Marl is an earthy material rich in carbonate minerals , clays , and silt . When hardened into rock , this becomes marlstone . It is formed in marine or freshwater environments, often through the activities of algae .
108-583: Grantham ( / ˈ ɡ r æ n θ əm / ) is a market town in the South Kesteven district of Lincolnshire , England, situated on the banks of the River Witham and bounded to the west by the A1 road. It lies 23 miles (37 km) south of Lincoln and 22 miles (35 km) east of Nottingham . The population in 2016 was put at 44,580. The town is the largest settlement and the administrative centre of
216-526: A Beaker pot, Beaker pottery sherds, cinerary urns and a food vessel, and a later cemetery at Belton Lane, but there is little direct evidence of Bronze Age settlement in the area of the modern town. Little is known about it in the Iron Age , though ditched enclosures and a field system of this date are known to lie off Gorse Lane. Various Romano-British coins and pottery finds have emerged in Grantham;
324-460: A Royal Flying Corps establishment. It was the first military airfield in Lincolnshire. It has never been an operational fighter or bomber base; although it did see operational service during the 1943 invasion of Europe as a base for American and Polish gliders and parachutists. It officially closed in 1974. The Women's Royal Air Force had been there from 1960 until closure. (as RAF Wilmslow
432-499: A caterpillar track for a machine using Hornsby's oil engines ; these engines were developed by Yorkshireman Herbert Akroyd Stuart , from which compression-ignition principle the diesel engine evolved, being manufactured in Grantham from 8 July 1892. Although such engines were not wholly compression-ignition derived, in 1892 a prototype high-pressure version was built at Hornsby's, developed by Thomas Henry Barton OBE – later to found Nottingham's Barton Transport – whereby ignition
540-561: A 21-year lease on the theatre in 1800. Westgate Hall , which was commissioned as the local corn exchange , was completed in 1852. The town developed when the railway came. The Nottingham Line ( LNER ) arrived first in 1850, then the London line ( GNR ) – the Towns Line from Peterborough to Retford – arrived in 1852. The Boston, Sleaford and Midland Counties Railway arrived in 1857. Gas lighting appeared in 1833. The corporation became
648-448: A 21st-century estate centred on Hudson Way, post-war social housing at Walton Gardens, post-war housing Denton Avenue, and late-20th-century developments at Harris Way. The British Isles experience a temperate, maritime climate with warm summers and cool winters. Data from the weather station nearest to Grantham, at Cranwell, 10 miles (16 km) away, shows an average daily mean temperature of 9.8 °C (49.6 °F) fluctuates from
756-480: A borough council in 1835. Little Gonerby and Spittlegate were added to the borough in 1879. The town had been in the wapentake of Loveden and included three townships of Manthorpe with Little Gonerby, Harrowby and Spittlegate with Houghton and Walton. Grantham Golf Club, now defunct, was founded in 1894 and continued until the onset of the Second World War. Until the 1970s, the housing estates west of
864-571: A burial and pottery from the 2nd century AD were uncovered off Trent Road in 1981. Small settlements or farmsteads from the period have been discerned on the hills overlooking Grantham from the east, and another has been found in Barrowby. There were probably Romano-British farmsteads on the site of the modern town, but the wet soils round the Mowbeck and flooding by the Witham probably made it hard for
972-603: A dominant aspect of the town's economy. Other industries also existed during the Middle Ages; there is evidence of wine trading, brewing , parchment making, weaving and other trades and crafts. The bridging of the River Trent at Newark by the late 12th century realigned the Great North Road so that it passed through Grantham, bringing traffic to the town as an important stopping place and leading to
1080-525: A former site of Hornsbys, naming it the Invicta works, from the motto on the coat of arms of Kent , which translates as "unconquered"; all Aveling & Porter machinery was brought from Kent by rail. During the 1970s Barford's was the town's largest employer, with around 2,000 employees. It initially prospered, but declined with the sinking market for large dumper trucks and road rollers . In 1947, its agricultural division, Barfords of Belton , developed
1188-461: A larger settlement to grow there. Three kilometres to the south of the modern town, an important Roman site has been found at Saltersford , a crossing of the River Witham near Little Ponton. Extensive finds and evidence of a significant Romano-British occupation have emerged in the vicinity since the 19th century; it has been tentatively identified by some scholars as Causennae , mentioned in
