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79-668: Periphery Gangnam ( Korean :  강남 ; Hanja :  江南 ; lit.  South of the [Han] River ; IPA: [ka̠ŋna̠m] ), sometimes referred to as the Greater Gangnam Area , is a geographic and cultural region in Seoul . While Gangnam can refer to the entire region of Seoul south of the Han River, the region is generally defined as consisting of the city's affluent Gangnam , Seocho and Songpa districts. Other definitions define Gangnam by

158-484: A Korean influence on Khitan. The hypothesis that Korean could be related to Japanese has had some supporters due to some overlap in vocabulary and similar grammatical features that have been elaborated upon by such researchers as Samuel E. Martin and Roy Andrew Miller . Sergei Starostin (1991) found about 25% of potential cognates in the Japanese–Korean 100-word Swadesh list . Some linguists concerned with

237-468: A bachelor's degree in Seoul, with the vast majority of residents having at least a bachelor's degree. After the democratization of South Korea and the 1997 Asian financial crisis , Gangnam has gradually shifted towards the right , and the region is considered more politically conservative than the rest of Seoul. The region has historically voted for the right-wing Liberty Korea Party and its successor,

316-480: A core vowel. The IPA symbol ⟨ ◌͈ ⟩ ( U+0348 ◌͈ COMBINING DOUBLE VERTICAL LINE BELOW ) is used to denote the tensed consonants /p͈/, /t͈/, /k͈/, /t͡ɕ͈/, /s͈/ . Its official use in the extensions to the IPA is for "strong" articulation, but is used in the literature for faucalized voice . The Korean consonants also have elements of stiff voice , but it is not yet known how typical this

395-521: A fire destroyed more than 60 homes in the town and forced the displacement of 63 residents. The village reportedly has a number of services, including a post office, a kindergarten and church, a security service, and even utilities like water, gas and electricity, for which payments are communal. In the past few decades, there have been a number of efforts to demolish the village and relocate its residents, but progress has been slow due to disagreements on which course of action to take and how to deal with

474-545: A later founder effect diminished the internal variety of both language families. Since the establishment of two independent governments, North–South differences have developed in standard Korean, including variations in pronunciation and vocabulary chosen. However, these minor differences can be found in any of the Korean dialects , which are still largely mutually intelligible . The Chinese language , written with Chinese characters and read with Sino-Xenic pronunciations ,

553-574: A possible relationship.) Hudson & Robbeets (2020) suggested that there are traces of a pre- Nivkh substratum in Korean. According to the hypothesis, ancestral varieties of Nivkh (also known as Amuric ) were once distributed on the Korean Peninsula before the arrival of Koreanic speakers. Korean syllable structure is (C)(G)V(C), consisting of an optional onset consonant, glide /j, w, ɰ/ and final coda /p, t, k, m, n, ŋ, l/ surrounding

632-486: A standard of living similar or higher than their own to be part of Gangnam. The region has been likened to a gated community , with residents chastising other parts of Seoul as being 'old-fashioned' and 'unsophisticated'. Similarly, studies of children from Gangnam have found that they hold negative views of non-Gangnam areas, describing them as "rough, dirty, countrified, smelly, and somewhat dangerous". Residency in Gangnam

711-619: Is also generated by longstanding alliances, military involvement, and diplomacy, such as between South Korea–United States and China–North Korea since the end of World War II and the Korean War . Along with other languages such as Chinese and Arabic , Korean is ranked at the top difficulty level for English speakers by the United States Department of Defense . Modern Korean descends from Middle Korean , which in turn descends from Old Korean , which descends from

790-528: Is also known for having a number of megachurches —which is partially the result of the region's population boom. Gangnam is notable for having the first large-scale middle class apartment complexes built in Seoul. During the 2000s, a number of buildings designed by popular architects, including Daniel Libeskind , Mario Botta , and Ben van Berkel , were built in Gangnam. The Kyobo Gangnam Tower , Urban Hive , Boutique Monaco , and Samsung Town in Gangnam have all been recognized for their architecture. Some of

