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88-674: The George Washington Bridge Bus Station is a commuter bus terminal at the east end of the George Washington Bridge in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City . The bus station is owned and operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ). On a typical weekday, approximately 20,000 passengers on about 1,000 buses use the station. The building

176-400: A city (process known as suburban sprawl ), but the specifics of how that distinction is realized remain drastically different between societies, with Eurasian "suburbs" often being more densely populated than North American "urban cores". The first separation between workplace and place of residence occurred as a result of the invention of the steam railway . The word commuter derives from

264-631: A connection to the 175th Street subway station. This would have required the demolition of three apartment houses and the building of the Young Men's and Women's Hebrew Association of Washington Heights. A lower deck for the George Washington Bridge, a new Trans-Manhattan Expressway connecting the bridge to the Cross Bronx Expressway , a new bus terminal above the new expressway, and other highway connections near

352-627: A full interchange, exit 4B, with the Bronx River Parkway . After a curve from the parkway, the Cross Bronx Expressway begins paralleling East 177th Street and enters exit 5A, which connects to White Plains Road in Parkchester . Continuing southeast, the roadway enters exit 5B, Castle Hill Avenue, which is an eastbound-only exit. After Castle Hill Avenue, the route enters exit 6A, which reaches

440-478: A gender sensitive commuter-centric road safety policy requires to be developed to protect women while commuting as they felt stressed and scared to travel alone, particularly at night. Institutions that have few dormitories or low or no student housing populations are called commuter schools in the United States, like community colleges . Most commuters travel at the same time of day, resulting in

528-647: A junction with the Hutchinson River Parkway. In the middle of the interchange with the Hutchinson River, exit 10 forks to the left, reaching Gun Hill Road . Now paralleling Baychester Avenue, which also services exit 11 and Bartow Avenue, the New England Thruway continues north and enters exit 12 which connects to Baychester Conner Street is connected via exit 13 before I-95 turns east and crosses over

616-660: A part of the thruway toll system. Construction lasted until 1961. I-95 was assigned on August 14, 1957, as part of the establishment of the Interstate Highway System and has always run along its current path in New York. The route was overlaid on the under-construction New England Thruway northeast of New York City and assigned to the then-proposed Cross Bronx and Bruckner expressways through New York City. The thruway opened in October 1958, connecting

704-410: A result, the needs of worker households must be sustained and this leads to a wider field of job search beyond a local area to the next nearest city or metropolitan area, resulting in the requirement for commuting. Hence, in areas where little or no transit options exist that can facilitate a journey to work to meet the requirements of a worker schedule, the use of a car is therefore made necessary. This

792-630: A three-story, $ 13 million bus terminal above the Trans-Manhattan Expressway. The agency had decided to hire Nervi after seeing several of his other designs, including the Stadio Flaminio in Rome, which Nervi had designed for the 1960 Summer Olympics . The terminal's foundations were already complete at the time, while the ramps to the terminal were being built. The Port Authority awarded a $ 9.6 million contract that December to

880-416: A variant of high-mast lighting, lamps were installed onto the entire New England Thruway. These lights remain there to this day, although they've been recently replaced by LED luminaires since 2015. Around 2005, NYSDOT began a project to renumber I-95 with sequential numbers throughout. However, the idea never fully got traction with all three agencies. The PANYNJ did complete the renumbering on its section of

968-496: Is a major factor contributing to air pollution . Carpool lanes can help commuters reach their destinations more quickly, encourage people to socialize, and spend time together, while reducing air pollution . Some governments and employers have introduced employee travel reduction programs that encourage such alternatives as carpooling and remote work . Some are also carpooling using Internet sites to save money. Alternatives like personal rapid transit have also been proposed to reap

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1056-418: Is a personal choice driven by financial need, highlighting the broader issue of sustaining local economies. Since commuting largely stems from a need to travel outside a home community to sustain a household income while facing a bleak local employment market, this comes with additional social and health implications. First, there is the increased risk of injury and accident while driving as distance and time in

