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88-401: It was built in 1447 and its architecture and interior are a blend of Sundanese , Javanese , Islamic , Chinese , and Dutch styles. While the sultan still lives in the palace, several main sections are open to the public. Inside is a pavilion with white-washed walls dotted with blue-and-white Delft tiles, a marble floor, and a ceiling hung with French chandeliers. The legacy of Majapahit

176-552: A father to his children; it can also be handed down to other relatives. The governing term of a pu'un is not specified; instead, it depends on a person's ability to hold on to the position. As it has been the case for hundreds of years, the main livelihood of the Kanekes people is rice farming. Apart from that, they also earn extra income from selling the fruits they gather from the jungle, such as durian and tamarind-plum , as well as wild honey. The Kanekes community, who until

264-523: A form of oral tradition . Formal education for Baduy children is seen by Baduy people as a violation of their traditional customs, and they have so far refused the Indonesian government's proposals to build educational facilities in their villages. As a result, few Baduy people are educated or able to read or write. According to their belief system, the Kanekes people regard themselves as descendants of Batara Cikal, one of seven deities, or gods, that

352-504: A living although most are traditional entrepreneurs, such as travelling food or drink vendors, establishing modest warung (food stalls) or restaurants, as the vendor of daily consumer's goods or open a modest barber shop . Their affinity for establishing and running small-scale entrepreneurship is most likely contributed by the Sundanese tendency to be independent, carefree, egalitarian, individualistic and optimistic. They seem to abhor

440-491: A much less rigid system of social hierarchy. The Sundanese, in their mentality and behavior, greater egalitarianism and antipathy to yawning class distinctions, and community-based material culture, differ from the feudal hierarchy apparent among the people of Javanese principalities. Central Javanese court culture nurtured an atmosphere conducive to elite, stylised, impeccably polished forms of art and literature. Sundanese culture bore few traces of these traditions. Culturally,

528-531: A result of breaking Kanekes Dalam customary laws. Characteristics of the Kanekes Luar include: There are two Kanekes Luar settlements, namely Padawaras (Cibengkung) and Sirahdayeuh (Cihadam), which function as a buffer between the Kanekes Dalam and the outside world. The Kanekes community recognizes two governing systems: the national system, which is in accordance with the laws of Indonesia, and

616-600: A separate nearby building the very elaborate Kereta Singabarong , a 17th-century gilded coach, may be seen along with a modern duplicate carriage used on official occasions. Sundanese people The Sundanese ( Indonesian : Orang Sunda ; Sundanese : ᮅᮛᮀ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ , romanized:  Urang Sunda ) are an indigenous ethnic group native to the western region of Java island in Indonesia , primarily West Java . They number approximately 42 million and form Indonesia's second most populous ethnic group . They speak

704-470: A traditional way to determine which one will dominate the family which is the one that gets the larger or head part), and the wedding feast inviting whole family and business relatives, neighbours, and friends as guests. Death in a Sundanese family is usually performed through a series of rituals in accordance with traditional Islam, such as the pengajian (reciting Al Quran) including providing berkat (rice box with side dishes) for guests. The Quran recitation

792-538: A variety of tastes as well as for protein, mineral and nutrient intake. These side dishes are grilled, fried, steamed or boiled and spiced with any combination of garlic, galangal (a plant of the ginger family), turmeric, coriander, ginger, and lemongrass. The herb-rich food wrapped and cooked inside banana leaf called pepes (Sundanese: pais ) is popular among Sundanese people. Pepes are available in many varieties according to their ingredients; carp fish, anchovies, minced meat with eggs, mushroom, tofu or oncom. Oncom

880-506: Is Tangtu , or Kajeroan , also known as Baduy Dalam or Kanekes Dalam (meaning "Inner Kanekes"), with a population of about 400 consisting of forty families ( Kajeroan ) who live in the three villages of Cibeo, Cikertawana, and Cikeusik in Tanah Larangan (forbidden territory), where no stranger is permitted to spend the night. A characteristic of the Kanekes Dalam people is the color of their clothing—white and dark blue, as well as

968-505: Is lalapan , which consists only of raw vegetables, such as papaya leaves, cucumber , eggplant , and bitter melon . In general, Sundanese food tastes rich and savoury, but not as rich as Padang food , not as sweet as Javanese food . In Sundanese culture, there is a culture of eating together known as Cucurak in the Bogor area or Munggahan in the Priangan area. This tradition

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1056-430: Is a fermented peanut-based ingredient that is prevalent within Sundanese cuisine, just like its counterpart, Tempe, which is popular among Javanese people. Usually, the food itself is not too spicy, but it is served with a boiling sauce made by grinding chilli peppers and garlic together. On the coast, saltwater fish are common; in the mountains, fish tend to be either pond-raised carp or goldfish. A well-known Sundanese dish

