100-449: Lee Myung-bak ( / ˌ m j ʌ ŋ ˈ b ɑː k / ; Korean : 이명박 ; Korean: [i.mjʌŋ.bak̚] ; born 19 December 1941) often referred to by his initials MB , is a South Korean businessman and politician who served as the 10th (17th election) president of South Korea from 2008 to 2013. Before his presidency, he was the CEO of Hyundai Engineering and Construction , and
200-479: A spoken language . Since the turn of the 21st century, aspects of Korean culture have spread to other countries through globalization and cultural exports . As such, interest in Korean language acquisition (as a foreign language ) is also generated by longstanding alliances, military involvement, and diplomacy, such as between South Korea–United States and China–North Korea since the end of World War II and
300-529: A " free market ," while ignoring the underfunding of education in regions outside the Seoul area. However, the government designated 82 well-performing high schools in rural areas as "public boarding school" and granted funds amounting to 317 billion won in total, with 3.8 billion won each on average. The Lee government planned to use a pool of young Korean Americans for the promotion of after-school English education in public schools in rural areas, with
400-484: A Korean influence on Khitan. The hypothesis that Korean could be related to Japanese has had some supporters due to some overlap in vocabulary and similar grammatical features that have been elaborated upon by such researchers as Samuel E. Martin and Roy Andrew Miller . Sergei Starostin (1991) found about 25% of potential cognates in the Japanese–Korean 100-word Swadesh list . Some linguists concerned with
500-404: A company director at the age of 29, five years after he joined the company. He later became the CEO at age 35, becoming Korea's youngest CEO in history. In 1988, he was named chairman of Hyundai Construction at the age of 47. When he began work at Hyundai in 1965, the company had 90 employees; when he left as chairman 27 years later, it had more than 160,000. Soon after the successful completion of
600-544: A consultative body with the North to discuss furthering economic ties. The body would have subcommittees on the economy, education, finance, infrastructure and welfare, and a cooperation fund of $ 40 billion. He promised to seek a Korean Economic Community agreement to establish the legal and systemic framework for any projects emerging from the negotiations, and called for the formation of an aid office in North Korea as
700-480: A core vowel. The IPA symbol ⟨ ◌͈ ⟩ ( U+0348 ◌͈ COMBINING DOUBLE VERTICAL LINE BELOW ) is used to denote the tensed consonants /p͈/, /t͈/, /k͈/, /t͡ɕ͈/, /s͈/ . Its official use in the extensions to the IPA is for "strong" articulation, but is used in the literature for faucalized voice . The Korean consonants also have elements of stiff voice , but it is not yet known how typical this
800-555: A handwritten statement on Facebook denying the charges. Lee's arrest occurred roughly a year after the arrest of former president Park Geun-Hye , who was arrested on charges stemming from the 2016 South Korean political scandal . Lee was convicted on 5 October 2018 and sentenced to 15 years in prison. On 29 October 2020, the Korean Supreme Court upheld a 17-year sentence against Lee given to him by an appellate court. On 27 December 2022, President Yoon Suk-yeol granted Lee
900-528: A more hardline strategy in the wake of increased provocation from the North, though he was supportive of regional dialogue with Russia, China and Japan. Under Lee, South Korea increased its visibility and influence in the global scene, resulting in the hosting of the 2010 G-20 Seoul summit . However, significant controversy remains in Korea regarding high-profile government initiatives which have caused some factions to engage in civil opposition and protest against
1000-556: A net positive effect (such as improving the Han River). Buddhist groups have voiced fears that it would submerge nearby Buddhist relics , which would cause irreparable damage to a significant portion of Korea's cultural legacy. On the other hand, some say that once the Kyungboo Canal is developed, another 177 cultural assets could be discovered during excavations , which could be used for a tourist attraction . In particular,
1100-521: A possible relationship.) Hudson & Robbeets (2020) suggested that there are traces of a pre- Nivkh substratum in Korean. According to the hypothesis, ancestral varieties of Nivkh (also known as Amuric ) were once distributed on the Korean Peninsula before the arrival of Koreanic speakers. Korean syllable structure is (C)(G)V(C), consisting of an optional onset consonant, glide /j, w, ɰ/ and final coda /p, t, k, m, n, ŋ, l/ surrounding
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#17327733615591200-607: A presidential election in South Korea, Lee won the presidential election in December 2007 with 48.7% of the vote which was considered a landslide . He finished with a nearly 2-to-1 margin over his nearest challenger, Chung Dong-young of the Grand Unified Democratic New Party . To date, it is the largest margin of victory since the resumption of direct presidential elections in 1987. He took
1300-521: A program where all English courses in middle and secondary schools would be taught in English only, which would require the government to educate many teachers in Korea and recruit university students studying abroad in English-speaking countries. "Mbnomics" is the term applied to Lee's macroeconomic policy. The term is a portmanteau derived by combining his initials (Myung-bak, Mb) and
