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57-595: George Csicsery was born in Regensburg, Germany to Hungarian parents who had fled their native country after WWII (his father was a monarchist army officer). In 1951, the family emigrated to Cleveland, Ohio . After a series of menial jobs his father became a successful stained glass and enamel artist and his mother became head of the slide library at the Cleveland Museum of Art (CMA), and assistant to renowned Asian art historian, Sherman Lee . George obtained

114-635: A BA in Comparative Religion from UC Berkeley (1969), and an MFA in Film Production from San Francisco State University (1972). He taught film editing at Film Arts Foundation in San Francisco from 1982 to 1997, and general cinema courses to undergraduates at San Francisco State University in 1996 and at UC Davis in 1998. He once said, "I am interested in people who can find happiness in creating their own world. That

171-740: A Benedictine monastery, is located in Weltenburg near the town of Kelheim . The abbey is situated on a peninsula of the Danube, by what are known as the "Weltenburg Narrows" or " Danube Gorge ". The monastery, founded by Irish or Scottish monks in about 620, is said to be the oldest monastery in Bavaria. To the east of Regensburg lies the Bavarian Forest and its National Park , one of the most visited protected areas in Germany. Regensburg

228-458: A greenfield site to innovate, develop and produce turbine machinery components with a new manufacturing casting technology. Amazon.com located its first German customer service centre in Regensburg. The hidden champions Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen (MR) and Krones are both headquartered in or close to Regensburg and are among the major employers. Agilolfings The Agilolfings were

285-689: A noble family that ruled the Duchy of Bavaria on behalf of their Merovingian suzerains from about 550 until 788. A cadet branch of the Agilolfings also ruled the Kingdom of the Lombards intermittently from 616 to 712. They are mentioned as the leading dynasty in the Lex Baiuvariorum (c. 743). Their Bavarian residence was at Regensburg . The dynasty's eponymous ancestor is Agilulf ,

342-709: A number of localities (Ortsteile), which can have historic roots in older municipalities that became urbanized and incorporated into the city. Regensburg is twinned with: Regensburg's economy counts among the most dynamic and fastest growing in Germany. Focus is on manufacturing industries, such as automotive , industrial and electrical engineering . There are several multinational corporations located in Regensburg, such as BMW , Continental , E.ON , General Electric , Infineon , Osram , Schneider Electric , Siemens , Telekom , Vitesco Technologies and Toshiba as well as hidden champions ( Krones , MR ). BMW operates an automobile production plant in Regensburg;

399-769: A period of six years. Both elections take place at the same time. The City Council is composed of 51 members and includes the mayor, two deputy mayors, five counsellors and the other council members. The municipal elections in Bavaria of 2020 delivered the following results: Regensburg is subdivided into 18 boroughs (Stadtbezirke): Innenstadt, Stadtamhof, Steinweg-Pfaffenstein, Sallern-Gallingkofen, Konradsiedlung-Wutzlhofen, Brandlberg-Keilberg, Reinhausen, Weichs, Schwabelweis, Ostenviertel, Kasernenviertel, Galgenberg, Kumpfmühl-Ziegetsdorf-Neuprüll, Großprüfening-Dechbetten-Königswiesen, Westenviertel, Ober- und Niederwinzer-Kager, Oberisling-Graß, Burgweinting-Harting. Each borough contains

456-701: A semi-legendary prince of the Suebi and descendant of Hermeric , the 5th-century Suevic king of Galicia , possibly identical with one Agilulf, a steward of the Visigothic king Theoderic II , who was executed in 457. The first duke identified with the Agilolfing line in German historiography is Garibald I ( Gariwald ). However, doubt has been cast on Garibald's membership in the Agilolfing family in modern scholarship, which makes Tassilo I (r. 591–610)

513-663: Is Catholic . In 2020, about 48% of the city's inhabitants identified with the Catholic Church , 12.4% were registered Protestants and about 39.6% identified with other religions or had no registered religious affiliation. The city of Regensburg falls within the Regensburg electoral district , a constituency of the German federal parliament in Berlin (the Bundestag ). The mayor and the City Council are elected for

570-578: Is home to the famous Regensburger Domspatzen , the cathedral choir that specializes in liturgy but has toured internationally with a wide variety of music. The Regensburger Schlossfestspiele has been held in the inner courtyard of the St. Emmeram's Abbey every July from 2003, sponsored by the former princely house of Thurn und Taxis . Meanwhile, those were attracting musicians like Elton John , David Garrett , Tom Jones , or Plácido Domingo . Modern music styles, especially jazz , are presented every summer during