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#17327727997211296-618: A patch of wasteland in Greyfriars into a revitalised play area for children. The initiative is now known as the Arnoldsfield Adventure Area. The district has a 130-mile walk called the South Kesteven Round. Other attractions be found in the towns of Bourne (Bourne Abbey), Grantham (St Wulfram's Church), Market Deeping, Stamford (Churches, markets etc.) among other places.. The A1 passes through
1404-667: A peak of 16.9 °C (62.4 °F) in July to 3.9 °C (39.0 °F) in January. The average high temperature is 13.7 °C (56.7 °F), though monthly averages vary from 6.7 °C (44.1 °F) in January and December to 21.8 °C (71.2 °F) in July; the average low is 5.9 °C (42.6 °F), reaching lowest in February at 0.8 °C (33.4 °F) and highest in July and August at 12.0 °C (53.6 °F). Much of Grantham's early archaeology lies buried beneath
1512-524: A point just south of RAF Barkston Heath . It passes just east of Oasby , crosses the A52, passes east of Braceby and Sapperton and Pickworth , then north of Folkingham. North of Horbling it follows the A52 all the way to Donington High Bridge. The district's border with Northamptonshire is Britain's smallest border at only 10 metres long. However, the boundary with Rutland was altered in April 1991. Most of
1620-531: A suitable artificial substrate for oysters in a reef-like environment. Marl has been used in the manufacture of Portland cement. It is abundant and yields better physical and mechanical properties than metakaolin as a supplementary cementitious material and can be calcined at a considerably lower temperature. The Channel Tunnel was constructed in the West Melbury Marly Chalk, a geological formation containing marl beds. This formation
1728-523: A vehicle test centre was built on the outfield; this closed in 2011. The large mast on the base was part of the BT microwave network . The Queen's Royal Lancers (part of the Royal Armoured Corps ) have their RHQ on the base. The RAF Regiment was formed north-east of the town in parts of Londonthorpe and Harrowby Without during December 1941 with its headquarters at RAF Belton Park , which
1836-489: A very low permeability , they have been exploited for construction of the Channel Tunnel between England and France and are being investigated for the storage of nuclear waste . Marl is one of the oldest soil amendments used in agriculture. In addition to increasing available calcium, marl is valuable for improving soil structure and decreasing soil acidity and thereby making other nutrients more available. It
1944-415: Is an indurated (resists crumbling or powdering) rock of about the same composition as marl. This is more correctly described as an earthy or impure argillaceous limestone . It has a blocky subconchoidal fracture, and is less fissile than shale . The dominant carbonate mineral in most marls is calcite , but other carbonate minerals such as aragonite or dolomite may be present. Glauconitic marl
2052-725: Is based at the Council Offices on St Peter's Hill in Grantham. The building was purpose-built for the council and opened in 1987. South Kesteven borders North Kesteven to the north, as far east as Horbling , where the A52 crosses the South Forty-Foot Drain . From there south it borders South Holland along the South Forty-Foot Drain, crossing the A151 just west of Guthram Gowt . The border follows
2160-718: Is covered by Lincolnshire Enterprise. Outside of the main towns, commercial development has been allocated for Colsterworth and the Roseland Business Park at Long Bennington on part of the former RAF Bottesford . The district forms the northern sector of the Peterborough Sub-Region (formed also with Rutland, South Holland, East Northamptonshire , Huntingdonshire and Fenland ). Bourne, Stamford and Market Deeping are in Peterborough's travel to work area (TTWA). North of there, Grantham
2268-564: Is marl containing pellets of glauconite , a clay mineral that gives the marl a green color. Glauconite is characteristic of sediments deposited in marine conditions. The lower stratigraphic units of the chalk cliffs of Dover consist of a sequence of glauconitic marls followed by rhythmically banded limestone and marl layers. Such alternating cycles of chalk and marl are common in Cretaceous beds of northwestern Europe. The Channel Tunnel follows these marl layers between France and
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#17327727997212376-725: Is now known as Invictas Engineering. A trailer company, Crane-Fruehauf, moved into part of the factory from its former home at Dereham , when it went into receivership in early 2005. British Manufacture and Research Company (British Marc Ltd or BMARC ), in Springfield Road, made munitions, notably the Hispano cannon for the Spitfire and Hurricane from 1937 onwards. It was owned by the Swiss Oerlikon from 1971 until 1988, becoming part of Astra Holdings plc. The firm