1400-593: A series of corruption allegations surrounding certain high-ranking government employees. The Lee administration introduced a tailor-made educational system and established the National Scholarship Foundation, which offers services such as student loans and loan counseling. In addition, the government promoted an income contingency pay-later plan to help out those struggling to pay tuition fees. Teachers were highly critical of these changes, arguing that Lee wanted to turn Korean education into
1500-550: A special pardon, cancelling the remaining 15 years of the sentence. Lee Myung-bak was born 19 December 1941, in Osaka , Japan. His parents emigrated to Japan in 1929, nineteen years after the Japanese annexation of Korea . Lee's father, Lee Chung-u ( 이충우 ; 李忠雨 ), was employed as a farm labourer in rural Japan, and his mother, Chae Tae-won ( 채태원 ; 蔡太元 ), was a housewife. He was the fifth of seven children. In 1945, after
1600-437: A statement warning that violent protesters would be punished, and measures would be taken to stop clashes between police and protesters. The protests continued for more than two months, and the original purpose of the candlelight vigils against U.S. beef imports was replaced by others, such as opposition to the privatization of public companies, education policy, and construction of the canal. The damages caused by protesters to
1700-578: A summit on normalizing diplomatic ties between South Korea and Japan in early June. In other universities, students with anti-Japanese consciousness started to fight against Japan by burning Flag of Japan and Prime Minister of Japan scarecrows. At that time, Seoul National University's Nationalist Comparison Research Society played a leading role, and it was possible because there was a communication network of activist students nationwide. The protests spread beyond hunger strikes to street protests, and college students, citizens and opposition parties took to
1800-538: A tougher policy with regard to North Korea, ideas that are promoted as the MB Doctrine . Lee stated that he wanted to restore better relations with the United States through a greater emphasis on free market solutions. Two months after his inauguration , Lee's approval ratings stood at 28%, and by June 2008 they had reached 17%. U.S. President George W. Bush and Lee also discussed the ratification of
1900-564: A way of decoupling humanitarian aid from nuclear talks. His foreign policy initiative was called MB Doctrine , which advocates "engaging" North Korea and strengthening the US-Korean alliance. During the 2007 presidential election , questions about his relationship with a company called BBK were raised. In 1999, Lee was alleged to have met an American and established the LKE Bank with him. However, this enterprise went bankrupt less than
2000-409: A year later. The corrupt Korean prosecutors manipulated BBK case so that Lee was found not to be guilty. However, in 2018 Lee was arrested for charges related to BBK. Although, the prosecutor claimed in 2007 that Lee had nothing to do with DAS, a corporation that funded BBK, in 2018 the same prosecution office found that DAS is owned and controlled by Lee. In spite of the lowest voter turnout ever for
2100-656: Is an agglutinative language . The Korean language is traditionally considered to have nine parts of speech . Modifiers generally precede the modified words, and in the case of verb modifiers, can be serially appended. The sentence structure or basic form of a Korean sentence is subject–object–verb (SOV), but the verb is the only required and immovable element and word order is highly flexible, as in many other agglutinative languages. Question 가게에 gage-e store- LOC 가셨어요? ga-syeo-sseo-yo go- HON . PAST - CONJ - POL 가게에 가셨어요? gage-e ga-syeo-sseo-yo store-LOC go-HON.PAST-CONJ-POL 'Did [you] go to
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#17327733615592200-511: Is closer to a near-open central vowel ( [ɐ] ), though ⟨a⟩ is still used for tradition. Grammatical morphemes may change shape depending on the preceding sounds. Examples include -eun/-neun ( -은/-는 ) and -i/-ga ( -이/-가 ). Sometimes sounds may be inserted instead. Examples include -eul/-reul ( -을/-를 ), -euro/-ro ( -으로/-로 ), -eseo/-seo ( -에서/-서 ), -ideunji/-deunji ( -이든지/-든지 ) and -iya/-ya ( -이야/-야 ). Some verbs may also change shape morphophonemically. Korean
2300-399: Is mainly reserved for specific circumstances such as newspapers, scholarly papers and disambiguation. Today Hanja is largely unused in everyday life but is still important for historical and linguistic studies. The Korean names for the language are based on the names for Korea used in both South Korea and North Korea. The English word "Korean" is derived from Goryeo , which is thought to be
2400-526: Is mandated with creating a new Korea where "the people are affluent, society is warm and the state strong." To this end, he planned to follow a pragmatic, market-friendly strategy: smart market economy, empirical pragmatism , and democratic activism. Lee wanted to move to low-carbon growth in coming decades. The government hoped to be a bridge between rich and poor countries in fighting global warming by setting itself goals for reductions in greenhouse gas emissions to be achieved by 2020. In connection with
2500-399: Is of faucalized consonants. They are produced with a partially constricted glottis and additional subglottal pressure in addition to tense vocal tract walls, laryngeal lowering, or other expansion of the larynx. /s/ is aspirated [sʰ] and becomes an alveolo-palatal [ɕʰ] before [j] or [i] for most speakers (but see North–South differences in the Korean language ). This occurs with
