130-651: The Honeys (originally the Rovell Sisters ) were an American girl group , formed in Los Angeles in 1958, that initially comprised sisters Marilyn , Diane, and Barbara Rovell. Barbara was later replaced by their cousin, Ginger Blake. After 1962, the Rovell Sisters were rechristened "the Honeys" by the Beach Boys ' Brian Wilson , who envisioned the group as a female counterpart to his band. Wilson served as
260-587: A cycle called the Symphonia armoniae celestium revelationum . The songs from the Symphonia are set to Hildegard's own text and range from antiphons , hymns , and sequences , to responsories . Her music is described as monophonic , using soaring melodies that pushed the boundaries of the more traditional Gregorian chant . Maddalena Casulana (1544–1590) was an Italian composer, lutenist and singer. Her first work dates from 1566: four madrigals in
390-488: A motet , Audite verbum Dominum , for four voices in 1618. She composed both traditional pieces and more innovative works. Among the latter is Duo seraphim . Her motet O Salutaris hodie , included in Motetti op. 2, was one of the first pieces to include the violone , a bowed stringed instrument. Francesca Caccini (1587–1641) was an Italian composer, singer, lutenist , poet, and music teacher. Her singing for
520-641: A popular music genre such as pop, rock, or country music . A songwriter can also be called a composer, although the latter term tends to be mainly used for individuals from the classical music genre. A co-writer can help a songwriter balance out their own strengths and shortcomings by specializing in a particular area, such as lyrics or arranging. Many of the Top 40 songs that are consistently heard on streaming sites like Spotify or Pandora are written by seasoned songwriters who then provide their tune to top-tier talent for recording. Not all songwriters are singers. "Only
650-468: A broad range of contributions. Women shape and have shaped music movements, genres and trends as composers , songwriters , instrumental performers , singers, conductors , and music educators . Women's music , which is created by and for women, can explore women's rights and feminism . Women in music impact and influence creativity, activism, and culture. In the 21st Century, a significant percentage of popular and classical musicians are women, and
780-513: A child, her considerable vocal talents were displayed to a wide audience. She was also compositionally gifted, and her father arranged for her to study with composer Francesco Cavalli . Strozzi was said to be "the most prolific composer – man or woman – of printed secular vocal music in Venice in the Middle of the century." Her output is also unique in that it only contains secular vocal music, with
910-467: A collection of Scottish songs and glees harmonized for two and three voices, and more than a dozen songs, mainly sentimental ballads . A collection of songs published in 1803 was dedicated by Harriett to Queen Charlotte . Maria Teresa Agnesi (1720–1795) was an Italian composer. Though she was most famous for her compositions, she was also an accomplished harpsichordist and singer. The majority of her surviving compositions were written for keyboard,
1040-578: A collection, Il Desiderio , which she produced in Florence . Two years later, in Venice , she published her first book of madrigals for four voices, Il primo libro di madrigali , which is the first printed, published work by a woman in Western music history. She was close to Isabella de' Medici and dedicated some of her music to her. In 1570, 1583, and 1586 she published other books of madrigals. In
1170-601: A composition performed at the Paris Opéra. Previously the Paris Opera had staged the tragédie-lyrique Céphale et Procris by Élisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre , in 1694. Anacréon , her first opera, received a private performance at the residence of the Count of Provence in 1781. In 1784, her opera Tibulle et Délie was performed at the Paris Opera. In 1792, her two-act opéra comique , Plaire, c'est commander
1300-530: A crush or lover, and heartache. Some songs sounded upbeat or cheerful and sang about falling in love, whereas others took a decidedly more melancholic turn. Groups like the Shangri-Las , with the song " I Can Never Go Home Anymore " sang about the darker side of being in love. An especially prevalent theme was adolescence. Since most of the girl groups were composed of young singers, often still in high school, songs mentioned parents in many cases. Adolescence
1430-461: A duo called American Spring during the 1970s, also under the production eye of Brian Wilson . In the 1980s, the band reunited to record two studio albums, Ecstasy and It's Like Heaven. During the 1990s, the Honeys reunited and performed locally around Los Angeles. An anthology CD of their music (including several American Spring recordings) was released by Capitol Records in 1992. On March 10, 2016, two of The Honeys participated in concert at
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#17327719930621560-666: A female group, and a film, the Spice Girls became the most commercially successful British group since the Beatles . Unlike their predecessors who were marketed at male record buyers, the Spice Girls redefined the girl group concept by going after a young female fanbase instead. The cultural movement started by the Spice Girls produced a glut of other similar acts, which include the British-Canadian outfit All Saints , Irish girl group B*Witched , Atomic Kitten and
1690-522: A few of the many women [who were songwriters] in America had their music published and heard during the late 19th and early 20th centuries." According to Richard A. Reublin and Richard G. Beil, the "lack of mention of women [songwriters] is a glaring and embarrassing omission in our musical heritage." Women "struggled to write and publish music in the man's world of the 20th century Tin Pan Alley ." It
1820-474: A letter that was published in the Parisian Revue et Gazette Musicale . She was named a Königliche und Kaiserliche Kammervirtuosin ("Royal and Imperial Chamber Virtuoso"), Austria 's highest musical honor. She was also instrumental in changing the kind of programs expected of concert pianists. In her early career, she played what was then customary, mainly bravura pieces designed to showcase
1950-410: A male-dominated publishing world, female songwriters such as Joni Mitchell want to be seen outside categories of race and gender, and into the category of pure artistry. In her 1994 interview with Alice Echol , Joni Mitchell rejected feminism but voiced her animosity towards discrimination, sex-based exclusion, and gratuitous sexualization. Echol places Mitchell's "discomfort with the feminist label into
2080-573: A more potent sound allowed girl groups to sing powerfully and in different styles than earlier generations. Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller would likewise foster the Exciters , the Dixie Cups , and the Shangri-Las . The Shangri-Las' hit single, " Leader of the Pack ", exemplified the "' death disc ' genre" adopted by some girl groups. These songs usually told the story of teenage love cut short by
2210-592: A motet, " Eia in preces et veloces ", for alto, two violins, viola, and basso continuo and an opera. Jane Mary Guest (1762–1846) was an English composer and pianist. A pupil of Johann Christian Bach , and initially composing in the galante style, she composed keyboard sonatas , other keyboard works and vocal works with keyboard accompaniment. She was piano teacher to Princess Amelia and Princess Charlotte of Wales . She performed in London from 1779, giving subscription concerts there in 1783/84. She
