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112-519: Dieppe is a seaport on the English Channel at the mouth of the river Arques . A regular ferry service runs to Newhaven in England. Famous for its scallops , Dieppe also has a popular pebbled beach , a 15th-century castle and the churches of Saint-Jacques and Saint-Remi . The mouth of the river Scie lies at Hautot-sur-Mer , directly to the west of Dieppe. The inhabitants of

224-475: A beach resort . Prominent literary figures such as Arthur Symons loved to keep up with the latest fads of avant-garde France here, and during "the season" sometimes stayed for weeks on end. During the Second World War Dieppe was occupied by German naval and army forces after the fall of France in 1940. In order to allow a better defence of the coast against a possible Allied landing,

336-595: A ceasefire on 5   May, and all fighting came to an end with the surrender of German forces in Western Europe on 7   May 1945. In October 1945, after four months in the Netherlands, General Order 52/46 officially disbanded the headquarters of the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division. By December, the entirety of the division had been stood down and returned to Canada. The division suffered heavy casualties through 1944 and 1945; according to Bercuson it had

448-461: A centre for the transshipment of sea cargo to inland destinations. A smart port uses technologies, including the Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) to be more efficient at handling goods. Smart ports usually deploy cloud-based software as part of the process of greater automation to help generate the operating flow that helps the port work smoothly. At present, most of

560-542: A divisional HQ. Neither battalion was able to achieve their objectives. As with the other three beaches, casualties among the Canadians were high with 160 fatalities. Throughout 1943, the 2nd Division focused on rebuilding its ranks, having lost close to half its strength at Dieppe. In April 1943, Major-General Guy Simonds —the first officer to command the division who had not served in the Great War —assumed command of

672-904: A fishing port to be uneconomical. A marina is a port for recreational boating. A warm-water port (also known as an ice-free port) is one where the water does not freeze in winter. This is mainly used in the context of countries with mostly cold winters where parts of the coastline freezes over every winter. Because they are available year-round, warm-water ports can be of great geopolitical or economic interest . Such settlements as Narvik in Norway , Dalian in China , Murmansk , Novorossiysk , Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and Vostochny Port in Russia , Odesa in Ukraine , Kushiro in Japan and Valdez at

784-723: A further offensive that would push through to Falaise, trapping the German Seventh Army in Normandy. On 14   August, the First Canadian Army launched Operation Tractable with the aim of capturing Falaise and achieving a linkup with American forces in Chambois. A daylight attack was executed after artillery provided smoke-screen cover and medium bombers softened up the German defences. The offensive

896-531: A general move to modernize the Canadian forces' higher echelons; further sweeping changes throughout all levels of command, coupled with the lingering effects of the large influx of new personnel during 1943, lowered morale in the division. However, in March 1944, training again intensified, heralding the coming invasion of Europe . On 9   March, the 2nd Division was inspected by King George VI , and by May

1008-543: A halt in recruitment in the early months of the war caused a delay in the formation of brigade and divisional headquarters. With questions concerning overseas deployment resolved, the division's respective commands were formed in May and June 1940, and at British Prime Minister Winston Churchill 's request, the division was deployed to the United Kingdom between 1   August and 25   December 1940, forming part of

1120-713: A major fishing hub, it is still home to a large ferry port and one of the busiest ports in Europe ; in the 17th century the Dieppe Company operated from the port. Until the mid-19th century the Ave Maria lace , a hand-made lace manufacturer, was largely based in Dieppe. The town is now home to the Alpine Automobiles global headquarters. The town is home to FC Dieppe , one of the oldest football clubs in

1232-711: A port or nearby. Modern ports will have specialised cargo -handling equipment, such as gantry cranes , reach stackers and forklift trucks . Ports usually have specialised functions: some tend to cater mainly for passenger ferries and cruise ships ; some specialise in container traffic or general cargo; and some ports play an important military role for their nation's navy. Some third world countries and small islands such as Ascension and St Helena still have limited port facilities, so that ships must anchor off while their cargo and passengers are taken ashore by barge or launch (respectively). In modern times, ports survive or decline, depending on current economic trends. In

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1344-766: A result, most of the 2nd Division's units were sent to the United Kingdom in August 1940, although the Iceland garrison remained in place until 31   October. The absence of the Mont Royal s allowed Odlum to reassign the Calgary Highlanders to the 5th Brigade in September, in an attempt to ethnically mix the brigades of the division. By late December 1940, the 2nd Canadian Division was joined with

1456-424: A ship on its sailing itinerary. At these ports, cargo ships may take on supplies or fuel, as well as unloading and loading cargo while cruise liners have passengers get on or off ship. A fishing port is a port or harbor for landing and distributing fish. It may be a recreational facility, but it is usually commercial. A fishing port is the only port that depends on an ocean product, and depletion of fish may cause

1568-516: A ship to sail from the ocean inland to the port to load or unload its cargo. An example of this is the St. Lawrence Seaway which allows ships to travel from the Atlantic Ocean several thousand kilometers inland to Great Lakes ports like Toronto , Duluth-Superior , and Chicago . The term inland port is also used for dry ports . A seaport is a port located on the shore of a sea or ocean. It