869-656: Is an agglutinative language . The Korean language is traditionally considered to have nine parts of speech . Modifiers generally precede the modified words, and in the case of verb modifiers, can be serially appended. The sentence structure or basic form of a Korean sentence is subject–object–verb (SOV), but the verb is the only required and immovable element and word order is highly flexible, as in many other agglutinative languages. Question 가게에 gage-e store- LOC 가셨어요? ga-syeo-sseo-yo go- HON . PAST - CONJ - POL 가게에 가셨어요? gage-e ga-syeo-sseo-yo store-LOC go-HON.PAST-CONJ-POL 'Did [you] go to

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948-511: Is closer to a near-open central vowel ( [ɐ] ), though ⟨a⟩ is still used for tradition. Grammatical morphemes may change shape depending on the preceding sounds. Examples include -eun/-neun ( -은/-는 ) and -i/-ga ( -이/-가 ). Sometimes sounds may be inserted instead. Examples include -eul/-reul ( -을/-를 ), -euro/-ro ( -으로/-로 ), -eseo/-seo ( -에서/-서 ), -ideunji/-deunji ( -이든지/-든지 ) and -iya/-ya ( -이야/-야 ). Some verbs may also change shape morphophonemically. Korean

1027-502: Is considered a status symbol, with both businesses and people actively seeking out the region as a means of exhibiting one's success. Although negative attitudes towards Gangnam residents are common among non-Gangnam residents, surveys have found most would still move to Gangnam if they were able to. The region has a high concentration of luxury brands , with the highest concentration in the Cheongdam neighborhood . The flagship stores of

1106-399: Is mainly reserved for specific circumstances such as newspapers, scholarly papers and disambiguation. Today Hanja is largely unused in everyday life but is still important for historical and linguistic studies. The Korean names for the language are based on the names for Korea used in both South Korea and North Korea. The English word "Korean" is derived from Goryeo , which is thought to be

1185-399: Is of faucalized consonants. They are produced with a partially constricted glottis and additional subglottal pressure in addition to tense vocal tract walls, laryngeal lowering, or other expansion of the larynx. /s/ is aspirated [sʰ] and becomes an alveolo-palatal [ɕʰ] before [j] or [i] for most speakers (but see North–South differences in the Korean language ). This occurs with

1264-544: Is the native language for about 81 million people, mostly of Korean descent. It is the national language of both North Korea and South Korea . Beyond Korea, the language is recognized as a minority language in parts of China , namely Jilin , and specifically Yanbian Prefecture , and Changbai County . It is also spoken by Sakhalin Koreans in parts of Sakhalin , the Russian island just north of Japan, and by

1343-423: Is unknown, and has also changed over time. When the village first arose, it had around 8,000 people living in 2,000 households. In 2005, it was reported that the area had 4,000 inhabitants. Between 2012 and 2014, the population was given as 2,500. The residents are primarily impoverished elderly people who earn extremely little per day. In 2011, its inhabitants received temporary residence cards. In 2014, it

1422-747: Is well attested in Western Old Japanese and Northern Ryukyuan languages , in Eastern Old Japanese it only occurs in compounds, and it is only present in three dialects of the Southern Ryukyuan language group . Also, the doublet wo meaning "hemp" is attested in Western Old Japanese and Southern Ryukyuan languages. It is thus plausible to assume a borrowed term. (See Classification of the Japonic languages or Comparison of Japanese and Korean for further details on

1501-603: Is zoned for residential use, and as of 2011, forty percent of all buildings are multi-family buildings. Guryong Village , a shantytown populated by residents displaced during the development of Gangnam, is found in the Gaepo neighborhood of Gangnam. The region's parks include Dosan Park , the Seonjeongneung burial ground, and the Yangjae Citizen's Forest . Historically, before incorporating Gangnam region into

