gamelan from the 15th century called Gamelan Singo Mengkok . This gamelan

8820-568: The station to Surakarta. To the south, in the Bantul region, is the Giwangan bus station, one of the largest bus stations in Indonesia. The Yogyakarta metropolitan centre is surrounded by a ring road. In 2008, the government of the Special Region of Yogyakarta launched a bus rapid transit system, the Trans Jogja , which connects places in and around Yogyakarta City, including the airport and

8918-436: The village of Kutu played gamelan reyog before the war took place against Majapahit, which was in coalition with Demak during the attack. Wengker, as a result Wengker always gets his victory before the heirloom of ki Ageng Surya Alam falls into the hands of the enemy. A "soft style" developed out of the kemanak tradition and is related to the traditions of singing Javanese poetry , in a manner often believed to be similar to

9016-584: The west, north, and east, but has a long coastline on the Indian Ocean to the south. Co-ruled by the Yogyakarta Sultanate and the Duchy of Pakualaman , the region is the only officially recognized diarchy within the government of Indonesia . The city of Yogyakarta is a popular tourist destination and cultural center of the region. The Yogyakarta Sultanate was established in 1755 and provided unwavering support for Indonesia's independence during

9114-473: The word gamelan . At the same time, the expression gamelan degung may be a way to point at a gamelan ensemble tuned to degung scale. The term karawitan ( ꦏꦫꦮꦶꦠꦤ꧀ ) refers to classical gamelan music and performance practice, and comes from the Javanese word rawit ( ꦫꦮꦶꦠ꧀ ) of Sanskrit origin, meaning 'intricate' or 'finely worked', referring to the sense of smoothness and elegance idealized in Javanese music. Another word, pangrawit ( ꦥꦁꦫꦮꦶꦠ꧀ ), means

9212-572: Was 3,457,491 people, which then increased to 3,668,719 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate for mid-2023 was 3,736,489 (comprising 1,849,540 males and 1,886,950 females). It has an area of 3,170.65 km , making it the second-smallest area of the provinces in Indonesia, after the Jakarta Capital Region. Along with surrounding areas in Central Java, it has some of the highest population densities of Java. Mount Merapi

9310-481: Was absorbed into the province of Central Java . Yogyakarta's overwhelming support and the Sultan's patriotism were essential in the Indonesian struggle for independence during the Indonesian National Revolution (1945–1949). The city of Yogyakarta became the capital of the Indonesian Republic from January 1946 to December 1948 after the fall of Jakarta to the Dutch . Later, the Dutch also invaded Yogyakarta causing

9408-566: Was found in some ancient Balinese inscriptions and manuscripts. Today, gamelan selonding is stored and preserved well in ancient temples of Bali. It is considered sacred and used for religious ceremony purposes, especially when the big ceremony is held. Gamelan Selonding is part of daily life and culture for some indigenous people in ancient villages such as Bungaya, Bugbug , Seraya, Tenganan Pegringsingan , Timbrah, Asak, Ngis, Bebandem , Besakih , and Selat in Karangasem Regency . In

9506-582: Was on the throne. The nomenclature of the Governor and Vice Governor of the Special Region has only been used since 1999 with the issuance of Act No. 22 of 1999. Since 2012, the mechanism for filling the positions of Governor and Vice Governor of DIY is regulated by Act No. 13 of 2012 on the Uniqueness of the Special Region of Yogyakarta. The province has a regional legislature, the Special Region of Yogyakarta Regional House of Representatives , which as of

9604-463: Was very popular with the officials. There are three types of Sundanese gamelan, including: Outside the main core on Java and Bali , gamelan has spread through migration and cultural interest, new styles sometimes resulting as well. The variety of gamelan can be found in over 25 countries outside Indonesia, presenting both traditional and experimental repertoire. For some Indonesians, gamelan has high philosophical values, in terms of sound, roles, and

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