1680-523: A single Dutch ship per year, whereas Osaka was the largest domestic port and the main trade hub for rice. Post-classical Swahili kingdoms are known to have had trade port islands and trade routes with the Islamic world and Asia. They were described by Greek historians as "metropolises". Famous African trade ports such as Mombasa , Zanzibar , Mogadishu and Kilwa were known to Chinese sailors such as Zheng He and medieval Islamic historians such as

1792-502: A small semi-automated container port (with links to the Port of Felixstowe , the UK's largest container port) thrived for some years, but has been hit hard by competition from the emergent London Gateway port and logistics hub. In mainland Europe, it is normal for ports to be publicly owned, so that, for instance, the ports of Rotterdam and Amsterdam are owned partly by the state and partly by

1904-589: A strong maritime collection. A rich collection of 17th- and 18th-century ivory carvings, including lacy folding fans, for which Dieppe was known, and the furnishings and papers of Camille Saint-Saëns . The castle's interior courtyard is picturesque. At the Square du Canada, near the castle in a park at the western end of the Esplanade, there is a monument erected by the town commemorating the long relationship between Dieppe and Canada . The events recorded begin with

2016-430: A test of whether or not such a landing was feasible, the Dieppe raid was to be undertaken by the 4th and 6th Brigades, with additional naval, air, and infantry support. Significant elements of the 5th Brigade were also involved. On 19   August 1942, while British commando units attacked bunker positions on the outskirts of Dieppe, forces of the 2nd Division landed on four beaches. The easternmost, Blue Beach, which

2128-605: A third of the world's shipping containers , half of the world's annual supply of crude oil , and is the world's busiest transshipment port . Europe's busiest container port and biggest port by cargo tonnage by far is the Port of Rotterdam , in the Netherlands. It is followed by the Belgian Port of Antwerp or the German Port of Hamburg , depending on which metric is used. In turn, the Spanish Port of Valencia

2240-561: A week later after a bridgehead had been secured. After a brief detour through German territory, the First Canadian Army—now unified with the arrival of I Canadian Corps from the Italian Front —prepared to assault German positions in the Netherlands. The 2nd Division moved northwards towards Groningen . In the nine days preceding their attack, German resistance had been light and uncoordinated, but opposition stiffened as

2352-418: Is extremely vulnerable to sea level rise and coastal flooding . Internationally, global ports are beginning to identify ways to improve coastal management practices and integrate climate change adaptation practices into their construction. Wherever ancient civilisations engaged in maritime trade, they tended to develop sea ports. One of the world's oldest known artificial harbors is at Wadi al-Jarf on

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2464-404: Is further categorized as commercial and non-commercial: Cargo ports are quite different from cruise ports, because each handles very different cargo, which has to be loaded and unloaded by a variety of mechanical means. Bulk cargo ports may handle one particular type of cargo or numerous cargoes, such as grains, liquid fuels, liquid chemicals, wood, automobiles, etc. Such ports are known as

2576-688: Is often lower because of both direct and indirect pollution from the shipping, and other challenges caused by the port's community, such as trash washing into the ocean. Sewage from ships, and leaks of oil and chemicals from shipping vessels can contaminate local water, and cause other effects like nutrient pollution in the water. Ports and their infrastructure are very vulnerable to climate change and sea level rise, because many of them are in low-lying areas designed for status quo water levels. Variable weather, coastal erosion, and sea level rise all put pressure on existing infrastructure, resulting in subsidence , coastal flooding and other direct pressures on

2688-722: Is the busiest port in the Mediterranean basin, while the Portuguese Port of Sines is the busiest atlantic port. The Port of Trieste , Italy , is the main port of the northern Adriatic and starting point of the Transalpine Pipeline . The largest ports include the Port of South Louisiana , a vast sprawling port centered in the New Orleans area, Houston , Port of New York/New Jersey , Los Angeles in

2800-512: Is the largest port in the world in both cargo tonnage and activity. It regained its position as the world's busiest port by cargo tonnage and the world's busiest container port in 2009 and 2010, respectively. It is followed by the ports of Singapore , Hong Kong and Kaohsiung , Taiwan , all of which are in East and Southeast Asia . The port of Singapore is the world's second-busiest port in terms of total shipping tonnage, it also transships

2912-401: Is the port where cruise ship passengers board (or embark ) to start their cruise and disembark the cruise ship at the end of their cruise. It is also where the cruise ship's supplies are loaded for the cruise, which includes everything from fresh water and fuel to fruits, vegetables, champagne, and any other supplies needed for the cruise. "Cruise home ports" are very busy places during the day

3024-532: Is the same as Deepdale in Great Britain. The stream running through Dieppe was called Tella in Merovingian and Carolingian documents, before being called Dieppe in the 10th century. The name has stuck to the town, although the name of the stream changed again, to Béthune. The castle, Château de Dieppe , which survived the 1694 bombardment, is now a museum and exhibition space, with

3136-464: Is when a native species with no natural predator is all of a sudden prey of an invasive specie. Indirect interaction can be diseases or other health conditions brought by invasive species. Ports are also a source of increased air pollution as a result of ships and land transportation at the port. Transportation corridors around ports have higher exhaust emissions and this can have related health effects on local communities. Water quality around ports

3248-479: The Luftwaffe into open battle. The Allies suffered more than 1,400 deaths, 907 Canadian, and 1,946 Canadian soldiers were captured – more prisoners than the army lost in the 11 months of the 1944–45 NW Europe campaign . However, no major objectives were achieved. More recent research suggests the raid was a massive cover for an intelligence operation to capture German code machine components. French soldiers from

