80-629: George Brunswick Smyth (1815–1845) was a British Army officer and early settler in the Port Phillip District, now part of Melbourne in the state of Victoria . Born in London , he was the son of George Stracey Smyth and Amelia Ann Cantelo. In 1831, at the age of 17, he joined the 4th Regiment of Foot as an ensign and was promoted to lieutenant in 1833. In 1839, Smyth arrived in the Port Phillip District, where he played
160-551: A cairn on Fourth Hill in the Warrandyte State Park . The river was drained and diverted in various areas throughout the gold rush to aid gold miners. An example of this is the tunnel at Pound Bend in Warrandyte . The river was partially dammed at Pound Bend near Normans Reserve at its eastern entrance and near Bob's wetlands at its western exit. Miners then blasted a 145m long tunnel through solid rock. The river
240-420: A facility for washing down cars and chemical containers illegally leaked toxic chemicals and herbicides into Yarra River, killing trees and endangering public safety. The facility was situated inside Warrandyte State Park, from where the spillover until June 2015 flowed into the river and downstream towards Melbourne. Between 2014 and 2017, 1.3 million cigarette butts and 179 tonnes of litter were pulled out from
320-566: A major food source and meeting place for Indigenous Australians for thousands of years. Shortly after the arrival of European settlers , land clearing forced the remaining Wurundjeri people into neighbouring territories and away from the river. Originally called Birrarung by the Wurundjeri, the current name was mistranslated from another Wurundjeri term in the Boonwurrung language ; Yarro-yarro , meaning "ever-flowing". The river
400-524: A notable figure in the city's colonial history. Brunswick Street , a vibrant street in the suburb of Fitzroy is believed to be named after him. Port Phillip Association The Port Phillip Association (originally the Geelong and Dutigalla Association ) was formally formed in June 1835 to settle land in what would become Melbourne, which the association believed had been acquired by John Batman for
480-471: A post victory celebration. On the southern side of the river near exists a number of university and private school rowing clubs who use the river for recreational sports. Around 2000, the river became a focus of major government projects. Projects were proposed to connect Flinders Street station with the river and early proposals were for the Melbourne Museum to be situated on the south bank of
560-492: A series of extensive harbour improvements of the river, engineered by Sir John Coode . The word yarra translates to flowing water, Wedge later learnt of this and admitted he had mistaken the Kulin name for the falls, for the river itself, but by then the name had stuck. On his first contact with local Wurunderi people in 1835, John Wedge wrote: On arriving in sight of the river, the two natives who were with me, pointing to
640-626: A set of cascades which prevented both salt water and larger ships from going further upstream. This series of rocks, originally used to cross the river, and referred to as the "Yarra Falls" was removed using explosives and divers in 1883. The final section passes through the Port of Melbourne and under the Bolte Bridge and the West Gate Bridge . The current course dates back to 1886 when a canal devised by British engineer Sir John Coode
720-629: A significant role in the early colonial administration . He served as the officer-in-charge of the Port Phillip military police and was one of five founding members of the Melbourne Cricket Club , established in 1838. Smyth was also a member of the Melbourne Club , reflecting his integration into the social fabric of the burgeoning colonial settlement. Smyth engaged in land transactions, purchasing and subdividing land in
800-723: Is a perennial river in south-central Victoria , Australia . The lower stretches of the Yarra are where Victoria's state capital Melbourne was established in 1835, and today metropolitan Greater Melbourne dominates and influences the landscape of its lower reaches. From its source in the Yarra Ranges , it flows 242 kilometres (150 mi) west through the Yarra Valley which opens out into plains as it winds its way through Greater Melbourne before emptying into Hobsons Bay in northernmost Port Phillip Bay . The river has been
880-540: Is at risk due to litter, pollution, pets and urban development. The annual Moomba festival celebrates the Yarra River's increasing cultural significance to Melbourne. Melbourne Water is the lead agency for implementing the Yarra Strategic Plan (Burndap Birrarung Burndap Unmarkoo) 2022-32. The plan gives effect to the community's long-term vision for the Yarra and supports collaborative management of
SECTION 10
#1732791150457960-424: Is colloquially known as "the upside down river", for its golden hue. The muddy brown colour is caused by the easily eroded clay soils of its catchment area. The water was clear at the time of the first European settlements, but intensive land clearing and development since the mid-19th century has resulted in the presence of microscopic clay particles. The particles are kept suspended by the turbulence in some parts of