1144-578: Is a growing shift towards Islamism , especially amongst urban Sundanese. Compared to the 1960s, many Sundanese Muslim women today have decided to wear hijab . The same phenomenon was also found earlier in the Malay community in Sumatra and Malaysia. Modern history saw the rise of political Islam through the birth of Darul Islam Indonesia in Tasikmalaya, West Java, back in 1949, although this movement

1232-503: Is a short form derived from baduyut in the Baduy language . It is a native Sundanese term that refers to an endemic vine plant of western Java ( Trichosanthes villosa ), used as a herbal medicine since ancient times. As part of the Sundanese family, baduyut also bears the same meaning in Old and Modern Sundanese . It is likely that in ancient times, there was a river called Baduyut, as

1320-520: Is also an essential structure in the traditional Sundanese agricultural community. Leuit is essential during Seren Taun harvest ceremony. Sundanese cuisine is one of the most famous traditional food in Indonesia, and it is also easily found in most Indonesian cities. The Sundanese food is characterised by its freshness; the famous lalab (raw vegetables salad) eaten with sambal (chili paste), and also karedok (peanuts paste) demonstrate

1408-614: Is also closely related to Malay and Minang as it is to Javanese, as seen by the Sundanese utilising different language levels denoting rank and respect – a concept borrowed from the Javanese. It shares similar vocabularies with Javanese and Malay. There are several dialects of Sundanese, from the Sunda–Banten dialect to the Sunda–Cirebonan dialect in the eastern part of West Java until the western part of Central Java Province. Some of

1496-624: Is an effort to revive the Sundanese script , which was used between the 14th and 18th centuries. For example, street names in Bandung and several cities in West Java are now written in both Latin and Sundanese scripts. The initial religious systems of the Sundanese were animism and dynamism with reverence to ancestral ( karuhun ) and natural spirits identified as hyang , yet bears some traits of pantheism . The best indications are found in

1584-575: Is an increasing number of Sundanese people who consider the Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) as something that enjoys social prestige. On the other hand, there is also a movement led by the minority Sundanese conservative traditionalist adat , the Sunda Wiwitan community, who are struggling to achieve wider acceptance and recognition of their faith and way of life. Sundanese culture is similar to that of Javanese culture. However, it differs in that it has

1672-443: Is built on short stilts . Its roof variations might includes hip and gablet roof (a combination of gable and hip roof). The more elaborate overhanging gablet roof is called Julang Ngapak , which means "bird spreading wings". Other traditional Sundanese house forms including Buka Pongpok, Capit Gunting, Jubleg Nangkub, Badak Heuay, Tagog Anjing , and Perahu Kemureb . Next to houses, rice barn or called leuit in Sundanese

1760-678: Is called Pantun Sunda , a chant of poetic verses employed for story-telling. It is the counterpart of the Javanese tembang , similar to but independent from Malay pantun . The Pantun Sunda often recount Sundanese folklore and legends such as Sangkuriang , Lutung Kasarung , Ciung Wanara , Mundinglaya Dikusumah , the tales of King Siliwangi , and popular children's folk stories such as Si Leungli . Traditional Sundanese arts include various forms of music, dance, and martial arts. The most notable types of Sundanese music are angklung bamboo music, kacapi suling music, gamelan degung , reyog Sunda and rampak gendang. The Angklung bamboo musical instrument

1848-504: Is considered as the most refined Sundanese). The dialect spoken on the north coast, Banten and Cirebon are considered less refined, and the language spoken by Baduy people is considered the archaic type of Sundanese language, before the adoption of the concept of language stratification to denote rank and respect as demonstrated (and influenced) by Javanese . Today, the Sundanese language is primarily written in Latin script . However, there

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1936-518: Is considered one of the world heritages of intangible culture. The most well known and distinctive Sundanese dances are Jaipongan , a traditional social dance which is usually, but mistakenly, associated with eroticism . Other popular dances such as the Merak dance describe colourful dancing peafowls. Sisingaan dance is performed mainly in the Subang area to celebrate the circumcision ritual where

2024-461: Is kept secret and is considered sacred. The Kanekes people visit the site to worship once a year in the month of Kalima, which, in 2003, coincided with the month of July. Only Pu'un , or the highest customary chairman and several elected members of the community, will follow the entourage to worship. Rainwater is stored in a mortar container in the Arca Domas complex. If it is found to be clear at

2112-486: Is more influenced by Islamic folklore than the influence of Indian epics present in Javanese versions. The Pencak silat martial art in Sundanese tradition can be traced to the historical figure King Siliwangi of the Sunda Pajajaran kingdom, with Cimande as one of the most prominent schools. The recently developed Tarung Derajat is also a popular martial art in West Java. Kujang is the traditional weapon of