2600-747: Is well attested in Western Old Japanese and Northern Ryukyuan languages , in Eastern Old Japanese it only occurs in compounds, and it is only present in three dialects of the Southern Ryukyuan language group . Also, the doublet wo meaning "hemp" is attested in Western Old Japanese and Southern Ryukyuan languages. It is thus plausible to assume a borrowed term. (See Classification of the Japonic languages or Comparison of Japanese and Korean for further details on
2700-512: Is written in the Korean script ( 한글 ; Hangeul in South Korea, 조선글 ; Chosŏn'gŭl in North Korea), a system developed during the 15th century for that purpose, although it did not become the primary script until the 20th century. The script uses 24 basic letters ( jamo ) and 27 complex letters formed from the basic ones. When first recorded in historical texts, Korean was only
2800-520: The Grand Korean Waterway ( 한반도 대운하 ) project from Busan to Seoul, which he believed would lead to an economic revival. His political opponents criticized the project, saying it was unrealistic and too costly to be realized. Others were concerned about possible negative environmental impact . Signaling a departure from his previous views on North Korea, Lee announced a plan to "engage" North Korea through investment. He promised to form
2900-587: The Korean Empire and Empire of Japan before 22 August 1910, are already invalid. Article 2 and "We confirm that the Republic of Korea government is the only legitimate government on the Korean Peninsula." In Article 2, the English version of "already invalid" is described as "already null and void," on which the two countries' interpretations of it differ. South Korea says the annexation itself
3000-703: The Korean War . Along with other languages such as Chinese and Arabic , Korean is ranked at the top difficulty level for English speakers by the United States Department of Defense . Modern Korean descends from Middle Korean , which in turn descends from Old Korean , which descends from the Proto-Koreanic language , which is generally suggested to have its linguistic homeland somewhere in Manchuria . Whitman (2012) suggests that
3100-524: The Korean dialects , which are still largely mutually intelligible . The Chinese language , written with Chinese characters and read with Sino-Xenic pronunciations , was first introduced to Korea in the 1st century BC, and remained the medium of formal writing and government until the late 19th century. Korean scholars adapted Chinese characters (known in Korean as Hanja ) to write their own language, creating scripts known as idu , hyangchal , gugyeol , and gakpil. These systems were cumbersome, due to
Lee Myung-bak - Misplaced Pages Continue
3200-685: The Nonsan Training Facility. In 1965, Lee started work at Hyundai Construction, the company which was awarded Korea's first-ever overseas construction project, a $ 5.2 million contract to build the Pattani-Narathiwat Highway in Thailand . Shortly after he was hired by the company, Lee was sent to Thailand to participate in the project, which was successfully completed in March 1968. Lee returned to Korea and
3300-596: The South Korea–United States Free Trade Agreement or KORUS FTA, which faced opposition from legislators in both countries. While Lee's agreement during the summit to partially lift the ban on US beef imports was expected to remove the obstacles in approving the KORUS FTA in the US, many Koreans protested the resumption of U.S. beef imports. As protests escalated, the Korean government issued
3400-568: The Three Kingdoms of Korea (not the ancient confederacies in the southern Korean Peninsula), while " -eo " and " -mal " mean "language" and "speech", respectively. Korean is also simply referred to as guk-eo , literally "national language". This name is based on the same Han characters ( 國語 "nation" + "language") that are also used in Taiwan and Japan to refer to their respective national languages. In North Korea and China ,
3500-590: The fiscal state of the country". On 7 September 2011, the Blue House officially scrapped plans for a rich tax deduction , marking the foundational end of Mbnomics. The Grand Korean Waterway, officially known as the Pan Korea Grand Waterway, is a proposed 540-kilometer (340 mi) long canal , traversing difficult mountainous terrain, connecting Seoul and Busan , two of South Korea's largest cities. The canal would run diagonally across
3600-403: The oath of office on 25 February 2008, vowing to revitalize the economy, strengthen relations with the United States and "deal with" North Korea. Specifically, Lee declared that he would pursue a campaign of "global diplomacy" and seek further cooperative exchanges with regional neighbors Japan, China, and Russia. He further pledged to strengthen South Korea–United States relations and implement
3700-968: The 16th century for all Korean classes, including uneducated peasants and slaves. By the 17th century, the yangban had exchanged Hangul letters with slaves, which suggests a high literacy rate of Hangul during the Joseon era. In the context of growing Korean nationalism in the 19th century, the Gabo Reform of 1894 abolished the Confucian examinations and decreed that government documents would be issued in Hangul instead of literary Chinese. Some newspapers were published entirely in Hangul, but other publications used Korean mixed script , with Hanja for Sino-Korean vocabulary and Hangul for other elements. North Korea abolished Hanja in writing in 1949, but continues to teach them in schools. Their usage in South Korea
3800-577: The Four Major Rivers Restoration Project was Eco-friendly, its results face severe criticism from environmental experts both inside and outside of the government. It is well described in the report in Hankyoreh, August 2013. The algae known to kill eco system of a river proliferated during summer season for many years and experts suspect it is because of weirs that slow or stop water flow. Furthermore, water quality near