1144-408: Is an example of mid-century urban renewal and structural expressionism. Designed by the renowned Italian architect-engineer Pier Luigi Nervi , the new bus station was hailed as a robust tour-de-force of infrastructure ingenuity by leading critics of the day. While later noting the station's neglect from decades of deferred maintenance, the architecture critic Ada Louise Huxtable heralded the design of

1232-510: Is built over the Trans-Manhattan Expressway ( Interstate 95 ) between 178th and 179th Streets and Fort Washington and Wadsworth Avenues, and features direct bus ramps on and off the upper level of the bridge. The building was designed by noted Italian engineer Pier Luigi Nervi and is one of only a few buildings he designed outside of Italy . The structure measures 400 by 185 feet (122 by 56 m) long. Early plans for

1320-549: Is dichotomous with the satisfaction of a sustainable income and good employment, which is clearly the goal of an individual who is faced with commuting. Trans-Manhattan Expressway Interstate 95 ( I-95 ) is part of the Interstate Highway System and runs from Miami , Florida , to the Canada–United States border near Houlton, Maine . In the US state of New York , I-95 extends 23.50 miles (37.82 km) from

1408-419: Is maintained by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ). Although the highway geographically runs east–west, it carries the north–south routings of I-95 and US 1. The westbound lanes carry the southbound designations of both routes, while the eastbound lanes carry the northbound designations. At its western end, the Trans-Manhattan Expressway is part of I-95, US 1 , and US 9 at

1496-648: Is marked both exit 1C (following with the Cross Bronx Expressway) and exit 3A–B (matching with the Trans-Manhattan Expressway). Now the Cross Bronx Expressway, I-95 and US 1 continue east under University Avenue and enter exit 2A, which serves Jerome Avenue . Crossing under the Grand Concourse , the six-lane expressway crosses into exit 2B, which is for Webster Avenue . This interchange also marks

1584-437: Is more common. A small number of very wealthy people, and those working in remote locations around the world, also commute by air travel , often for a week or more at a time rather than the more typical daily commute. Transportation links that enable commuting also impact the physical layout of cities and regions, allowing a distinction to arise between mostly-residential suburbs and the more economically focused urban core of

1672-420: Is often made necessary due to local employment market factors which may stem from the decline of manufacturing (i.e., in cities where large manufacturing employers have either closed or laid off workers, with no other employers to absorb that loss) and, in general, the sheer lack of local employment. More specifically, wages from local employers are often insufficient for a worker household to sustain itself. As

1760-519: Is periodically recurring travel between a place of residence and place of work or study, where the traveler, referred to as a commuter , leaves the boundary of their home community. By extension, it can sometimes be any regular or often repeated travel between locations, even when not work-related. The modes of travel, time taken and distance traveled in commuting varies widely across the globe. Most people in least-developed countries continue to walk to work. The cheapest method of commuting after walking

1848-594: Is usually by bicycle , so this is common in low-income countries but is also increasingly practised by people in wealthier countries for environmental and health reasons. In middle-income countries, motorcycle commuting is very common. The next technology adopted as countries develop is more dependent on location: in more populous, older cities, especially in Eurasia mass transit (rail, bus, etc.) predominates, while in smaller, younger cities, and large parts of North America and Australasia, commuting by personal automobile

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1936-576: The 2007–2008 financial crisis . The agency announced in July 2011 that the project would proceed after the PANYNJ signed an agreement with a consortium of developers who would lease the terminal's retail space for 99 years. At that point, the cost had increased to $ 183 million. The developers were to provide $ 100 million for the project, while the PANYNJ would pay $ 83.2 million. Development firm New York City Regional Center (NYCRC) initially lent $ 72 million to

2024-736: The Bridge Apartments , over the expressway. The 32-story buildings are among the first aluminum-sheathed high-rise structures built in the world. Local traffic reporters frequently refer to congestion "under the Apartments" during morning and evening rush hours. After exit 2, I-95 crosses over the Harlem River and enters the Bronx , entering an interchange with the Major Deegan Expressway ( I-87 ), which