2200-708: Is most closely related and sometimes considered to be a dialect of Sundanese . Native speakers are dispersed in regions around the Mount Kendeng, Rangkasbitung district of Lebak Regency , Pandeglang Regency , and Sukabumi , West Java. It is estimated that there are 11,620 speakers as of 2010. In order to communicate with outsiders, the Baduy people tend to speak Sundanese proper and sometimes Indonesian to some degree of fluency. The Inner Baduy in Kanekes village are mostly illiterate, hence their customary, religious belief system and ancestral folk tales are preserved in

2288-582: Is performed daily, from the day of death through the seventh day following; later performed again on the 40th day, a year, and the 1,000th day after the passing. This tradition today, however, is not always closely and faithfully followed since growing numbers of Sundanese are adopting a less traditional Islam which does not maintain many of the older traditions. Sundanese literature was basically oral. Their arts (such as architecture, music, dance, textiles, and ceremonies) substantially preserved traditions from an earlier phase of civilization, stretching back even to

2376-419: Is preserved in its small pendopo on soft carved brick bases. The carvings on the pendopo columns are 1940s copies of the ancient originals. An innovation is the use of brackets branching out from the columns. The main building features unusually tall pyramidal column bases. The ornament on the double braces of this building's pendopo tumpang sari ceiling is picked out in gilt. Another unusual feature in

2464-635: Is usually carried out together with extended family or colleagues when approaching Ramadan . The traditional occupation of Sundanese people is agricultural , especially rice cultivation. Sundanese culture and tradition are usually centred around the agricultural cycle. Festivities such as the Seren Taun harvest ceremony are held in high importance, especially in the traditional Sundanese community in Ciptagelar village, Cisolok, Sukabumi ; Sindang Barang, Pasir Eurih village, Taman Sari, Bogor ; and

2552-930: The Sundanese language , which is part of the Austronesian languages . The western area of the island of Java, namely the provinces of West Java , Banten , and Jakarta , as well as the westernmost part of Central Java , is called by the Sundanese people Tatar Sunda or Pasundan (meaning Sundanese land). Sundanese migrants can also be found in Lampung , South Sumatra , and, to a lesser extent, in Central Java and East Java . The Sundanese people can also be found on several other islands in Indonesia such as Sumatra , Kalimantan , Sulawesi , Bali and Papua . The Sundanese are of Austronesian origins and are thought to have originated in Taiwan . They migrated through

2640-482: The kabuyutan (ancestral or ancestral worship). The religion of the Baduy is known as Agama Sunda Wiwitan and is rooted in ancestral worship and honoring or worshiping spirits of natural forces . According to the kokolot (elders) of Cikeusik village, Kanekes people are not adherents of Hinduism or Buddhism . However, in its development, this faith is influenced by and has incorporated elements of Hinduism, and to some extent, Islam . The form of respect for

2728-530: The karuhun (ancestral spirits). Today, most Sundanese are Sunni Muslims. After western Java fell under the control of Dutch East India Company (VOC) in the early 18th century, and later under the Dutch East Indies , Christian evangelism towards the Sundanese people was started by missionaries of Genootschap voor In- en Uitwendige Zending te Batavia (GIUZ). This organisation was founded by Mr F. L. Anthing and Pastor E. W. King in 1851. However, it

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2816-498: The 'Tatar Sunda' folklore, very little of which still remains. Some people believe that the Baduy are the descendants of the aristocracy of the Sunda Kingdom of Pajajaran , who lived near Batutulis, in the hills around Bogor , but there is no strong evidence to support this belief. The domestic architecture of that region follows most closely the traditional Sundanese architecture. Pakuwan Pajajaran port, known as Sunda Kelapa ,

2904-601: The 15th to 16th centuries, Islam began to spread among the Sundanese people by Indian Muslim traders, and its adoption accelerated after the fall of the Hindu-animist Sunda Kingdom and the establishment of the Islamic Sultanates of Banten and Cirebon in coastal West Java. Numerous ulama (locally known as " kyai ") penetrated villages in the mountainous regions of Parahyangan and established mosques and schools ( pesantren ) and spread

2992-428: The Baduy people are expected to be honest, innocent, without beating around the bush, and devoid of bargaining in trade. Other taboos relate to defending Baduy lands against invasion: they may not grow sawah (wet rice), use fertilizers , raise cash crops, use modern tools for working ladang soil, or keep large domestic animals. The most important religious object for the Kanekes people is the Arca Domas, whose location