3900-465: The Nakdong river deteriorated significantly after weirs were installed. The government already spent more than 3 trillion Korean won to keep the water potable as of August 2013. Lee Myung-bak faced strong criticism over his choice of political appointees, many of whom were wealthy. The concern was that Lee's appointees would favor policies that protect the rich, while failing to address the needs of
4000-493: The Nation and promise to have general rally. Yun Posun , who was in charge of the fight committee chairman, read the declaration. On 24 March 1964, liberal arts students of Seoul National University began a hunger strike by holding a ceremony to burn Japanese flags and a ceremony to burn a figure named Kim Jong-pil , who joined the normalization of Korea and Japan with Park Chung Hee. At this time, they were simply suppressed, but
4100-617: The Park Chung Hee administration has continued consultations between South Korea and Japan, and in December 1965 South Korea and Japan finally agreed to normalize diplomatic relations through Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea , resulting in the restoration of diplomatic relations 20 years after National Liberation Day of Korea . The main contents of the Treaty on Basic Relations between Korea and Japan "Confirm that all treaties and agreements signed between
Lee Myung-bak - Misplaced Pages Continue
4200-553: The Park Chung Hee administration. On 3 June 1964, the Park Chung Hee administration declared martial law to suppress protests against a summit between Korea and Japan. The martial law declared at 10 p.m. on 3 June was terminated on 29 July. In the end, however, the government decided to agree with the Japanese government to push for normalization of Korea-Japan relations through the foreign ministers of Korea and Japan in Tokyo. In 1964,
4300-557: The Pattani-Narathiwat Highway by Hyundai Construction, Korea's construction industry began to focus its efforts on encouraging the creation of new markets in countries such as Vietnam and the Middle East. Following the decline of construction demands from Vietnam in the 1960s, Hyundai Construction turned its focus toward the Middle East. The company continued to be a major player in construction projects with
4400-518: The President. The Five-Year Plan for Green Growth laid out a 30 per cent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 relative to a 'business-as-usual' baseline implying a 4 per cent cut from the 2005 level. The Four Major Rivers Restoration Project was a multi-purpose green growth project on the Han River (Korea) , Nakdong River , Geum River and Yeongsan River in South Korea. The project
4500-602: The South Korean government began to secretly push for negotiations between South Korea and Japan and try to reach a conclusion. Soon after, Tokyo rushed to negotiate political negotiations, and by February, the government and the ruling party announced their decision to go ahead with the basic course of negotiations with Japan in March. On 22 February 1964, the Democratic Party of Korea announced an alternative plan for negotiations between South Korea and Japan, which
4600-496: The aim to improve the quality of education. Prior to assuming the presidency, Lee's transition team announced it would implement a nationwide English- immersion program to provide students with the language tools necessary to be successful in a highly globalized world. Under this program, all classes would have been taught in English by 2010. However, Lee abandoned the program after facing strong opposition from parents, teachers, and education specialists. He then attempted to implement
4700-481: The allegation of illegal real-estate speculation were already replaced. Hence, the average property owned by the three replaced ministers were only 1.7 billion won. To set aside the alleged regional bias, Lee's first cabinet appointment procedure faithfully abided by the principles and rules by appointing four from Seoul and Yeongnam district, three from Honam , Gangwon , and Chungcheong province, and one from North Korea. Moreover, Lee's administration increased
4800-455: The beginnings of words. /l/ becomes alveolar flap [ɾ] between vowels, and [l] or [ɭ] at the end of a syllable or next to another /l/ . A written syllable-final ' ㄹ ', when followed by a vowel or a glide ( i.e. , when the next character starts with ' ㅇ '), migrates to the next syllable and thus becomes [ɾ] . Traditionally, /l/ was disallowed at the beginning of a word. It disappeared before [j] , and otherwise became /n/ . However,
4900-402: The bottom of this case." In December 2007, a few days before the presidential election, Lee announced that he would donate all of his assets to society. Lee's stated goals were expressed in the " 747 Plan " and included: 7% annual growth in gross domestic product (GDP), US$ 40,000 per capita, and transforming Korea into the world's seventh largest economy . An important part of his platform was
5000-450: The businesses around the demonstration and the social cost reached approximately 3,751,300,000,000 South Korean won. According to The Wall Street Journal , Lee's plan to privatize public companies was a modest but "perhaps important step" toward reform. As the government gained more stability, the approval rating of Lee's administration rose to 32.8%. Since the resumption of U.S. beef imports, more people are buying U.S. beef and now it has
5100-531: The by-election held after his resignation, Roh Moo-hyun was elected as his successor. In 2002, Lee ran for mayor of Seoul and won. As the Mayor of Seoul , some of Lee's projects included the restoration of the Cheonggyecheon stream, the creation of Seoul Forest , the opening of Seoul Forest Park, the construction of a grassy field in front of Seoul City Hall , and the addition of rapid transit buses to