1040-800: Is roughly 50% its original flow prior to damming. It is the most westerly snow fed river in Australia. The total catchment area is approximately 4,000 square kilometres (1,500 sq mi). The Yarra's major tributaries are the Maribyrnong River , Moonee Ponds Creek , Merri Creek , Darebin Creek , Plenty River , Mullum Mullum Creek and Olinda Creek . The river hosts many geographical features such as; bends, rapids , lakes, islands, floodplains , billabongs and wetlands . Most features have been named after translated Wurundjeri phrases or have European, particularly British, origins. Some of
1120-409: Is the furthest upstream point on the river visible to the general public (though the dam itself is closed off). The first settlement the still-young river passes through is the small town of Reefton, but most of the river is surrounded by hills covered temperate forest until the timber and resort town of Warburton . The Woods Point Road follows the river through this section. Downstream of Warburton,
1200-601: The Big and Little Peninsula Tunnels above Warburton . Widening and dams, like the Upper Yarra Reservoir have helped protect Melbourne from major flooding. The catchment's upper reaches are also affected by logging . Industrialisation ultimately led to the destruction of the marshlands at the confluence of the Yarra and Maribyrnong Rivers in the area around Coode Island in West Melbourne . Today,
1280-498: The Capital City Trail . The river is used extensively for kayaking at Templestowe , and canoes can often be seen throughout the suburban section. Whilst the water is not particularly clear, its quality is sufficient for edible fish to swim within it. Some small hobby farms are located in the floodplain area of the river, surprisingly close to central Melbourne and almost completely surrounded by suburbs. Heidelberg formed
1360-461: The Kulin nation . The area has been occupied by various indigenous clans for at least 30,000 years. The river, known to the Wurundjeri people as Birrarung, was an important resource for the Wurundjeri people and several sites along the river and its tributaries were important meeting places where corroborees were held between Indigenous communities. The river's resources were utilised sustainably by
1440-706: The Patterson , Kororoit, Werribee , Little River , and drained directly through a narrow gap (what is now called the Rip ) into a bay of the Great Australian Bight on the west side of a prehistoric land bridge called the Bassian Plain (which later became submerged into the Bass Strait ). Between 8000 BC and 6000 BC, after the end of the most recent Ice Age , the rising sea level flooded
1520-714: The Port Phillip Association visited the area with two Kulin People, who pointed at the flowing water and said yarra yarra , recorded in Wedge's notebook as the phrase yarrow yarrow , in the mistaken belief that this was the name for the river in the Boonwurrung language. yarra yarra was instead what the Kulin people had referred to as the Yarra Yarra falls , which was later dynamited in 1883 as part of
1600-536: The Port of Melbourne . The project was controversial and strict regulations were enacted. It was feared that dredging would disturb heavy metals and other toxic sediments mostly deposited during Melbourne's industrial era. The project was completed in November 2009. The Yarra River was an important resource for the Wurundjeri people for around 40,000 years. The river's resources were utilised sustainably by
1680-453: The Rebecca had already sailed on the return journey, but spent several weeks at a temporary site at Indented Head . When they returned to the Yarra River site on 2 September, they found the area already occupied by an independent expedition financed by a Launceston businessman, John Pascoe Fawkner , which had landed on 30 August. The two groups eventually agreed to cooperate in distributing
SECTION 20
#17327911504571760-550: The Yarra River occurred on 8 June, where he claimed to sail a boat up the river and found a pleasant spot with deep water about 6 miles inland. He stated in his diary "this will be the place for a village" , the village which eventually became known as Melbourne . After leaving some men to build a hut and start a garden at Indented Head, Batman and the Rebecca returned to Van Diemen’s Land. Here Batman showed Wedge where he had explored and, from these details, Wedge prepared
1840-413: The unsustainable use of the river and surrounding resources. The river is fed by a number of small unnamed creeks and streams in the Yarra Ranges as well as 49 named tributaries, most of which are creeks . The river's lower reaches travel through central Melbourne . It is approximately 242 kilometres (150 mi) in length, with a mean annual flow of 718 gigalitres (2.54 × 10 cu ft), which