2112-621: The Byram River and crosses into Connecticut , becoming the Connecticut Turnpike . Robert Moses first recommended the construction of what became the New England Thruway in 1940. Construction began in 1951, but major work on the highway did not commence until 1956–1957. By 1950, the New York State Thruway Authority (NYSTA) assumed control of the construction and made the New England Thruway

2200-510: The Connecticut Turnpike . The Trans-Manhattan Expressway also carries US Route 1 . Approximately 280,000 vehicles traverse the expressway on a daily average basis. Completed in 1960, the expressway is located below ground level, in an open cut ; however, the George Washington Bridge Bus Station and the highrise Bridge Apartments are built over the expressway, creating intermittent tunnels . It

2288-822: The Cross Bronx Expressway . In the Bronx , I-95 leaves the Cross Bronx at the Bruckner Interchange , joining the Bruckner Expressway to its end. North of the interchange with Pelham Parkway , it then continues northeast via the New England Thruway (which is part of the New York State Thruway system) out of New York City into Westchester County and to the Connecticut state line, where I-95 continues on

2376-629: The George Washington Bridge in New York City to the Connecticut state line at Port Chester . The George Washington Bridge carries I-95 across the Hudson River from New Jersey into New York City. There, I-95 runs across Upper Manhattan on the Trans-Manhattan Expressway for 0.81 miles (1.30 km) through Washington Heights . It continues east across the Harlem River on the Alexander Hamilton Bridge and onto

2464-626: The Hutchinson River . After crossing the river, the route enters an interchange once again with the Hutchinson River Parkway (exit 14) but this time southbound only. Crossing through the northern reaches of Pelham Bay Park, I-95 turns more northeast and enters Westchester County . Now in Pelham Manor , the route crosses through Pelham Country Club , entering exit 15, which connects to US 1 (Main Street). After US 1,

2552-800: The Hutchinson River Parkway at the Bruckner Interchange . Changing to the Bruckner Expressway , which runs to the northeast, I-95 enters the Bruckner Interchange with the northern terminuses of I-678 and I-278 ; the Cross Bronx Expressway Extension turns southeast along I-295 at the same interchange. After the Bruckner Interchange, I-95 crosses Tremont Avenue before crossing over I-695 (the Throgs Neck Expressway). Southbound, exit 7A serves I-695, while northbound

2640-620: The IND Eighth Avenue Line , which opened in 1932. A pedestrian tunnel, maintained by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, links the bus terminal to the subway station. This tunnel is closed at night. The bus station is also within walking distance of the 181st Street station of the same line, and the 181st Street IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line station on the 1 train. On September 20, 2017, Greyhound announced that it would be providing service to

2728-654: The Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan . Upon the George Washington Bridge terminal's first anniversary, 750 buses served the terminal on an average day, carrying 20,500 passengers. By 1974, The New York Times had written that the George Washington Bridge Bus Station "has never been a success and is still under-utilized". The PANYNJ hired developer McCann Real Equities in July 1999 to study

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2816-619: The double-decked bridge, opened to traffic in 1962 as part of a $ 60 million program to improve access roads for the George Washington Bridge, whose lower deck opened that same year. The expressway was one of the first to use air rights over a major highway. After completion of the expressway, the George Washington Bridge Bus Terminal was built. After purchasing the air rights in 1961, Marvin Kratter built four high-rise apartment buildings, known as

2904-485: The 2000s, the terminal retained much of its original design but had fallen into disrepair. The PANYNJ approved a $ 152 million renovation of the George Washington Bridge Bus Station in October 2008. The Port Authority was to contribute $ 49.5 million to the project, while developer Acadia would pay $ 102 million. Although the terminal had accommodated 300,000 buses during the preceding year, carrying five million passengers, it had become dated and had never become as busy as

2992-541: The 2014 ACS, the average commute time for adults in the United States was 26.8 minutes. The occupations with the longest commutes were Construction and Mining (33.4 minutes), Computer Science and Math (31.8), and Business Operations Specialists (30.2), while those in the military had the shortest commute (21). In general, urban and suburban workers in the US have similar commute times (about 30 minutes), while rural workers have significantly shorter commutes (22.6 minutes). In