2340-597: A number of girl groups emerged, such as the Andrews Sisters . The late 1950s saw the emergence of all-female singing groups as a major force, with 750 distinct girl groups releasing songs that reached US and UK music charts from 1960 to 1966. The Supremes alone held 12 number-one singles on the Billboard Hot 100 during the height of the wave and throughout most of the British Invasion rivaled
2470-455: A number of songs with keyboard accompaniment. Marianne von Martínez (1744–1812) was an Austrian composer, singer and pianist. Metastasio noticed her precocious talents and came to oversee her musical education, which included keyboard lessons from Haydn , singing lessons with Porpora and composition lessons with Johann Adolph Hasse and the Imperial court composer Giuseppe Bonno . She
2600-636: A piano concerto, a piano trio , choral pieces, and three Romances for violin and piano. Katherine Hoover (1937–2018) studied music at the University of Rochester and the Eastman School of Music, where she earned a Performance Certificate in Flute and a Bachelor's of Music in Music Theory in 1959. She started publishing professional works in 1965, with her Duet for Two Violins . Hoover was
2730-430: A place on his Mount Parnassus when she was only 26 years old, next to Lalande and Marais and directly below Lully. Her works include a ballet, an opera ( Céphale et Procris ), trio sonatas , harpsichord pieces, Sonates pour le viollon et pour le clavecin and vocal works such as her Cantates françoises sur des sujets tirez de l'Ecriture . Harriett Abrams (1758–1821) was an English composer and soprano . As
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#17327719930622860-402: A renowned Polish poet. Fanny Mendelssohn (1805–1847) was one of the best-known women composers of the 1800s. She showed prodigious musical ability as a child and began to write music at a young age. Even though famous visitors to her family home were equally impressed by Fanny and her brother Felix Mendelssohn , Fanny was limited by the prevailing attitudes of the time toward women. Her father
2990-614: A significant contribution to Western culture . Elisabeth Olin (1740–1828) was a Swedish opera singer and composer. She debuted as Alfhild in Syrinx , referred to as Sweden's first native opéra comique , at Bollhuset in 1747. She became a famed vocalist in the regular public concerts at Riddarhuset in Stockholm , and published her own compositions; she was one of the Swedish composers who wrote one composition each–in her case,
3120-428: A significant proportion are songwriters (many of them being singer-songwriters ). Despite this, few record producers, rock critics , or rock instrumentalists are women. Female artists in pop music, including figures like Madonna , Billie Eilish , and Lady Gaga , have openly addressed the issue of sexism within the music industry . A 2021 study stated that "over the last six years, the representation of women in
3250-889: A significant proportion of instrumental soloists in classical music and the percentage of women in orchestras is increasing, a 2015 article on concerto soloists in major Canadian orchestras indicated that 84% of the soloists with the Montreal Symphony Orchestra were men. In 2012, women made up just 6% of the top-ranked Vienna Philharmonic orchestra. Few of the prominent instrumentalists in popular music genres such as rock and heavy metal are women, and women are particularly underrepresented in extreme metal genres, although there have been various female instrumentalists and singers in all-female bands . Women are also under-represented in orchestral conducting, music criticism and journalism, music production, and sound engineering . While women were discouraged from composing in
3380-587: A singer, she was praised for her performances of George Frideric Handel 's work. She studied singing, music theory , and composition with composer Thomas Arne before making her opera début in 1775 at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in London. Abrams became a principal singer at London concerts and provincial festivals, appearing regularly from 1780 to 1790. Abrams composed several songs, two of which–"The Orphan's Prayer" and "Crazy Jane"– became popular. She published two sets of Italian and English canzonets ,
3510-589: A total of 20 million copies in Japan within three years, with Variety calling them "Japan's top girl group", while Max still hold the record for girl group with the second most consecutive top 10 singles in Japan. Throughout the 2010s, AKB48 sister groups have been launched or will be launched in Indonesia, China, Thailand, Taiwan, the Philippines, and Vietnam. Several new Japanese idol groups appeared in
3640-466: A very male-dominated career until the 1920s allowed more women to be in a performing arts career. In return for this increase , Showboat , the first jazz Broadway musical which discusses the hardships of family in Mississippi and family reunification, was produced.. Jazz music was an influence in helping women get jobs, as well as opening the environment for post-war equality and freer sexuality in
3770-424: A very young age. However, King challenged the date, marriage, sex sequence by demonstrating that sex after marriage and the conventional practice of dating, is not captivating. She promoted the casualness of relationships between people and highlighted the trend of those of the opposite sex "becoming friends" with her song " You've Got a Friend ." By the late 1960s, a new wave of female singer-songwriters broke from
3900-516: A writer and composer, the Ordo Virtutum , is an early example of liturgical drama and an early morality play . Writers have speculated that the Ordo Virtutum was a precursor to opera, though this theory lacks evidence. Seventy-seven of von Bingen's sequences, each with its own original poetic text, survive. This is one of the largest repertoires among medieval composers. Hildegard composed many liturgical songs that were collected into
4030-469: Is "A Good Man is Hard to Find". More women such as Billie Pierce , Lovie Austin , Jeanette Kimball , Mary Lou Williams , Alice Coltrane , and Hazel Scott , all had an impact in the jazz genre. These women made their mark especially by being women in a very male-dominated genre. Women would often begin their careers playing in an all-women's jazz group, but when they would step into the "professional jazz world" they would be an instant hit. One woman, by
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4160-785: Is considered one of the most influential female composers of the 20th century. Ellen Taaffe Zwilich (born 1939) was the first woman to receive a doctorate in composition from Juilliard . The same year, she won a gold medal at the International Composition Competition in Italy. In 1983 Zwilich made history again, becoming the first woman to win the Pulitzer Prize for Music for Symphony No. 1. Since this success, she has received many commissions, and her piece Millennium has been performed by twenty-seven orchestras since its premiere in 2000. She has been
4290-402: Is too much all that a woman ought to be for this. She regulates her house, and neither thinks of the public nor of the musical world, nor even of music at all, until her first duties are fulfilled. Publishing would only disturb her in these, and I cannot say that I approve of it. Clara Schumann (1819–1896) was a German composer and concert pianist who had a 61-year concert career, which changed