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#17327733615595200-575: The canal plan under the guise of "maintenance of the 4 great rivers (4대강 정비사업)." President Lee Myung-bak laid out an agenda for National Strategy for Green Growth and the Five-Year Plan for Green Growth in 2008. In February 2009, President Lee established the Presidential Committee on Green Growth, which absorbed the sustainable development commission and two other committees on energy and climate change under direct authority of
5300-543: The central government building with applause from demonstrators and citizens. They also stood at the head of the demonstration team and withdrew to school in the face of a police tear gas attack. The protest was the start of the June resistance movement. Korea university president of the student body Kim Jae-Ha is appointed to 6.3 resistance movement chairperson, Park Jung-Hoon and Lee Myung-bak helped him. Some 15,000 people and 15,000 others from 18 universities in Seoul flocked to
5400-482: The central office, the Sejongno area was thrown into disorder and chaos. The barricade in front of the central office has already collapsed and police have built a cordon in front of Tongui-dong , which goes up to Blue House . Students from Seoul National University left the school around 4 p.m. Some students were exhausted while walking, and exhausted students began to protest with stretchers. They arrived in front of
5500-442: The charges. Those involved in the allegation of receiving bribes from Samsung group have been cleared of charges after special prosecutory investigation. Korean language Korean ( South Korean : 한국어 , Hanguk-eo ; North Korean : 조선어 , Chosŏnŏ ) is the native language for about 81 million people, mostly of Korean descent. It is the national language of both North Korea and South Korea . Beyond Korea,
5600-503: The city's transportation system. His administration transformed the area around Seoul City Hall from a concrete traffic circle to a public lawn for gatherings. The Live Music Camp incident occurred in 2005, during his reign. Lee suggested that Hongdae concerts be regulated by authorities, which prompted political rivals to compare Lee to former dictator Park Chung Hee . Minister of Culture Yu In-chon convinced him not to do so. On 10 May 2007, Lee officially declared his intention to seek
5700-562: The colonization of the Korean Peninsula . He was charged with plotting insurrection and was sentenced to five years' probation and three years' imprisonment by the Supreme Court of Korea . He served a little under three months of his sentence at the Seodaemun Prison in Seoul. In his autobiography, Lee wrote that he was discharged from Korea's mandatory military service due to a diagnosis of acute bronchiectasis while at
5800-414: The compact Koreanic language family . Even so, Jejuan and Korean are not mutually intelligible . The linguistic homeland of Korean is suggested to be somewhere in contemporary Manchuria . The hierarchy of the society from which the language originates deeply influences the language, leading to a system of speech levels and honorifics indicative of the formality of any given situation. Modern Korean
5900-627: The country, connecting the Han River , which flows through Seoul into the Yellow Sea , to the Nakdong River , which flows through Busan into the Korea Strait . Few opponents of the project argue that, during the construction process, damage to the environment could be caused by the concrete facility. However, one study states that when environmentally friendly methods of construction (like "swamp-restoration") are adopted, there will be
6000-598: The deaths of his older sister and a younger brother, who were killed in the bombardment of Pohang, during the Korean War . Lee attended night school at Dongji Commercial High School in Pohang and received a scholarship. A year after graduation, Lee gained admission to Korea University . In 1964, during his third year in college, Lee was elected president of the student council. That year, Lee participated in student demonstrations against President Park Chung Hee 's Seoul-Tokyo Talks , taking issue with Japanese restitution for
6100-561: The development of the canal would increase the accessibility to cultural assets that are far to reach, and hence more efficient management of those assets would be possible. Lee's promise to build the Grand Korean Waterway stalled due to low public opinion. If successful, Lee maintained that his plan, which would include dredging and other measures to improve Korea's waterways, would decrease water pollution, and bring economic benefits to local communities. Speaking in 2005 about
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#17327733615596200-614: The end of World War II , his family returned to his father's hometown of Pohang , in North Gyeongsang Province , then an American-occupied portion of the Korean Peninsula . Lee's sister, Lee Ki-sun, believed that they smuggled themselves into the country to avoid having the officials confiscate the property they acquired in Japan. However, their ship was wrecked off the coast of Tsushima island . They lost all their belongings and barely survived. Lee personally witnessed
6300-399: The first Korean dynasty known to Western nations. Korean people in the former USSR refer to themselves as Koryo-saram or Koryo-in (literally, " Koryo/Goryeo persons"), and call the language Koryo-mal' . Some older English sources also use the spelling "Corea" to refer to the nation, and its inflected form for the language, culture and people, "Korea" becoming more popular in
