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81-508: This Primorsky Krai location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to a river in China is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to a river in the Russian Far East is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Primorsky Krai Primorsky Krai , informally known as Primorye , is

162-548: A federal subject (a krai ) of Russia, part of the Far Eastern Federal District in the Russian Far East . The city of Vladivostok on the southern coast of the krai is its administrative center , and the second largest city in the Russian Far East, behind Khabarovsk in the neighbouring krai. Primorsky Krai has the largest economy among the federal subjects in the Russian Far East, and

243-726: A population of 1,845,165 as of the 2021 Census . The krai has Russia's only border with North Korea , along the Tumen River in Khasansky District in the southwestern corner of the krai. Peter the Great Gulf , the largest gulf in the Sea of Japan , is on the south coast. The territory of the krai was historically part of Manchuria . It was ceded to the Russian Empire by Qing China in 1860 as part of

324-425: A 10-year reserve supply. The ores are complex, containing copper , gold , silver , bismuth , and other metals besides tungsten. There are more than 10 commercial deposits of lead and zinc in the territories of Dalnegorsky , Kavalerovsky , and Krasnoarmeysky Districts. The mining of the deposits of lead and zinc is maintained by Dalpolimetal Stock Company. The enterprise has a 40-year supply of ore. Among

405-489: A 1918 publication, Cvijić proposed a cyclical model for karst landscape development. Karst hydrology emerged as a discipline in the late 1950s and the early 1960s in France. Previously, the activities of cave explorers, called speleologists , had been dismissed as more of a sport than a science and so the underground karst caves and their associated watercourses were, from a scientific perspective, understudied. Karst

486-531: A battleground for allied and Bolshevik troops during the Siberian Intervention . In 1922, shortly before the end of the Civil War , Primorye came under Bolshevik control. The new government directed the economic, scientific, and cultural development of the territory. The Soviet Government spent the following ten years combating "bourgeois ideology" in many areas of life and culture. As a result,

567-613: A fellow of the Royal Society , London, introduced the word karst to European scholars in 1689 to describe the phenomenon of underground flows of rivers in his account of Lake Cerknica . Jovan Cvijić greatly advanced the knowledge of karst regions to the point where he became known as the "father of karst geomorphology". Primarily discussing the karst regions of the Balkans, Cvijić's 1893 publication Das Karstphänomen describes landforms such as karren, dolines and poljes . In

648-531: A major role in the formation of ancient Lechuguilla Cave in the US state of New Mexico and is presently active in the Frasassi Caves of Italy. The oxidation of sulfides leading to the formation of sulfuric acid can also be one of the corrosion factors in karst formation. As oxygen (O 2 )-rich surface waters seep into deep anoxic karst systems, they bring oxygen, which reacts with sulfide present in

729-723: A region known as Outer Manchuria , forming most of the territory of Primorskaya Oblast . As a result, China permanently lost its coastline with the Sea of Japan . During the Russian Civil War it became part of the Far Eastern Republic before joining the Soviet Union , going through numerous changes until reaching its current form in 1938. Primorsky Krai is home to the Russian Navy 's Pacific Fleet and

810-603: A total footprint of 214.89 hectares. Primorsky Krai's compact territory is well endowed with infrastructure . Its railway density is twice the Russian average. Railroads connect it with China and North Korea. Vladivostok, the eastern terminus of the Trans-Siberian Railway , was surpassed as a port by the nearby Nakhodka - Vostochny Port container, coal and timber terminals. Primorsky Krai-based shipping companies provide 80% of marine shipping services in

891-529: A well in a fracture trace or intersection of fracture traces increases the likelihood to encounter good water production. Voids in karst aquifers can be large enough to cause destructive collapse or subsidence of the ground surface that can initiate a catastrophic release of contaminants. Groundwater flow rate in karst aquifers is much more rapid than in porous aquifers. For example, in the Barton Springs Edwards aquifer, dye traces measured