4420-600: The Esterházy court at Eisenstadt , where she remained until 1765. She dedicated her published set of six harpsichord sonatas , op. 2 (1757), to Ernestina Augusta Sophia, Princess of Saxe-Weimar , and the set of six divertimenti ( trio sonatas ), op. 3 (1759), to Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria . She also wrote six divertimenti for two flutes and basso continuo ; an aria, " Astra coeli ", for soprano, two violins, viola, and basso continuo; an offertory, " Ardete amore ", for singers, instruments and basso continuo; and
4550-564: The Great Depression . The Boswell Sisters , who became one of the most popular singing groups from 1930 to 1936, had over twenty hits. The Andrews Sisters started in 1937 as a Boswell tribute band and continued recording and performing through the 1940s into the late-1960s, achieving more record sales, more Billboard hits, more million-sellers, and more movie appearances than any other girl group to date. The Andrews Sisters had musical hits across multiple genres, which contributed to
4680-660: The Honeyz , who all achieved varying levels of success during the decade. Throughout the 2000s, girl groups from the UK remained popular, with Girls Aloud 's " Sound of the Underground " and Sugababes ' " Round Round " having been called "two huge groundbreaking hits" credited with reshaping British pop music for the 2000s. Despite her being a solo artist, Amy Winehouse's 2006 album Back to Black contained heavy influence from 1960s girl groups and garnered Winehouse comparisons to
4810-671: The Spice Girls , the 1990s also saw the target market for girl groups shift from a male audience to an increasingly female one. In the 2010s, the K-pop phenomenon led to the rise of successful girl groups including Girls' Generation , Twice and Blackpink . One of the first major all-female groups was the Hamilton Sisters and Fordyce , an American trio who successfully toured England and parts of Europe in 1927, recorded and appeared on BBC radio – they toured
4940-748: The St. Louis Symphony . In 1990 she was the first woman to win the Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition , which included a $ 150,000 prize. Since then, Tower has been the composer-in-residence at numerous music festivals, including the Norfolk Chamber Music Festival and the Tanglewood Contemporary Music Festival. Tower has been a professor of music at Bard College in New York since 1982 and
5070-691: The University of Minnesota and her PhD from the same school in 1978. In 1973 she co-founded the Minnesota Composers Forum, now known as the American Composers Forum . Larsen was the composer-in-residence at the Minnesota Orchestra from 1983 to 1987. Larsen composed over 220 works, including orchestra, dance, opera, choral, theater, chamber, and solo repertoire. Her pieces have been performed across
5200-415: The audio console acting as music producers (the individuals who direct and manage the recording process). American musicologist Marcia Citron asked "why is music composed by women so marginal to the standard 'classical' repertoire?" Citron "examines the practices and attitudes that have led to the exclusion of women composers from the received ' canon ' of performed musical works." She argues that in
5330-527: The disco craze and beyond, female acts included First Choice , Silver Convention , Hot , the Emotions , High Inergy , Odyssey , Sister Sledge , Mary Jane Girls , Belle Epoque , Frantique , Luv' , and Baccara . Groups of the 1980s like the Pointer Sisters , Exposé , and Bananarama updated the concept. In Latin America, there were a number of dance-oriented popular girl groups during
The Honeys - Misplaced Pages Continue
5460-433: The 1800s, women composers typically wrote art songs for performance in small recitals rather than symphonies intended for performance with an orchestra in a large hall, with the latter works being seen as the most important genre for composers; since women composers did not write many symphonies, they were deemed to be not notable as composers. Women musicians have faced difficulty receiving credit for their work. During
5590-544: The 1950s era would also give advice to other girls, or sing about the advice their mothers gave to them, which was a similarity to some male musical groups of the time (for example, the Miracles ' " Shop Around "). Adolescence was also important (especially starting in the 1950s) from the other end: the consumers were "teenagers [with] disposable income, ready access to automobiles, and consolidated high schools that exposed them to large numbers of other teens. Mass teen culture
5720-460: The 1960s, both King and Goffin demonstrated the changing nature of American music as well as the emergence of new romantic and sexual patterns. "Musicians represented one of the leading edges of sexual and romantic change in American society", impacting and shifting the youth's social standards. During the late 1940s and 1950s, young people began settling into marriages and adult responsibilities at
5850-494: The 1976 piece Black Topaz , which features many tonal melodies and harmonies. She received her Doctor of Musical Arts degree in composition from Columbia University in 1978. She was commissioned in 1979 by the American Composers Orchestra , resulting in her first orchestral work, Sequoia , which has been performed by numerous orchestras worldwide. From 1985 to 1988 Tower was the composer-in-residence at
5980-627: The 19th century, and there were few female musicologists , women did become involved in music education , becoming more prominent in the field than men from the later half of the 19th century to the 20th century. According to Jessica Duchen , a music writer for London's The Independent , female musicians in classical music are "too often judged for their appearances, rather than their talent" and they face pressure "to look sexy onstage and in photos." Duchen states that while "[t]here are women musicians who refuse to play on their looks...the ones who do tend to be more materially successful." According to
6110-599: The 2010s and created a fiercely competitive situation in the music industry, which has been referred to as the "Idol sengoku jidai " (アイドル戦国時代; lit. Age of the Idol Warring States). Since 2009, Hallyu (Korean wave) and K-pop became increasingly significant in the entertainment industry. Its influence spread across Asia and began to reach the Middle East, North Africa, Europe and the Americas. At
6240-496: The 2010s. Japan has the music industry's second largest market overall and the largest physical music market in the world, with the physical sales Oricon Singles Chart being dominated by J-pop idol girl groups. In the late 1990s, vocal/dance girl bands Speed and Max gained prominence in Asia, and paved the way for succeeding Japanese girl groups, such as Morning Musume , AKB48 , Perfume , and Momoiro Clover Z . Speed sold
6370-531: The Beach Boys in as backing vocalists on "Surfin' Down the Swanee River," and the Honeys as backup performers on Beach Boys records: the cheerleader voices on the re-recording of " Be True to Your School " were performed by the Honeys, and the two groups sometimes shared the same concert bill. They were also known as the Westwoods on a 1963 unreleased single, "Miss My Little Surfer Boy," and as Ginger &