6400-456: The fundamental disparities between the Korean and Chinese languages, and accessible only to those educated in classical Chinese. Most of the population was illiterate. In the 15th century King Sejong the Great personally developed an alphabetic featural writing system , known today as Hangul , to promote literacy among the common people. Introduced in the document Hunminjeongeum , it
6500-602: The government announced the schedule for negotiations between South Korea and Japan. On 6 March, 200 prominent figures, including representatives from all opposition parties and social, religious and cultural organizations, formed the "National Committee for the Combat Against Japan Indignity Diplomacy." On 9 March, non-covernment figures and various politicals gathered at the Jongno Wedding Hall in Seoul to adopt salvation of
6600-714: The incumbent government and President Lee's Saenuri Party (formerly the Grand National Party). The reformist faction within the Saenuri Party was at odds with Lee. He ended his five-year term on 24 February 2013, and was succeeded by Park Geun-hye . On 22 March 2018, Lee was arrested on charges of bribery, embezzlement, and tax evasion alleged to have occurred during his presidency. Prosecutors accused Lee of receiving bribes totaling 11 billion won and channeling assets of 35 billion won to an illicit slush fund . Shortly before his arrest, Lee posted
6700-479: The inflow of western loanwords changed the trend, and now word-initial /l/ (mostly from English loanwords) are pronounced as a free variation of either [ɾ] or [l] . All obstruents (plosives, affricates, fricatives) at the end of a word are pronounced with no audible release , [p̚, t̚, k̚] . Plosive sounds /p, t, k/ become nasals [m, n, ŋ] before nasal sounds. Hangul spelling does not reflect these assimilatory pronunciation rules, but rather maintains
6800-532: The interim announcement, "We do suspect Lee's brother's claim over the land in Dogok-dong, but have failed to verify the real owner of the asset." On 28 September 2007, the prosecutory authority officially dropped the suspicion that the Dogok land was under a borrowed name, announcing, "We have done all necessary investigations, including tracing the proceeds from the sale of the land and call history, and now got to
6900-408: The issue between Japanese and Korean, including Alexander Vovin, have argued that the indicated similarities are not due to any genetic relationship , but rather to a sprachbund effect and heavy borrowing, especially from Ancient Korean into Western Old Japanese . A good example might be Middle Korean sàm and Japanese asá , meaning " hemp ". This word seems to be a cognate, but although it
7000-577: The language is most often called Joseon-mal , or more formally, Joseon-o . This is taken from the North Korean name for Korea (Joseon), a name retained from the Joseon dynasty until the proclamation of the Korean Empire , which in turn was annexed by the Empire of Japan . In mainland China , following the establishment of diplomatic relations with South Korea in 1992, the term Cháoxiǎnyǔ or
7100-659: The language is recognized as a minority language in parts of China , namely Jilin , and specifically Yanbian Prefecture , and Changbai County . It is also spoken by Sakhalin Koreans in parts of Sakhalin , the Russian island just north of Japan, and by the Koryo-saram in parts of Central Asia . The language has a few extinct relatives which—along with the Jeju language (Jejuan) of Jeju Island and Korean itself—form
7200-455: The late 1800s. In South Korea the Korean language is referred to by many names including hanguk-eo ("Korean language"), hanguk-mal ("Korean speech") and uri-mal ("our language"); " hanguk " is taken from the name of the Korean Empire ( 대한제국 ; 大韓帝國 ; Daehan Jeguk ). The " han " ( 韓 ) in Hanguk and Daehan Jeguk is derived from Samhan , in reference to
7300-428: The mayor of Seoul from 2002 to 2006. He is married to Kim Yoon-ok and has three daughters and one son. His older brother, Lee Sang-deuk , is a South Korean politician. He is a Christian attending Somang Presbyterian Church . Lee is a graduate of Korea University and received an honorary degree from Paris Diderot University in 2011. Lee altered the South Korean government's approach to North Korea , preferring
7400-638: The nomination of the Grand National Party (GNP) as its presidential candidate. On 20 August 2007, he defeated Park Geun-hye in the GNP's primary to become the party's nominee for the 2007 presidential election . During the primary, Lee was accused of profiting from illegal speculation on land owned in Dogok-dong , an expensive neighborhood in Seoul. However, in August 2007, the prosecutors said in
7500-575: The normalization of South Korea and Japan diplomatic relations. In 1964, President Park Chung Hee secretly pushed for the Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea to normalize diplomatic relations with Japan, which had been severed since 1945 with the aim of revitalizing the Korean economy. 6.3 resistance against Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea were initiated in June 1964 by college students, ordinary citizens and non-government figures in opposition to
7600-595: The oil shock. In 1992, Lee made the transition from business to politics, leaving Hyundai after a 27-year career. He joined the Democratic Liberal Party instead of the Unification National Party , founded by Chung Ju-yung . He was elected as a member of the 14th Korean National Assembly (for Proportional representation ). Upon his election, he stated that he ran for the office because "after watching Mikhail Gorbachev change