3080-568: The Governor of Banten (and formerly to the Governor of West Java) through the regent of Lebak . In agriculture, the Kanekes Luar people interact closely with outsiders in affairs such as leasing of land and laborers. In the past, trading was done by barter , but nowadays, the community uses the national currency, the rupiah . The Kanekes people sell fruits, honey, and sugar palm through middlemen. They also purchase necessities that they do not produce themselves from markets. Today, visitors to

3168-559: The Indonesian archipelago that were exposed to Indian Hindu-Buddhist influences. Tarumanagara followed by Sunda Kingdom adopted Hinduism as early as the 4th century. The Batujaya stupa complex in Karawang shows Buddhist influences in West Java, while Cangkuang Shivaic temple near Garut shows Hindu influence. The 16th-century sacred text Sanghyang siksakanda ng karesian contains the religious and moral rules, guidance, prescriptions and lessons for ancient Sundanese people. Around

3256-605: The Indonesian government as governor, municipal major, vice president and state ministers, also as officers and general in the Indonesian military . Sundanese is also popularly known as cheerful and mercurial folks, as they love to joke and tease around. The wayang golek artform of Cepot , Dawala, and Gareng punakawan characters demonstrate the Sundanese quirky side. Some Sundanese might find art and culture as their passion and become artists, either in fine art, music or performing art. Today, there are several Sundanese involved in

3344-798: The Islamic faith amongst the Sundanese people. Small traditional Sundanese communities retained their indigenous social and belief systems, adopting self-imposed isolation, and refused foreign influences, proselytism and modernisation altogether, such as those of the Baduy (Kanekes) people of inland Lebak Regency . Some Sundanese villages such as those in Cigugur Kuningan retained their Sunda Wiwitan beliefs, while some villages such as Kampung Naga in Tasikmalaya, and Sindang Barang Pasir Eurih in Bogor, although identifying themselves as Muslim, still uphold pre-Islamic traditions and taboos and venerated

3432-419: The Kanekes Dalam people are not influenced by Islam. Some of the rules observed by the community include: The Panamping , also known as Baduy Luar or Kanekes Luar (meaning "Outer Kanekes"), make up the remainder of the Baduy population, living in 22 villages and acting as a barrier to stop visitors from contacting the more reclusive community. They also follow the rigid taboo system but not as strictly as

3520-465: The Kanekes Dalam, and they are more willing to accept modern influences into their daily lives. For example, some Kanekes Luar wear the colorful sarongs and shirts favored by their Sundanese neighbors. In the past, the Baduy Luar only wore their homespun blue-black cloth and were forbidden to wear trousers. Other elements of civilization (toys, money, batteries) are rapidly infiltrating, especially in

3608-653: The Kanekes area. The Baduy region is geographically located at 6°27’27" – 6°30’0" south and 108°3’9" – 106°4’55" east. The Baduy population of 11,700 is centered at the foothills of the Kendeng mountains at the Kanekes settlement, Leuwidamar district, Lebak Regency , Banten, a distance of 40 km from Rangkasbitung . This region, part of the Kendeng mountains, with an elevation of 300–500 meters (975'-1,625') above sea level, consists of hilly topography with surfaces that reach up to an average of 45% slope, with volcanic (in

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3696-467: The Kanekes people are natives of the region and have strongly resisted external influences. The Kanekes people themselves also refuse to acknowledge that they originate from the fugitives of Pajajaran, the capital of the Kingdom of Sunda. According to Danasasmita and Djatisunda, the Baduy people are local to the settlements that are officially mandated by the king, because the people are obliged to preserve

3784-566: The Neolithic, and never overwhelmed (as eastward, in Java) by aristocratic Hindu-Buddhist ideas. The art and culture of Sundanese people reflect historical influences by various cultures that include prehistoric native animism and shamanism traditions, ancient Hindu - Buddhist heritage, and Islamic culture . The Sundanese have very vivid, orally-transmitted memories of the grand era of the Sunda Kingdom . The oral tradition of Sundanese people

3872-628: The Parahyangan highland as the playland or the abode of gods, as well as suggesting its natural beauty. The earliest historical polity that appeared in the Sundanese realm in the Western part of Java was the kingdom of Tarumanagara , which flourished between the 4th and 7th centuries. Hindu influences reached the Sundanese people as early as the 4th century AD, as is evident in Tarumanagara inscriptions . The adoption of this dharmic faith in

3960-776: The Philippines and reached Java between 1,500 BC and 1,000 BC. Nevertheless, there is also a hypothesis that argues that the Austronesian ancestors of contemporary Sundanese people originally came from Sundaland , a massive sunken peninsula that today forms the Java Sea, the Malacca and Sunda Straits and the islands between them. According to a recent genetic study, Sundanese, together with Javanese and Balinese , has an significant admixture of Austroasiatic and Austronesian ancestries. The Sunda Wiwitan belief contains