2484-553: Is obscure and debated. The medievalist Sir Frank Stenton argued that Grantham probably emerged as an "important estate centre" before the Viking invasions in the 9th century and then functioned as a "minor local capital" in the Danelaw . By contrast, the historian David Roffe has argued that the town and its outlying soke were established in the 1040s or 1050s by Queen Edith and Leofric, Earl of Mercia , to strengthen their hands in
2592-642: Is poor. As the ground rises on the town's eastern and southern fringes, it is underlain by Jurassic Marlstone rocks of ferruginous sandstone and ironstone formed 190–174 million years ago, and then by Whitby Mudstone of 174–183 million years ago. The land rises sharply to form the Lincoln Cliff that marks the edge of the urban area and start of the Lincoln Heath and Kesteven Uplands, which are capped by Jurassic Oolitic Limestone , mostly overlain by shallow, free-draining, lime -rich soils. To
2700-551: Is recognised as its birthplace. The Belton Park estate had been a training centre for the Machine Gun Corps from November 1915. The RAF Regiment reached in excess of 66,000 personnel and during training was housed at RAF Belton Park , the Regiment's first depot, RAF Folkingham and RAF North Witham . Grantham was first after London to recruit and train women police officers. It was the first provincial force to ask
2808-504: Is the next TTWA. The A15 corridor to Bourne is where most people in the district work in Peterborough. At the 2001 census it was found only 65% of workers work in the district, but 13% go to Peterborough, 3% to Rutland and 2% to North Kesteven. Around 21% of people working in the district live elsewhere – 3% from North Kesteven and Peterborough, and 2% from Rutland. Around 700 people in the district travel to work in London. In 2011, South Kesteven District Council invested £60,000 to transform
2916-532: Is to attract high-tech companies, which the district notably lacks (as does most of the county), and was funded by the district and county councils. The district has a stable economy. It lies in the Welland Sub Regional Strategic Partnership (Welland SSP), which covers the district apart from Grantham, and has been run by Welland Enterprise (owned by Norfolk and Waveney Enterprise Services ) based at Stoke Rochford . Grantham
3024-399: The A52 to the west are postwar retail buildings and blocks of flats . North of it is 18th, 19th and 20th-century suburban housing focused on North Parade, which include villas and terraced housing. Further north, off Gonerby Road and Manthorpe Road ( A607 ), these give way to large, low-density, suburban, privately owned housing on estates mostly built in the 1970s and 1980s. Those at
3132-643: The Antonine Itinerary , and sat at the place where River Witham was crossed by the Salter's Way , a trade route connecting the salt-producing coastal and marshland regions with the Midlands. Salter's Way may also have crossed Ermine Street (now B6403) at Cold Harbour , 4 km south-east of Grantham. Saltersford may have been a small town with a market for local farmsteads and smaller settlements. The local historian Michael Honeybone has "no doubt that
3240-590: The B1081 Ermine Street at Toll Bar. The boundary then follows that of Rutland, crossing the East Coast Main Line at Braceborough and Wilsthorpe and again at Carlby . At Castle Bytham , the boundary follows the east side of the A1, and crosses the A1 at South Witham , where a little further west is a corner with the district of Melton . The boundary follows that of Leicestershire along
3348-594: The Charmouth formation of the Lower Jurassic period (199–183 million years ago). This formation is overlain by Belton sand and gravel laid down in estuaries and rivers in the Quaternary period up to 3 million years ago. The river courses are overlain by Quaternary alluvium and to the north by river terrace deposits. The soil around the route of the Witham is wet, acidic, sandy and loamy; its fertility
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3456-606: The Cherry Orchard Estate appeared in the immediate postwar period in medium density, on a layout inspired by the Garden City movement . South of Londonthorpe Lane and north-east of the other estates are medium and high-density housing areas dating largely from the 1970s to the early 21st century; The northernmost, known as The Spinney or Sunningdale , adjoins the post-war Alma Park industrial estate off Londonthorpe Lane. The town's western fringe sits between
3564-538: The Matilda at the Grantham factory. Ruston and Hornsby left in 1963 and most of the factory was taken over by a subsidiary, Alfred Wiseman Gears, which itself left in 1968. The agricultural engine and steamroller manufacturer Aveling and Porter of Rochester , Kent, merged with Barford & Perkins of Peterborough as Aveling-Barford Ltd in 1934, largely with financial help from Ruston & Hornsby, as both firms had entered into administration. The new company took