7700-558: The project, Lee said, "Many journalists questioned me why I keep commenting on the building of the canal. However, it's a simple fact that many cities around the world were benefited by making the best use of their rivers and seas." At a special conference held on 19 June 2008, President Lee announced that he would drop the Grand Canal project if the public opposed the idea, and the premier confirmed this statement on 8 September 2008. Despite this assurance, many now accuse Lee of continuing
7800-411: The protests at the time. Lee Myung-bak , Lee Jae-oh , Sohn Hak-kyu and 348 people served six months in the Seodaemun Prison due to rebellion and sedition. Park Chung Hee issued a statement to the nation, appealing for the need to normalize diplomatic relations with Japan as the uprising intensified. Protests were suppressed on 28 July and martial law was lifted the next day on 29 July. Since then,
7900-638: The proto-Koreans, already present in northern Korea, expanded into the southern part of the Korean Peninsula at around 300 BC and coexisted with the descendants of the Japonic Mumun cultivators (or assimilated them). Both had influence on each other and a later founder effect diminished the internal variety of both language families. Since the establishment of two independent governments, North–South differences have developed in standard Korean, including variations in pronunciation and vocabulary chosen. However, these minor differences can be found in any of
8000-404: The recent financial shock from the United States, President Lee emphasized the importance of solid cooperation between political and business circles. He proposed a tripartite meeting among the finance ministers of South Korea, Japan, and China aimed at coordinating policies to cope with the credit crisis . Around early 2011, Mbnomics gained a negative reputation due to tax reduction plans for
8100-600: The rich, the failure to privatize or merge large banks, and failure to provide affordable housing . The middle-aged and senior Korean population usually supported Lee Myung-bak. However, businesspeople in their 50s–60s in the construction and real estate sectors withdrew their support of Lee after the 2010 regional election and 2012 presidential election. Oh Geon-ho ( 오건호 ), the head of the Public Policy Institute for People, criticized parts of Mbnomics as "over-financing big private companies" and "worsening
8200-601: The second largest market share in Korea, after Australian beef. Lee's approval ratings reflected public perception of Korea's economic situation in the wake of the global economic meltdown. Signs of a strengthening economy and a landmark $ 40 billion deal won by a Korean consortium to build nuclear power plants in the United Arab Emirates boosted Lee's popularity. His approval rating in January 2010 stood at 51.6%. As of late 2011, Lee's administration had
8300-669: The short form Cháoyǔ has normally been used to refer to the standard language of North Korea and Yanbian , whereas Hánguóyǔ or the short form Hányǔ is used to refer to the standard language of South Korea. Korean is a member of the Koreanic family along with the Jeju language . Some linguists have included it in the Altaic family, but the core Altaic proposal itself has lost most of its prior support. The Khitan language has several vocabulary items similar to Korean that are not found in other Mongolian or Tungusic languages, suggesting
8400-501: The store?' Response 예/네. ye/ne AFF June 3 Resistance movement [REDACTED] Park Chung Hee no centralized leadership The June 3 resistance movement , also known as 6.3 resistance or the movement against the Korea-Japan negotiations ( Korean : 한일협상 반대 운동 , 6.3시위 or 6.3 항쟁) was initiated in June 1964 by students and citizens against the Park Chung Hee administration effort to negotiate
8500-470: The streets and began protesting, shouting for the overthrow of the Park Chung Hee administration. As students from Korea University , Chung-Ang University , Yonsei University , Seoul National University Law School and Seoul National University took the lead in demonstrations on June 2, student activists in Seoul responded and protested in various places. Students staged street rallies as of noon on June 3 as Republican Chairman Kim Jong-pil traveled to Japan for
8600-425: The streets carrying the national flag, shouting, "The pro-Japanese Park Chung-hee regime should withdraw its diplomatic normalization with Japan," "Shame on you after 20 years of liberation," and "Stop the government that ignores the people." At noon on 3 June, 12,000 students in Seoul poured into the streets and went downtown, colliding with police everywhere. As seven to eight thousand university students flocked to
8700-525: The streets to stage violent protests and even occupy then Korea National Assembly Proceeding Building . As student demonstrations became violent, the Park Chung Hee administration declared martial law throughout the city on 3 June at 6:30 local time. The government dispatched police to crack down the demonstrators. And with the declaration of martial law, the government ordered a ban and crackdown on media censorship and university closures. This led to 1,120 arrests of students, politicians and journalists who led
8800-481: The students regrouped and held a funeral for "national democracy" on 20 May. This is because the name used during the Park Chung Hee administration was "national democracy." Kim Deog-ryong, then the student leader of Seoul National University , began a hunger strike by reading the declaration, and Yun Posun visited Seoul National University to encourage him. Seoul National University's hunger strike irritated other students. Each college student in downtown Seoul took to