6500-529: The Beatles in popularity. In later eras, the girl group template would be applied to disco , contemporary R&B , and country -based formats, as well as pop . A more globalized music industry gave rise to the popularity of dance-oriented pop music led by major record labels. This emergence, led by the US, UK, South Korea and Japan, produced popular acts, with eight groups debuting after 1990 having sold more than 15 million physical copies of their albums . With
6630-650: The Bonnie Sisters with "Cry Baby" and the Teen Queens with " Eddie My Love " showed early promise for a departure from traditional pop harmonies. With " Mr. Lee ", the Bobbettes lasted for 5 + 1 ⁄ 2 months on the charts in 1957, building momentum and gaining further acceptance of all-female, all- black vocal groups. However, it was the Chantels ' 1958 song " Maybe " that became "arguably,
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#17327719930626760-497: The Chantels and others was followed by an enormous rise in girl groups with varying skills and experience, with the music industry's typical racially segregated genre labels of R&B and pop slowly breaking apart. This rise also allowed a semblance of class mobility to groups of people who often could not otherwise gain such success, and "forming vocal groups together and cutting records gave them access to other opportunities toward professional advancement and personal growth, expanding
6890-649: The Coffee Gallery Backstage in Altadena, California , as part of a tribute to their long-time friend P.F. Sloan . Girl group A girl group is a music act featuring three or more female singers who generally harmonize together. The term "girl group" is also used in a narrower sense in the United States to denote the wave of American female pop music singing groups, many of whom were influenced by doo-wop and which flourished in
7020-587: The Francis Eppes Professor of Music at Florida State University since 1999. Zwilich is known to have an 'eclectic millennial voice' in her compositions, utilizing a clear design and rich timbres. Though her music, which was influenced by the Second Viennese School , was originally very dissonant, her style became more emotional after the death of her husband. Libby Larsen (born 1950) earned her Master of Music in 1975 from
7150-606: The Honeys' record producer and chief songwriter, and later married Marilyn in late 1964. The Honeys were described as "the world's first female surfing vocal combo" by Music Vendor in April 1963. After 1969, they remained mostly inactive. In the 1970s, Marilyn and Diane formed another short-lived group, American Spring , also with participation from Wilson. The Honeys (a slang term for girls or girlfriends, and specifically for female surfing enthusiast) consisted at first of sisters Barbara, Diane and Marilyn Rovell , performing under
7280-695: The Italian style, as was typical for the early Classical period in Vienna. Her harpsichord performance practice was compared to the style of C. P. E. Bach . Her Italian oratorio Isacco figura del redentore was premiered by massive forces in 1782. Maria Szymanowska (1789–1831) was a well-known Polish composer and pianist. She wrote in many of the same genres as fellow Pole Frederic Chopin (1810–1849). Szymanowska maintained connections with several famous nineteenth-century people, including Gioacchino Rossini , Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , and Adam Mickiewicz ,
7410-480: The Korean wave's globalization accelerated. These newer girl groups gradually shifted towards more "girl crush" concepts and it became more common for members to be involved in writing or production. Popular South Korean girl groups include Blackpink , Twice , Aespa , NewJeans , IVE and Red Velvet amongst others. Girl groups have a wide array of subject matter in their songs, depending on time and place and who
7540-510: The Medieval eras, most of the art music was created for liturgical (or otherwise religious) purposes; due to the views about the roles of women that were held by religious leaders, few women composed this type of music, with musicians such as Hildegard von Bingen being among the exceptions. Most university textbooks on the history of music almost exclusively discuss the role of male composers, while very few works by women composers are part of
7670-680: The Murmaids took David Gates ' " Popsicles and Icicles " to the top 3 in January, the Carefrees ' " We Love You Beatles " scraped the top 40 in April, and the Jewels ' "Opportunity" was a small hit in December. Over 750 girl groups were able to chart a song between 1960 and 1966 in the US and UK, although the genre's reach was not as strongly felt in the music industries of other regions. As
7800-579: The Pulitzer Prize for Music for her composition Violin Concerto , premiered by Hilary Hahn. Additional female composers are listed below. Some are also performers (e.g. Agnes Tyrrell , Amy Beach and Verdina Shlonsky were noted pianists). For a full list, see List of female composers by birth year . [l]ike most aspects of the... music business [in the 1960s], songwriting was a male-dominated field. Though there were plenty of female singers on
7930-574: The Ronettes. UK girl group continued to have success in the 2000s and 2010s, with acts such as Mis-Teeq , the Saturdays , StooShe and Little Mix , one of the successful acts to come from the British version of The X Factor . Although the emergence of dance-pop focused acts in Asia paralleled their British counterparts in the 1990s, girl groups in Asia sustained as a successful format through
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#17327719930628060-429: The Snaps during the mid-1960s. In 1963 and 1964, the Honeys released a number of singles on Capitol and Warner Brothers , with minimal to modest regional success. The songs were either written, arranged, or produced by Brian Wilson . Among their other studio work, they sang background vocals for The Beach Boys on the hit " Be True to Your School ", for Bruce Johnston on the title song from his album, Surfin' Round
8190-418: The Suzie Q", "Just for a Thrill" and "Bad Boy." Billie Holiday (1915–1959) was a singer who co-wrote " God Bless the Child " and " Don't Explain " with Arthur Herzog, Jr. and she penned the blues song " Fine and Mellow ." Many women influenced jazz music by producing, composing, and performing it, although many did not get the credit that their male counterparts did. An influential woman in jazz music
8320-518: The Three Degrees (which had roots in the 1960s and in 1970, like the Chantels in 1958, began their top 40 pop career with "Maybe"). Patti LaBelle and the Bluebelles was a US 1960s girl group whose image Vicki Wickham , their manager, helped remake in the early 1970s, renaming the group Labelle and pushing them in the direction of glam rock . Labelle were the first girl group to eschew matching outfits and identical choreography, instead wearing extravagant spacesuits and feathered headdresses. During
8450-606: The Toys and the Sweet Inspirations , the only girl groups with any significant chart presence from the beginning of the British Invasion through 1970 were Motown girl groups with the Supremes being the only girl group to score number one hits. The distinct girl group sound would not re-emerge until the 21st century, where it would influence modern-day English-speaking pop-soul soloists who have been met with international success, such as Amy Winehouse , Adele , Duffy and Melanie Fiona among others. In addition to influencing individual singers, this generation of girl groups cemented