3672-673: The Melton district of Leicestershire to the west, and the Newark and Sherwood district of Nottinghamshire to the north-west. The district was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972 . It covered the area of five former districts from the administrative county of Kesteven, which were all abolished at the same time: The new district was named South Kesteven referencing its position within Kesteven, one of
3780-661: The RAF Bomber Command 's No. 5 Group and operation HQ were in St Vincents , a building later owned by Aveling-Barford and housing a district council planning department. It was built by Richard Hornsby in 1865 and lived in by his son. It is now a private house. In 1944 (including D-Day ), it was the headquarters for the USAAF 's Ninth Air Force 's IX Troop Carrier Command , known as Grantham Lodge. RAF Spitalgate trained pilots during both world wars, initially as
3888-736: The River Glen near to Tongue End where at Baston, the boundary crosses north–south over Baston and Langtoft fens. It crosses the A1175 at the B1525 junction (the end of the Deepings bypass), then meets the Welland about two miles west of Crowland at a point called Kennulph's Stone. The parish of Deeping St. James is the south-east corner of the district, where the district borders the unitary authority of City of Peterborough . The boundary follows
3996-464: The South Kesteven district of Lincolnshire , a non-metropolitan county in the East Midlands of England. Until 1974 it was a borough , but it is now unparished and bounded by the civil parishes of Great Gonerby to the north-west, Belton and Manthorpe to the north, Londonthorpe and Harrowby Without to the north-east and east, Little Ponton and Stroxton to the south, Harlaxton to
4104-551: The "South Kesteven Independent Group", which sits with the Conservatives as the "South Kesteven Coalition Group" which forms the opposition. The remaining independent councillor (elected as a Conservative) does not belong to any group. The next election is due in 2027. Since the last boundary changes in 2015 the council has comprised 56 councillors representing 30 wards , with each ward electing one, two or three councillors. Elections are held every four years. The council
4212-611: The 1760s. The villages of Manthorpe , Great Gonerby , Barrowby , Londonthorpe and Harlaxton form outlying suburbs of the town. Grantham's name is first attested in the Domesday Book (1086); its origin is not known with certainty. The ending -hām is Old English and means "homestead". The first part of the name may either be the personal name Granta or derive from the Old English word Grand ( gravel ), implying either "Granta's homestead" or "homestead by gravel". In
4320-469: The 18th century. The marl was normally extracted close to its point of use, so that almost every field had a marl pit, but some marl was transported greater distances by railroad. However, marl was gradually replaced by lime and imported mineral fertilizers early in the 19th century. A similar historical pattern was seen in Scotland. Marl was one of a few soil amendments available in limited quantities in
4428-475: The 2023 election and subsequent by-elections and changes of allegiance up to July 2024, the composition of the council was: Of the 25 independent councillors, eight form the "Democratic Independent Group", eight form the "Grantham Independent" group, and five form the "Independent" group, which three groups all form part of the ruling coalition with the Greens and Liberal Democrats. Another three independents form
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4536-489: The 21st century, though less frequently. The rate of application must be adjusted for the reduced content of calcium carbonate versus straight lime, expressed as the calcium carbonate equivalent. Because the carbonate in marl is predominantly calcium carbonate, magnesium deficiency may be seen in crops treated with marl if they are not also supplemented with magnesium. Marl has been used in Pamlico Sound to provide
4644-695: The 7th earl for life with reversion to the crown. William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton was granted the reversion in 1337 and took seisin ten years later. After his death, it reverted again to the Crown and in 1363 Edward II granted it to his son Edmund of Langley, Duke of York , through whose heirs it passed to Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York , a major figure in the Wars of the Roses and rival of Henry VI . After Richard's death in 1460, Henry's Queen Margaret of Anjou attacked Grantham in 1461, but later that year
4752-609: The European Union". The result saw a decisive vote to "Leave the European Union" by 60% of the electorate on a high turnout of 78%. The result went against the views of the local MP Nick Boles who was in favour of a "Remain" vote. The result was declared at Meres Leisure Centre in Grantham early on Friday 24 June by the "Counting officer" (CO) Beverly Agass. 52°48′N 0°30′W / 52.80°N 0.50°W / 52.80; -0.50 Marl Marl makes up