1920-458: The 1950s it had been completely filled and land parcels were allocated including a site for the new Fish Markets. In 1957, the Upper Yarra Reservoir was constructed, primarily to alleviate flooding downstream. This reduced the river's flow to around 50%, where it sits today. Swanson Dock was constructed between 1966 and 1972 equipped for modern container shipping. Shipping activity at Victoria Dock during this time had gone into steep decline and it
2000-515: The 1960s there was a growing awareness of the neglect of the Yarra amongst some residents of Melbourne, spawning various community groups and "friends of..." organisations to protect the remnants of the river's ecology. Through the 1970s and 1980s, many desirable developments alongside the river began, such as the Victorian Arts Centre , as its lower courses progressively became gentrified. Growing high density residential development in
2080-501: The 19th century and into the 20th. In 1891, the great flood caused the Yarra to swell to 305 metres (1,001 ft) in width. Initially known as "West Melbourne Dock", over 3 million cubic yards (2.3 × 10 ^ m ) of material was excavated and a new dock was eventually opened in 1892, the material that was removed was subsequently used to fill in part of the West Melbourne Swamp, it took 6 days for water from
2160-658: The Bellarine Peninsula in Port Phillip Bay on 29 May 1835. Between 29 May and 10 June, Batman claimed to have explored an area, including; the Bellarine Peninsula, the eastern part of the Surf Coast, the coastal areas of Geelong to Port Melbourne, northeast from Geelong to either 'Mount Iramoo' near Sunbury or Mount Koroit north east of Melton, and easterly (his journal suggests he made it only to either Merri Creek or Edgars Creek near Fawkner, or perhaps
2240-541: The Darebin River or Plenty River, but the subsequent maps by Wedge suggest a far greater easterly point), and southwest to Melbourne and Port Melbourne. Batman's journal lists 6 June as the day he encountered Kulin Nations peoples and their leaders. Batman claimed a ceremony was held where he proclaimed the treaty and then exchanged his party's gifts in return for the land he explored. Batman's first exploration of
2320-515: The Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke issued a proclamation that effectively voided Batman's treaty, whatever its merits, as the British government did not recognise Aboriginal title to the land. This in effect made any potential settlers trespassers, although the governor recognised the need for further action and recommended the establishment of a township and land sales. Batman and
2400-616: The Land Board and police magistrate, John Sinclair, Superintendent of Convicts, Michael Connolly, Thomas Bannister , George Mercer , and John and William Robertson . Some fifteen of the leading colonists of Tasmania (at the time called Van Diemen's Land ), plus the Edinburgh-based Mercer, formed a company in early 1835 with a view to purchasing a large tract of land from the Aboriginal peoples who lived on
2480-557: The Port Phillip Association did not intend the treaty to be a fair commercial transaction, but a means of obtaining permission from the Aboriginal peoples to avoid resentment (and subsequent violence) after settlement, whilst convincing the colonial and imperial authorities that they should be allowed to settle the land. The association knew that existing British policy (the Nineteen Counties Order)
George Brunswick Smyth - Misplaced Pages Continue
2560-593: The River. Due to damming and the lack of natural flooding, much of the surrounding vegetation is lacking in the silt and soil deposits that would otherwise be provided by the floods. The construction of the Upper Yarra Reservoir in 1957 reduced the river's flow by around 50%. This has ultimately led to a lack of healthy understory and saplings, or a lack of saplings completely, which contributes to problems such as reduced habitat, erosion and salinity , issues that ironically affect surrounding agriculture. The Yarra River
2640-537: The Riverkeeper Ian Penrose was awarded the 2010 Melbourne Award for contribution to the environment. The Yarra River has a detailed and complex geological history, see "Geology". It was utilised and managed sustainably by the Wurundjeri for around 40,000 years; however, since the European settlement and use of the river in the mid-19th century, its geography has changed substantially reflecting
2720-511: The Wurundjeri until European settlement in the early-mid-19th century. Early industry located along the river contributed great amounts of pollution such as dangerous chemicals, grease, oil and heavy metals. Through the mid-20th century, industry was slowly relocated away from the river and since then the major pollutants have come from storm water runoff, sewerage and lasting effects of previous pollution. Gold mining cleared small areas of land of vegetation and for periods of time, drained sections of