8580-405: The UK charts at the time was Eternal , but even they "remained largely faceless". Amidst the American domination of the girl group format, the Second British Invasion saw the UK's Spice Girls turn the tide in the mid-1990s, achieving ten number 1 singles in the UK and US. With sold-out concerts, advertisements, merchandise, 86 million worldwide record sales, the best-selling album of all time by
8710-546: The US and UK quickly recognized the potential of this new approach and recruited existing acts (or, in some cases, created new ones) to record their songs in a girl group style. Phil Spector recruited the Crystals , the Blossoms , and the Ronettes , while Goffin and King penned two hit songs for the Cookies . Phil Spector made a huge impact on the ubiquity of the girl group, as well as bringing fame and notoriety to new heights for many girl groups. Phil Spector's so-called Wall of Sound , which used layers of instruments to create
8840-452: The US variety and big-time theaters extensively, and later changed their stage name to the Three X Sisters . The band was together from 1923 until the early 1940s, and known for their close harmonies, as well as barbershop style or novelty tunes, and utilized their 1930s radio success. The Three X Sisters were also especially a notable addition to the music scene, and predicted later girl group success by maintaining their popularity throughout
8970-430: The United States and Europe. Larsen is a strong supporter of contemporary music and female musicians, and she won a Grammy Award for her CD The Art of Arleen Auger in 1994. Larsen won the Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 2000 and published her book The Concert Hall That Fell Asleep and Woke Up as a Car Radio in 2007. Jennifer Higdon (born 1962) earned an MA and PhD from
9100-470: The University of Philadelphia in 1994. Higdon has received awards from the Guggenheim Foundation, American Academy of Arts and Letters, International League of Women Composers , and others. Her 1996 work Shine was named Best Contemporary Piece by USA Today . Of Higdon's many pieces, blue cathedral is most frequently performed. In 2010, Higdon won the Grammy award for Best Contemporary Classical Composition for her Percussion Concerto . Also in 2010 she won
9230-473: The World , and for Jan and Dean on the hit singles " The New Girl in School ", " Dead Man's Curve ", and " The Little Old Lady from Pasadena ". The Honeys' career faded as surfing music went out of vogue. Marilyn and Brian were married and became the parents of Carnie and Wendy Wilson , who later found fame as members of Wilson Phillips . Blake left the band to create her own publishing company and pursue her solo backing career. Marilyn and Diane re-teamed as
9360-415: The artist's technique, often in the form of arrangements or variations on popular themes from operas, written by virtuosos such as Thalberg , Herz , or Henselt . As it was also customary to play one's own compositions, she included at least one of her own works in every program, works such as her Variations on a Theme by Bellini (Op. 8) and her popular Scherzo (Op. 10). Her works include songs, piano pieces,
9490-469: The beginning, girl groups such as Girls' Generation , 2NE1 and Wonder Girls were among the leaders of this "Hallyu" wave. The influence of the original girl groups of the United States was not lost on this era of artists, as many adopted visual influences through their "retro" concepts, such as the international 2008 hit " Nobody " by Wonder Girls. From the second half of the 2010s, new generations of Korean girl groups emerged and enjoyed great success as
9620-479: The best-selling album by a girl group in the United States (Diamond certification), while selling over 14 million copies worldwide. Destiny's Child emerged in the late 1990s and sold more than 60 million records. In the mid-to-late-2000s, there was a revival of girl groups. American girl group and dance ensemble the Pussycat Dolls achieved worldwide success with their singles. Danity Kane also became
9750-399: The boys performed at a Hollywood club called Pandora's Box in late 1962. Usher presented the band to frontman Brian Wilson, who started their collaboration by changing their name to the Honeys, after a line from the Beach Boys' " Surfin' Safari ". Brian and Marilyn (who was still in high school) began dating, and he took the girls into the recording studio to produce their songs. He brought
9880-471: The charts. Groups in these genres, such as SWV , Xscape , 702 , Total , Zhane , Blaque , and 3LW , managed to have songs chart on both the U.S. Hot 100 and the U.S. R&B charts. However, TLC achieved the most success for a girl group in an era where contemporary R&B would become global mainstream acceptance. TLC remains the best-selling American girl group with 65 million records sold, and their second studio album, CrazySexyCool (1994), remains
10010-617: The composition number 8–for the 1768 collection Gustaviade. En hjältedikt i tolv sånger ('Gustaviade. A heroic poem of twelve songs'). At the inauguration performance and foundation of the Royal Swedish Opera on 18 January 1773, she sang the role of the Sea Goddess Thetis in Francesco Uttini 's opera Thetis och Pélée . She was the primadonna of the Swedish opera for a decade. In 1773, she became
10140-564: The confines of pop, writing more personal songs in the confessional style of poets like Anne Sexton and Sylvia Plath . The artists spearheading this movement were featured in Newsweek , July 1969, "The Girls: Letting Go": "What is common to them – to Joni Mitchell and Lotti Golden , to Laura Nyro, Melanie , Janis Ian and to Elyse Weinberg, are the personalized songs they write, like voyages of self-discovery." While innovating, these women also faced many struggles such as discrimination. In
10270-519: The context of her artistry." Women songwriters want to be seen as good musicians without having their talents marginalized because of their gender. Moreover, Grace Slick , a former model, was widely known in rock and roll history for her role in San Francisco's burgeoning psychedelic music scene in the mid-1960s. In The Guardian , 26 January 2017, author Laura Barton describes the radical shift in subject matter – politics, drugs, disappointment,
10400-621: The death of one of the young lovers. The Paris Sisters had success from 1961 to 1964, especially with " I Love How You Love Me ". The Chiffons , the Angels , and the Orlons were also prominent in the early 1960s. In early fall 1963 one-hit wonder the Jaynetts ' " Sally Go 'Round the Roses " achieved a mysterious sound quite unlike that of any other girl group. In 1964, the one-hit wonder group
10530-456: The dedication to her first book of madrigals, she wrote about her feelings about being a female composer at a time when this was rare: "[I] want to show the world, as much as I can in this profession of music, the vain error of men that they alone possess the gifts of intellect and artistry, and that such gifts are never given to women." Other composers of the time, such as Philippe de Monte , thought highly of her. Caterina Assandra (1590–1618)
10660-557: The early twentieth century. Women in jazz music (many of whom were Black) helped shape what the genre has become today. While jazz songwriting has long been a male-dominated field, there have also been female jazz songwriters . In the 1930s, Ann Ronell (1905–1993) wrote the songs "Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?" and " Willow Weep for Me ." Irene Higginbotham (1918–1988) wrote almost 50 songs, her best-known being "Good Morning Heartache." Dorothy Fields (1905–1974) wrote