3360-485: The 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division was temporarily assigned to Simonds's II Canadian Corps for the assault. Despite an elaborate preceding artillery barrage, dogged German resistance caused the battle to degenerate into one of attrition. Because effective air-support was prevented by fog and movement was hindered by German mortar barrages, the British and Canadians suffered heavy casualties. However, by 10   March,

3472-576: The Calgary Highlanders introduced " battle drill " to the division. This new type of training emphasized small unit tactics as well as "hardening" training through use of live ammunition, slaughterhouse visits, and obstacle courses, and was adopted throughout Commonwealth forces stationed in Britain. In early 1942, under Roberts, the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division participated in several additional full-scale combat exercises, again gauging

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3584-568: The Calgary Highlanders seized Point 67, directly north of Verrières Ridge, and the following morning the Royal Highland Regiment of Canada crossed the Orne River and secured the flanks of the advance. In the afternoon, the 6th Brigade's South Saskatchewan Regiment attacked the well-entrenched German positions on the ridge, with support from Typhoon fighter-bombers and tanks. However, the attack ran into torrential rain, and

3696-601: The Canadian Corps . Having performed well in training exercises during 1941 and early 1942, elements of the 2nd Division were selected as the main force for Operation Jubilee , a large-scale amphibious raid on the port of Dieppe in German-occupied France. On 19   August 1942, with air and naval gunfire support, the division's 4th and 6th Infantry Brigades assaulted Dieppe's beaches. The Germans were well prepared and, despite being reinforced,

3808-656: The Chinese ports of Shanghai and Ningbo-Zhoushan . As of 2020, the busiest passenger port in Europe is the Port of Helsinki in Finland . Nevertheless, countless smaller ports do exist that may only serve their local tourism or fishing industries. Ports can have a wide environmental impact on local ecologies and waterways, most importantly water quality, which can be caused by dredging, spills and other pollution . Ports are heavily affected by changing environmental factors caused by climate change as most port infrastructure

3920-540: The Dieppe Canadian War Cemetery , in the commune of Saint-Aubin-sur-Scie south-west of Dieppe. Various buildings and sights include: Dieppe railway station , operated by SNCF , has frequent departures for Rouen-Rive-Droite . SNCF operates also buses to Gisors -Embranchement through Serqueux . Dieppe has a ferry port with direct services to the English town of Newhaven , situated at

4032-566: The I Canadian Corps on the Italian Front . The First Canadian Army launched no major offensive operations from November 1944 to January 1945; the longest hiatus the Canadians had enjoyed since landing on the Normandy beaches the previous June. Operation Veritable was designed to bring the 21st Army Group to the west bank of the Rhine River , the last natural obstacle before entering Germany. Initially scheduled for December 1944,

4144-580: The II Canadian Corps , and subordinated to the British Second Army , the division assembled its brigades for combat while British and Canadian forces launched Operation Charnwood . It was a tactical success, but could not clear all Caen of its German defenders. Although originally a D-Day objective, Caen proved a difficult prize, holding out until 19   July when it finally fell to British troops during Operation Goodwood . In

4256-640: The London Gateway . Ideally, a port will grant easy navigation to ships, and will give shelter from wind and waves. Ports are often on estuaries, where the water may be shallow and may need regular dredging . Deep water ports such as Milford Haven are less common, but can handle larger ships with a greater draft, such as super tankers , Post-Panamax vessels and large container ships . Other businesses such as regional distribution centres , warehouses and freight-forwarders, canneries and other processing facilities find it advantageous to be located within

4368-529: The Port of Buenos Aires in Argentina. 2nd Canadian Infantry Division The 2nd Canadian Division , an infantry division of the Canadian Army , was mobilized for war service on 1   September 1939 at the outset of World War II . Adopting the designation of the 2nd Canadian Division , it was initially composed of volunteers within brigades established along regional lines, though

4480-571: The Red Sea . Along with the finding of harbor structures, ancient anchors have also been found. Other ancient ports include Guangzhou during Qin dynasty China and Canopus , the principal Egyptian port for Greek trade before the foundation of Alexandria . In ancient Greece, Athens' port of Piraeus was the base for the Athenian fleet which played a crucial role in the Battle of Salamis against

4592-536: The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, Dieppe lost 3,000 of its Huguenot citizens, who fled abroad. Dieppe was an important target in wartime ; the town was largely destroyed by an Anglo - Dutch naval bombardment in 1694. It was rebuilt after 1696 in a typical French classical style by Ventabren, an architect, who gave it its unique feature for a sea port. It was popularised as a seaside resort following

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4704-468: The "bulk" or "break bulk ports". Ports that handle containerized cargo are known as container ports . Most cargo ports handle all sorts of cargo, but some ports are very specific as to what cargo they handle. Additionally, individual cargo ports may be divided into different operating terminals which handle the different types of cargoes, and may be operated by different companies, also known as terminal operators, or stevedores . A cruise home port