1580-521: The Koryo-saram in parts of Central Asia . The language has a few extinct relatives which—along with the Jeju language (Jejuan) of Jeju Island and Korean itself—form the compact Koreanic language family . Even so, Jejuan and Korean are not mutually intelligible . The linguistic homeland of Korean is suggested to be somewhere in contemporary Manchuria . The hierarchy of the society from which

1659-527: The yangban aristocracy, who looked down upon it too easy to learn. However, it gained widespread use among the common class and was widely used to print popular novels which were enjoyed by the common class. Since few people could understand official documents written in classical Chinese, Korean kings sometimes released public notices entirely written in Hangul as early as the 16th century for all Korean classes, including uneducated peasants and slaves. By

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1738-473: The Gyeongbu Expressway in 1970, which connected Seoul to Busan . Throughout the 1970s, the government implemented various economic incentives and tax exemptions to promote the construction of new apartments in Gangnam. By 1985, 70 percent of all housing units in Gangnam were apartments, compared to just 26.5 percent in the rest of Seoul. New residential constructions in Gangnam were sold off by

1817-597: The Hangang river, as its southernmost point was recorded as Noryang ( Korean :  노량 ), which was a harbor region north of the river in the era of early Joseon. The swampy region was originally home to various poor farming households living in traditional thatched roof Korean homes , with most land being used for paddy fields and other low-value agriculture. In addition, the region's lowland geography made it vulnerable to flooding, excluding Gangnam from prior development plans. Being geographically adjacent to Seoul and

1896-600: The K-pop song " Gangnam Style ", the singer PSY parodied the cultural, lifestyle, and class markers associated with the nouveau riche of the Gangnam region. While the music video features the ASEM Tower and Trade Tower in Gangnam, most of the video was filmed outside of Seoul in Incheon . The 2015 action film Gangnam Blues featured the history of real estate development in the Gangnam area. Gangnam has also been

1975-830: The Korea Customs Service , the Korea Forest Service , the Public Procurement Service , and eight financial institutions, including the Bank of Korea , the Korea Development Bank , and the Korea Exchange Bank , to Gangnam, but this plan received considerable pushback from the central government. Gangnam has among the highest concentrations of wealth in Seoul, with the Gangnam and Seocho districts having

2054-751: The LG Corporation and KB Financial Group are headquartered in the Yeongdeungpo District , on the western part of the region south of the Han River. In 2010, the Gangnam, Seocho, and Songpa districts accounted for ten percent of the total land value of South Korea. In Korean popular culture, Gangnam is depicted as both an object of aspiration and a region that draws reproval for the perceived corrupt and immoral ways in which its residents acquire their wealth. The boundaries of Gangnam are often defined by its affluence, and residents of Gangnam have been found to only recognize parts of Seoul with

2133-738: The People Power Party . A disproportionate number of government officials appointed under the Lee Myung-bak and Yoon Suk Yeol administrations have been from Gangnam. The region has the highest voter turnout in Seoul. Voters in Gangnam are intensely concerned with protecting and increasing property values, a result of the density of high-value properties in the area. Liberals who reside in Gangnam are often pejoratively called " Gangnam leftists " ( 강남 좌파 ; 江南左派 ) for outwardly progressive political positions that contrast with their class interests as residents of Gangnam. While

2212-589: The Proto-Koreanic language , which is generally suggested to have its linguistic homeland somewhere in Manchuria . Whitman (2012) suggests that the proto-Koreans, already present in northern Korea, expanded into the southern part of the Korean Peninsula at around 300 BC and coexisted with the descendants of the Japonic Mumun cultivators (or assimilated them). Both had influence on each other and

2291-586: The Seoul Prosecutor's Office to the Seocho neighborhood of Seocho District, the area also has a high concentration of law offices. As of 2021, more than 82,000 people living in Gangnam had a net worth greater than 1 billion won . Gangnam hosts many startup companies and some of the largest South Korean technology companies , particularly in Teheran Valley , which developed rapidly following