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972-741: Is 150 km (58 sq mi). The reserves total 251.6 million tons. The coal-bearing thickness ranges from 800 to 950 m (2,620 to 3,120 ft). Maintenance is by the open-pit mine of the Artyomugol Association. The coal of the Pavlovsky, Skotovsky, and Bikinsky deposits contains germanium and non-ferrous metals . The major areas of occurrence of commercial tin stocks are Kavalerovsky , Krasnoarmeysky , and Dalnegorsky Districts. There are more than 30 deposits of tin in Primorsky Krai. The extraction of tin ore

1053-455: Is a topography formed from the dissolution of soluble carbonate rocks such as limestone and dolomite . It is characterized by features like poljes above and drainage systems with sinkholes and caves underground. There is some evidence that karst may occur in more weathering -resistant rocks such as quartzite given the right conditions. Subterranean drainage may limit surface water, with few to no rivers or lakes. In regions where

1134-505: Is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Many karst-related terms derive from South Slavic languages , entering scientific vocabulary through early research in the Western Balkan Dinaric Alpine karst. The study of the various aspects of karst regions is called karstology. This includes biological, chemical, ecological, geomorphological, hydrogeological, hydrological, political, socio-economical, and other processes over

1215-562: Is a development of karst observed in geological history and preserved within the rock sequence, effectively a fossil karst. There are for example palaeokarst surfaces exposed within the Clydach Valley Subgroup of the Carboniferous Limestone sequence of South Wales which developed as sub-aerial weathering of recently formed limestones took place during periods of non-deposition within the early part of

1296-538: Is a karst landscape which is developed beneath a cover of insoluble rocks. Typically this will involve a cover of sandstone overlying limestone strata undergoing solution. In the United Kingdom for example extensive doline fields have developed at Cefn yr Ystrad , Mynydd Llangatwg and Mynydd Llangynidr in South Wales across a cover of Twrch Sandstone which overlies concealed Carboniferous Limestone ,

1377-855: Is also diverse. The following animals are found in the Krai : Ussuri black bear ( Ursus thibetanus ), Amur tiger , Amur leopard ( Panthera pardus orientalis ), Eurasian lynx ( Lynx lynx ), wild boar ( Sus scrofa ), Manchurian deer ( Cervus elaphus xanthopygos ), Siberian roe deer ( Capreolus pygargus ), musk deer ( Moschus moschiferus ), long-tailed goral ( Naemorhedus caudatus ), sika deer ( Cervus nippon ), sable ( Martes zibellina ), Blakiston's fish owl ( Bubo blakistoni ), mandarinka duck ( Aix galericulata ), black stork ( Ciconia nigra ), scaly goosander ( Mergus squamatus ), chestnut-cheeked starling ( Sturnia philippensis ), black griffon ( Aegypius monachus ), large-winged cuckoo (family Cuculidae ), and others. Among 690 species of birds inhabiting

1458-588: Is also known as the birthplace of North Korean leader Kim Jong-il . The name of the krai is derived from the Russian words приморский ( primorsky ), meaning "littoral" or "coastal", and край ( kray ), meaning "region" or "area". It is informally known as Primorye ( Приморье , IPA: [prʲɪˈmorʲjɪ] ) in Russian, and is occasionally translated as Maritime Territory in English. Primorsky Krai, bordered by China ( Jilin and Heilongjiang ), North Korea ( Rason ) and Khabarovsk Krai , and

1539-468: Is developed in areas where salt is undergoing solution underground. It can lead to surface depressions and collapses which present a geo-hazard. Karst areas tend to have unique types of forests. The karst terrain is difficult for humans to traverse, so that their ecosystems are often relatively undisturbed. The soil tends to have a high pH, which encourages growth of unusual species of orchids, palms, mangroves, and other plants. Paleokarst or palaeokarst

1620-524: Is found in porous karst systems. The English word karst was borrowed from German Karst in the late 19th century, which entered German usage much earlier, to describe a number of geological, geomorphological, and hydrological features found within the range of the Dinaric Alps , stretching from the northeastern corner of Italy above the city of Trieste , across the Balkan peninsula along