627-476: Is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The city's most important cultural loss was that of the Romanesque church of Obermünster , which was destroyed in a March 1945 air raid and was not rebuilt (the belfry survived). Also, Regensburg's slow economic recovery after the war ensured that historic buildings were not torn down and replaced by newer ones. When the upswing in restoration reached Regensburg in

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684-657: Is on the designated heritage route, the Route of Emperors and Kings. There are 20 museums in Regensburg. The Regensburg Museum of History covers the history, culture and arts of Regensburg and Eastern Bavaria from the Stone Age to the present. The Imperial Diet Museum (Reichstagsmuseum) in the Old Town Hall presents life during the Holy Roman Empire . Its main attractions are an original torture chamber and

741-678: Is roughly 120 hours above German average. The warmest month of the year, on average, is July. The coolest month of the year, on average, is January. Regensburg includes the largest medieval old town north of the Alps with nearly 1,500 listed buildings and a picturesque cityscape . Its most famous sights are located mainly in the Old Town, such as: Near Regensburg there are two very imposing classical buildings erected by Ludwig I of Bavaria as national monuments dedicated to German patriotism and greatness: Weltenburg Abbey (Kloster Weltenburg),

798-663: Is surrounded completely by a green belt . Numerous inner-city parks like the City Park ( Stadtpark ), the Herzogspark , the Dörnbergpark , the Villapark or the university's botanical garden are a source for recreation and leisure. The city of Regensburg has erected several memorials to combat racism , intolerance towards minorities, and all other forms of contempt for human dignity : Particular to Regensburg are

855-537: Is the capital of the Upper Palatinate subregion of the state. With more than 150,000 inhabitants, Regensburg is the fourth-largest city in the State of Bavaria after Munich , Nuremberg and Augsburg and the 8th largest of all cities on the Danube river . From its foundation as an imperial Roman river fort, the city has been the political, economic and cultural centre of the surrounding region. Later, under

912-493: Is true of mathematicians and romance writers. These people are creating universes different from where they live." In 2009 he received the Joint Policy Board for Mathematics (JPBM) Communications Award for his work showing the process of mathematical thinking through the medium of film. Csicsery has written about the difficulties of being a displaced person after WWII, and about his two brothers−one of whom fought in

969-884: The Dachau concentration camp . During World War II , many Jews emigrated to various countries, and in 1942, over 200 Jews were deported either to Piaski in German-occupied Poland or the Theresienstadt Ghetto in German-occupied Czechoslovakia . In the final months of World War II, in March and April 1945, the Regensburg subcamp of the Flossenbürg concentration camp was located in the city, with 460 forced laborers of various nationalities, 40 of whom died. Regensburg

1026-897: The Diocese Museums (Bistumsmuseen) of Regensburg and a branch of the Bavarian National Museum located in St. Emmeram's Abbey, which contains the Princely Treasure Chamber of the Thurn und Taxis family. The Domschatzmuseum where church treasures, monstrances and tapestries are displayed is in St. Peter's Cathedral . Other museums include the Kunstforum Ostdeutsche Galerie, the Naturkundemuseum Ostbayern,

1083-702: The Hungarian Revolution . Writing in Nature Magazine Davide Castelvecchi said, "Csicsery has carved a niche as a maker of compelling films about mathematicians". Beginning in March 2022, as part of the celebration of Women's History Month , Secrets of the Surface: The Mathematical Vision of Maryam Mirzakhani will be shown on more than 300 PBS stations. Much of Csicsery's work since the early 1990s has been about eminent mathematicians or

1140-488: The Köppen climate classification . While the average temperature of 8.5 °C (47.3 °F) in the period from 1971 to 2000 is slightly above the German average (7.8 °C or 46.0 °F), still only 5 of the 80 cities in Germany above 100,000 inhabitants are colder. The average precipitation of 636 millimetres (25.0 inches ) per year ranges slightly below the German average (approximately 700 millimetres or 28 inches). For

1197-786: The Principality of Regensburg . It was handed over to the Archbishop-Elector of Mainz and Archchancellor of the Holy Roman Empire Carl von Dalberg in compensation for the territory of the Electorate of Mainz located on the left bank of the Rhine which had been annexed by France under the terms of the Treaty of Lunéville in 1801. The Archbishopric of Mainz was formally transferred to Regensburg. Dalberg united

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1254-559: The South Tyrolean region of northern Italy . More specifically, the dialect attributed to Regensburg is called Central Bavarian ( Mittelbairisch ). A 2019 report estimates that about half of Bavaria's 12 million inhabitants speak a variation of the Bavarian dialect. The first dictionary of a German dialect was Johann Ludwig Prasch's Glossarium Bavaricum . Published in Regensburg in 1689, it contains 500 words from