4048-482: The Sundanese are much more open to outside influences, and the majority of them embrace Islam. Generally, the Baduy are divided into three groups, namely Tangtu , Panamping , and Dangka . The community of villages in which they live are called mandalas , derived from the Hindu/Buddhist concept but referring in the Indonesian context to places where religion is the central aspect of life. The first group

4136-459: The Sundanese fondness for fresh raw vegetables. Similar to other ethnic groups in Indonesia, Sundanese people eat rice for almost every meal. The Sundanese like to say, "If you have not eaten rice, then you have not eaten at all." Rice is prepared in hundreds of different ways. However, it is simple steamed rice that serves as the centerpiece of all meals. Next to steamed rice , the side dishes of vegetables , fish , or meat are added to provide

4224-466: The Sundanese having a less rigid social hierarchy and more independent social manners. In the 19th century, Dutch colonial exploitation opened much of the interior for coffee , tea , and quinine production, and the highland society took on a frontier aspect, further strengthening the individualistic Sundanese mindset. There is a widespread belief among Indonesian ethnicities that the Sundanese are famous for their beauty. In his report "Summa Oriental" on

4312-495: The Sundanese people adopt a bilateral kinship system , with male and female descent of equal importance. In Sundanese families, the important rituals revolved around life cycles, from birth to death, adopting many previous Animist and Hindu-Buddhist, as well as Islamic, traditions. For example, during the seventh month of pregnancy, there is a prenatal ritual called Nujuh Bulanan (identical to Naloni Mitoni in Javanese tradition) which traces its origins to Hindu ritual. Shortly after

4400-566: The Sundanese people. The architecture of a Sundanese house is characterised by its functionality, simplicity, modesty, uniformity with little details, its use of natural thatched materials, and its quite faithful adherence to harmony with nature and the environment. Sundanese traditional houses mostly take basic form of gable roofed structure, commonly called kampung style roof, made of thatched materials ( ijuk black aren fibers, kirai , hateup leaves or palm leaves) covering wooden frames and beams, woven bamboo walls, and its structure

4488-468: The Sundanese way of life was, however, never as intense as their Javanese counterparts. It seems that despite the central court beginning to adopt Hindu-Buddhist culture and institution, the majority of common Sundanese still retained their native natural and ancestral worship. By the 4th century, the older megalithic culture was probably still alive and well next to the penetrating Hindu influences. Court cultures flourished in ancient times, for example, during

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4576-714: The absolute customary provisions practiced in the daily lives of the Kanekes people. The most important principle of the Kanekes people's pukukuh (adherence) is the concept of "no changes of whatsoever", or the slightest change possible: Lojor heunteu beunang dipotong, pèndèk heunteu beunang disambung (meaning "What's long cannot be cut [to shorten], and what's short cannot be attached [to lengthen]"). The Baduy also observe many mystical taboos . They are forbidden to kill, steal, lie, commit adultery, get drunk, eat food at night, take any form of conveyance, wear flowers or perfumes, accept gold or silver, touch money, or cut their hair. In agriculture, they practice pukukuh by not changing

4664-513: The addition of some original ideas. The ultimate authority is vested in Gusti Nu Maha Suci , who according to the Baduy sent Adam into the world to lead the life of a Baduy. The Kanekes people have a shared history and language with the Sundanese people . Some differences include their respective beliefs and lifestyles. The Kanekes people isolate themselves from the outside world and strictly preserve their traditional lifestyle, while

4752-651: The birth of a baby, a ritual called Akekahan (from Arabic word: Aqiqah ) is performed; an Islamic tradition in which the parents slaughter a goat for a baby girl or two goats for a baby boy, the meat later being cooked and distributed to relatives and neighbors. The circumcision ceremony is performed on prepubescent boys and celebrated with Sisingaan (lion) dance. The wedding ceremony is the highlight of Sundanese family celebration involving complex rituals from naroskeun and neundeun omong (marriage proposal and agreement conducted by parents and family elders), siraman (bridal shower), seserahan (presenting wedding gifts for

4840-464: The boy is seated upon a lion figure carried by four men. Other dances such as the Peafowl dance, Dewi dance and Ratu Graeni dance show Javanese Mataram courtly influences. Wayang golek puppetry is the most popular wayang performance for Sundanese people. Many forms of kejawen dance, literature, gamelan music and shadow puppetry ( wayang kulit ) derive from the Javanese. Sundanese puppetry

4928-411: The bride), akad nikah (wedding vows), saweran (throwing coins, mixed with flower petals and sometimes also candies, for the unmarried guests to collect and believed to bring better luck in romance), huap lingkung (bride and groom feed each other by the hand, with arms entwined to symbolize love and affection), bakakak hayam (bride and groom ripping a grilled chicken through holding each of its legs;