2800-423: The Wurundjeri until the arrival of European colonists in the early-mid-19th century. The first Europeans to sail up the river was a surveying party led by Charles Grimes , Acting Surveyor General of New South Wales , who in 1803 sailed upstream to Dights Falls , where they could no longer continue due to the nature of the terrain. European explorers would not enter the river for another 30 years until, in 1835,
2880-420: The Yarra mouth including Swanson and Appleton docks are used for container shipping by the Port of Melbourne , which is the busiest on the continent. The city reach which is inaccessible to larger watercrafts, has seen increased use for both transport and recreational boating (including kayaking , canoeing , rowing and swimming ). In March 2019, it was reported that the river's environmental health
2960-432: The Yarra River to fill the dock. The dock was later renamed Victoria Dock. In 1910, the main channel was widened and deepened (81 to 131 m or 266 to 430 ft). In 1916, the central pier at Victoria Dock was completed which provided 6 additional shipping berths and cargo sheds and creating a distinctive landmark for Melbourne ports. By 1942, 650m of the old course of the Yarra River at Coode Island had been filled in, by
3040-412: The Yarra River, which by the 1850s had become quite polluted and the cause of an epidemic of typhoid fever , which hit the city resulting in many deaths. However, people continued to swim and drink the water until Melbourne's fresh water was sourced from elsewhere. The first permanent crossing over the river was Princes Bridge , which first opened as a wooden trestle bridge in 1844. The current bridge
3120-499: The Yarra Valley gradually opens out and farms begin to appear, including beef and dairy farms, and by the town of Woori Yallock and the river's turn north, increasingly large areas are covered by vineyards, forming the Yarra Valley wine region. At Healesville , the river turns west again and the stream bed becomes increasingly silty, reducing the clarity of the water, and by the commuter town of Yarra Glen it begins to take on
3200-407: The Yarra and environs. In 2007 it was fined A$ 5,000 for discharging paper pulp into the Yarra from its Alphington plant and in 2008 the company was convicted for releasing oil into the Yarra from its Alphington plant and fined A$ 80,000. Several programs are being implemented to minimise beach and river pollution, mostly organised by community groups, EPA Victoria and local councils. In 2015,
3280-413: The Yarra at Federation Wharf and a neighbouring park, Birrarung Marr was also built along the north bank, creating renewed interest in connecting city workers to the river. New ferry services and water taxis sprang up along the city reach, servicing as far up river as South Yarra and out to Hobsons Bay . In 2008, dredging began to deepen the mouth of the Yarra to enable large container ships to reach
George Brunswick Smyth - Misplaced Pages Continue
3360-428: The Yarra catchment storm water runoff every day, these serve as just a small representation of the rubbish and litter that are disposed of in storm water runoff areas that eventually make their way into the river and consequently, the sea. Some industrial companies continue to use the Yarra as a dumping ground. For example, in recent years paper company Amcor has been fined several times by EPA Victoria for polluting
3440-495: The Yarra during the early years of the gold rush. In the 1840s a weir was built at Dights Falls to power a flour mill and to give some control over the river downstream from there. From the earliest years of settlement, the mid and upper reaches of the Yarra began to be used for recreation. The river was selected as the site for the Royal Botanic Gardens in 1846 and the course of the river was modified slightly for
3520-549: The aid of his New South Wales Aboriginal peoples, did in fact participate in a ceremony with Wurundjeri elders for permission to settle amongst them. In Aboriginal culture, this ceremony was called a tanderem . According to Batman’s petition to the Lieutenant Governor of Van Diemen's Land George Arthur , he and Wedge would proceed immediately to the district with stock, and only married servants (with their wives) would be allowed to accompany them. On 26 August
3600-652: The area now known as Fitzroy in 1839. In that same year, Smyth married Constantia Matthews Alexander at St James Church in Melbourne. The couple returned to England in 1841. At the age of 30, Smyth passed away in Lewisham , London in 1845. According to the Melbourne Cricket Club, no drawing, painting or photo of him is known to exist. Smyth's contributions to early Melbourne society, particularly in law enforcement and community organisations, mark him as
3680-404: The area that is now central and northern Melbourne was explored by John Batman , a leading member of the Port Phillip Association , who negotiated a transaction for 600,000 acres (2,400 km ) of land from eight Wurundjeri elders. He selected a site on the northern bank of the Yarra River, declaring that "this will be the place for a village". The document, commonly called Batman's Treaty ,