4816-580: The 12th century: Deppa , Deupa and Diopa . From Old English dēop or Old Norse djúpr "deep", same meaning. The Nominalization from an Old English or Norse adjective, being unusual, dēop / djúpr could be followed by the Old English word ǣ / ea or Old Norse á "stream, river" (cf. Djúpá, river in Iceland). The same adjective can be recognized in other place-names like Dieppedalle (f. e. Saint-Vaast-Dieppedalle ) and Dipdal in Normandy, which

4928-482: The 1824 visit of the widowed Duchess of Berry , daughter-in-law of Charles X . She encouraged the building of the recently renovated municipal theatre , the Petit-Théâtre (1825), associated particularly with Camille Saint-Saëns . The city enjoyed Mayoral status at this point and in 1787, the " Maire de Dieppe" was N. Nile. During the later 19th century, Dieppe became popular with English artists as

5040-486: The 1st to form the Canadian Corps (later renamed to I Canadian Corps). In 1941, the Toronto Scottish Regiment was transferred from the 1st Division to become the machine-gun battalion of the 2nd Division. Around the same time, the 8th Reconnaissance Regiment (14th Canadian Hussars) was raised from 2nd Division personnel supplemented by reinforcements from Canada. Due to equipment shortages, it

5152-497: The 2nd Division's 5th Brigade had linked up with elements of the 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division , bringing the offensive to a close. Total Canadian casualties during Veritable and Blockbuster were 5,304 killed or wounded. As Canadian forces had incurred heavy casualties in clearing a path to the Rhine, the 2nd Division was excluded from the massive crossing operation that took place on 23   March 1945, instead crossing unopposed

5264-417: The 3rd Canadian Infantry Division was the most successful of the five beaches attacked on D-Day , 6   June 1944. Having successfully landed in Normandy , Allied forces soon became embroiled in battles against German armour and were unable to significantly expand their beachhead ; by the time the 2nd Division came ashore at the end of the first week of July, the entire front had congealed. Assigned to

5376-623: The 5th at Valcartier Camp in Quebec, and the 6th at Camp Shilo in Manitoba . The divisional artillery was concentrated at artillery training centres at Camp Petawawa in Ontario, and at Shilo. The 2nd Division's structure was altered in early 1940, reducing its number of machine-gun battalions from three to one. The Camerons and the Chaudières (now a rifle battalion) were reassigned to

5488-664: The Anglo-Canadian forces south of Caen in an all-out offensive aimed at breaking the German defensive cordon keeping his forces bottled up in Normandy. To meet Montgomery's objectives, General Simonds was ordered to design a large breakout assault, codenamed Operation Spring . The attack was planned in three tightly timed phases of advance, pitting two Canadian and two British divisions against three German SS-Panzer divisions, which would be launched in conjunction with an American offensive, Operation Cobra , scheduled to take place on 25   July 1944. The 4th Brigade attacked in

5600-814: The Berber Islamic voyager Abu Abdullah ibn Battuta . Many of these ancient sites no longer exist or function as modern ports. Even in more recent times, ports sometimes fall out of use. Rye, East Sussex , was an important English port in the Middle Ages, but the coastline changed and it is now 2 miles (3.2 km) from the sea, while the ports of Ravenspurn and Dunwich have been lost to coastal erosion . Whereas early ports tended to be just simple harbours, modern ports tend to be multimodal distribution hubs , with transport links using sea, river, canal, road, rail and air routes. Successful ports are located to optimize access to an active hinterland , such as

5712-591: The British had made significant gains on the Vire and Orne Rivers during Operation Bluecoat , while the Americans had achieved a complete breakthrough in the west. On 4   August, Simonds and General Harry Crerar—newly appointed commander of the First Canadian Army —were given the order to prepare an advance on Falaise. Three days later, with heavy bomber support, Operation Totalize began, marking

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5824-532: The Canadian Active Service Force (CASF) was initially composed of two divisions ; the 1st and 2nd Canadian Infantry Divisions, both raised on 1   September 1939. The fighting power of this force lay in its constituent infantry brigades, of which each division had three. These were in turn composed of three rifle and one machine gun battalion , with additional divisional artillery and engineer units in support. Formed under

5936-590: The Canadians sustained heavy losses and had to be evacuated, with fewer than half their number returning to the United Kingdom. Following a period of reconstruction and retraining from 1942 to 1944, the division joined II Canadian Corps as part of the British Second Army for the Allied invasion of Normandy . The division was redesignated as 2nd Canadian Infantry Division in January 1943. The 2nd Division saw significant action from 20   July to 21   August in

6048-572: The German commander Field Marshal Günther von Kluge was prohibited by Hitler from redeploying his forces. Thus, as American armoured formations advanced towards Argentan from the south, the Allies were presented with an opportunity to encircle large sections of the German Seventh Army . The First Canadian Army was ordered south, while the Americans prepared to move on Chambois on 14   August. Simonds and Crerar quickly planned

6160-414: The German defences. Two days later, 2nd Division had cleared the canal, and was moving northwest towards South Beveland and Walcheren Island. On Friday, 13   October, later known as "Black Friday", the 5th Brigade's Black Watch attacked positions near the coast, losing all four company commanders and over 200 men. Three days later, the Calgary Highlanders conducted a more successful offensive, capturing