5016-405: The contour of the land for their fields, so much so that the way of farming is very simple; not cultivating the land using plows or forming terraces, but only using hoe-farming methods, that is, with sharpened bamboo. In the construction of houses, the contouring of the soil surface is also left as is, therefore the poles of the Kanekes houses are often not of the same length. Words and actions of

5104-453: The customary system, which abides by the customs of the community. Both are combined or acculturated in such a way that there is no conflict. Conventionally, the Kanekes people are led by a head of settlement, who is referred to as jaro pamarentah . Customarily, the Kanekes people fall under the leadership of the pu'un , who can be found in three settlements, or tangtu . The position is passed down through generations, but not necessarily from

5192-471: The earliest historical records that mention the name "Sunda" appears in the Kebon Kopi II inscription dated 854 saka (932 AD) discovered in Bogor . In 1225, a Chinese writer named Chou Ju-kua , in his book Chu-fan-chi , describes the port of Sin-t'o ( Sunda ), which probably refers to the port of Banten or Kalapa . By examining these records, it seems that the name "Sunda" started to appear in

5280-463: The early 11th century as a Javanese term used to designate their western neighbours. A Chinese source more specifically refers to it as the port of Banten or Sunda Kelapa. After the formation and consolidation of the Sunda Kingdom 's unity and identity during the Pajajaran era under the rule of Sri Baduga Maharaja (popularly known as King Siliwangi ), the shared common identity of Sundanese people

5368-641: The early 16th century Sunda Kingdom , Portuguese apothecary Tomé Pires mentioned: "The (Sundanese) women are beautiful, and those of the nobles chaste, which is not the case with those of the lower classes". Sundanese women are, as the belief goes, one of the most beautiful in the country due to the climate (they have a lighter complexion than other Indonesians) and a diet featuring raw vegetables (they are said to possess especially soft skin). Bandungite ladies, popularly known as Mojang Priangan are reputedly pretty, fashion smart and forward-looking. Probably because of this, many Sundanese people today pursue careers in

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5456-457: The eclectic complex: is the plaster and masonry columns feature decoration that resembles reeding . Like other old sites around Cirebon, ceramics in walls are common here, although their use in the Kraton is more restrained. The palace also has a somewhat neglected small museum with a restricted display of wayang , kris , cannon , furniture, Portuguese armour, and ancient royal clothes. In

5544-581: The entertainment industry. The Sundanese language is spoken by approximately 36 million people in 2010 and is the second most widely spoken regional language in Indonesia. The 2000 Indonesia Census put this figure at 30.9 million. This language is spoken in the southern part of the Banten province, and most of West Java and eastwards as far as the Pamali River in Brebes, Central Java . Sundanese

5632-472: The era of Sunda Kingdom . However, the Sundanese appear not to have had the resources nor desire to construct large religious monuments . The traditional rural Sundanese method of rice farming, by ladang or huma (dry rice farming), also contributed to small populations of sparsely inhabited Sundanese villages. Geographic constraints that isolate each region also led Sundanese villages to enjoy their simple way of life and their independence even more. That

5720-403: The interior regions. Therefore, the ruler of the region, Prince Pucuk Umun, believed that the sustainability of the river needed to be maintained. An army of highly trained royal troops was commanded to guard and to manage the dense and hilly jungle areas in the region of Mount Kendeng. The troops, with their specific duties to that area, came largely from the Kanekes community, which still inhabits

5808-486: The memory of the prehistoric ancient lake in Bandung basin highland, which suggest that Sundanese already inhabit the region since the Mesolithic era, at least 20,000 years ago. Another popular Sundanese proverb and legend mentioned the creation of Parahyangan (Priangan) highlands, the heartland of the Sundanese realm; "When the hyangs (gods) were smiling, the land of Parahyangan was created". This legend suggested

5896-579: The most distinct dialects are from Banten, Bogor, Priangan, and Cirebon. In Central Java, Sundanese is spoken in some of the Cilacap region and some of the Brebes region. It is known that the most refined Sundanese dialect — which is considered as its original form – are those spoken in Ciamis, Tasikmalaya, Garut, Bandung, Sumedang, Sukabumi, and especially Cianjur (The dialect spoken by people living in Cianjur