10790-456: The editor of BBC Radio 3 , Edwina Wolstencroft, the music industry has long been open to having women in performance or entertainment roles, but women have been much less likely to have positions of authority such being the conductor of an orchestra , a profession which has been called "one of the last glass ceilings in the music industry ." In popular music, while there are many female singers recording songs, there are very few women behind
10920-461: The era, including the Flans , Pandora and Fandango. In Japan, all-female idol groups Candies and Pink Lady made a series of hits during the 1970s and 1980s as well. The Japanese music program Music Station listed Candies and Pink Lady in their Top 50 Idols of All Time (compiled in 2011), placing them at number 32 and number 15, with sales exceeding 5 and 13 million in Japan, respectively. With
11050-402: The exception of one volume of sacred songs. She was renowned for her poetic ability as well as her compositional talent, as her lyrics were often poetic and well-articulated. Nearly three-quarters of her printed works were written for the soprano voice, but she also published works for other voices. Her compositions are firmly rooted in the seconda pratica tradition. Strozzi's music evokes
11180-628: The first girl group in Billboard history to have two consecutive number-one albums, as their self-titled debut album (2006) and their second album Welcome to the Dollhouse (2008) both topped the U.S. Billboard 200 . Girl groups have now been more popular compared to the early 2000s. Girl groups continued their success in the 2010s. Miami -based girl group Fifth Harmony formed in 2012 on The X Factor USA . They reached international success with their debut album Reflection , which featured
11310-414: The first true glimmering of the girl group sound". The "mixture of black doo-wop, rock and roll, and white pop" was appealing to a teenage audience and grew from scandals involving payola and the perceived social effects of rock music . However, early groups such as the Chantels started developing their groups' musical capacities traditionally, through mediums like Latin and choir music. The success of
11440-539: The first woman to be granted the title Hovsångare , and in 1782, she was inducted as the first female member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music . Henriette Adélaïde Villard de Beaumesnil (1748–1813) was a French composer and opera singer . She began working in minor comedy roles from the age of seven and debuted as a soloist at the Paris Opera in 1766. She was the second woman to have
11570-553: The format and repertoire of the piano recital and the tastes of the listening public. From an early age, she had a one-hour lesson in piano, violin, singing, theory, harmony, composition, and counterpoint. In 1830, at the age of eleven, she had become a skilled soloist, and she left on a concert tour of European cities. In the late 1830s, she performed to sell-out crowds and commendatory critical reviews. Frédéric Chopin described her playing to Franz Liszt , who came to hear one of her concerts and subsequently "praised her extravagantly" in
11700-562: The girl group form and sentiment and provided inspiration for many future groups. Entering the 1970s, the Supremes had continued success with top 10 hits " Up the Ladder to the Roof " and " Stoned Love " along with six other singles charting on Billboard's top 40. Only two other girl groups made top 10 chartings through 1974 with " Want Ads " by Honey Cone and " When Will I See You Again " by
11830-518: The hit " Worth It ". " Work from Home ", the lead single from their second studio album , became the first top-five single in the U.S by a girl group in a decade, following the September 2006 peak of " Buttons " by The Pussycat Dolls at number three. "Worth It" and "Work from Home" remain the most-viewed girl group music videos on YouTube . In the early 1990s, the British music scene was dominated by boy bands. The only girl group making an impact on
11960-769: The idea of girlhood as an identity across race and class lines." The group often considered to have achieved the first sustained success in girl group genre is the Shirelles , who first reached the Top 40 with " Tonight's the Night ", and in 1961, became the first girl group to reach number one on the Hot 100 with " Will You Love Me Tomorrow ", written by songwriters Gerry Goffin and Carole King at 1650 Broadway . The Shirelles solidified their success with five more top 10 hits, most particularly 1962's number one hit " Soldier Boy ", over
12090-524: The isolation of the itinerant performer, and urban life. Native New Yorker, Lotti Golden , in her Atlantic debut album Motor-Cycle , chronicled her life in NYC's East Village in the late 1960s counterculture, visiting subjects such as gender identity ("The Space Queens [Silky is Sad]") and excessive drug use ("Gonna Fay's"). The women in the 1969 Newsweek article ushered in a new age of the singer-songwriter, informing generations of women singer-songwriters from
12220-477: The late 1950s and early 1960s between the decline of early rock and roll and start of the British Invasion . All-female bands , in which members also play instruments, are usually considered a separate phenomenon. These groups are sometimes called "girl bands" to differentiate, although this terminology is not universally followed. With the advent of the music industry and radio broadcasting,
12350-760: The lyrics for over 400 songs, some of which were played by Duke Ellington . She co-wrote " The Way You Look Tonight " with Jerome Kern , which won the 1936 Oscar for Best Song. She co-wrote several jazz standards with Jimmy McHugh , such as " Exactly Like You ", " On the Sunny Side of the Street " and " I Can't Give You Anything but Love ." Lil Hardin Armstrong (1898–1971) played piano in King Oliver 's Creole Jazz Band. Her song "Struttin' with Some Barbecue" has been recorded 500 times. Armstrong also recorded "Doin'
12480-442: The men came home from being deployed, female jazz musicians were then faced with difficulties such as sexual harassment and harsh criticism from their other band members and fellow jazz musicians. In the 1960s pop music scene, "[l]ike most aspects of the...music business [in the 1960s], songwriting was a male-dominated field. Though there were plenty of female singers on the radio, women ...were primarily seen as consumers:... Singing
12610-403: The mid-19th century, female songwriters emerged, including Faustina Hasse Hodges , Susan McFarland Parkhurst , Augusta Browne and Marion Dix Sullivan . By 1900, there were significantly more female songwriters, but many used pseudonyms or their initials to hide the fact that they were women. Carrie Jacobs-Bond was the "preeminent woman composer of the late 1800s and well into the middle of
12740-491: The music industry has been even lower." Despite their substantial contributions from the medieval period to the present day, women composers are under-represented in the commonly performed classical music repertoire , music history textbooks, and music encyclopedias. For example, in the Concise Oxford History of Music , one of the only female composers mentioned is Clara Schumann . While women constitute