4860-669: The South Kesteven District. Grantham was the birthplace of the UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher . Isaac Newton was educated at the King's School . The town was the workplace of the UK's first warranted female police officer, Edith Smith in 1914. The UK's first running diesel engine was made there in 1892 and the first tractor in 1896. Thomas Paine worked there as an excise officer in
4968-660: The United Kingdom. Upper Cretaceous cyclic sequences in Germany and marl– opal -rich Tortonian - Messinian strata in the Sorbas Basin related to multiple sea drawdown have been correlated with Milankovitch orbital forcing. Marl as lacustrine sediment is common in post- glacial lake -bed sediments. Chara , a macroalga also known as stonewort, thrives in shallow lakes with high pH and alkalinity , where its stems and fruiting bodies become calcified. After
5076-600: The Welland to Stamford, briefly following the B1443 ( Barnack Road) where it skirts the edge of Burghley Park . At the point where the railway crosses under the A1, is the corner of two other districts – Rutland and East Northamptonshire . The boundary with Rutland follows the east side of the A1. Since 1991, none of the A1 bypass is in South Kesteven. The boundary meets that of Great Casterton , and briefly follows
5184-415: The Witham's confluence with the Mowbeck (or Mow Beck). The Witham flows south–north through Grantham. The Mowbeck, which rises from springs at Harlaxton about 3 miles (4.8 km) to the south-west of the town, is culverted behind Westgate and Brook Street until it joins the Witham at White Bridge. The floor of the Witham valley – 50–60 m above sea level in the town centre – is underlain by mudstone of
5292-478: The alga dies, the calcified stems and fruiting bodies break down into fine carbonate particles that mingle with silt and clay to produce marl. Marl ponds of the northeastern United States are often kettle ponds in areas of limestone bedrock that become poor in nutrients ( oligotrophic ) due to precipitation of essential phosphate . Normal pond life is unable to survive, and skeletons of freshwater molluscs such as Sphaerium and Planorbis accumulate as part of
5400-490: The area are: The district has 51 primary schools and 10 state secondary schools. There are 8 independent schools. The district had one of two teacher training colleges in the county until 1978 when Kesteven College of Education at Stoke Rochford Hall closed. More recently the district had the Kesteven Agricultural College at Caythorpe Court , in the north of the district. It was taken over by
5508-535: The area between the Witham, Belton Lane, Londonthorpe Lane and the Lincoln Cliff has suburban housing, mostly privately owned with some let by housing associations . It includes part of the Harrowby Estate , begun in 1928 as council housing ). The part round Belton Lane and Harrowby Lane is a low-density mix of pre- First World War , interwar and postwar houses; the remainder of the large estate and
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#17327727997215616-623: The area is served by BBC East Midlands and ITV Central broadcast from the Waltham TV transmitter. However, the Belmont transmitter is also received that broadcast BBC Yorkshire and Lincolnshire and ITV Yorkshire which also covers the area. With the co-channel interference from the Waltham transmitter, a small number of households in the southern tip of the district are able to receive BBC East and ITV Anglia . Radio stations for
5724-508: The base of Gonerby Hill are known as Gonerby Hill Foot and lie west of the railway line, to the east of which developments are contiguous with the historical core of Manthorpe village. South of the town centre, suburban housing takes the form of late- Victorian and Edwardian brick, terraced and villa houses in grid-plan layouts, initially built for industrial workers and now largely owned or let privately. Alongside some housing in Harlaxton Road (A607), most of these streets cluster round
5832-425: The bottom marl. In Hungary, Buda Marl is found that was formed in the Upper Eocene era. It lies between layers of rock and soil and may be defined it as both "weak rock and strong soil." Marl is the dominant rock type in the Vaca Muerta Formation in Argentina. Marl has been used as a soil conditioner and neutralizing agent for acid soil and in the manufacture of Portland cement . Because some marls have
5940-479: The county and the healthiest people. It has the most employed people in the county – 61,000. The median age of the district is 39. The district is the second least deprived in Lincolnshire, after North Kesteven . 60% of the district live in the towns. Fifteen of the villages are classed as "larger villages" in the district's local plan . In the 2001 census, the district had 58,033 dwellings. For Lower Level Super Output Areas (around 1,500 population), there are 18 in