5984-1603: The music and entertainment industry, with some of Indonesia's most famous singers, musicians, composers, cinema directors, film and sinetrons (soap opera) actors being of Sundanese origin. Notable Sundanese that has been recognised as Indonesian national heroes include Dewi Sartika that fought for equality for women's education, and statesmen such as Oto Iskandar di Nata and Djuanda Kartawidjaja . Former governor of Jakarta Ali Sadikin , former vice president Umar Wirahadikusumah , and former defence minister Agum Gumelar , and ministers of foreign affairs such as Mochtar Kusumaatmadja , Hassan Wirajuda and Marty Natalegawa , Meutya Hafid are among notable Sundanese in politics. Ajip Rosidi and Achdiat Karta Mihardja are among Indonesian distinguished poets and writers. The modern Indonesian entertainment industry employs large numbers of Sundanese artists that have become Indonesia's most famous singers, musicians, composers, cinema directors, film and sinetron actors. Famous dangdut singers Rhoma Irama , Elvy Sukaesih and, musicians and composers such as Erwin Gutawa and singers such as Roekiah , Hetty Koes Endang , Vina Panduwinata , Nicky Astria , Nike Ardilla , Poppy Mercury , Rossa , Gita Gutawa and Syahrini , Indonesian sinetrons actors such as Raffi Ahmad , Jihan Fahira and Asmirandah Zantman , also stunt choreographer, movie action star Kang Cecep Arif Rahman, also film director Nia Dinata , are among artists of Sundanese background. Famous wayang golek puppet master

6072-666: The mythical origin of Sundanese people; Sang Hyang Kersa, the supreme divine being in ancient Sundanese belief created seven bataras (deities) in Sasaka Pusaka Buana (The Sacred Place on Earth). The oldest of these bataras is called Batara Cikal and is considered the ancestor of the Kanekes people . The other six bataras ruled various locations in Sunda lands in Western Java. A Sundanese legend of Sangkuriang contains

6160-464: The north), precipitate (in the center), and mixed soil (in the south). The average temperature is 20 °C. The Baduy homeland in Java is contained in just 50 km (19 sq mi) of hilly forest area, 120 km (75 mi) from Jakarta , Indonesia's capital. The three main settlements of the Kanekes people are Cikeusik, Cikertawana, and Cibeo. The native language of the Baduy people, Baduy,

6248-412: The oldest epic poems ( wawacan ) and among the remote Baduy tribe. This religion is called Sunda Wiwitan ("early Sundanese"). The rice agriculture had shaped the culture, beliefs and ritual system of traditional Sundanese people, among other the reverence to Nyai Pohaci Sanghyang Asri as the goddess of rice and fertility. The land of Sundanese people in western Java is among the earliest places in

6336-532: The present have adhered strictly to their customs, has not been entirely isolated from the developments of the outside world. They became aware of the establishment of the Sultanate of Banten , which automatically annexed the Kanekes people into the kingdom's territory of power. As a sign of obedience to and recognition of these authorities, the Kanekes community routinely perform the seba ceremony each year, which involves delivering crops such as rice and fruit to

6424-566: The rigid structure and rules of government offices. Several traditional travelling food vendors and food stalls such as Siomay , Gado-gado and Karedok , Nasi Goreng , Cendol , Bubur Ayam , Roti Bakar (grilled bread), Bubur kacang hijau (green beans congee) and Indomie instant noodle stall are notably run by Sundanese. Nevertheless, there are numbers of Sundanese that successfully carved their career as intellectuals or politicians in national politics, government offices and military positions. Some notable Sundanese has gained positions in

6512-425: The spirits of natural forces is carried out by guarding and preserving the natural environment, such as the mountains, hills, valleys, forests, gardens, springs, rivers, and all the ecosystems within them, as well as giving their highest gratitude to nature by treating and protecting the jungle as part of an effort to maintain the balance of the universe. The core of this belief is shown by the existence of pikukuh , or

6600-420: The term Cibaduyut ( ᮎᮤᮘᮓᮥᮚᮥᮒ᮪ ) itself literally means "Baduyut River" in the Sundanese language, thus it is possible that this tribe was named after the river. The Baduy people sometimes prefer to be called Urang Kanekes ( lit. "Kanekes people") or Urang Cibeo ( lit. "Cibeo people") instead, as these are the names of their cultural regions or villages. There is also a theory suggesting that

6688-475: The time of worship, then it is a sign for the Kanekes people that there will be plenty of rain that year, and the harvest will be bountiful. Conversely, if the mortar container is dry, or the water is turbid, then it is a sign of crop failure. A certain amount of Islamic influence has also penetrated into the religion of a few of the Baduy Luar in recent years (especially in Cicakal Girang village), with

6776-503: The traditional Sundanese community in Cigugur Kuningan . The typical Sundanese leuit (rice barn) is an important part of traditional Sundanese villages; it is held in high esteem as the symbol of wealth and welfare. Since early times, the Sundanese have predominantly been farmers. They tend to be reluctant to be government officers or legislators. Next to agriculture, Sundanese people often choose business and trade to make