1311-488: The American Allied Occupation Zone , Regensburg and other DP camps organised their own camp postal service. In Regensburg, the camp postal service began operation on December 11, 1946. At the beginning of the 1960s, Regensburg invested heavily in technical and social infrastructure to attract industry. Siemens was the first multinational company to come to Regensburg, a significant step in

1368-555: The Bavarian Jazz weekend during which over a hundred bands, combos, and soloists perform in the Old Town. In 2015, the House of Music was opened, giving a home to skilled musicians and their education. The international short film season is hosted annually in Regensburg. It is a non-profit event and takes place every March, being one of the most important of its type in Germany. Aside, there are several cinemas, such as CinemaxX ,

1425-401: The Bavarian variation spoken in Regensburg. Regensburg's Bauerntheater , a type of farmers' or folk theater, has staged plays delivered in Bavarian for over 90 years. Moreover, premiering in 2011, Joseph Berlinger's play "Mei Fähr Lady," a story about three "students" taking a crash course in Bavarian dialect, has been performed at Regensburg's Turmtheater over 300 times. In fact, the role of

1482-785: The Czech lands, as they were consequently part of the Roman Catholic and not the Slavic-Orthodox world . On 8 December 899 Arnulf of Carinthia , a descendant of Charlemagne , died at Regensburg. By the High Middle Ages in the year 1000, the population increased to 40,000 from 23,000 inhabitants in 800. In 1096, on the way to the First Crusade , Peter the Hermit led a mob of crusaders who attempted to force

1539-582: The Danube; it corresponds to what is today the core of Regensburg's Old City or Altstadt east of the Obere and Untere Bachgasse and west of the Schwanenplatz. It is believed that as early as the late Roman period the city was the seat of a bishop. From the early 6th century, Regensburg was the seat of a ruling family known as the Agilolfings . From about 530 to the first half of the 13th century, it

1596-672: The Holy Roman Empire, meaning that they were granted a seat and a vote at the Imperial Diet ( Reichstag ). So there was the unique situation that the town of Regensburg comprised five independent "states" (in terms of the Holy Roman Empire): the Protestant city itself, the Roman Catholic bishopric, and the three monasteries . In addition, it was seen as the traditional capital of the region Bavaria (not

1653-588: The Regensburg BMW plant produces 3 Series , 1 Series and (previously) Z4 vehicles. Continental AG , with the headquarters of its car component business, Osram Opto-Semiconductors, SGB-SMIT Group transformers and Siemens as well as Infineon , the former Siemens semiconductor branch, provide a high level of innovation and technical development in Regensburg. Other well known international companies, such as AREVA , Schneider Electric and Toshiba, have built plants in or near Regensburg. GE Aviation founded

1710-544: The Regensburg Spectaculum, a medieval market, near the Stone Bridge . Every December, there are several Christmas markets all over the city. With over 500 bars, restaurants, clubs, and other venues in the inner city alone, Regensburg provides a rich and diverse nightlife due to its young population. In 2023, Regensburg had 178,577 inhabitants , making it the fourth largest city in Bavaria. Over

1767-406: The Regensburg area date from the Stone Age . The oldest Celtic name given to a settlement near Regensburg was Radasbona , a site where a Roman fort was built around AD 90. In 179, a major new Roman fort, called Castra Regina ("fortress by the river Regen"), was built for Legio III Italica during the reign of Emperor Marcus Aurelius . It was an important camp at the most northerly point of

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1824-624: The Reichssaal, the rooms occupied by the Imperial Diet from 1663 to 1806. The Kepler Memorial House (Keplergedächtnishaus) illustrates the life of the famous astronomer and mathematician Johannes Kepler . The Municipal Art Gallery (Leerer Beutel) houses art collections, film events and cultural festivals. The city has also added several outdoor museums, known as "Document" sites, which give an overview of specific topics such as Roman , Jewish and Bavarian history . In addition, there are

1881-919: The Reptile Zoo, the Regensburg Museum of Danube Shipping (Donau-Schiffahrts-Museum), the Public Observatory Regensburg as well as the Watch Museum (Uhrenmuseum), the Golf Museum, the Post Museum and the Dinoraeum. To celebrate its centenary in 2018, the State of Bavaria opened the Museum of Bavarian History in Regensburg. In 2023 a Dackelmuseum (Dachshund museum) opened. There are also guided tours of most of