3760-753: The association from Wurundjeri elders after he had obtained their marks to a document, which came to be known as Batman's Treaty . The leading members of the association were John Batman , a farmer, Joseph Gellibrand , a lawyer and former Attorney-General, Charles Swanston , banker and member of the Legislative Council, John Helder Wedge , surveyor and farmer, Henry Arthur , nephew of Lieutenant Governor George Arthur of Van Diemen’s Land, and various others including William Sams , Under Sheriff and Public Notary for Launceston, Anthony Cottrell , Superintendent of Roads and Bridges, John Collicott , Postmaster General, James Simpson , Commissioner of
3840-544: The brownish colour that the lower reaches are known for. The river enters Melbourne's suburbs proper at Chirnside Park , but virtually all the river's length is surrounded by parkland, much retaining (or having been replanted with) extensive native vegetation. A bicycle and walking trail known as the Main Yarra Trail begins at Warrandyte and becomes the Yarra River Trail , and in the lower reaches,
3920-471: The course of the river in its lower reaches. The creation of new shipping channels to cope with the growing use of the Yarra by cargo ships was first tabled in the 1870s. The first major change came with the cutting of the Coode Canal between 1880 and 1886. This major infrastructure project created an island which was known as Coode Island , named after the British consultant engineer engaged to design
4000-510: The creation of a feature lake. Further upstream, the Cremorne Gardens were established in 1853. Sections of the river mouth and the area around the former West Melbourne Swamp were widened in the late 19th century, to make way for docks, harbours, bridges and other infrastructure. The increasing industrialisation of the river and the growth of the shipping industry saw the need for major infrastructure works which dramatically changed
4080-404: The first map of Melbourne in June 1835 (published in 1836), showing the location Batman had chosen as the site for the "village" and the division of land between association members. Batman’s treaty with the Aboriginal peoples of Port Phillip is the only example of any Australian settlers (official or unofficial) giving recognition to the rights of the Aboriginal peoples to the land. The members of
SECTION 50
#17327911504574160-506: The fish are contaminated with heavy metals including arsenic and not fit for human consumption. Dolphins have been known to venture upstream as far as South Yarra , and serve as an example of the increased salinity of the river's lower reaches. Platypus are rarely seen as far downstream as Fairfield. The river's source is a series of swamps in the upper reaches of the Yarra Ranges National Park , directly to
4240-697: The global Waterkeeper Alliance movement and have been involved in forums and discussions pushing for policies to ensure that "the voice" of the river is heard. The Yarra Riverkeeper Association or YRKA for short view the Yarra River as Melbourne's greatest natural asset and educate that its preservation and restoration is vital in helping Melbourne become a sustainable city. Since its establishment in 2004, YRKA has delivered hundreds of presentations and lectures, been in over 200 media appearances and provide on-water inspection tours to over 200 community leaders, business leaders, and politicians. It has had successful campaigns in pushing for great environmental flows and in 2010
4320-582: The home of the Heidelberg School , widely considered the first European painters to accurately capture the Australian landscape and its distinctive features. The walking trail features placards displaying some of their paintings at the settings they were actually painted; some features depicted remain clearly recognisable today. Below Dights Falls at Yarra Bend Park in inner Melbourne, the river becomes increasingly estuarine as it passes along
4400-492: The land in the area, but the sequence of events would provide room for future debate over the credit for Melbourne's founding. While the government in London was deciding what steps it should take in relation to the unlawful occupation of this remote and unsettled part of the existing colony of New South Wales , other settlers from Van Diemen’s Land followed suit, and soon Port Phillip became inundated with stock, squatters and servants, including escaped convicts. Conflict with
4480-493: The local Aboriginal peoples followed. Governor Bourke was authorised to establish a settlement in April 1836, and the town of Melbourne was surveyed and laid out in 1837. The claims of the Port Phillip Association were only recognised to the extent of £7,000, allowed as a reduction on the purchase price of land bought by the association at public auction on 14 February 1839. Most of the members sold out to Charles Swanston , and
4560-476: The lower basin forming the shallow Port Phillip Bay, moving the Yarra river mouth over 50 km (31 mi) inland. A dry period combined with sand bar formation may have dried out the Bay as recently as between 800 BC and 1000 AD, temporarily re-extending the Yarra south to Bass Strait during this period. The area surrounding the Yarra River was first inhabited by the Boonwurrung and Wurundjeri peoples of