6864-469: The upper part of Ciujung River at Gunung Kendeng. The discrepancy between the two theories led to the notion that in the past, the identity and historicity of the Kanekes had been intentionally concealed, in order to protect the community from attacks by the Sunda Kingdom's enemies. Van Tricht, a doctor who had done medical research in the area in 1928, denied this theory, however. According to him,

6952-479: The villages to the north, and it is no longer unusual for an Outer Baduy person to make a journey to Jakarta or even to work outside as a hired hand during the rice planting and harvest seasons. Some even work in big towns and cities like Jakarta, Bogor , and Bandung . Meat is eaten in some of the outer villages, where dogs are trained for hunting, though animal husbandry is still forbidden. Some Kanekes Dalam have become Kanekes Luar, either through intermarriage or as

7040-406: The wearing of a white headband. They follow the rigid buyut taboo system very strictly, (see § Religion and beliefs ) and thus have made very little contact with the outside world. The priests of this community, known as pu'un , are the only ones allowed to visit the most sacred ground of the Baduy, which lies on Gunung Kendeng, in a place called Arca Domas. Unlike their Kanekes Luar counterparts,

7128-652: The word baduy was initially an exonym used by outsiders to refer to these tribal groups, stemming from the idea that the Dutch equated them with Bedouin Arabs. The Baduy are divided into three sub-groups: No foreigners are allowed to meet the Inner Baduy, though the Outer Baduy do foster some limited contacts with the outside world. Dangka Baduy have sustained contacts with the outside world and no longer live in

7216-489: Was Asep Sunandar Sunarya , while Sule , Jojon and Kang Ibing are a popular comedians. In sports, Indonesian athletes of Sundanese background include badminton Olympic gold medalists Taufik Hidayat , Ricky Subagja and Rizki Juniansyah . Baduy people Baduy people (sometimes spelled as Badui or Kanekes ) are an indigenous Sundanese ethnic group native to the southeastern part of Banten , specifically Lebak Regency , Banten , Indonesia. The term baduy

7304-749: Was Nederlandsche Zendelings Vereeniging (NZV) that sent their missionaries to convert the Sundanese peoples. They started the mission in Batavia, later expanding into several towns in West Java such as Bandung , Cianjur , Cirebon , Bogor and Sukabumi . They built schools, churches and hospitals for native people in West Java. Compared to the large Sundanese Muslim population, the numbers of Christian Sundanese are scarce. Today, Christians in West Java are mostly Chinese Indonesians residing in West Java, with only small numbers of native Sundanese Christians. In contemporary Sundanese social and religious life, there

7392-589: Was destroyed by invading Faletehan (Fatahillah) Muslim soldiers in 1579, and Dayeuh Pakuan , the capital of Pajajaran, was invaded by the Banten Sultanate some time later. Before the establishment of the sultanate, the western tip of Java island played an important role for the Sunda Kingdom, with Banten being a large trading port. Various types of vessels entered the Ciujung River, and most of them were used to transport crops that were harvested from

7480-761: Was later cracked down by the Indonesian Republic. In modern contemporary political landscapes, the Sundanese realm in West Java and Banten also provides widespread support for Islamic parties such as the Prosperous Justice Party (PKS) and the United Development Party (PPP). There are numbers of Sundanese ulama and Islamic preachers who have been successful in gaining national popularity, such as Kyai Abdullah Gymnastiar , Ustadz Adi Hidayat and Mamah Dedeh who have become TV personalities through their dakwah show. There

7568-438: Was more firmly established. They adopted the name "Sunda" to identify their kingdom, their people and their language . Inland Pasundan is mountainous and hilly, and until the 19th century, it was thickly forested and sparsely populated. The Sundanese traditionally live in small and isolated hamlets, rendering control by indigenous courts difficult. The Sundanese, traditionally engage in dry-field farming. These factors resulted in

7656-747: Was probably the factor that would contribute to the carefree nature, egalitarian, conservative, independent and somewhat individualistic social outlook of the Sundanese people. The Sundanese seems to love and revere their nature in spiritual ways, leading to them adopting some taboos to conserve nature and maintain the ecosystem. The conservative tendency and their somewhat opposition to foreign influences are demonstrated in extreme isolationist measures adopted keenly by Kanekes or Baduy people . They have rules against interacting with outsiders and adopting foreign ideas, technology, and ways of life. They have also set some taboos, such as not cutting trees or harming forest creatures, to conserve their natural ecosystem. One of

7744-477: Was sent to Earth. This origin story is often associated with the biblical first man, Adam . According to the Kanekes, Adam and his descendants have been given the task to meditate or practice asceticism in order to preserve the harmony of the world. The Kanekes origin story differs from the opinions of historians, who base their theories on the synthesis of historical evidence in the form of inscriptions, written records of Portuguese and Chinese sailors, as well as

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