3080-570: The Bronx, where it becomes the Cross Bronx Expressway . The Trans-Manhattan Expressway replaced tunnels under 178th and 179th Streets as the crosstown route. The expressway was announced in 1957 and built in conjunction with the addition of the lower level of the George Washington Bridge. Originally known as the George Washington Bridge Expressway , the highway was originally planned as an open cut between 178th and 179th Streets, traversed by overpasses carrying

3168-533: The Bruckner Expressway and the Connecticut Turnpike . The final sections of the Cross Bronx and Bruckner expressways were finished in 1963 and 1972, respectively. Prior to the 1972 completion of the Bruckner Expressway, coinciding with the completion of the new Bruckner Interchange , the old Bruckner Boulevard (once part of NY 164 ) was used by through traffic. The Trans-Manhattan Expressway replaced tunnels under 178th and 179th streets as

3256-467: The George Washington Bridge Bus Station was built. After purchasing the air rights in 1961, Marvin Kratter built four highrise apartment buildings, known as the Bridge Apartments , over the expressway. The 32-story buildings are among the first aluminum-sheathed highrise structures built in the world. Local traffic reporters frequently refer to congestion "under the Apartments" during morning and evening rush hours. The first change to exit numbers along

3344-464: The George Washington Bridge Bus Station was underused compared to the Port Authority Bus Terminal . A major renovation, including an expansion of retail space from 30,000 to 120,000 square feet (3,000 to 11,000 m), was announced in 2008; the project began in late 2013 and was expected to cost more than US$ 183 million . The renovated station reopened on May 16, 2017, two years behind schedule, $ 17 million over budget, and still unfinished. The station

3432-491: The George Washington Bridge Bus Station. Ten local MTA Regional Bus Operations routes stop at a lower level and on the streets outside the station. The M4 stops on Fort Washington Avenue, while the M5 , M100 and Bx7 stop on Broadway. The M98 , Bx3 , Bx11 , Bx13 , Bx35 and Bx36 stop on 178th and 179th Streets between Fort Washington Avenue and Broadway. All routes are ADA-accessible. Commuter Commuting

3520-456: The George Washington Bridge, is only 0.8 miles long. The projects required demolition of numerous buildings and the relocation of 1,824 families. Overpasses over the open cut passing under Broadway, Wadsworth Avenue, and St. Nicholas Avenue were in place in December 1959. The George Washington Bridge Expressway, with three lanes of traffic heading in each direction to and from each deck of

3608-653: The George Washington Bridge, whose lower deck opened that same year. The Trans-Manhattan Expressway provides access to and from the Henry Hudson Parkway and Riverside Drive on the West Side of Manhattan and to and from Tenth Avenue and the Harlem River Drive on the East Side . The expressway was one of the first to use air rights over a major highway. After completion of the expressway,

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3696-590: The New England Thruway section of I-95 was in April 1980 when the section was converted for sequential exits . Prior to the change, the Cross Bronx/Bruckner Expressway and New England Thruway sections had different exit numbering systems. More specifically, exit 19 on the Bruckner Expressway was followed immediately by exit 2 on the New England Thruway. As a result, because exit numbers on I-95 repeated themselves in close succession,

3784-497: The Port Authority Bus Terminal. The George Washington Bridge Bus Station lacked air-conditioning; it still contained payphones , at a time when many payphones across the city had been removed; and most of its retail activity consisted of off-track betting and sales of lottery tickets and cheap coffee. Later that month, the PANYNJ revealed designs for the terminal's renovation. The project was postponed due to

3872-586: The Rye Village area, entering exit 20, which connects to US 1 ( Boston Post Road ) and the village. Almost immediately after exit 20, exit 21 marks the eastern end of the Cross Westchester Expressway ( I-287 ). Proceeding westbound, exit 21 and nearby exit 22 (Midland Avenue and Port Chester ) are merged but are separate exits going eastbound. Crossing through the eastern edges of Port Chester, I-95 reaches