4640-472: The lower reaches in the early 1990s coincided with minor government programs such as the installation of litter traps . The riverside apartment complex Como Centre at South Yarra and the larger urban renewal of the formerly industrial Southbank precinct were both built during the late 1990s. During this era it was also commonplace for the winner of the Australian Open to bathe in the Yarra River as
4720-402: The lower reaches such as Merri Creek and Moonee Ponds Creek. Levels of bacteria, particularly E. coli and substances like grease, oils and heavy metals in the Yarra River and its tributaries are a major problem. High levels of E. coli, some up to 200 times the safe limit in its tributaries, are caused primarily by poorly maintained septic systems. Up to 350,000 cigarette butts enter
4800-437: The middle and lower sections of the river. When the river water combines with marine salts as it enters Port Phillip, the suspended particles clump together and sink. The presence of clay particles is not a major factor in the pollution of the river. The Yarra Riverkeeper Association is the largest of many advocacy groups dedicated to protecting the Yarra River and its environs for current and future generations. They are part of
4880-702: The name was changed to the Derwent Company before being dissolved in 1842. The obligations under Batman’s treaty to feed and clothe the Aboriginal peoples were assumed by the New South Wales colonial government, although proper protection was not afforded, especially in the remote parts of the colony. Yarra River The Yarra River or historically, the Yarra Yarra River , ( Kulin languages : Berrern , Birr-arrung , Bay-ray-rung , Birarang , Birrarung , and Wongete )
SECTION 60
#17327911504574960-489: The river and its lands. The river was called Birrarung by the Kulin people who occupied the Yarra Valley and much of Central Victoria prior to European colonisation. The name Birrarung is derived from a Wurundjeri word meaning 'river of mists', as the area around the waterfall tended to get misty before nightfall. At European arrival in 1835, Surveyor-General of the Colony of New South Wales John Helder Wedge of
5040-427: The river and tributaries such as Merri Creek as landfill and for harmful chemical dumps for substances like grease and oils. The disposal of sewerage in Melbourne was very basic in the early days. The majority of waste from homes and industries flowed into street channels and on to local rivers and creeks which became open sewers. The first City Baths were opened in 1860. The objective was to stop people bathing in
5120-513: The river's more prominent features include; Coode Island and Fishermans Bend, Victoria Harbour , Herring Island , Yarra Bend , Dights Falls, Upper Yarra Dam and Reservoir and many river flats and billabongs. The river is home to several species of fish. In the lower reaches of the Yarra mainly southern black bream and jellyfish and in the upper reaches smaller quantities of European perch (redfin), Macquarie perch , brown trout , Murray cod and freshwater catfish . However almost all of
5200-422: The river, called out, Yarra Yarra , which at the time I imagined to be its name; but I afterwards learnt that the words were what they used to designate a waterfall, as they afterwards gave the same designation to a small fall in the river Werribee, as we crossed it on our way back to Indented Head . Before 8000 BC, the Yarra River probably joined course with other present-day Port Phillip Bay tributaries such as
5280-447: The river, train their rowing crews on it. The lower reaches feature a number of boat cruises, using especially low-roof boats to go under the many bridges across this section of the Yarra. Herring Island is a small island at South Yarra which has a punt which takes people on to the park. The area in front of old Customs House is a former turning basin for ships. It is the point which was once known as "Freshwater Place" and once had
5360-511: The river, yet depriving the river banks of soil and silt deposits and causing other problems such as erosion and salinity . Gold was first discovered in Victoria near the Yarra River in Warrandyte . The find was made by Louis Michel in 1851 at a tributary of the river, Andersons Creek and marked the start of the Victorian gold rush . The approximate location of the site is marked by
5440-480: The river; however the Crown Melbourne and Melbourne Convention & Exhibition Centre were built in its place. The Melbourne Docklands urban renewal project began in 2000, comprising mixed use residential and commercial land and recreational boating moors along the river at the disused Victoria Dock and on the south bank of the Yarra. Federation Square was proposed to connect the spine of Melbourne to