2370-611: The Shinsagae , Hyundai , and Lotte department stores can all be found in Gangnam. Dosan-daero is known as the "Imported Car Highway" ( 수입차 하이웨이 ) for its concentration of foreign car dealerships, and Garosu Street in the Sinsa neighborhood is known for its concentration of fashion studios and cafes. More than 470 plastic surgery clinics are registered in Gangnam District, making up more than 30 percent of all clinics in

2449-568: The Three Kingdoms of Korea (not the ancient confederacies in the southern Korean Peninsula), while " -eo " and " -mal " mean "language" and "speech", respectively. Korean is also simply referred to as guk-eo , literally "national language". This name is based on the same Han characters ( 國語 "nation" + "language") that are also used in Taiwan and Japan to refer to their respective national languages. In North Korea and China ,

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2528-889: The 17th century, the yangban had exchanged Hangul letters with slaves, which suggests a high literacy rate of Hangul during the Joseon era. In the context of growing Korean nationalism in the 19th century, the Gabo Reform of 1894 abolished the Confucian examinations and decreed that government documents would be issued in Hangul instead of literary Chinese. Some newspapers were published entirely in Hangul, but other publications used Korean mixed script , with Hanja for Sino-Korean vocabulary and Hangul for other elements. North Korea abolished Hanja in writing in 1949, but continues to teach them in schools. Their usage in South Korea

2607-408: The 20th century. The script uses 24 basic letters ( jamo ) and 27 complex letters formed from the basic ones. When first recorded in historical texts, Korean was only a spoken language . Since the turn of the 21st century, aspects of Korean culture have spread to other countries through globalization and cultural exports . As such, interest in Korean language acquisition (as a foreign language )

2686-687: The Han River, the region was an important point of land and sea transportation during the Joseon dynasty and the Japanese annexation of Korea . Until the construction of the Hannam Bridge , the region's only connections to Seoul were the Hangang Bridge and Yanghwa Bridge . The region's isolation from central Seoul and its lack of public utilities, including an adequate sewage system, made it unappealing for most residents of Seoul. Even when

2765-605: The High School Equalization Policy, Seoul was divided into nine school districts, with Gangnam being home to Eighth School District. As a result of the concentration of prestigious schools in Gangnam, competition to attend the district is intense. Gangnam has a disproportionate number of hagwons for its population, having more than 32 percent of all hagwons in Seoul. In particular, the Daechi neighborhood of Gangnam has more than 900 hagwons ,

2844-734: The Seoul Metropolitan Subway were intentionally designed to go through Gangnam, which previously had a dearth of public transportation. The stations between the Sports Complex station and the Seoul National University of Education station on Seoul Subway Line 2 opened in December 1982 and the loop itself was completed in December 1983. Korean language Korean ( South Korean : 한국어 , Hanguk-eo ; North Korean : 조선어 , Chosŏnŏ )

2923-571: The Seoul city's peripheral suburb Seongjeosimni made huge growth in late period of Joseon, its southernmost point was still Noryang , and this Noryang region only expanded to small area south of the Hangang river just around the traditional harbor region. This tendency was continued to Colonial Korea , as the Japanese colonial government never included areas around current Gangnam District into boundary of Keijō . Keijō in its initial years, it

3002-455: The beginnings of words. /l/ becomes alveolar flap [ɾ] between vowels, and [l] or [ɭ] at the end of a syllable or next to another /l/ . A written syllable-final ' ㄹ ', when followed by a vowel or a glide ( i.e. , when the next character starts with ' ㅇ '), migrates to the next syllable and thus becomes [ɾ] . Traditionally, /l/ was disallowed at the beginning of a word. It disappeared before [j] , and otherwise became /n/ . However,