6272-722: The Germans counterattacked in force. This and further German attacks inflicted heavy casualties on the South Saskatchewan Regiment and its supporting battalions, the Essex Scottish Regiment and the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada . On 21   July, the 5th Canadian Infantry Brigade reinforced Canadian positions on Point 67. In two days of fighting, the division suffered 1,349 casualties. On 22   July 1944, Montgomery elected to use

6384-404: The Germans destroyed the mauresque casino that was located near the beach area. The destruction of the casino had only begun at the time of the Dieppe Raid . The raid proved a costly lesson for the Allies. On August 19, 1942, Allied soldiers, mainly drawn from the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division , landed at Dieppe in the hope of occupying the town for a short time, gaining intelligence and drawing

6496-415: The Netherlands. Ports with international traffic have customs facilities. The terms "port" and "seaport" are used for different types of facilities handling ocean-going vessels, and river port is used for river traffic, such as barges and other shallow-draft vessels. An inland port is a port on a navigable lake, river ( fluvial port), or canal with access to a sea or ocean, which therefore allows

6608-454: The Persians in 480 BCE. In ancient India from 3700 BCE, Lothal was a prominent city of the Indus valley civilisation, located in the Bhal region of the modern state of Gujarāt . Ostia Antica was the port of ancient Rome with Portus established by Claudius and enlarged by Trajan to supplement the nearby port of Ostia. In Japan, during the Edo period , the island of Dejima was the only port open for trade with Europe and received only

6720-406: The Seine. Throughout September and October 1944, the First Canadian Army moved along the coast of France with the aim of securing the Channel Ports . On 1   September, while the 3rd Division made for Boulogne and Calais, the 2nd Division entered Dieppe, encountering virtually no resistance. Five days later they were tasked by Montgomery and Crerar with retaking Dunkirk. Heavy fighting around

6832-483: The U.S., Manzanillo in Mexico and Vancouver in Canada. Panama also has the Panama Canal that connects the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean, and is a key conduit for international trade. The largest port in Oceania is the Port of Melbourne . According to ECLAC 's "Maritime and Logistics Profile of Latin America and the Caribbean", the largest ports in South America are the Port of Santos in Brazil, Cartagena in Colombia, Callao in Peru, Guayaquil in Ecuador, and

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6944-428: The UK, both the ports of Liverpool and Southampton were once significant in the transatlantic passenger liner business. Once airliner traffic decimated that trade, both ports diversified to container cargo and cruise ships. Up until the 1950s the Port of London was a major international port on the River Thames , but changes in shipping and the use of containers and larger ships have led to its decline. Thamesport ,

7056-442: The ability of Commonwealth divisions to repel a possible German invasion . As April and May progressed, the exercises intensified, becoming significantly more demanding on the participants. As a result, the 2nd Division was judged to be one of the four best divisions in the United Kingdom, and was selected as the primary force for the upcoming Allied attack on the German-occupied port of Dieppe—codenamed Operation Jubilee. Mounted as

7168-418: The advance. Although 12 km (7.5 mi) of ground had been gained, Canadian forces had failed to reach Falaise itself. Simultaneously, the Germans had launched Operation Luttich , a desperate and ill-prepared armoured thrust towards Mortain , beginning on 6   August 1944. This was halted within a day and, despite the increasingly dangerous threat presented by the Anglo–Canadian advance on Falaise,

7280-481: The aftermath, General Bernard Montgomery , commander of the Anglo-Canadian 21st Army Group , ordered elements of II Canadian Corps , commanded by Lieutenant-General Guy Simonds, to push forward towards Verrières Ridge , the dominant geographical feature between Caen and Falaise . By keeping up the pressure, Montgomery hoped to divert German attention away from the American sector to the west. Operation Atlantic , launched on 18   July alongside Goodwood, had

7392-408: The artillery had been equipped with 25-pounder (84 mm (3.3 in)) howitzers , although signals equipment and transport were still lacking and anti-tank guns were dangerously scarce. When the division was not engaged in coastal-defence duties or unit training, formation-level training took the form of increasingly larger exercises. Exercise Waterloo, conducted from 14 to 16   June 1941,

7504-417: The assault progressed, leading to heavy losses among the battalions of the 5th Brigade. By 13   April, the division had been shifted eastward to guard the flanks of a British assault on Bremen , and the following day I   Canadian Corps liberated Arnhem . On 2   May, the 2nd Division took Oldenburg , solidifying Canadian positions throughout the Netherlands. German and Canadian forces declared

7616-416: The battle for six days. It was not until 3   March that the forest was cleared—during the intense close-quarter fighting, Major Frederick Tilston of the Essex Scottish Regiment won a Victoria Cross . Operation Blockbuster's final phase was the attack on Xanten itself, which lasted from 8   to 10   March. This fell primarily to the 2nd Division and 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade , although

7728-419: The battles for Caen and Falaise . Joining the newly activated headquarters of the First Canadian Army in the assault on northwestern Europe, the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division played a significant role in the retaking of the Channel Ports , the Battle of the Scheldt , and the liberation of the Netherlands. The division was deactivated shortly after the end of the war. At the start of the Second World War,

7840-406: The beach, and despite the arrival of an armoured squadron from the Calgary Tank Regiment, casualties were heavy. Reinforcements from the Mont Royals had little effect, and surviving forces were withdrawn by 11:00. Of the nearly 5,000 Canadian troops that participated, more than half were killed, wounded or captured. At Green Beach to the west, part of the South Saskatchewan Regiment was landed on