1938-952: The Theater Regensburg also has four other stages with programmes that complement each other. In the Neuhaussaal of the theater on the Bismarckplatz, concerts by the Philharmonic Orchestra Regensburg take place. The Velodrom Theater presents musicals and plays. In the Haidplatz Theater it is mainly literary and modern plays that are performed, whereas the Turmtheater at the Goliathplatz puts on cabarets, musicals and plays for children as well as modern plays. Regensburg

1995-530: The battle from the French perspective, but is filled with historical errors. The Jewish community was persecuted after the Nazi Party came to power in Germany in 1933, many Jews fled in the following years, and some were also expelled to Poland ; thanks, however, to a Polish-German agreement they were allowed to return to the city. On November 9, 1938, during the Kristallnacht , the Regensburg Synagogue and several Jewish homes and stores were destroyed, and around 220 Jews were arrested, some were also deported to

2052-479: The bishopric, the monasteries, and the town itself, making up the Principality of Regensburg ( Fürstentum Regensburg ). Dalberg strictly modernized public life. Most importantly, he awarded equal rights to Protestants and Roman Catholics alike. In 1810 Dalberg ceded Regensburg to the Kingdom of Bavaria , he himself being compensated by the award of Fulda and Hanau to him under the title of " Grand Duke of Frankfurt ". Between April 19 and April 23, 1809, Regensburg

2109-427: The central towns of the Empire, attracting visitors in large numbers. A minority of the population remained Roman Catholic , and Roman Catholics were denied civic rights ( Bürgerrecht ). Although the Imperial city had adopted the Reformation, the town remained the seat of a Roman Catholic bishop and several abbeys . Three of these, St. Emmeram , Niedermünster and Obermünster , were free imperial estates within

2166-438: The city's development after World War II. In 1965, Regensburg University was founded; Regensburg University of Applied Sciences was established in 1971. The second multinational company, BMW , arrived in 1986 and set up a large production plant. Since the 1990s, several well-known hightech companies have been located in Regensburg, such as Infineon and OSRAM , contributing to the city's current wealth. In 1997, Regensburg

2223-481: The dialect professor is played by Ludwig Zehetner, professor emeritus in Bavarian dialectology at University of Regensburg. Manfred Rohm, whose pen name Sepp Grantelhauer takes on the Bavarian verb granteln for "to complain," writes a weekly satirical column solely in Bavarian for the Regensburger Rundschau . The Old Town of Regensburg with nearly 1,500 listed buildings offers a huge cultural diversity from Roman to modern times. The Old Town of Regensburg

2280-421: The first ascertained member of the dynasty. The Agilolfings had close ties to the Merovingians. Garibald I himself married Waldrada , the widow of Merovingian king Theudebald , in 555, after her marriage to Chlothar I was annulled on grounds of consanguinity . As they had their fate intertwined with the Merovingian dynasty, they opposed the rise of the Carolingian mayors of the palace , who finally deprived

2337-411: The historical monuments in Regensburg, as well as organized tours of the city available in several languages. The Theater Regensburg on the Bismarckplatz was established in 1804 and is the city's most important theater. Operas, operettas, musicals and ballets are performed there. In the summer open-air performances also take place. While the theater on the Bismarckplatz is the city's oldest and largest,

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2394-412: The largest one showing blockbusters and arthouse films , and smaller independent cinemas such as Garbo, Ostentor Kino and Regina Filmtheater. Regensburg has two open air cinemas as well. Although the German language is Germany's official language, Regensburg is considered a part of the Bavarian dialect language area ( bairischer Sprachraum ) which encompasses much of Bavaria , Austria , and

2451-480: The last hundred years, the city's population has grown rapidly, exceeding 100,000 in 1945 due to the influx of Germans who were expelled from various Eastern and Central European countries at the end of the war . Today Regensburg is one of the fastest growing cities in Germany. [REDACTED] Just over 20% of the total population are foreigners. As of 2019, most come from the Middle East and Southeastern Europe : A relative majority of Regensburg's population

2508-406: The late 1960s, the prevailing mindset had turned in favour of preserving the city's heritage. Between 1945 and 1949, Regensburg was the site of the largest displaced persons (DP) camp in Germany. At its peak in 1946–1947, the workers' district of Ganghofersiedlung housed almost 5,000 Ukrainian and 1,000 non-Ukrainian refugees and displaced persons. With the approval of U.S. Military Government in

2565-410: The mass conversion of Jews in Regensburg, they then killed all those who resisted. Between 1135 and 1146, the Stone Bridge across the Danube was built at Regensburg. This bridge opened major international trade routes between northern Europe and Venice , and this began Regensburg's golden age as a residence of wealthy trading families. Regensburg became the cultural centre of southern Germany and

