Misplaced Pages

#752247

38-532: The Glosas Emilianenses (Spanish for "glosses of [the monastery of Saint] Millán/Emilianus") are glosses written in the 10th or 11th century to a 9th-century Latin codex called the Aemilianensis 60 ; the name Glosas Emilianenses is also sometimes applies to the entire codex. These marginalia are important as early attestations of both an Iberian Romance variety (similar to modern Spanish or Navarro-Aragonese ) and of medieval Basque . The codex

76-498: A Pyrenean-Mozarabic group. Some scholars have proposed that it is anachronistic to classify such varieties of Ibero-Romance according to dialectal labels based on geographical particularism before the thirteenth century, leaving the Glosas to be understood as "in an unspecialized informal register of Ibero-Romance". The longest gloss appears on page 72 of the manuscripts. The Spanish philologist Dámaso Alonso called this little prayer

114-468: A gloss may be placed between a text and its translation when it is important to understand the structure of the language being glossed, and not just the overall meaning of the passage. Sign languages are typically transcribed word-for-word by means of a gloss written in the predominant oral language in all capitals; for example, American Sign Language and Auslan would be written in English. Prosody

152-448: A register for greater security". A cartulary may take the form of a book or a codex . Documents, chronicles or other kinds of handwritten texts were compiled, transcribed or copied into the cartulary. In the introduction to the book Les Cartulaires , it is argued that in the contemporary diplomatic world it was common to provide a strict definition as the organized, selective, or exhaustive transcription of diplomatic records, made by

190-504: A simple fingerspelled word, but #JOB indicates a lexicalized unit, produced like J-O-B , but faster, with a barely perceptible O and turning the "B" hand palm side in, unlike a regularly fingerspelled "B". Cartulary A cartulary or chartulary ( / ˈ k ɑːr tj ʊ l ər i / ; Latin: cartularium or chartularium ), also called pancarta or codex diplomaticus , is a medieval manuscript volume or roll ( rotulus ) containing transcriptions of original documents relating to

228-410: A text with cross references to similar passages. Today parenthetical explanations in scientific writing and technical writing are also often called glosses. Hyperlinks to a glossary sometimes supersede them. In East Asian languages, ruby characters are glosses that indicate the pronunciation of logographic Chinese characters . Starting in the 14th century, a gloze in the English language

266-527: Is a glossary . A collection of medieval legal glosses, made by glossators , is called an apparatus . The compilation of glosses into glossaries was the beginning of lexicography , and the glossaries so compiled were in fact the first dictionaries . In modern times a glossary, as opposed to a dictionary, is typically found in a text as an appendix of specialized terms that the typical reader may find unfamiliar. Also, satirical explanations of words and events are called glosses. The German Romantic movement used

304-546: Is now in Madrid, but came from the monastic library at San Millán de la Cogolla . The anonymous author of the glosses is presumed to be a monk at San Millán de Suso , one of two monastic sites in the village. The glosses are written in three languages: Aemilianensis 60 has been publicized as the earliest known codex with inscriptions in Basque, though other codices are posited. The Glosses were formerly considered to include

342-433: Is often glossed as superscript words, with its scope indicated by brackets. [I LIKE] [WHAT?] , GARLIC. "I don't like garlic." Pure fingerspelling is usually indicated by hyphenation. Fingerspelled words that have been lexicalized (that is, fingerspelling sequences that have entered the sign language as linguistic units and that often have slight modifications) are indicated with a hash. For example, W-I-K-I indicates

380-466: Is the testimony of the statement of the Archives in a Church at the time when it was compiled". Related terms in other languages are: cartularium (Latin); Kopiar , Kopialbuch ( German ), Chartular (Oes.) ; cartolario, cartulario, cartario ( Italian ); cartulario ( Spanish ). In medieval Normandy , a type of cartulary was common from the early 11th century that combined a record of gifts to

418-728: The Latin Vulgate Bible in an early form of one of the Romance languages , and as such give insight into late Vulgar Latin at a time when that language was not often written down. A series of glosses in the Old English language to Latin Bibles give us a running translation of Biblical texts in that language; see Old English Bible translations . Glosses of Christian religious texts are also important for our knowledge of Old Irish . Glosses frequently shed valuable light on

SECTION 10

#1732776559753

456-424: The constitutionality of various provisions of law. A gloss, or glosa , is a verse in traditional Iberian literature and music which follows and comments on a refrain (the " mote "). See also villancico . Glosses are of some importance in philology , especially if one language—usually, the language of the author of the gloss—has left few texts of its own. The Reichenau Glosses , for example, gloss