1701-636: Is frequently unseen until the roof of a cavern suddenly collapses. Such events have swallowed homes, cattle, cars, and farm machinery. In the United States, sudden collapse of such a cavern-sinkhole swallowed part of the collection of the National Corvette Museum in Bowling Green, Kentucky in 2014. The world's largest limestone karst is Australia's Nullarbor Plain . Slovenia has the world's highest risk of sinkholes, while

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1782-670: Is located close to Vladivostok . The stocks of the Podgrodnensky deposit are estimated to be a total of 19.6 million tons. The coal is anthracite coal . By the output of volatile substances and caking ability, the coal is hard (non-bituminous). The deposits are maintained by the Podgorodenka mine of the Artyomugol Association. The Paleogene-Neogene deposits of Primorsky Krai are the Bikinsky, Pavlovsky, Shkotovsky, Rettikhovsky, Rakovsky, and Khasansky deposits. The deposits are

1863-466: Is located to the north and the west of the city of Ussuriysk . The basin includes the following deposits: Ussuriysky, Lipovetsky, Verkhne-Razdolnensky, Konstantinovsky, and Alekseye-Nikolsky. The deposits were prospected as early as 1868. The mining of coal has been conducted since 1909. By the output of volatile substances and coking ability, long-flame coals prevail. The reserves of coal in the basin total of 66.7 million tons. The deposits are maintained by

1944-669: Is maintained by Khrustalnenskaya Tin Extracting Company, Dalpolimetal Stock Company, and Vostok Mining Company. All tin-extracting enterprises of the krai have a 30-year supply of ore. There are four major commercial deposits of tungsten in Krasnoarmeysky and Pozharsky Districts. The mining of only two of them is currently maintained, at Vostok-2 and Lermontovskoye by the Primorsky Mining Group and Lermontovskoye Mining Company. The enterprises have

2025-402: Is moderate to heavy. This contributes to rapid downward movement of groundwater, which promotes dissolution of the bedrock, whereas standing groundwater becomes saturated with carbonate minerals and ceases to dissolve the bedrock. The carbonic acid that causes karst features is formed as rain passes through Earth's atmosphere picking up carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), which readily dissolves in

2106-428: Is most strongly developed in dense carbonate rock , such as limestone, that is thinly bedded and highly fractured . Karst is not typically well developed in chalk , because chalk is highly porous rather than dense, so the flow of groundwater is not concentrated along fractures. Karst is also most strongly developed where the water table is relatively low, such as in uplands with entrenched valleys , and where rainfall

2187-729: Is still second only to Khabarovsk Krai 's with an annual yield of about 3 million cubic meters of timber . Primorsky Krai is the largest coal producer in the Russian Far East and generates more electricity than any other Russian Far East administrative division, but power shortages are common. Agriculture is also important; the krai produces rice, milk, eggs, and vegetables. The krai's proximity to Pacific Rim markets gives it an edge over most other Russian Far East administrative divisions in developing foreign trade . Major trade items are seafood products, timber products, and ferrous metals. Major trading partners are Japan, China, and South Korea. The economy will be further diversified with

2268-618: Is the fundamental law of the region. The Legislative Assembly of Primorsky Krai is the province's regional standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Oblast Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run

2349-707: The Aigun Treaty with China, followed by the Beijing Treaty two years later. As a result of the two treaties, the Sino–Russian border shifted south in the Amur Annexation to the Amur and Ussuri Rivers , granting Russia full control of Primorye. Primorskaya Oblast was established as the easternmost division of the Russian Empire in 1856. It included the territory of modern Primorsky Krai as well as

2430-700: The Balhae Kingdom , most of the krai was within the boundaries of the provinces of Dingli, Anbian and Anyuan. After Balhae was conquered by the Khitans, the territory became part of Liao dynasty 's Eastern Circuit and Jin dynasty 's Supin Circuit. It then came under Mongol and Manchu rule. The acquisition of Siberia by the Tsardom of Russia and the subsequent Russian expansion to the Far East brought

2511-641: The Bikin , and the Bolshaya Ussurka . Most rivers in the Krai have rocky bottoms and limpid water. The largest among them is the Ussuri , with a length of 903 kilometers (561 mi). The head of the Ussuri River originates 20 kilometers (12 mi) east of Oblachnaya Mountain. The vast Khanka Lowlands extend into the west and southwest of Primorye, carpeted by coniferous-deciduous forest. A part of