6048-409: The county at the expense of Siward, Earl of Northumbria . They may have also created St Wulfram's Church either as a new place of worship or as one revived from a possible earlier cell of Crowland Abbey . Roffe argues that Siward's death in 1055 made Grantham's new role less important; as such, its soke only grew to its full extent after the Norman Conquest of England, when the king merged it with
6156-490: The demonstration, a British transport officer suggested putting armour plating and a gun on a Hornsby tractor, so creating some sort of self-propelled gun. David Roberts, managing director of Hornsby, did not pursue the idea, but later expressed regret at not having done so. Four years later, Hornsby sold the patent for its caterpillar track to the Holt Manufacturing Company of California, USA, for $ 8,000, having itself sold only one caterpillar tractor commercially. The Holt system
6264-417: The development of inns such as The George and The Angel . By the 16th century, the economy was diverse. The largest sector was the leather trade, employing a quarter of the known workforce; distribution, food, drink and agricultural trades were also important. By that time, clothing and textiles each accounted for less than 10 per cent of the town's workers. The Lincoln Theatre Company of actors took
6372-490: The district as does the East Coast Main Line . The A52 is a busy east–west route. The A15 is a quieter route and goes through the centre of many villages. The Birmingham to Peterborough Line passes through Stamford, which is one of the few east–west routes. The Skegness to Nottingham line (The Poacher Line) and the East Coast Main Line serve Grantham. This is another east–west route that also carries train services between Norwich and Liverpool. In terms of television,
6480-419: The district is covered by civil parishes , the exception being the area of the pre-1974 borough of Grantham, which is an unparished area with charter trustees instead of a parish council. Proposals to establish a parish of Grantham are being advanced, planned to come into effect in 2024. The parish councils for Bourne, Market Deeping and Stamford have declared their parishes to be towns, allowing them to take
6588-420: The district is where it meets the former route of Ermine Street , and now the Viking Way. This is the point where it meets the corners of Cranwell and Byard's Leap, and Temple Bruer with Temple High Grange in North Kesteven. The boundary follows the Viking Way for three miles south, crossing the A17. It follows the B6403 to just north of Ancaster . It skirts Ancaster then rejoins the B6403 south of Ancaster to
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#17327727997216696-449: The district of Newark and Sherwood (Staunton) at Three Shire Oak. The boundary crosses the A1 at Shire Bridge. It follows Shire Dyke at Claypole , crossing the East Coast Main Line , then briefly follows the River Witham . The north-west corner of the district is on the River Witham at Claypole just south of Barnby in the Willows . Further east, a two-mile section of the A17 skirts the district, just east of Byards Leap . A corner of
6804-399: The early 20th century, the town's name was still pronounced Grant-m or Grahnt-m ; but as people moved more frequently and became more literate, they began to derive the place name from its spelling and the pronunciation shifted to Granthum (the t and h becoming a th phoneme). This was already becoming common in 1920, and the later pronunciation is now the norm. Grantham is a town in
6912-412: The edge of the town's urban area. Further east, off the A52, are the Prince William of Gloucester Barracks . The north-east fringe of the urban area is marked by 20th-century development. An exception is a piece of land east of the Witham and north of Stonebridge Road that includes schools and colleges and portions of a 19th-century barracks complex south of greenspace, including Wyndham Park . Otherwise
7020-532: The first policewoman in Britain with full powers of arrest. Richard Hornsby and Richard Seaman founded Seaman & Hornsby, Iron Founders and Millwrights, at Spittlegate in Grantham in 1810. The company was renamed Richard Hornsby & Sons when Seaman retired in 1828. Products included ploughs and seed drills. From 1840 until 1906 the company built steam engines. Thereafter production shifted to oil, petrol and gas engines. It employed 378 men in 1878 and 3,500 in 1914. In 1905 Richard Hornsby & Sons invented
7128-406: The former Sewstern Lane, which is now the Viking Way where it crosses the eastern end of Saltby Airfield . The boundary deviates from the Viking Way at Woolsthorpe-by-Belvoir where it briefly follows the River Devon . It crosses the A52 and railway at Sedgebrook . This area is part of the Vale of Belvoir . The boundary then passes through the former RAF Bottesford , where just north it meets
7236-401: The independent councillors with the Greens, Liberal Democrats and Labour. The first election to the council was held in 1973, initially operating as a shadow authority alongside the outgoing authorities until the new arrangements came into effect on 1 April 1974. Political control of the council since 1974 has been as follows: The leaders of the council since 2002 have been: Following