494-688: The "first cry of the Spanish language" (in Spanish: "el primer vagido de la lengua española" ). Old text (some of the paleographic abbreviations cannot be rendered properly in Unicode) Con o aiutorio de nuestro dueno dueno χ ρ ο , dueno ſalbatore, qual dueno yet ena honore et qual duenno tienet ela mandatione con o patre con o ſ p u ſ c o en oſ ſieculoſ de lo ſieculoſ. facanoſ dſ o mp eſ tal serbitio fere ke denante ela sua face gaudioſo ſeyamuſ. Amen. Translation With

532-482: The "upper" and the "lower" in archaic Castilian , respectively. The monasteries are named after Saint Emilian of Cogolla ( Spanish : Millán ). The name of the glosses, Glosas Emilianenses , which can be translated as "Emilian glosses", refers to the name of the monastery where they were preserved and most likely composed. The codex is known as Aemilianensis 60 ( Aemilianus is Latin for Emilian , "Millán" or "Emiliano" in modern Spanish ) The anonymous author of

570-500: The 11th to 16th centuries, with details of dates, provenance , current location, and (where appropriate) publication. The Catalogue général des cartulaires des archives départementales (Paris, 1847) and the Inventaire des cartulaires etc. (Paris, 1878–9) were the chief sources of information regarding the cartularies of medieval France. There may be more recent developments in cataloguing. The late Roman/Byzantine chartoularios

608-774: The Scriptural text itself, in the passage known as the "three heavenly witnesses" or the Comma Johanneum , which is present in the Vulgate Latin and the third and later editions of the Greek Textus Receptus collated by Erasmus (the first two editions excluded it for lack of manuscript evidence), but is absent from all modern critical reconstructions of the New Testament text, such as Westcott and Hort , Tischendorf , and Nestle-Aland . In

646-519: The expression of gloss for poems commenting on a given other piece of poetry, often in the Spanish Décima style. Glosses were originally notes made in the margin or between the lines of a text in a classical language ; the meaning of a word or passage is explained by the gloss. As such, glosses vary in thoroughness and complexity, from simple marginal notations of words one reader found difficult or obscure, to interlinear translations of

684-636: The first instances of early Spanish. San Millán de la Cogolla's reputation as the "birthplace of the Spanish language" was important in its designation as a World Heritage Site ("cultural" type) in 1997. However, in November 2010, the Royal Spanish Academy declared that the first appearances of written Spanish can be found in the Cartularies of Valpuesta , 9th century documents from the province of Burgos . These cartularies include, like

722-442: The foundation, privileges, and legal rights of ecclesiastical establishments, municipal corporations , industrial associations, institutions of learning, or families. The term is sometimes also applied to collections of original documents bound in one volume or attached to one another so as to form a roll, as well as to custodians of such collections. Michael Clanchy defines a cartulary as "a collection of title deeds copied into

760-455: The glosses in Aemilianensis 60 (of a total of about one thousand) are actually in Basque. These short texts (only 6 words in total) can be seen on the 1974 plaque. However, it has been suggested that some of the Romance glosses reflect the influence of the Basque language, the implication being that their author was a fluent Basque-speaker. Gloss (annotation) A collection of glosses

798-728: The glosses is believed to have been a monk at the Suso, or upper, monastery. The codex was preserved in the monastery library at Yuso (the lower re-foundation of the monastery) until it was confiscated during the Trienio Liberal as part of the expropriation of monastic property which was took place in Spain in the 19th century. The manuscript's current location is the Royal Academy of History in Madrid , which holds other material from

SECTION 20

#1732776559753

836-519: The glosses should be classed as an early form of Castilian or of Aragonese, although some recent studies show that most features belong indeed to the latter. It is not the only text to be difficult to classify: other texts traditionally assumed to be in Old Spanish, like the Kharjas , are proved to be in a different medieval Romance, Mozarabic , which happens to be classified along with Aragonese in

874-459: The glosses was recognised in the early twentieth century. The key researcher in their discovery was Manuel Gómez-Moreno Martínez . His main focus of study at the time was architecture, but he recognised their importance, made a transcript and mentioned them in a periodical dealing with Spain's cultural heritage, the Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Excursiones . He brought them to the attention of

912-469: The glosses, a mix of Latin and Iberian Romance vocabulary, but are earlier in date. The cartularies do not however present a Romance grammatical structure distinct from Latin, so in that regard the glosses are still the first. The monasteries of San Millán de Suso (6th century) and San Millán de Yuso (11th century) are two monasteries situated in the village of San Millán de la Cogolla , La Rioja , Spain. The two monasteries' names Suso and Yuso mean

950-604: The help of our lord Lord Christ, Lord Savior, Lord who is in honor, Lord that has command with the Father, with the Holy Spirit for ever and ever. God Omnipotent, make us do such a service that before His face joyful we are. Amen. Comparison of some words used in the glosses, along with their current corresponding forms in Aragonese, Spanish and Latin language. English translation provided. Only two of