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2592-588: The Eugénie Archipelago (the largest island of which being Russky Island ), the Rimsky-Korsakov Archipelago and Furugelm Island . The geographic location of Primorye accounts for the variety of its flora . The territory of Primorye has not been subjected to the ice cover in the past in contrast to the rest of Siberia during the ice ages. The specifics of the geographic situation and the specific features of climate determine

2673-775: The Far Eastern Division of the Russian Academy of Science . By the early 1990s, once-small enterprises in the city had developed into large companies. Some of the most prominent include the DVMP (FESCO) shipping company, the Dalmoreprodukt fishing company, Progress Arsenyev Aircraft Works, and Vostok Mining. Commercial fishing plays an important part in the economy of the Primorye and includes firms like Vladivostok Trawling and Refrigerating Fleet (VBTRF),

2754-531: The Russian Far East . All the krai's significant ports are now open to international shipping. The largest companies in the region include Far-Eastern Energy Company, NNK-Bunker, Mazda Sollers, and Vostochny Port . More than 100 deposits of coal are known in Primorsky Krai. The commercial deposits of coal are connected to the Partizansky and Razdolnensky coal basins, the Podgorodnensky deposit,

2835-663: The Soviet period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Primorsky CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). After 1991, the head of the Oblast administration and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament . The Charter of Primorsky Krai

2916-691: The 1970s, the Soviet Union expanded scientific institutions in Primorye, especially in the city of Vladivostok . Several large research institutions are located here, such as the Institute of Biology and Agriculture, the Pacific Institute of Bio-organic Chemistry, the Institute of Marine Biology, the Pacific Institute of Geography, the Pacific Oceanological Institute, as well as several Institutes affiliated with

2997-688: The Active Marine Fisheries Base of Nakhodka , and the Fishing and Marine Transport Fleet of Primorye. Numerous enterprises of the Russian military-industrial complex were also established in Primorye. The Udege people , led by Pavel Sulyandziga , are trying to gain control over their traditional territories along the Bikin River and in particular a Territory of Traditional Natural Resource Use of federal status. During

3078-1066: The IUCN Red List as rare and threatened extermination. There are mountainous tundra areas, conifers and coniferous-deciduous forests, and forest-steppe, which is sometimes called the Far Eastern Prairie, where many ancient plant species have been preserved, including ferns , lotus , and the willow Salix arbutifolia (syn. Chosenia arbutifolia ). The flora of the territory contains such plants as Taxus cuspidata , Juniperus rigida , Phellodendron amurense , Kalopanax , Aralia elata , Maackia amurensis , Alnus japonica , Actinidia kolomikta , Schisandra chinensis , Celastrus orbiculatus , Thladiantha dubia , Weigela , Eleutherococcus , Flueggea suffruticosa , Deutzia , Nelumbo nucifera , Betula schmidtii , Carpinus cordata , Acer mandshuricum , Parthenocissus tricuspidata , Vitis amurensis , Panax ginseng and many others. The fauna of Primorye

3159-599: The Lowland surrounding the largest lake in the Russian Far East , Khanka Lake , is occupied by a forest-steppe. The krai's coastline is fairly straight, except for the southernmost section around Vladivostok which contains the Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula . There are numerous islands in this area, the main ones being Lisy Island , Askold Island, Putyatin Island , Skrebtsov island , Sibiryakov Island ,

3240-485: The Russian Far East total. Second is machine building , where half of the output is geared toward the fishing industry and shipyards . Defense is another important sector, producing naval vessels and military aircraft . The construction materials industry here provides for the whole Russian Far East. Lead smelting is conducted in Rudnaya Pristan on the coast. The timber industry, though in recession ,

3321-704: The Russians into direct contact with China . The Nerchinsk Treaty of 1689 demarcating the borders of the two states gave all lands lying south of the Stanovoy Mountains , including Primorye, to the Qing Empire. However, with the weakening of the Qing Empire in the second half of the 19th century, Russia began its expansion into the area. In 1858, the towns of Khabarovsk and Blagoveshchensk were founded. In 1858, Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky signed