7952-416: The cities themselves. Even though modern ships tend to have bow-thrusters and stern-thrusters, many port authorities still require vessels to use pilots and tugboats for manoeuvering large ships in tight quarters. For instance, ships approaching the Belgian port of Antwerp , an inland port on the River Scheldt , are obliged to use Dutch pilots when navigating on that part of the estuary that belongs to

8064-683: The city and docks, a strategic oversight meant that the nearby bridges over the Albert Canal were not seized, leaving the Germans in control of the Scheldt estuary. The failure to make an immediate push on the estuary ensured the strategically vital port would remain useless until the Scheldt was cleared. Strong formations of the German Fifteenth Army , which had withdrawn from the Pas de Calais, were able to consolidate their positions on

8176-515: The command of Major-General Victor Odlum , a highly distinguished veteran of the First World War, with an authorized strength of between 13,000 and 17,000 personnel, the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division, like its sister formation, was originally organized along regional lines. Its 4th Brigade was composed of regiments from Ontario , the 5th Brigade of regiments from Quebec , and 6th Brigade of regiments from Western Canada . These were

8288-663: The commemoration of the 913 Canadian soldiers killed in the Dieppe Raid. The majority of its inhabitants are of Acadian descent. Dieppe belongs to the Pays de Caux , lying along the Alabaster Coast in the region of Normandy . It is located on the Channel coast, north of Rouen at the mouth of the river Arques and lies east of the mouth of the river Scie . Mentioned as Deppae in 1015–1029, Dieppa in 1030, then in

8400-646: The country having been founded in 1896. Dieppe is twinned with Seaport A port is a maritime facility comprising one or more wharves or loading areas, where ships load and discharge cargo and passengers. Although usually situated on a sea coast or estuary, ports can also be found far inland, such as Hamburg , Manchester and Duluth ; these access the sea via rivers or canals . Because of their roles as ports of entry for immigrants as well as soldiers in wartime, many port cities have experienced dramatic multi-ethnic and multicultural changes throughout their histories. Ports are extremely important to

8512-413: The cruise ship is in port, because off-going passengers debark their baggage and on-coming passengers board the ship in addition to all the supplies being loaded. Cruise home ports tend to have large passenger terminals to handle the large number of passengers passing through the port. The busiest cruise home port in the world is the Port of Miami , Florida . A port of call is an intermediate stop for

8624-614: The division moved southeast to assist British XXX Corps in their assault on Moyland Wood. The operational plan's second phase called for the 2nd and 3rd Divisions to take the Hochwald Forest. Following its capture, the 4th Canadian Armoured would sweep through the Hochwald Gap towards Wesel , followed by the 2nd Division "leap-frogging" towards Xanten. Operation Blockbuster was scheduled for 27   February, but despite initial gains, stubborn German resistance prolonged

8736-447: The division numbered close to 18,000 fully equipped and trained soldiers. When D-Day arrived on 6   June 1944, the main Canadian assault was led by the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division, while the 2nd Division was held in reserve. At this time, the division consisted of three brigades—4th, 5th and 6th—each of three infantry battalions, and a brigade ground defence platoon provided by Lorne Scots . In addition, at divisional level there

8848-497: The division's highland regiments. A memorial service was held in the nearby Canadian military cemetery to honour those killed in the Dieppe Raid. Starting on June 10 and ending on June 11, a soldier named Abd el Maleck slew 15 people and wounded 9 others after getting drunk. He was captured on June 11 and executed on February 14, 1946. Dieppe , a city in New Brunswick , Canada, received its present name in 1946, in honour of

8960-506: The division, taking over from Roberts, before handing over the following month to Major-General E. L. M. Burns . In January 1944, Major-General Charles Foulkes —another officer who, like Simonds, had been too young to serve in the Great War—replaced Burns, who went to Italy to command I Canadian Corps , where it had been deployed towards the end of 1943. The following month, all three brigade commanders were replaced as part of

9072-482: The early 16th century, and culminate with the Dieppe Raid and the liberation of Dieppe by Canadians on September 1, 1944. The base of the monument is inscribed with the words "nous nous souvenons" ("we remember"). Above the monument, the Flag of Canada is flown side by side with that of France. The Notre-Dame-de-Bon-Secours Chapel of Dieppe stands on the coast. Some of the Canadian soldiers who were killed are buried in

9184-458: The east with some success, taking Verrières village itself, but were repulsed at Tilly-la-Campagne by German counterattacks. The 5th Brigade, in the centre, made a bid for Fontenay-le-Marmion ; of the 325 members of the Black Watch who left the start-lines, only 15 answered evening roll-call. German counterattacks on 26 and 27   July pushed Canadian forces back to Point 67. However,

9296-402: The end of August, the garrison withdrew, not desiring to enter into battle for the port. Dieppe was liberated on September 1, 1944, by soldiers from the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division . On September 3, the entire division paused for reorganization, and a victory parade was held; contingents representing all major units of the 2nd Division marched 10 abreast behind the massed pipes and drums of

9408-507: The end of Operation Tractable, the 12th SS Panzer Division, the main adversary of the Canadians, had lost 80% of its tanks, 70% of its personnel carriers, and 60% of its artillery. Shortly afterwards, the 2nd Division moved to Foret de la Londe, along the valley of the River Seine . From 27   to 29   August, the 4th and 6th Brigades were engaged in heavy fighting against the rearguard of German forces seeking to withdraw across