5520-561: The river; however, when compared to land clearing and industrial pollutants, the effects of gold mining on the river were quite low. Heavy metals deposited into the river throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries settled to the bottom of the river bed, particularly in the lower reaches through the city and Port Melbourne, and due to the increased artificial depth of the river through here, heavy metals have not been carried further, although some have been deposited out into Port Phillip . Oils and grease remain today in several tributaries in
5600-513: The south coast of Australia, and to there establish a settlement. Gellibrand prepared deeds for the transfer of an interest in the land and which provided for the payment of an annual tribute. John Batman took copies of the deed with him when he went into Port Phillip in May 1835, accompanied by some servants and Aboriginals from New South Wales . Batman sailed from Launceston in the schooner Rebecca on 10 May 1835 and landed at Indented Head on
5680-555: The southern side of the central business district. This area forms the venue for the annual " Moomba " festival, which notably features an annual water skiing competition which attracts a huge crowd. The lower stretch of the river from Docklands to the Melbourne Cricket Ground was part of the final path of the Queen's Baton Relay of the 2006 Commonwealth Games . Many of Melbourne's private schools, located close to
5760-480: The town and a convenient sewer. In the city's early days the Yarra was one of two major ports, the other being Sandridge (now Port Melbourne ), but the Yarra was preferred due to the direct access to the town's main streets and was the location of Customs House (now the Immigration Museum ). Early industries grew along the banks of the river, rapidly degrading the water quality. Industries then began using
5840-536: The west of the Mount Baw Baw plateau, a thickly forested subalpine park, which is entirely closed-off to all except the employees of Melbourne Water . The park features extensive stands of mountain ash , a very tall eucalypt , tree ferns , as well as patches of remnant rainforest. The Upper Yarra Dam , one of a number of dams in the Yarra Catchment that supply a large part of Melbourne 's water,
5920-420: The works, Sir John Coode . This also included widening and deepening, and in some cases, vast areas of land were excavated, such as Victoria Dock , in order to give ease of access for cargo and later container ships. Abattoirs , smelters and even mortuaries were to use the river as a means of waste disposal in its lower reaches. This industrialisation also led to a steady deterioration in water quality during
6000-454: Was almost disused by the mid-1970s. In February 1972, the CBD was flooded as the natural watercourse of Elizabeth Street became a raging torrent. This was due mostly to previous storm water drainage works which utilised Elizabeth street as a watercourse during times of intense rain creating flash floods. Prior to settlements, the area now occupied by Elizabeth street was a gully off the river. By
6080-416: Was constructed in 1888. In the early days, the river would frequently flood. While this was not considered a problem in the floodplains near Yarra Glen and Coldstream , the floodings caused much trouble further downstream in settlements such as Warrandyte , Templestowe , Bulleen , Heidelberg and Ivanhoe . The Upper Yarra Dam was later constructed to alleviate the flooding, protecting settlements along
6160-499: Was declared void by the Governor of New South Wales , Richard Bourke . The Port Phillip settlement, that would become Melbourne , was established along the lower banks of the Yarra in 1835. The new settlement's main port was sited just downstream of Yarra Falls west of modern-day Queen's Bridge, the place where saltwater met freshwater . Ships would use one side of the falls while the other side provided fresh drinking water for
6240-411: Was designed to prevent such settlement, but hoped to challenge the authority of the New South Wales government, who held jurisdiction of the Port Phillip area. For some time Batman's Treaty , as it came to be called, was assumed by some historians to be a forgery, but the recollections of the Aboriginal elder Barak , who was present at the signing of the treaty as a boy, established that Batman, with
6320-588: Was then fully dammed at the entrance and exit to the tunnel and water was diverted through 145m and out the other side leaving a 3.85 km of riverbed around Pound Bend exposed to the sun and the miners picks. Other diversions include The Island cutting in Warrandyte and the Little Peninsula Tunnel and Big Peninsula Tunnel near McMahons Creek . The Gold Rush saw increased development in Melbourne and "tent cities" of new migrants lined
6400-566: Was utilised primarily for agriculture by early European settlers. The landscape of the river has changed dramatically since 1835. The course has been progressively disrupted and the river widened in places. The first of many crossings of the Yarra River to facilitate transport was built in Princes Bridge . Beginning with the Victorian gold rush it was extensively mined, creating the Pound Bend Tunnel in Warrandyte , and
#456543