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3402-667: The Tavrichansky deposit, and since 1911 in the Artyomovsky deposit. The coal is brown coal , which is used as a power fuel. In the long years of operation, the stocks of coal in the basin have been considerably depleted. The reserves of coal in the basin total 233.7 million tons. The mines of the Tavrichansky Mine Administration and the Artyomugol Association operate on the basis of the deposits. Podgrodnensko-Surazhevsky : This coal-bearing region

3483-562: The Uglovsky basin, and the Shkotovsky, Pavlovsky, Bikinsky, Rettikhovsky, and Suputinsky deposits. Partizansky Basin : The city of Partizansk is located in the southern part of the basin. The total area of the basin is 6,000 km (2,300 sq mi). The basin has been known since the 19th century and has been explored since 1902. Five regions—Staropartizansky, Melnikovsky, Belopadinsky, Molchanovsky, and Sergeyevsky —are within

3564-479: The addition of as many as 8 government sanctioned casinos to be built in the Primorye Gambling Zone, which encompasses the entire Primorsky Krai. Primorsky Entertainment Resort City, under development by NagaCorp Ltd . of Phnom Penh, Kingdom of Cambodia, will be the largest. The development is expected to cost in the region of RUB11.6 billion (approximately HK$ 2.7 billion, US$ 350 million) and have

3645-427: The coast of the eastern Adriatic to Kosovo and North Macedonia , where the massif of the Šar Mountains begins. The karst zone is at the northwesternmost section, described in early topographical research as a plateau between Italy and Slovenia . Languages preserving this form include Italian : Carso , German : Karst , and Albanian : karsti . In the local South Slavic languages , all variations of

3726-450: The complexity of karst aquifers, and need to be supplemented with dye traces , measurement of spring discharges, and analysis of water chemistry. U.S. Geological Survey dye tracing has determined that conventional groundwater models that assume a uniform distribution of porosity are not applicable for karst aquifers. Linear alignment of surface features such as straight stream segments and sinkholes develop along fracture traces . Locating

3807-618: The day to day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as the guarantor of the observance of the krai Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia . Primorsky Krai's economy, the most balanced in the Russian Far East, is also the largest in absolute terms. Food production is the most important sector, represented mainly by fish processing . Annual catch exceeds two million tonnes , or one half of

3888-576: The deposits of precious metals in Primorsky Krai, silver and gold-silver deposits predominate. Ten deposits of silver are found in the Krai. The majority of silver-polymetal ore deposits are located in Dalnegorsky District and are maintained by Dalpolimetal Stock Company. Silver is extracted simultaneously with tungsten from tungsten ores deposits in Krasnoarmeysky and Pozharsky Districts. Karst Karst ( / k ɑːr s t / )

3969-443: The dissolved bedrock is covered (perhaps by debris) or confined by one or more superimposed non-soluble rock strata, distinctive karst features may occur only at subsurface levels and can be totally missing above ground. The study of paleokarst (buried karst in the stratigraphic column ) is important in petroleum geology because as much as 50% of the world's hydrocarbon reserves are hosted in carbonate rock , and much of this

4050-557: The fissures. The enlarged fissures allow a larger quantity of water to enter which leads to a progressive enlargement of openings. Abundant small openings store a large quantity of water. The larger openings form a conduit system that drains the aquifer to springs. Characterization of karst aquifers requires field exploration to locate sinkholes, swallets , sinking streams , and springs in addition to studying geologic maps . Conventional hydrogeologic methods such as aquifer tests and potentiometric mapping are insufficient to characterize

4131-466: The global demand for drinkable water. Farming in karst areas must take into account the lack of surface water. The soils may be fertile enough, and rainfall may be adequate, but rainwater quickly moves through the crevices into the ground, sometimes leaving the surface soil parched between rains. The karst topography also poses peculiar difficulties for human inhabitants. Sinkholes can develop gradually as surface openings enlarge, but progressive erosion