3081-718: The boundaries of the Gangnam Eighth School District or by the commercial zones around Gangnam Highway , Yangjae Station , Sinsa Station , Nonhyeon Station , Sinnonhyeon Station and Gangnam station . These definitions exclude the Songpa District , which has been argued to be culturally and administratively distinct from the Gangnam and Seocho districts. Historically, the region was also called Yeongdong ( 영동 ; 永東 ; lit.  East of Yeongdeungpo) and remained undeveloped prior to

3160-736: The city center. Construction for the project was completed on October 20, 1981, and to promote its use, the city forcibly closed the bus terminal in Gangbuk, opened the Jamsu Bridge in 1976, and excavated the Third Namsan Tunnel in May 1978. Gangnam has the greatest number of connections on the Seoul Metropolitan Subway , a product of Park Chung Hee's targeted development in the region. Lines Two and Three of

3239-487: The city of Seoul in 1963, the Gangnam region around current Gangnam District was never a part of Seoul. During 600 years of Joseon, the Seoul city was named as Hanseongbu  [ ko ] ( Korean :  한성부 ) constituted of two areas; An area inside the Fortress Wall and another area 10 Ris (Korean mile) outside of it. The latter area, named as Seongjeosimni , was strictly confined to area north of

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3318-440: The city's rapid development prior to the 1988 Olympic Games . It was an illegal settlement at the time, as it was built on privately owned land. The settlement persisted over decades, despite multiple efforts to resettle the residents. Beginning in the mid-2010s, the Seoul government has been gradually moving residents out of the area, and offering them apartments in the area or elsewhere at significantly reduced rents. By 2019, it

3397-452: The commercial districts around Gangnam Highway and Gangnam station . The term Gangnam is used in counterpoint with Gangbuk ( 강북 ; 江北 ; lit.  North of the [Han] River) and the distinction between the two regions was formed sometime following the 1970s. The region is surrounded by the Han River to the north, Umyeonsan Mountain  [ ko ] , Guryongsan Mountain , and Daemosan Mountain  [ ko ] to

3476-553: The completion of Seoul Subway Line 2 and the 1988 Summer Olympics . The area around Teheran Boulevard has the highest concentration of technology companies within Seoul, and the South Korean operations of Apple , Google , Oracle and Qualcomm began in Gangnam. A number of chaebols are headquartered in Gangnam, including Hyundai Motor Group , Samsung , GS Group , and the Lotte Corporation . In addition,

3555-656: The country. As a consequence of the Gangbuk Suppression Policies, Gangnam also has a disproportionate number of restaurants, bars, and hotels, with the 1995 Seoul Statistical Yearbook finding that Gangnam District has the greatest number of restaurants, karaoke bars, and pubs out of any district of Seoul . World Trade Center Seoul , the Seoul Arts Center , and the National Library of Korea are all found in Gangnam. In 2012, in

3634-451: The families of chaebol , while residents from the southern half are characterized as working professionals who are overly concerned with their children's education as a result of their background. The Cheongdam , Apgujeong , Dogok , and Seocho neighborhoods have the highest concentration of residential buildings in Gangnam, while the region's businesses are concentrated around Teheran Boulevard. The vast majority of land in Gangnam

3713-399: The first Korean dynasty known to Western nations. Korean people in the former USSR refer to themselves as Koryo-saram or Koryo-in (literally, " Koryo/Goryeo persons"), and call the language Koryo-mal' . Some older English sources also use the spelling "Corea" to refer to the nation, and its inflected form for the language, culture and people, "Korea" becoming more popular in

3792-431: The government at below market rates through a lottery program. These lotteries were highly competitive and were restricted to middle-class Koreans as a result of their strict financial requirements. During this time, intense media attention was focused on middle-class housewives who participated in the real estate market with the use of the pejorative term bok-buin ( 복부인 ; lit.  Mrs. Realtor). Competition for

3871-689: The greatest proportion of high-income households in the city. More than half of all lawyers, doctors, entrepreneurs, financial managers, and civil servants in South Korea live in Gangnam, and as of 2002, 37 percent of the National Assembly and 39 percent of all top officials lived in Gangnam. Following the relocation of the Supreme Court of Korea, the Seoul District Court , the Supreme Prosecutors' Office, and