2622-413: The mathematics community in general. These include: He worked with Scott Kim and Karl Schaffer to produce a series of films about string polyhedra and other recreational math topics. Regensburg, Germany Regensburg (historically known in English as Ratisbon ) is a city in eastern Bavaria , at the confluence of the Danube , Naab and Regen rivers, Danube's northernmost point. It

2679-401: The newer period from 1981 to 2010 the average temperature and precipitation rose up to 8.9 °C (48.0 °F) respectively 658 millimetres (25.9 inches ). As this increase in the average temperature can also be seen in the other cities, Regensburg still ranks fifth place (shared with Ingolstadt and Kiel) in the above-mentioned ranking. With a total of 1670 sunshine hours per year, Regensburg

2736-419: The partition of the Carolingian Empire in 843, the city became the seat of the Eastern Frankish ruler, Louis the German . Two years later, 14 Bohemian princes came to Regensburg to receive baptism there. This was the starting point of the Christianization of the Czechs , and the diocese of Regensburg became the mother diocese of that of Prague . These events had a wide impact on the cultural history of

2793-460: The rule of the Holy Roman Empire , it housed the Perpetual Diet of Regensburg . The medieval centre of the city was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2006 because of its well-preserved architecture, being the biggest medieval city site north of the Alps, and the city's historical importance for assemblies during the Holy Roman Empire . In 2014, Regensburg was among the top sights and travel attractions in Germany. The first settlements in

2850-421: The so-called Stolpersteine (stumbling stones) in honor of Jews deported during Nazism . Twice a year the Regensburg Dult takes place. This is the city's Volksfest , which is Bavaria's fourth largest. The Bürgerfest (citizen celebration) in the Old Town is held every two years, attracting over 100,000 visitors. Every second weekend in July, people dressed as knights and other medieval characters come together at

2907-443: The state), acted as functional co-capital of the Empire (second to the Emperor's court at Vienna) due to the presence of the Perpetual Diet, and it was the residence of the Emperor's Commissary-Principal to the same diet, who with one very brief exception was a prince himself (for many years the Prince of Thurn and Taxis , still resident in the town). In 1803 the city lost its status as an imperial city following its incorporation into

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2964-425: Was awarded the Europe Prize for its outstanding achievements in European integration . The World Heritage Committee listed Regensburg's Old Town a UNESCO World Heritage Site in July 2006. Regensburg is situated on the northernmost part of the Danube river at the geological crossroads of four distinct landscapes : Regensburg straddles the humid continental ( Dfb ) and oceanic ( Cfb ) climate zones under

3021-417: Was celebrated for its gold work and fabrics. In 1245 Regensburg became a Free Imperial City and was a trade centre before the shifting of trade routes in the late Middle Ages. Regensburg has always been a place where international meetings were held. This was also the case in 1471 when a war against the Turks was to be decided. In 1486, Regensburg became part of the Duchy of Bavaria , but its independence

3078-412: Was home to both a Messerschmitt Bf 109 aircraft factory and an oil refinery, which were bombed by the Allies on August 17, 1943, in the Schweinfurt-Regensburg mission , and on February 5, 1945, during the Oil Campaign of World War II . Although both targets were badly damaged, Regensburg itself suffered little damage from the Allied strategic bombing campaign , and the nearly intact medieval city centre

3135-399: Was restored by the Holy Roman Emperor ten years later. The first Diet of Regensburg took place in 1541. The city adopted the Protestant Reformation in 1542 and its Town Council remained entirely Lutheran . From 1663 to 1806, the city was the permanent seat of the Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire, which became known as the Perpetual Diet of Regensburg . Thus, Regensburg was one of

3192-516: Was the capital of Bavaria. The bishopric established by the Romans was re-established by St Boniface as the Bishopric of Regensburg in 739. In the late 8th century, Regensburg remained an important city during the reign of Charlemagne . In 792, Regensburg hosted the ecclesiastical section of Charlemagne's General Assembly, the bishops in council who condemned the heresy of the nontrinitarian adoptionism doctrine taught by their Spanish counterparts, Elipandus of Toledo and Felix of Urgell . After

3249-402: Was the scene of the Battle of Ratisbon between forces commanded by Henri Gatien Bertrand and Napoleon himself and the retreating Austrian forces. The city was eventually overrun, after supplies and ammunition ran out. The city suffered severe damage during the fight, with about 150 houses being burnt and others being looted. Robert Browning 's poem Incident at the French Camp describes

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