3960-412: The US, over 90% of workers commute by car, while about 5% commute by public transportation . Statistical models indicate that in addition to demographics and work duration, commute time is one of the most important determinants of discretionary time allocation by individuals. The number of students who commute to college continues to increase significantly as the years go by. From 1996 to 2006 alone,

4048-429: The W. J. Barney Corporation and William L. Crow Company for the construction of the terminal's roof. In February 1961, contractors erected the largest of 40 steel girders carrying the terminal above the Trans-Manhattan Expressway. The steel frame of the terminal had been completed by that April, and workers had begun pouring concrete around the steel. The George Washington Bridge Bus Station opened on January 17, 1963, and

4136-524: The bridge were recommended in a 1955 study that suggested improvements to the New York City area's highway system. The Port Authority announced plans for the $ 12 million bus station in February 1957. The planned terminal would be able to accommodate 255 buses per hour, allowing 70 percent more interstate buses to use the bridge. The Port Authority would have to relocate 10,000 families to make way for

4224-634: The bus terminal and connecting ramps, prompting opposition from the area's U.S. representative, Herbert Zelenko . The New York City Planning Commission approved the improvements in June 1957, and the Port Authority allocated funds to the improvement that July. In approving the bus terminal, the City Planning Commission mandated that the terminal be an enclosed structure. The Port Authority announced in March 1960 that it had hired Nervi to design

4312-438: The creation of the highway in June 1957 as part of a joint effort with the PANYNJ that also called for the creation of the lower deck on the George Washington Bridge and construction of the George Washington Bridge Bus Station above the cut for the expressway. The expressway, the main New York approach to the George Washington Bridge, is only 0.8 miles (1.3 km) long. The projects required demolition of numerous buildings and

4400-480: The crosstown route. The expressway was announced in 1957 and built in conjunction with the addition of the lower level of the George Washington Bridge. Originally known as the George Washington Bridge Expressway , the highway was originally planned as an open cut between 178th and 179th streets, traversed by overpasses carrying the major north–south avenues in Upper Manhattan. The City of New York approved

4488-456: The delays, cost overruns, and arbitration proceedings with Tutor Perini. Monarch Alternative Capital LP offered to take over the leasehold of the station's retail space, but negotiations with the PANYNJ stalled. NYCRC sued the PANYNJ in 2021, claiming that the agency was trying to wipe out the firm's investment in the terminal by interfering with the planned sale of the retail leasehold. Aurora Capital Associates and Bridges Development Group acquired

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4576-402: The early days of rail travel in US cities, such as New York, Philadelphia, Boston and Chicago, where, in the 1840s, the railways engendered suburbs from which travelers paid a reduced or 'commuted' fare into the city. Later, the back formations "commute" and "commuter" were coined therefrom. Commuted tickets would usually allow the traveler to repeat the same journey as often as they liked during

4664-559: The eastern approach to the George Washington Bridge. It crosses Fort Washington Park , connecting with the Henry Hudson Parkway ( NY 9A ) at the park's eastern edge near Riverside Drive and 168th Street . The route continues, crossing the Manhattan neighborhood of Washington Heights in a cut flanked by 178th Street to the south and 179th Street to the north. Roughly midway across Manhattan, US 9 leaves

4752-522: The eastern end of the I-95/US ;1 concurrency . Passing south of Tremont Park , the Cross Bronx Expressway westbound serves exit 3, which serves Third Avenue . At East 176th Street, the Cross Bronx Expressway turns southeast, entering exit 4A eastbound, which marks the northern terminus of NY 895 (Sheridan Boulevard). After crossing the Bronx River , the expressway enters

4840-549: The energy-efficiency benefits of a mass transit system while maintaining the speed and convenience of individual transport. Traffic emissions, such as from cars and trucks , also contribute. Airborne by-products from vehicle exhaust systems cause air pollution and are a major ingredient in the creation of smog in some large cities. The major culprits from transportation sources are carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO and NO x ), volatile organic compounds , sulfur dioxide, and hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are