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4212-456: The karst groundwater flow rates from 0.5 to 7 miles per day (0.8 to 11.3 km/d). The rapid groundwater flow rates make karst aquifers much more sensitive to groundwater contamination than porous aquifers. Groundwater in karst areas is also just as easily polluted as surface streams, because Karst formations are cavernous and highly permeable, resulting in reduced opportunity for contaminant filtration. Well water may also be unsafe as

4293-411: The krai. Most of the territory is mountainous, and almost 80% of it is forested. The average elevation is about 500 meters (1,640 ft). Sikhote-Alin is a mountainous formation, extending for the most part of the Krai. It consists of a number of parallel ranges: the Partizansky (Partisan), the Siny (Blue), the Kholodny (Cold), and others. There are many karst caves in the south of Primorye, including

4374-451: The last-named locality having been declared a site of special scientific interest in respect of it. Kegelkarst is a type of tropical karst terrain with numerous cone-like hills, formed by cockpits, mogotes , and poljes and without strong fluvial erosion processes. This terrain is found in Cuba, Jamaica, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, southern China, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos and Vietnam. Salt karst (or 'halite karst')

4455-434: The limits of the basin. The coal is anthracite coal . By the output of volatile substances and caking ability, rich coals prevail. The reserves of coal in the basin total 193.6 million tonnes . The deposits are maintained by the mines of the Partizanskugol Association. A coal-mining factory also operates in this area. Razdolnensky Basin : The total area of this basin is about 4,500 km (1,700 sq mi). The basin

4536-420: The major sources of fuel for the largest heat and power stations of Primorye: Luchegorskaya and Vladivostokskaya. The coal is brown coal . The Bikinsky Deposit is the largest brown coal deposit in Primorsky Krai. Its total area is 260 km (100 sq mi). The reserves total 1,113.9 million tons. The coal-bearing thickness is 1,800 m (5,900 ft). The Luchegorsky Open-Pit Coal Mine maintains

4617-476: The mine and provides fuel to the largest power station in the krai, the Luchegorsky Hydro-Electric Power Station. Pavlovsky Deposit : The total area is 400 km (150 sq mi). The reserves total 400 million tons. The coal-bearing thickness is up to 400 m (1,300 ft). The mining is maintained by the Pavlovsky-1 and Pavlovsky-2 Open-Pit Coal Mines. Coal is used as fuel for the Vladivostok Heat and Power Plant-2. Skotovsky Deposit : The total area

4698-408: The mines and the open-pit coal mines of the Lipovetskoye Mine Administration. Uglovsky Basin : Located 30 km (19 mi) northeast of Vladivostok , the basin's band extends about 40 km (25 mi) to the northeast of Amursky Bay and ranges from 6 to 14 km (3.7 to 8.7 mi) in width. Coals in the basin have been known since 1859. The mining of coal has been executed since 1867 in

4779-538: The most dramatic of these formations can be seen in Thailand 's Phangnga Bay and at Halong Bay in Vietnam . Calcium carbonate dissolved into water may precipitate out where the water discharges some of its dissolved carbon dioxide. Rivers which emerge from springs may produce tufa terraces, consisting of layers of calcite deposited over extended periods of time. In caves, a variety of features collectively called speleothems are formed by deposition of calcium carbonate and other dissolved minerals. Interstratal karst

4860-400: The music, theater, literature, and the fine arts of Primorye were censored. Primorsky was the center of the ethnic Korean minority of Russia. The Pos'et Korean National Raion was created under the policy of Korenizatsiya . The Krai had 105 both fully and mixed Korean towns where residents used the Korean language as an official language. Nearly 200,000 ethnic Koreans were living in the Krai by

4941-654: The period. Sedimentation resumed and further limestone strata were deposited on an irregular karst surface, the cycle recurring several times in connection with fluctuating sea levels over prolonged periods. Pseudokarsts are similar in form or appearance to karst features but are created by different mechanisms. Examples include lava caves and granite tors —for example, Labertouche Cave in Victoria, Australia —and paleocollapse features. Mud Caves are an example of pseudokarst. Karst formations have unique hydrology, resulting in many unusual features. A karst fenster (karst window) occurs when an underground stream emerges onto