9520-545: The expedition of René Goulaine de Laudonnière which departed Le Havre for Florida on April 20, 1564. The expedition resulted in the construction of Fort Caroline , the first French colony in the New World. Another expedition two years before where Goulaine de Laudonnière was under command of Jean Ribault , a local Huguenot captain, had resulted in the foundation of Charlesfort , now in South Carolina. Dieppe

9632-464: The first use of Kangaroo Armoured Personnel Carriers . While the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division attacked east of the Caen–Falaise Road, 2nd Division attacked to the west. By noon Verrières Ridge had finally fallen, and Canadian and Polish armour was preparing to exploit south towards Falaise. However, strong resistance by the 12th SS Panzer Division and the 272nd Volksgrenadier Division halted

9744-649: The forces of the British Commonwealth , with the Royal Regiment of Canada and Les Fusiliers Mont Royal arriving in Iceland later that month. However, at the request of Winston Churchill , the British prime minister , these deployments were cut short, as the division was badly needed in England to supplement the British Army —then facing the imminent possibility of German invasion . As

9856-453: The global economy; 70% of global merchandise trade by value passes through a port. For this reason, ports are also often densely populated settlements that provide the labor for processing and handling goods and related services for the ports. Today by far the greatest growth in port development is in Asia, the continent with some of the world's largest and busiest ports , such as Singapore and

9968-544: The initial objective of Woensdrecht. Simultaneously, the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division and the 4th Canadian (Armoured) Division captured Bergen, cutting off South Beveland and Walcheren from reinforcement. By November 1944, the First Canadian Army had entered the Nijmegen Salient which was being held for use in the development of future offensives. The 2nd Division came under the command of Major-General Bruce Matthews , with Foulkes being transferred to command

10080-436: The islands of South Beveland and Walcheren, as well as the Albert Canal directly northwest of Antwerp, and were further reinforced by elements of General Kurt Student 's First Parachute Army . During the initial phases of the battle, the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division sought to force a crossing of the Albert Canal. On 2   October, the entire First Canadian Army—under the temporary command of General Simonds—moved against

10192-562: The largest artillery barrages seen on the Western Front. The Germans had prepared significant defences in depth, both within the outpost screen and the Siegfried Line itself, and to add to the Canadians' difficulties, constant rain and cold weather obscured the battlefield. However, by the end of the first day, the 2nd Division had captured their objectives—the fortified towns of Wyler and Den Heuvel . On 11   February,

10304-712: The mouth of the River Ouse in East Sussex . The twice-daily service to the Port of Newhaven is operated by DFDS Seaways , under a concession subsidised by the French government. Services are operated using the MS Côte D'Albâtre and MS Seven Sisters. The current mayor of Dieppe is Nicolas Langlois. A member of the French Communist Party , he was elected in 2017, and re-elected in 2020. Historically

10416-591: The newly mobilized 3rd Canadian Infantry Division , and the Winnipeg Grenadiers were sent to Jamaica for garrison duty, after which they returned to Canada then redeployed to Hong Kong, where they were captured when it fell to the Japanese on 25   December 1941. In May 1940, The Black Watch were moved from Valcartier to Newfoundland, and in June, the 2nd Division was earmarked for garrison duty by

10528-508: The objectives of securing the western bank of the Orne River and Verrières Ridge. The 2nd Division's 5th and 6th Brigades were selected as the assaulting forces, with the 5th Brigade focusing on the Orne and the 6th on Verrières. The 4th Brigade were tasked with securing the flank of the operation, and the Royal Regiment of Canada attacked Louvigny on 18   July. Early on 19   July,

10640-715: The operation was delayed until February by the German Ardennes Offensive . Plans were developed to breach three successive defensive lines: the outpost screen; a formidable section of the Siegfried Line running through the Hochwald Forest ; and finally the Hochwald Layback covering the approach to the ultimate objective of Xanten . The first phase began on 8   February 1945, with the 2nd Division's advance following up one of

10752-492: The outskirts would hold the division for several days but, by 9   September, the 5th Brigade had captured the port. The Dunkirk perimeter was handed over to the British on 15   September, and the 2nd Division made for Antwerp . Although the Belgian White Brigade , the 11th Armoured Division, and elements of the British 3rd Infantry Division had entered Antwerp as early as 4   September, taking

10864-651: The port. There are several initiatives to decrease negative environmental impacts of ports. The World Port Sustainability Program points to all of the Sustainable Development Goals as potential ways of addressing port sustainability. These include SIMPYC , the World Ports Climate Initiative , the African Green Port Initiative , EcoPorts and Green Marine . The port of Shanghai

10976-427: The region, captured in the fighting of 1940, were returned to the area after the Dieppe Raid as a reward by the German occupation authorities, who felt that the conduct of the French civilians in Dieppe had been correct and had not hindered the defence of the port during the battle. The port remained garrisoned by German forces until the conclusion of the Battle of Normandy . When the First Canadian Army approached at