8900-766: The successful completion of international projects including the Arab Shipbuilding & Repair Yard, the Diplomatic Hotel in Bahrain , and the Jubail Industrial Harbor Projects in Saudi Arabia , also known as "the great history of the 20th century". At that time, the amount of orders received by the Korean construction company exceeded US$ 10 billion, which contributed to overcoming the national crisis resulting from
9000-441: The tense fricative and all the affricates as well. At the end of a syllable, /s/ changes to /t/ (example: beoseot ( 버섯 ) 'mushroom'). /h/ may become a bilabial [ɸ] before [o] or [u] , a palatal [ç] before [j] or [i] , a velar [x] before [ɯ] , a voiced [ɦ] between voiced sounds, and a [h] elsewhere. /p, t, t͡ɕ, k/ become voiced [b, d, d͡ʑ, ɡ] between voiced sounds. /m, n/ frequently denasalize at
9100-510: The term economics (-nomics) to form "Mbnomics". Kang Man-Soo, the Minister of Strategy and Finance , is credited with coining the term and the design of Mbnomics. The centerpiece of Lee's economic revitalization was his "Korea 7·4·7" plan. The plan took its name from its goals: to bring 7% economic growth during his term, raise Korea's per capita income to US$ 40,000, and make Korea the world's seventh largest economy. As Lee put it, his government
9200-464: The underlying, partly historical morphology . Given this, it is sometimes hard to tell which actual phonemes are present in a certain word. The traditional prohibition of word-initial /ɾ/ became a morphological rule called "initial law" ( 두음법칙 ) in the pronunciation standards of South Korea, which pertains to Sino-Korean vocabulary. Such words retain their word-initial /ɾ/ in the pronunciation standards of North Korea. For example, ^NOTE ㅏ
9300-407: The underprivileged. Another criticism was that these appointees have mostly chosen from the nation's southeast region ( North Gyeongsang Province and South Gyeongsang Province ), which is known as a GNP stronghold. While the fact that the property owned by high officials, including ministers, increased on average, most of them were legally-obtained and inherited property. Those ministers involved in
9400-696: The welfare budget by 9% to help the poorest maintain the living and middle class's stability, and pursued many more policies for the benefit of the public than the former government. His administration further claimed that the tax reforms undertaken, including the comprehensive property tax cut was not to benefit the wealthy and the haves, but to correct a wrongful tax according to the market principle. Lee also had to face corruption charges leveled at his administration. Three appointees resigned amid suspicions of corruption, and his top intelligence chief and anticorruption aide faced accusations that they received bribes from The Samsung Group . Both Samsung and Lee denied
9500-581: The world, I wanted to see if I could do the same." In 1995, he ran for the city of Seoul's mayoral election, but lost to former prime minister Chung Won-sik during the primary of the Democratic Liberal Party. In 1996, Lee was reelected as a member of the Korean National Assembly, representing Jongno District , Seoul . One of his opponents was future president Roh Moo-hyun , who ranked third place. In 1999, Lee
9600-625: Was a visiting scholar at the George Washington University , in Washington, DC. Into his second-term, his former secretary Kim Yoo-chan disclosed that Lee had spent excessively in his election campaign, often at the expense of taxpayers outside of his district. After receiving US$ 18,000 from Lee, Kim wrote a letter reversing his disclosure and fled to Tajikistan. Lee resigned in 1998 before being fined US$ 6.5 million for breaking election law and forcing Kim to flee. In
9700-533: Was called eonmun ('colloquial script') and quickly spread nationwide to increase literacy in Korea. The Korean alphabet was denounced by the yangban aristocracy, who looked down upon it too easy to learn. However, it gained widespread use among the common class and was widely used to print popular novels which were enjoyed by the common class. Since few people could understand official documents written in classical Chinese, Korean kings sometimes released public notices entirely written in Hangul as early as
9800-452: Was confirmed by the party platform. Ignoring the trend of general public opinion, the Park Chung Hee administration was determined to give up the " Syngman Rhee Line (Peace Line)," a lifeline for South Korean fishermen, to Japan, satisfied with the $ 300 million claim compensation. As the Park Chung Hee administration rushed to negotiate with Japan, opposition parties agreed on the need for an uprising and began preparatory work. In March 1964,
9900-626: Was spearheaded by South Korean President Lee Myung-bak and was declared complete on 21 October 2011. The restoration project's aims were to provide or improve water security , improve flood control , and restore ecosystem vitality. It was first announced as part of the "Green New Deal" policy launched in January 2009, and was later included in the government's five-year national plan in July 2009. The government estimated its full investment and funding totaled 22.2 trillion won (approximately US$ 17.3 billion). Although, former president Lee claimed that
10000-469: Was subsequently given charge of Hyundai's heavy machinery plant in Seoul. It was during his three decades with the Hyundai Group that Lee earned the nickname "Raging Bulldozer". On one occasion, he completely dismantled a malfunctioning bulldozer to study its mechanics and figure out how to repair it, only to run it over with another bulldozer that was often operated by Lee himself. Lee became
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