3950-437: The highest number in the country. As a result of its location within the Gangnam Eighth School District and the end of the South Korean ban on private tutoring, Daechi-dong emerged as the epicenter of hagwons in Seoul. Of the students accepted into Seoul National University in 2022, 11.9 percent graduated from schools in the Gangnam and Seocho districts of Seoul. In addition, Gangnam has the highest proportion of residents with

4029-401: The highest ranked high school in Seoul, moved as well. In the following years, a number of elite high schools would move to Gangnam, giving the region its reputation as an educational mecca. The migration of these schools south of the river has been described as the primary reason behind Gangnam's current affluent status. In 1988, in response to the rapid population growth in Gangnam, the region

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4108-479: The inflow of western loanwords changed the trend, and now word-initial /l/ (mostly from English loanwords) are pronounced as a free variation of either [ɾ] or [l] . All obstruents (plosives, affricates, fricatives) at the end of a word are pronounced with no audible release , [p̚, t̚, k̚] . Plosive sounds /p, t, k/ become nasals [m, n, ŋ] before nasal sounds. Hangul spelling does not reflect these assimilatory pronunciation rules, but rather maintains

4187-408: The issue between Japanese and Korean, including Alexander Vovin, have argued that the indicated similarities are not due to any genetic relationship , but rather to a sprachbund effect and heavy borrowing, especially from Ancient Korean into Western Old Japanese . A good example might be Middle Korean sàm and Japanese asá , meaning " hemp ". This word seems to be a cognate, but although it

4266-587: The language is most often called Joseon-mal , or more formally, Joseon-o . This is taken from the North Korean name for Korea (Joseon), a name retained from the Joseon dynasty until the proclamation of the Korean Empire , which in turn was annexed by the Empire of Japan . In mainland China , following the establishment of diplomatic relations with South Korea in 1992, the term Cháoxiǎnyǔ or

4345-472: The language originates deeply influences the language, leading to a system of speech levels and honorifics indicative of the formality of any given situation. Modern Korean is written in the Korean script ( 한글 ; Hangeul in South Korea, 조선글 ; Chosŏn'gŭl in North Korea), a system developed during the 15th century for that purpose, although it did not become the primary script until

4424-455: The late 1800s. In South Korea the Korean language is referred to by many names including hanguk-eo ("Korean language"), hanguk-mal ("Korean speech") and uri-mal ("our language"); " hanguk " is taken from the name of the Korean Empire ( 대한제국 ; 大韓帝國 ; Daehan Jeguk ). The " han " ( 韓 ) in Hanguk and Daehan Jeguk is derived from Samhan , in reference to

4503-502: The lottery was intensified by the fact that lottery entrants typically entered the names of other family members, and because winners could resell their tickets at full market value, resulting in high levels of speculative investment . By 1985, 89 percent of Gangnam's residents had moved in within the last five years, in comparison with 30 percent for the rest of Seoul. Between 1963 and 1979, land prices in Gangnam increased nearly 1000 times, while land prices in Gangbuk increased 25 times in

4582-732: The most prestigious high schools and hagwons in South Korea are found in Gangnam. A number of elite middle and high schools moved to Gangnam following the redevelopment plans of the 1970s and 1980s, including Kyunggi High School in 1976; Whimoon Middle School  [ ko ] and Whimoon High School in 1978; Sookmyung Girls' Middle School  [ ko ] , Sookmyung Girls' High School , and Seoul High School in 1980; Joongdong Middle School  [ ko ] and Joongdong High School in 1984; Dongduk Girls' Middle School  [ ko ] and Dongduk Girls' High School  [ ko ] in 1986; and Kyunggi Girls' High School  [ ko ] in 1988. In 1977, following