12870-441: The name of Valaida Snow , was also known as the "queen of the trumpet." Another woman, Nona Hendryx , was a jazz vocalist who also played many instruments and got the chance to work with many talented hip-hop artists like Prince. There are many such accomplished women whose names are not known. These women had a lot of success, but for some it was short-lived. Mant of them rose to fame when men were drafted into World War II; once
13000-579: The name of the Rovell Sisters. Their cousin Sandra Glantz later replaced Barbara, and joined the group as Ginger Blake. They were discovered on the amateur talent show circuit by producer Gary Usher , who featured Blake on his 1961 single "You’re the Girl"/"Driven Insane", and the whole band as the Usherettes in 1963 on "Three Surfer Boys"/"Milky Way." Marilyn and Diane had met the Beach Boys when
13130-588: The next two and a half years. " Please Mr. Postman " by the Marvelettes became a major indication of the racial integration of popular music, as it was the first number one song in the US for African-American owned label, Motown Records . Motown would mastermind several major girl groups, including Martha and the Vandellas , the Velvelettes , and the Supremes . Other songwriters and producers in
13260-870: The prevalence and popularity of the girl group form. As the rock era began, close harmony acts like the Chordettes , the Fontane Sisters , the McGuire Sisters and the DeCastro Sisters remained popular, with the first three acts topping the pop charts and the last reaching number two, at the end of 1954 to the beginning of 1955. Also, the Lennon Sisters were a mainstay on the Lawrence Welk Show from 1955 on. In early 1956, doo-wop one-hit wonder acts like
13390-496: The radio, women... were primarily seen as consumers:... Singing was sometimes an acceptable pastime for a girl, but playing an instrument, writing songs, or producing records simply wasn't done... [and women] were not socialized to see themselves as people who create [music]. Erika Abrams in Rebeat , 28 January 2015 A songwriter is an individual who writes the lyrics , melodies , and chord progressions for songs, typically for
13520-668: The single " Kiss in the Dark ", Pink Lady was also one of only two Japanese artists to have reached the Billboard Top 40 . With their 1990 eponymous debut album , the trio Wilson Phillips sold over 5 million copies worldwide and reached five major US hit singles, four of which cracked the Top 10, with three peaking at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 . After the rise of new jack swing , contemporary R&B and hip hop , American girl groups such as En Vogue , Exposé and Sweet Sensation all had singles which hit number one on
13650-409: The spirit of Cavalli , heir of Monteverdi . Her style, however, is more lyrical, and more dependent on sheer vocal sound. Many texts of her early pieces were written by her father Giulio. Later texts were written by her father's colleagues, but she wrote her own texts for many of her compositions.. Élisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre (1665–1729) was a French composer, musician and harpsichordist . She
13780-404: The standard repertoire of classical music. In the Concise Oxford History of Music , for example, Clara Schumann is one of the only women composers mentioned. In the 20th century, women involved in music gained significantly less attention than their male counterparts. Hildegard von Bingen (1098–1179) was a German Benedictine abbess , composer, writer, and philosopher . One of her works as
13910-460: The text of Ramler's Passion cantata Der Tod Jesu ('The Death of Jesus') to music. In 1758, she studied musical theory and composition with Johann Philipp Kirnberger , a student of Johann Sebastian Bach . She was also a collector of music, preserving over 600 volumes of works by Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frideric Handel , Georg Philipp Telemann , Karl Heinrich Graun and Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach , among others. Her works of curation are
14040-627: The twentieth century... [making her] the first million-selling woman" songwriter. Maude Nugent (1877–1958) wrote "Sweet Rosie O'Grady" in 1896. She also penned "Down at Rosie Reilly's Flat", "My Irish Daisy" and "Mary From Tipperary". Charlotte Blake (1885–1979) was a staff writer for the Whitney Warner Publishing Co., in Detroit, Michigan. Initially, the company billed her as "C. Blake" to hide her gender, but by 1906 advertisements used her full name. Caro Roma (1866–1937)
14170-640: The voice, or both. Her career was made possible by the Austrian Lombardy, which was progressive around women's rights . Her patrons were Maria Theresia , Holy Roman Empress and sovereign of Lombardy , and Maria Antonia Walpurgis , a gifted composer and contemporary. Her early works are simple and clean, while her later works are more virtuosic, complex, and melodramatic. She composed operas, including heroic drama and serious drama styles; she also wrote arias, concertos, and sonatas for keyboard, small ensemble and voice. Princess Anna Amalia (1723–1787)
14300-563: The wedding of Henry IV of France and Maria de Medici in 1600 was praised by Henry, who called her the "best singer in all of France". She worked in the Medici court as a teacher, chamber singer, rehearsal coach and composer of both chamber and stage music until 1627. By 1614 she was the court's most highly paid musician, because her musical virtuosity exemplified the idea of female excellence projected by Tuscany's de facto regent , Grand Duchess Christina of Lorraine . Most of her stage music
14430-542: The winner of the National Flute Association 's Newly Published Music Competition twice, first in 1987 with her piece Medieval Suite and second in 1991 with her piece Kokopelli for solo flute. These pieces use many extended techniques for flute, such as pitch bending. Many of her works have been recorded by renowned musicians and performed in Carnegie Hall . Joan Tower (born 1938) wrote
14560-549: The years. In the 1990s through the present, with the prevalence of such groups as the Spice Girls, there has been a strong emphasis on women's independence and a sort of feminism. At the very least, the music is more assertive lyrically and relies less on innuendo. This more recent wave of girl groups is more sexually provocative as well, which makes sense within pop music within this time frame as well. Women in music Women in Music play many roles and are responsible for
14690-529: The youth culture of western Continental Europe was deeply immersed in Yé-yé , recording artists of East Asia mostly varied from traditional singers, government-sponsored chorus, or multi-cultural soloists and bands, while bossa nova was trendy in Latin America. Beat music 's global influence eventually pushed out girl groups as a genre and, except for a small number of the foregoing groups and possibly
14820-652: Was Bessie Smith , also known as the Empress of the Blues, who lived from 1894 to 1937. She is a Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductee; in 1989, Smith was awarded a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. Another woman who made history in the jazz industry is Dolly Jones , the first woman jazz trumpeter to be recorded. Women like Sweet Emma Barrett , who performed in the Original Tuxedo Orchestra, toured domestically and internationally. One of Barrett's hit songs