4928-506: The existence of the reverse commuter who lives in a core city but works in the suburbs, and to a type of secondary commuter who lives in a more distant exurb and works in the outlying city or industrial suburb . A UK study, published in 2009, found that on average women suffer four times as much psychological stress from their work commute as men do. An Indian study conducted in Mangalore led by Edmond Fernandes stated that creating

5016-399: The feasibility of erecting a multiplex cinema above the bus station. Had the multiplex been built, it would have contained 12 screens with a total of 2,800 seats and would have been operated by McCann under a 40-year lease. The multiplex would have cost $ 20 million. Ultimately, the multiplex was never built; there had been other unsuccessful plans to use the air rights above the terminal. By

5104-534: The freeway to follow Broadway northward toward the Bronx and Westchester County . Proceeding eastward, the road has several ramps that connect to the Harlem River Drive and the expressway's original Harlem River crossing, the Washington Bridge (now carrying 181st Street local traffic over the Harlem River ). At Highbridge Park , the roadway crosses the Alexander Hamilton Bridge to

5192-487: The high cost of housing in city centres, lack of public transit , and traffic congestion , modes of travel may include automobiles , motorcycles , trains , aircraft , buses , and bicycles . Where Los Angeles is infamous for its automobile gridlock, commuting in New York is closely associated with the subway; in London and Tokyo and several European cities, "commuter" is automatically associated with rail passengers. In

5280-486: The highway, which once again line up with the thruway portion. This has eliminated all of the exit number conflicts, with one exception. The exception exists because the PANYNJ has not changed the numbers back on its portion of the road creating a confusing situation at the Amsterdam Avenue exit, which is maintained by NYSDOT southbound but the PANYNJ northbound. The exit is signed as exit 1B southbound (which

5368-519: The main components of petroleum fuels such as gasoline and diesel fuel . These molecules react with sunlight, heat, ammonia , moisture, and other compounds to form the noxious vapours, ground level ozone , and particles that comprise smog. In the United States, the Census Bureau 's American Community Survey (ACS) collects data on commuting times, allowing an analysis of average commute time by industry, location, and vehicle. According to

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5456-552: The major north–south avenues in upper Manhattan. The City of New York approved the creation of the highway in June 1957 as part of a joint effort with the Port Authority that also called for the creation of the lower deck on the George Washington Bridge and construction of the George Washington Bridge Bus Terminal above the cut for the Expressway. The expressway, the main New York approach to

5544-399: The median of the Trans-Manhattan Expressway, which it straddles. The roof was constructed of 26 triangular sections, each measuring 66 by 92 feet (20 by 28 m) and composed of 36 concrete panels. The design of the roof was intended to disperse exhaust from buses idling there. The building's roof trusses have been described as resembling butterflies, as seen in aerial views. When the terminal

5632-697: The morning and evening rush hours , with congestion on roads and public transport systems not designed or maintained well enough to cope with the peak demands. As an example, Interstate 405 located in Southern California is one of the busiest freeways in the United States. Commuters may sit up to two hours in traffic during rush hour. Construction work or collisions on the freeway distract and slow down commuters, contributing to even longer delays. Cars carrying only one occupant use fuel and roads less efficiently than shared cars or public transport , and increase traffic congestion . Commuting by car

5720-416: The near future there may be another move away from the traditional "commute" with the introduction of flexible working. Some have suggested that many employees would be far more productive and live healthier, stress-free lives if the daily commute is removed completely. Commuting has had a large impact on modern life. It has allowed cities to grow to sizes that were previously not practical, and it has led to

5808-462: The northbound direction only. The road continues northeast through New Rochelle, passing exit 17 as it enters the town of Mamaroneck . Exit 17 connects to Chatsworth Avenue in the Larchmont section. Passing a pedestrian footbridge for the Larchmont station , crossing over NY 125 (Weaver Street). Winding north through Mamaroneck, I-95 enters exit 18A, servicing Fenimore Road in

5896-487: The old exit numbering system frequently caused confusion. As part of an experiment, I-95 was one of the few roads in New York to receive mileage-based exit numbers . This was implemented over both the PANYNJ section and the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) section of the highway (exits 1A–8C). The thruway section (which had originally carried its own sequential exit numbers)