988-425: The history of the monastery whose legal documents it accompanies, or may be a more general history of the world. This link between legal and historical writings has to be understood in the context of the importance of past events for establishing legal precedence . Sometimes the copyist of the cartulary reproduced the original documents with literal exactness. On the other hand, some copyists took liberties with

1026-596: The locality, e.g. Ezcaray . At the time the Glosses were composed, the monastery was located in the Kingdom of Navarre much of which was Basque-speaking. Medieval Basque and Iberian Romance would have been the vernacular languages in the region surrounding the monastery. The variety of Iberian Romance spoken at San Millán perhaps had the character of a bridge language , facilitating communication and cultural exchange between different linguistic groups. The glosses are not

1064-428: The medieval legal tradition, the glosses on Roman law and Canon law created standards of reference, so-called sedes materiae 'seat of the matter'. In common law countries, the term "judicial gloss" refers to what is considered an authoritative or "official" interpretation of a statute or regulation by a judge . Judicial glosses are often very important in avoiding contradictions between statutes, and determining

1102-439: The monastery with a short narrative. These works are known as pancartes . The allusion of Gregory of Tours to chartarum tomi in the 6th century is commonly taken to refer to cartularies. The oldest surviving cartularies, however, originated in the 10th century . Those from the 10th to the 13th centuries are very numerous. Cartularies frequently contain historical texts, known as cartulary chronicles , which may focus on

1140-598: The monastic library such as the San Millán Beatus . There have been calls for the codex to be taken back to La Rioja. The original place where the glosses were written is uncertain ( M. C. Díaz y Díaz proposes the Pyrenees ), but it is often assumed to be San Millán. The vernacular language in La Rioja , the province where the monastery is situated, is now Spanish. However, there are some Basque toponyms in

1178-468: The only manuscript from the monastery to contain a linguistic mix. Another example is its medieval cartulary known as the Becerro Galicano , which is of considerable philological interest. It has been said that this supposedly Latin text is "profoundly influenced by early Castilian, to which an abundance of Basque names is added to form a singularly complex linguistic mix". The significance of

Glosas Emilianenses - Misplaced Pages Continue

1216-473: The original Greek form more closely. Glosses and other marginal notes were a primary format used in medieval Biblical theology and were studied and memorized for their own merit. Many Biblical passages came to be associated with a particular gloss, whose truth was taken to be scriptural. Indeed, in one case, it is generally reckoned that an early gloss explicating the doctrine of the Trinity made its way into

1254-516: The owner of them or by the producer of the archive where the documents are preserved. In the Dictionary of Archival Terminology a cartulary is defined as "a register, usually in volume form, of copies of charters, title deeds, grants of privileges and other documents of significance belonging to a person, family or institution". In 1938, the French historian, Emile Lesne, wrote: "Every Cartulary

1292-469: The philologist Ramón Menéndez Pidal , who discussed them in his Orígenes del español (1926). The codex is a compilation of several codices, including Verba seniorum , Passio martyrum Cosmae et Damiani , Sermones beati Augustini . Some of the marginalia are grammar notes, others are additions and others, glosses. There is still some debate as to whether the Iberian Romance language of

1330-581: The subject of scrutiny under well-known canons of historical criticism . Many cartularies of medieval monasteries and churches have been published, more or less completely. A listing of all known medieval cartularies of the British Isles , edited by Godfrey Davis, was published in 1958, and republished in a heavily revised and extended edition in 2010: the revised edition contains entries for about 2,000 cartularies, including those of both ecclesiastical establishments and secular corporations, dating from

1368-453: The text, including modifying the phraseology, modernizing proper names of persons and places, and even changing the substance, so as to extend the scope of the privileges or immunities granted in the document. The value of a cartulary as a historical document depends not only on how faithfully it reproduces the substance of the original, but also, if edited, on the clues it contains to the motivation for those changes. These questions are generally

1406-482: The vocabulary of otherwise little attested languages; they are less reliable for syntax , because many times the glosses follow the word order of the original text, and translate its idioms literally. In linguistics , a simple gloss in running text may be marked by quotation marks and follow the transcription of a foreign word. Single quotes are a widely used convention. For example: A longer or more complex transcription may rely upon an interlinear gloss . Such

1444-405: Was a marginal note or explanation, borrowed from French glose , which comes from medieval Latin glōsa , classical glōssa , meaning an obsolete or foreign word that needs explanation. Later, it came to mean the explanation itself. The Latin word comes from Greek γλῶσσα 'tongue, language, obsolete or foreign word'. In the 16th century, the spelling was refashioned as gloss to reflect

#752247