14950-622: Was a Prussian composer and score curator. She learned to play the harpsichord, flute, and violin as a young woman. She became the Abbess of Quedlinburg in 1755. She spent most of her time in Berlin, where she devoted herself to music, and became a musical patron and composer. As a composer, she achieved a modest amount of fame in her career, and is known for her smaller chamber works, which included trios, marches , cantatas , songs and fugues . She also composed chamber music such as flute sonatas and set
15080-597: Was a native speaker of both Italian and German and knew French and English. As a child, she played for the Imperial court, where she gained attention with her voice and keyboard playing. As an adult, she was frequently asked to perform before the Empress Maria Theresa . A number of the works that Marianna composed are set for solo voice. She wrote a number of secular cantatas and two oratorios to Italian texts. Surviving compositions include four masses , six motets , and three litanies for choir. She wrote in
15210-518: Was also a popular subject because of an emerging audience of young girls listening to and buying records. Adolescence was also reinforced by girl groups in cultivation of a youthful image, since "an unprecedented instance of teenage girls occupying center stage of mainstream commercial culture". An example of this youth branding might be Baby Spice from the Spice Girls . This was shown through flourishes like typically matching outfits for mid-century girl groups and youthful content in songs. Girl groups of
15340-466: Was an Italian composer and Benedictine nun . She became famous as an organist and published various works, composing a number of motets and organ pieces. She studied counterpoint with Benedetto Re, one of the leading teachers of the time, at Pavia Cathedral . She composed a collection of motets in the new concertato style in Milan in 1609, an imitative eight-voice Salve Regina in 1611, and
15470-565: Was born into a family of musicians and master instrument-makers. A child prodigy, she performed on the harpsichord in front of King Louis XIV . She became a musician in the Royal Court: taught, composed, and gave concerts at home and throughout Paris, to great acclaim. She was one of the few well-known female composers of her time, and unlike many of her contemporaries, she composed in a wide variety of forms. Her talent and achievements were acknowledged by Titon du Tillet , who accorded her
15600-529: Was born." As the girl group structure persisted through further generations, popular cultural sentiments were incorporated into the music. The appearance of " girl power " and feminism was also added, even though beginning groups were very structured in their femininity. It would be simplistic to imply that girl groups only sang about being in love; on the contrary, many groups expressed complex sentiments in their songs. There were songs of support, songs that were gossipy, etc.; like any other musical movement, there
15730-439: Was composed for performance in comedies. In 1618 she published a collection of thirty-six solo songs and soprano/bass duets; in 1625, she composed a 75-minute "comedy-ballet." In all, she wrote sixteen staged works. She was a master of dramatic harmonic surprise–in her music, harmony changes, rather than counterpoint, most powerfully communicates emotion. Barbara Strozzi (1619–1677) was an Italian Baroque composer and singer. As
15860-530: Was expected that women would perform music, not make it. In 1880, Chicago music critic George P. Upton wrote the book Women in Music , in which he argued that "women lacked the innate creativity to compose good music" due to their "biological predisposition", although it was later accepted that women would have a role in music education . As part of women's role in music education, women wrote hymns and children's music. Only around 70 works by women can be found in all American secular music in print before 1825. In
15990-460: Was known for her expressive style of playing. Around this time she published her Six Sonatas, Op. 1, which gained extensive subscriptions, including from royalty, and which were also published in Paris in 1784 and Berlin in 1785. In addition to her keyboard sonatas, she also composed other keyboard pieces, such as her Introduction and March from Rossini 's Ricciardo e Zoraide (1820) and
16120-514: Was much variation in what was being sung. A prominent theme was often teaching "what it meant to be a woman". Girl groups would exhibit what womanhood looked like from the clothes they were wearing to the actual lyrics in their songs. Of course this changed over the years (what the Supremes were wearing was different from the Spice Girls), but girl groups still served as beacons and examples of certain types of identities to their audiences through
16250-631: Was performed at the Théâtre Montansier . Anna Bon (1739–1767?) was an Italian composer and performer. She attended the Ospedale della Pietà in Venice, where she studied with the maestra di viola, Candida della Pièta. She held the new post of ' chamber music virtuosa' at the court of Margrave Friedrich of Brandenburg Kulmbach . She dedicated her six op. 1 flute sonatas, published in Nürnberg in 1756, to Friedrich. In 1762 she moved to
16380-541: Was producing. Songs also had a penchant for reflecting the political and cultural climate around them. For instance, songs with abusive undertones were somewhat common during the 1950s–1970s. One notable example was the song " He Hit Me (And It Felt Like a Kiss) " by the Crystals . During the "golden age of girl groups", lyrics were disparate, ranging from songs about mean dogs to underage pregnancy. However, common sentiments were also found in ideas like new love, pining after
16510-420: Was sometimes an acceptable pastime for a girl, but playing an instrument, writing songs, or producing records simply wasn't done." Young women "were not socialized to see themselves as people who create [music]." Carole King "had a successful songwriting partnershi[p] with husband Gerry Goffin , penning hits like " The Loco-Motion ," " Will You Love Me Tomorrow ", " Up on the Roof " and " Natural Woman ." "King
16640-503: Was the ambiguously gendered pseudonym for Carrie Northly , one of the Tin Pan Alley era's most popular and well-known musicians. Her songs include "Can't Yo' Heah Me Calling", "Faded Rose", "The Angelus", "Thinking of Thee" and "Resignation." About 95% of the songwriters in British music hall during the early 1900s were men, as were about 70% of singers. Jazz music helped pave the way for more jobs for women. This increase of
16770-556: Was the first female recipient of the 2013 Gershwin Prize for Popular Song ." Ellie Greenwich and her husband Jeff Barry wrote " Then He Kissed Me ", "Be My Baby" and " River Deep, Mountain High ." Laura Nyro penned " Wedding Bell Blues ", "Eli's Coming" and " And When I Die ." She stated "I'm not interested in conventional limitations when it comes to my songwriting...I may bring a certain feminist perspective to my songwriting." During
16900-441: Was tolerant, rather than supportive, of her activities as a composer. He wrote to her in 1820, telling her that "music will perhaps become his [i.e. Felix's] profession, while for you it can and must be only an ornament [in your life]." Felix also cautioned her against publishing her works under her own name, writing: From my knowledge of Fanny I should say that she has neither inclination nor vocation for [musical] authorship. She
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