5984-633: The percentage of undergraduate students who commuted to campus began to increase at a rate of 30% to 50%. In a study involving 10 universities in Canada, 61% of students reported that their commute was a challenge to campus participation, while 30% perceived it as a barrier to academic success. Factors influencing satisfaction included commute mode, duration, travel attitudes, and campus type. Notably, 72% of students had one-way commutes of one hour or less, 22% had commutes lasting between 60 and 90 minutes, and 9% faced commutes exceeding 90 minutes. Commuting

6072-504: The period of validity: normally, the longer the period the cheaper the cost per day. Before the 19th century, most workers lived less than an hour's walk from their work. The Industrial Revolution brought specialization of work and workplaces, and relocated most paid work from households and rural areas to factories in urban areas. Today, many people travel daily to work a long way from their own towns, cities, and villages, especially in industrialised societies . Depending on factors such as

6160-610: The private developers, and NYCRC later lent another $ 19 million for the project. At the time of the announcement, the project was to begin in January 2012 and be completed by early 2013. The renovated building was to be improved with better access to local subway stops, displays of bus departure and arrival times, central air conditioning, and full ADA-compliant accessibility. It would increase retail space from 30,000 to 120,000 square feet (3,000 to 11,000 m). Large tenants like Marshalls , Key Food , and Blink Fitness leased some of

6248-454: The proliferation of suburbs. Many large cities or conurbations are surrounded by commuter belts , also known as metropolitan areas , commuter towns , dormitory towns, or bedroom communities. The prototypical commuter lives in one of these areas and travels daily to work or to school in the core city. As urban sprawl pushes further and further away from central business districts , new businesses can appear in outlying cities , leading to

6336-467: The relocation of 1,824 families. Overpasses over the open cut passing under Broadway, Wadsworth Avenue, and St. Nicholas Avenue were in place in December 1959. The George Washington Bridge Expressway, with three lanes of traffic heading in each direction to and from each deck of the double-decked George Washington Bridge, opened to traffic in 1962 as part of a $ 60-million (equivalent to $ 463 million in 2023 ) program to improve access roads for

6424-613: The renovation was delayed significantly; the scheduled completion date of 2015 was postponed at least twice. According to The New York Times , the delays became "a sore point in Washington Heights". The terminal reopened on May 16, 2017, two years behind schedule, $ 17 million over budget, and still unfinished. Tutor Perini filed a $ 120 million lawsuit against the PANYNJ in July 2019 over the project's "delays and cost overruns". GWBBS Development Venture LLC filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection that October, in part because of

6512-680: The retail leasehold in December 2022 for $ 46 million. The complex is served by the 175th Street station of the New York City Subway . The station is on Fort Washington Avenue with entrances at 175th Street and 177th Street, the latter one block south of the bus station. The subway station, operated by the New York City Transit Authority and served by the A train, was part of the Independent Subway System (IND)'s first line,

6600-532: The road. NYSDOT itself renumbered only one section of the road in Parkchester. Meanwhile, the NYSTA did not renumber any of the exits on its stretch of the road. This led to a situation from 2005 through 2012 in which some exits were signed with two different numbers, while some numbers were repeated twice, but only on some of the signs. Finally, in 2012, NYSDOT restored the mileage-based numbers to its portion of

6688-543: The route crosses out of the Pelham Country Club, entering New Rochelle . Crossing over Metro-North Railroad tracks, the Interstate turns northeast and crossing through downtown New Rochelle, reaching exit 16, serving several local streets including Cross Avenue, Cedar Street, and Garden Street. North of exit 16, the New England Thruway enters its lone toll gantry along the alignment, serving

6776-484: The senses". The George Washington Bridge between New York and New Jersey was opened in 1931; only its current upper deck existed at the time. As early as 1952, the PANYNJ (at the time the Port of New York Authority) had proposed widening a one-block stretch of 178th Street between Fort Washington Avenue and Broadway and creating a bus terminal there. The terminal would have contained three platforms for interstate buses and