4661-515: The population was illiterate. In the 15th century King Sejong the Great personally developed an alphabetic featural writing system , known today as Hangul , to promote literacy among the common people. Introduced in the document Hunminjeongeum , it was called eonmun ('colloquial script') and quickly spread nationwide to increase literacy in Korea. The Korean alphabet was denounced by

4740-693: The project was completed on July 7, 1970. These two projects were responsible for kick-starting a period of rapid growth in Gangnam. The Gyeongbu Expressway, along with the Gangnam Highway and Teheran Boulevard, comprise the main arterial roads of Gangnam. In June 1975, the Seoul Metropolitan Government announced its plans to construct the Gangnam Express Bus Terminal , a dedicated bus terminal for Seoul to relieve traffic congestion caused by buses in

4819-550: The region and land prices in Gangnam skyrocketed. While the term Gangnam can refer narrowly to the Gangnam District or broadly to the entire region of Seoul south of the Han River, the conventional and most common use of the term is to refer to the affluent Gangnam, Seocho , and Songpa districts. Other definitions exclude the Songpa District or define the region around the Gangnam Eighth School District or

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4898-460: The river, hoping to attract parents to move for their children's educations. Additionally, the Park government passed the High School Equalization Policy, which ended rankings and entrance exams for elite high schools, encouraging these schools to move to Gangnam to regain their reputations. In 1975, Seoul National University relocated from Downtown Seoul to Gangnam and in 1976, Kyunggi High School ,

4977-479: The river. By the late 1960s, migration from the countryside into Seoul had overwhelmed the city's existing infrastructure and various proposals were made to expand the city to the south. Following the 1968 assassination attempt on Park by North Korean soldiers, he announced plans to build a "second Seoul" south of the river to disperse the population away from the Korean Demilitarized Zone . At

5056-539: The same period. In the early 1980s, the Park government enacted the Gangbuk Suppression Policies, which restricted the new construction of businesses, entertainment venues, factories, and department stores north of the river. Before the 1970s, most prestigious schools in Seoul were located in Downtown Seoul . As part of the development program in Gangnam, the government provided construction and land subsidies, as well as tax exemptions, to schools that moved south of

5135-493: The setting of a number of K-dramas about the lives of affluent Koreans, including To Catch Up with Gangnam Mothers  [ ko ] (2007), Living Among the Rich (2011), Cheongdam-dong Alice (2012), and Their Perfect Day  [ ko ] (2013). In Gangnam, attending an affluent or prestigious religious institution has become a status symbol. This phenomenon is especially prevalent among Protestant denominations that prohibit ancestor worship . The region

5214-562: The short form Cháoyǔ has normally been used to refer to the standard language of North Korea and Yanbian , whereas Hánguóyǔ or the short form Hányǔ is used to refer to the standard language of South Korea. Korean is a member of the Koreanic family along with the Jeju language . Some linguists have included it in the Altaic family, but the core Altaic proposal itself has lost most of its prior support. The Khitan language has several vocabulary items similar to Korean that are not found in other Mongolian or Tungusic languages, suggesting

5293-407: The south, the Tancheon stream to the southeast, and the Yangjaecheon stream to the southwest. Gangnam is sometimes divided into Taebuk ( 테북 ; lit.  north of Tehran) and Taenam ( 테남 ; lit.  south of Tehran), referring to the regions north and south of Teheran Boulevard respectively. In popular culture, residents from the northern half are characterized as old money and

5372-424: The state-led urban development of the 1960s. During the 1970s and 1980s, Park Chung Hee , aiming to counteract urban sprawl and the threat of North Korean invasion , promoted development in Gangnam through targeted investment into the region and the suppression of development north of the Han River. As the result of Park's policies, a number of companies, prestigious schools, and government institutions relocated to

5451-401: The store?' Response 예/네. ye/ne AFF Guryong Village It has been called "the last slum in Seoul's glitzy Gangnam district", "the last shanty town in Gangnam", and "the last remaining urban slum in Seoul", although this claim has been treated skeptically due to the continued existence of at least two other notable areas. The settlement first arose around the time of