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5022-490: The region's wildlife and habitat conservation. The area is believed to have been settled by several Tungusic and Mongolic tribes, such as the Sushen , the proto-Mongol Shiwei and the Mohe . Although, there are other popular theories, such as the fact that the place was earlier settled by the Ainu people . The Udege people are said to have traditionally settled in territories along the Bikin River long ago, however, they are possibly of Jianzhou Jurchen origin. During

5103-401: The relatively accessible Spyashchaya Krasavitsa cave (the Sleeping Beauty) in the Ussuriysky Nature Preserve. There are comparatively well-preserved fragments of ancient volcanoes in the area. The ranges are cut by the picturesque narrow and deep valleys of the rivers and by large brooks, such as the Partizanskaya , the Kiyevka , the Zerkalnaya, the Cheryomukhovaya, the Yedinka, the Samarga ,

5184-408: The relatively warm—although freezing in winter—waters of the Sea of Japan , is the southeasternmost region of Russia, located between the 42° and 48° north latitude and 130° and 139° east longitude. It is stretched in the meridianal direction, the distance from its extreme northern point to its most southerly point being about 900 kilometers (559 mi). Highlands dominate the territory of

5265-579: The river flows into a cave in a formation known as the Madison Limestone and then rises again 800 m ( 1 ⁄ 2  mi) down the canyon in a placid pool. A turlough is a unique type of seasonal lake found in Irish karst areas which are formed through the annual welling-up of water from the underground water system. Main Article Aquifer#Karst Karst aquifers typically develop in limestone . Surface water containing natural carbonic acid moves down into small fissures in limestone. This carbonic acid gradually dissolves limestone thereby enlarging

5346-447: The surface between layers of rock, cascades some distance, and then disappears back down, often into a sinkhole. Rivers in karst areas may disappear underground a number of times and spring up again in different places, even under a different name, like Ljubljanica , the "river of seven names". Another example of this is the Popo Agie River in Fremont County, Wyoming , where, at a site named "The Sinks" in Sinks Canyon State Park ,

5427-415: The surface, complex underground drainage systems (such as karst aquifers ) and extensive caves and cavern systems may form. Erosion along limestone shores, notably in the tropics , produces karst topography that includes a sharp makatea surface above the normal reach of the sea, and undercuts that are mostly the result of biological activity or bioerosion at or a little above mean sea level . Some of

5508-1002: The system ( pyrite or hydrogen sulfide ) to form sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ). Sulfuric acid then reacts with calcium carbonate, causing increased erosion within the limestone formation. This chain of reactions is: This reaction chain forms gypsum . The karstification of a landscape may result in a variety of large- or small-scale features both on the surface and beneath. On exposed surfaces, small features may include solution flutes (or rillenkarren), runnels , limestone pavement (clints and grikes), kamenitzas collectively called karren or lapiez. Medium-sized surface features may include sinkholes or cenotes (closed basins), vertical shafts, foibe (inverted funnel shaped sinkholes), disappearing streams, and reappearing springs . Large-scale features may include limestone pavements , poljes , and karst valleys. Mature karst landscapes, where more bedrock has been removed than remains, may result in karst towers , or haystack/eggbox landscapes. Beneath

5589-427: The territories of modern Khabarovsk Krai and Magadan Oblast , stretching from Vladivostok to the Chukchi Peninsula in the far north. In the period from 1859 to 1882, ninety-five settlements were established in the Primorye region, including Vladivostok, Ussuriysk , Razdolnoye, Vladimiro-Aleksandrovskoye, Shkotovo , Pokrovka , Tury Rog, and Kamen-Rybolov . Russians began migrating to these regions. The population

5670-494: The territory of the former USSR , 350 are found in Primorye. Rich fisheries of salmon , Hucho taimen , lenok and marine fisheries of crab, pollock and other species make the aquatic and maritime environment a valuable resource for the region. However, the rich diversity of wildlife in Primorye is threatened by poaching and the illegal wildlife trade . Wildlife Conservation Society , World Wildlife Fund , Wild Salmon Center , and Russian NGOs including Phoenix Fund are active in