6864-459: The station as "a work of the first rank that demonstrates the art and science of reinforced concrete construction at its 20th-century highpoint, in the hands of one of its greatest masters." The terminal was first proposed in 1955, following earlier attempts to construct a bus station at the George Washington Bridge's eastern end. The Port Authority hired Nervi to design the terminal in early 1960, and it opened on January 17, 1963. In its early years,

6952-431: The station starting September 27, while keeping the Port Authority Bus Terminal as its primary New York City location. As of 2020, the bus lines detailed below serve the terminal for the New York City Transit Authority , New Jersey Transit , and Coach USA ( Rockland Coaches and Short Line ). Service is also provided by Spanish Transportation with its Express Service jitneys . Additionally, some OurBus routes serve

7040-465: The terminal indicate that it contained 10 platforms for suburban buses on its top level, which collectively had 36 loading positions. At ground level were shops and seven sawtooth loading positions for long-distance buses. The basement level contained a mezzanine leading to the 175th Street station of the New York City Subway . The building is constructed of huge steel-reinforced concrete trusses , fourteen of which are cantilevered from supports in

7128-461: The terminal's retail space before the renovation began. Tutor Perini received a $ 100 million construction contract in August 2013. The Port Authority and a private company, known as GWBBS Development Venture LLC, began renovating the station later the same year. The bus station's main concourse was temporarily closed for renovations in August 2014. Although buses continued to stop at the terminal,

7216-461: The two Interstates merge. Continuing north, the Bruckner Expressway and I-95 parallel Bruckner Boulevard and run along the western edge of Pelham Bay Park . Entering exit 8A southbound services Westchester Avenue while northbound, exits 8B and 8C serve Pelham Parkway and Shore Road through the park, which marks the northern end of the Bruckner Expressway. Now known as the New England Thruway, I-95 leaves Pelham Bay Park and enters exit 9,

7304-405: The vehicle increases, which is generally observed when operating a vehicle. Fatigue and hazardous road conditions add to this risk. Second, while income from employment is greater in other cities, stress from commuting factors become a factor for personal health. Ironically, stress from having to locate employment or being placed in a low-income situation might lead to a similar outcome. However, this

7392-419: The village of Mamaroneck . Turning northeast again, I-95 enters exit 18B, a partial cloverleaf interchange with Mamaroneck Avenue before crossing into the town of Harrison . The road turns east, crossing over NY 127 (Harrison Avenue), and enters exit 19, the western terminus of Playland Parkway , which connects the expressway to Playland as the road enters Rye . The route crosses through

7480-450: The west, and it installed heated glass-and-aluminum canopies above the ten departure platforms. Although the bus terminal was intended to replace a series of sidewalk bus loading areas that existed between 166th and 167th streets further south, the last bus route did not relocate to the new terminal until 1967. In its early years, the George Washington Bridge Bus Station was underused, as most passengers from New Jersey preferred to travel to

7568-443: Was constructed in 1963, the Port Authority believed the design of the roof would eliminate the need to install air conditioning. The building contains murals as well as busts of George Washington and Othmar Amman , the civil engineer who designed the bridge. The building received the 1963 Concrete Industry Board’s Award. The entire facility is wheelchair-accessible. The terminal was criticized by one writer as "a brutal assault on

7656-417: Was officially dedicated by New York governor Nelson Rockefeller and New Jersey governor Richard J. Hughes the next day. After passengers complained that the terminal's open-air design let in cold air, the Port Authority approved the installation of a retractable plastic membrane in August 1963 at a cost of $ 200,000. The PANYNJ also installed glass walls and louvers to protect passengers from strong winds from

7744-399: Was then renumbered by the NYSTA to a system of sequential numbers starting from 9 (where the mileage-based system left off). This led to a situation in which exits 1 through 8 were mileage-based (all but one of which contained lettered suffixes as a result) and exits 9 through 22 were sequential. During the late 1970s, and 1980s, in various stages, the mid-mast cuptlight-luminaire ,

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