5530-441: The tense fricative and all the affricates as well. At the end of a syllable, /s/ changes to /t/ (example: beoseot ( 버섯 ) 'mushroom'). /h/ may become a bilabial [ɸ] before [o] or [u] , a palatal [ç] before [j] or [i] , a velar [x] before [ɯ] , a voiced [ɦ] between voiced sounds, and a [h] elsewhere. /p, t, t͡ɕ, k/ become voiced [b, d, d͡ʑ, ɡ] between voiced sounds. /m, n/ frequently denasalize at

5609-524: The term is generally used to describe South Korean liberal politicians, like former Justice Minister Cho Kuk who was convicted of corruption, its use has expanded to describe politicians outside of Korea, being used to describe both Joe Biden and Emmanuel Macron . The construction of the Hannam Bridge, the third bridge over the Han River in Seoul, began in January 1966 and was completed on December 25, 1966. The Gyeongbu Expressway, which connected Seoul to Busan through Gangnam, began construction in 1968, and

5688-478: The time, Gangnam was distanced from the traditional central business districts of Jongro to the north and Yeouido to the west, and Seoul mayor Koo Cha Chun  [ ko ] proposed that Gangnam would serve as the third nucleus of the city. The development of Gangnam began in earnest following the establishment of flood control measures, the opening of the Hannam Bridge in 1969, and the completion of

5767-464: The underlying, partly historical morphology . Given this, it is sometimes hard to tell which actual phonemes are present in a certain word. The traditional prohibition of word-initial /ɾ/ became a morphological rule called "initial law" ( 두음법칙 ) in the pronunciation standards of South Korea, which pertains to Sino-Korean vocabulary. Such words retain their word-initial /ɾ/ in the pronunciation standards of North Korea. For example, ^NOTE ㅏ

5846-562: The village's residents. In 1991, a proposal to redevelop the land was interrupted by a real estate scandal in the Suseo-dong area. In 2015, it was proposed that the government would demolish Guryong and arrange subsidized housing for its former residents. In 2016, the Seoul Metropolitan Government designated the area an official district and announced a series of efforts to relocate residents and redevelop

5925-487: Was first introduced to Korea in the 1st century BC, and remained the medium of formal writing and government until the late 19th century. Korean scholars adapted Chinese characters (known in Korean as Hanja ) to write their own language, creating scripts known as idu , hyangchal , gugyeol , and gakpil. These systems were cumbersome, due to the fundamental disparities between the Korean and Chinese languages, and accessible only to those educated in classical Chinese. Most of

6004-422: Was only constituted of current areas around of Downtown Seoul and Yongsan . Also when it was expanded to greater Keijō in 1936, its southernmost part was limited to Yeongdeungpo , which had industrial importance at that time. Military dictator Park Chung Hee and Seoul mayor Kim Hyun-ok  [ ko ] favored development south of the river to counteract housing shortages and urban sprawl north of

6083-421: Was reported that 406 of 1,107 households (36.7%) had been relocated. The area the village is on has been inhabited since October 1925, although it only turned into a shantytown beginning in 1988. This was due to the city's rapid development prior to the 1988 Olympic Games , in which people in low-income areas were evicted from their houses and became squatters at the site. Its exact number of inhabitants

6162-494: Was reported that the area the village sat on was around 286,929 square meters (about 70 acres). The impromptu structures on the area are estimated to be around 1,200 to 2,000. The area of each individual house is estimated to be around 16 to 99 m (170 to 1,070 sq ft). Due to the lack of enforced safety standards, the village has been affected by a number of fire accidents. This includes one in January 2023, when

6241-762: Was split into the Seocho District and the Gangnam District . By 1992, more than half of Seoul's population lived south of the river, compared to just 20 percent before 1970. In 1995, the Supreme Court of Korea , the Supreme Prosecutor's Office , and the National Intelligence Service moved to Gangnam from their previous locations north of the river. There had previously been plans to move the Seoul City Hall ,

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