11088-716: The same infantry brigades—although their constituent battalions were different—that had formed part of the 2nd Canadian Division during its service on the Western Front as part of the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. It was over a year before the 2nd Division came together as a cohesive unit and, during the interim period between formation and arrival in the United Kingdom, many changes to its organization were made. The first brigade concentrations took place in May and June 1940, until which time all units had trained in their own garrisons. The 4th Brigade assembled at Camp Borden in Ontario,

11200-590: The situation eventually eased for the 2nd Canadian Division when US forces went on the offensive. Throughout the first week of August, significant German resources were transferred from the Anglo-Canadian front to that of the U.S. Third Army , under Lieutenant-General George Patton , while reinforcements moved from Pas de Calais to the Falaise–Calvados area. By 7   August 1944, only one major formation—the 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend —faced Canadian forces on Verrières Ridge. By 1   August 1944,

11312-539: The terminus of the Alaska Pipeline owe their very existence to being ice-free ports. The Baltic Sea and similar areas have ports available year-round beginning in the 20th century thanks to icebreakers , but earlier access problems prompted Russia to expand its territory to the Black Sea . A dry port is an inland intermodal terminal directly connected by road or rail to a seaport and operating as

11424-489: The town of Dieppe are called Dieppois (m) and Dieppoise (f) in French. First recorded as a small fishing settlement in 1030, Dieppe was an important prize fought over during the Hundred Years' War . Dieppe housed the most advanced French school of cartography in the 16th century. Two of France's best navigators, Michel le Vasseur and his brother Thomas le Vasseur, lived in Dieppe when they were recruited to join

11536-414: The water column, and can stir up pollutants captured in the sediments. Invasive species are often spread by the bilge water and species attached to the hulls of ships. It is estimated that there are over 7000 invasive species transported in bilge water around the world on a daily basis Invasive species can have direct or indirect interactions with native sea life. Direct interaction such as predation,

11648-766: The world's ports have somewhat embedded technology, if not for full leadership. However, thanks to global government initiatives and exponential growth in maritime trade, the number of intelligent ports has gradually increased. A report by business intelligence provider Visiongain assessed that Smart Ports Market spending would reach $ 1.5 bn in 2019. Ports and their operation are often a cause of environmental issues, such as sediment contamination and spills from ships and are susceptible to larger environmental issues, such as human caused climate change and its effects. Every year 100 million cubic metres of marine sediment are dredged to improve waterways around ports. Dredging, in its practice, disturbs local ecosystems, brings sediments into

11760-479: The wrong side of the Scie River , necessitating an assault over the machine gun swept bridge there so they could assault the cliffs on the west. The village of Pourville was captured but the eastern cliffs proved impossible to capture so blocking their assault on an artillery battery and a radar station. The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders were landed with the objective of moving south to attack an airfield and

11872-525: Was a machine gun battalion and a reconnaissance regiment provided by the Toronto Scottish Regiment (machine gun) and 8th Reconnaissance Regiment (14th Canadian Hussars), as well as various combat support and service support elements including field, anti-tank and anti-aircraft artillery, field engineers, electrical and mechanical engineers, and signals, medical, ordnance, service corps troops and provosts. The attack on Juno Beach by

11984-507: Was appointed as divisional commander, replacing Odlum who had ceased command in November, temporarily handing over to Major-General John Roberts . However, Crerar was appointed temporary corps commander the same day and as a result never actually fulfilled the role of divisional commander, with Roberts eventually being confirmed in the role in April 1942. Meanwhile, on 30   December 1941,

12096-429: Was at the foot of a sheer cliff, presented the most difficulties; the Royal Regiment of Canada , with a company of the Black Watch , was held at bay by two platoons of German defenders. Only six percent of the men that landed on Blue Beach returned to Britain. The main beaches, codenamed White and Red, lay in front of Dieppe itself. Making only minor gains, the majority of the 4th and 6th Brigades became pinned down on

12208-579: Was largely successful and, although the 2nd Division was not an active participant, divisional troops entered Falaise on 16   August as the remainder of First Canadian Army moved south-east towards Trun and Chambois. By 21   August the remnants of the battered German Seventh Army had surrendered in the Falaise Pocket , bringing the Battle of Normandy to a close. The German forces committed to Normandy since D-Day had been virtually annihilated—by

12320-423: Was often difficult to adequately supply newly arrived divisions in England. Artillery units had to make use of outmoded 75 mm guns with steel tires, and a lack of anti-aircraft guns—diverted to civil defence during the height of the Battle of Britain —left Canadian units to fend for themselves with small arms. However, by February 1941, enough Bren guns had been issued to the infantry units and, by September,

12432-454: Was the largest in the United Kingdom to date, with I   Canadian Corps counter-attacking an imagined German sea and air landing. Exercise Bumper, held from 29   September to 3   October, was larger still, involving 250,000 men. These exercises tended to concentrate on traffic control, communications, and logistical concerns, and were of little practical value to the infantry. On 23   December 1941, Major-General Harry Crerar

12544-664: Was the premier port of the kingdom in the 17th century. After King Edward VI died, putting an end to a Protestant country in England on July 6, 1553, John Knox left England to evade the Catholic-fist of Mary I . First, under the permission of his friends, he went back to his home country of Scotland . Then after he stayed in Dieppe for a few months, he continued on his tracks and stayed in Geneva . There he met one of his influences, John Calvin . On July 23, 1632, 300 colonists heading to New France departed from Dieppe. At

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