5751-480: The time of their deportation in 1938 . The Soviet Union had earlier deported ethnic Chinese from western Siberia. During this period, the Soviet government emphasized centralized planning of the economy. As in the rest of the Soviet Union, priority was given to heavy industry, with a special emphasis on mining and commercial fishing. There was a widespread investment in the construction of rail and sea transit, and new port facilities were constructed. Primorsky Krai

5832-464: The unique diversity of the plant world at species and genetic levels and the richness of plant resources. In the flora of Primorye, there are more than two thousand species of higher plants, of which are about 250 species of trees, bushes, and ligneous lianas. Flora of mosses and lichens are very diverse. As part of the coastal flora, there are many valuable medicinal, technical and food plants, many relict and endemic species. About 200 species are listed in

5913-461: The water may have run unimpeded from a sinkhole in a cattle pasture, bypassing the normal filtering that occurs in a porous aquifer . Sinkholes have often been used as farmstead or community trash dumps . Overloaded or malfunctioning septic tanks in karst landscapes may dump raw sewage directly into underground channels. Geologists are concerned with these negative effects of human activity on karst hydrology which, as of 2007 , supplied about 25% of

5994-417: The water. Once the rain reaches the ground, it may pass through soil that provides additional CO 2 produced by soil respiration . Some of the dissolved carbon dioxide reacts with the water to form a weak carbonic acid solution, which dissolves calcium carbonate . The primary reaction sequence in limestone dissolution is the following: In very rare conditions, oxidation can play a role. Oxidation played

6075-515: The western Highland Rim in the eastern United States is at the second-highest risk of karst sinkholes. In Canada, Wood Buffalo National Park , Northwest Territories contains areas of karst sinkholes. Mexico hosts important karst regions in the Yucatán Peninsula and Chiapas . The West of Ireland is home to The Burren , a karst limestone area. The South China Karst in the provinces of Guizhou , Guangxi , and Yunnan provinces

6156-454: The word are derived from a Romanized Illyrian base (yielding Latin : carsus , Dalmatian : carsus ), later metathesized from the reconstructed form * korsъ into forms such as Slovene : kras and Serbo-Croatian : krš , kras , first attested in the 18th century, and the adjective form kraški in the 16th century. As a proper noun, the Slovene form Grast

6237-663: Was financed in large measure by Russian and foreign capital investment. After the Russian Revolution and the victory of the communists, the new government renamed Primorskaya Oblast as the Zemstvo of Maritime Territory . It was defined as the Far-Eastern Republic (1920–1922). Within the Russian SFSR , this became Far-Eastern Oblast (1922–1926) and then Far-Eastern Krai (1926–1938). The area became

6318-589: Was first attested in 1177. Ultimately, the word is of Mediterranean origin. It has also been suggested that the word may derive from the Proto-Indo-European root karra- 'rock'. The name may also be connected to the oronym Kar(u)sádios oros cited by Ptolemy , and perhaps also to Latin Carusardius . Johann Weikhard von Valvasor , a pioneer of the study of karst in Slovenia and

6399-592: Was formed by further subdivision of Far-Eastern Krai in 1938, as part of the Stalin-era policy of "unbundling". Primorsky Krai, as defined in 1938, corresponds to the northeastern part of the historical region of Russian Manchuria . On April 18, 1942, the region became accidentally involved in World War II , which the United States had entered after Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in December 1941. Primorsky Krai

6480-458: Was primarily engaged in hunting, fishing and cultivation. More than two-thirds of the territory's inhabitants followed these occupations. During the latter part of the 19th century, there was a significant resource, industrial and resulting economic development in Primorye. Coal mining became a prominent industry, as did the export of sea-kale , velvet antlers , timber , crab , dried fish , and trepangs . The rapid economic expansion of Primorye

6561-523: Was the location where one of 16 United States Army Air Corps B-25 Mitchell medium bombers landed. The group had been launched from USS Hornet to carry out the Doolittle Raid on Japan. Japan and the Soviet Union were not then at war. The landing occurred 40 miles (65 km) west of Vladivostok; the bomber's crew could not return to their base, the aircraft carrier Hornet, by the mission plan. The crew later returned home via Iran. During

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