7344-413: The king granted it to his ally William de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey . It was held as a life interest and reverted to the Crown on his widow's death in 1249, but regranted to his son the 6th earl in 1266. On his death in 1304 it reverted to the crown and was soon granted to Aymer de Valence , but had been regranted to Warenne's grandson, the 7th earl , by 1312. Four years later it was resettled on
7452-429: The king had the manor; there were four mills and eight acres of meadow, but no arable land. The demesne appears to have been land now known as Earlesfield in Great Gonerby. There were 111 burgesses and 72 bordars , possibly labourers or craftsmen, indicating that Grantham was both a manor and a borough where the lord retained exclusive rights. It was a valuable asset, used by the king to reward loyal followers. By 1129,
7560-407: The king. The wool trade boomed in the early 14th century; the town's merchants traded at least 980 sacks of wool at Boston during Edward II 's reign, half from the de Chesterton family. In 1312, the earl granted the burgesses various freedoms and the right to elect a leader (the Alderman ), codifying a longstanding informal arrangement. Later in the century the king sought to raise revenues by taxing
7668-409: The large 1980s and 1990s estate to its north. Most of this is privately owned, but some is let by housing associations. The canal basin is lined with industrial, warehouse , retail and office buildings that continue up to Dysart Road. South of them are Harlaxton Road (A607) and Springfield Road, round which separate residential developments have been built, including inter-war homes in Huntingtower Road,
7776-487: The lower part of the cliffs of Dover , and the Channel Tunnel follows these marl layers between France and the United Kingdom. Marl is also a common sediment in post- glacial lakes , such as the marl ponds of the northeastern United States. Marl has been used as a soil conditioner and neutralizing agent for acid soil and in the manufacture of cement . Marl or marlstone is a carbonate -rich mud or mudstone which contains variable amounts of clays and silt . The term
7884-525: The manor and soke had been granted to Rabel de Tancarville , the king's chamberlain in Normandy . He sided against King Stephen during The Anarchy (1135–1154) and his lands were probably forfeited on his death in 1140, although restored to his son William and confirmed in the early 1180s. The king retook the manor after William's heir Ralph de Tancarville failed to support him in Normandy. In 1205,
7992-477: The modern town, making it "difficult to unravel". Early prehistoric hunter-gatherers visited the area. Scattered Stone Age tools have been found, the earliest being a Palaeolithic axe on the Cherry Orchard Estate, dating between 40,000 and 150,000 years ago. The next earliest material consist of Mesolithic flints crafted 4,000 to 8,000 years ago and found round Gonerby Hill and the riverside in
8100-402: The nearby region, but lower than Peterborough or Rutland (both 20%); the UK average is 20%. Although the district has a lower job density (jobs per resident) than the UK average, the relatively low local unemployment rate means many residents work outside the district. This also means that unemployed residents would be better looking for employment outside the district. Stamford has a presence in
8208-464: The newly formed University of Lincoln , who closed it one year later in 2002. Due to neighbouring Rutland not having a further education college, it relies on New College Stamford . Rutland also shares an Employment and Skills Board, Education Business Partnership , Connexions (agency) , Aimhigher centre, and learndirect service (Lincolnshire & Rutland Hub based at Lincoln College ). On Thursday 23 June 2016 South Kesteven voted in only
8316-579: The newly formed Corps of Women's Police Volunteers to supply them with occasional policewomen, recognising them as useful for dealing with women and juveniles. In December 1914 Miss Damer Dawson, the Chief of the Corps, came to Grantham to supervise the preliminary work of the women police. Officers stationed there were Miss Allen and Miss Harburn. In 1915, Grantham magistrates swore in Edith Smith , making her
8424-580: The publishing sector, specialising in domestic pets and aviation, helped by the proximity of EMAP in Orton, Peterborough. The largest employer in Bourne is the Bourne Prepared Produce site of Bakkavör , who prepare salads, and stir fry vegetables. The district opened its first purpose-built business innovation centre, called Eventus , on the A1175 at Market Deeping in July 2010. This
8532-623: The railway line, the A1 bypass and the Kesteven Uplands. North of the canal are large, varied developments mostly from the 20th century, including the Earlesfield estate, begun as a council estate in the 1920s and expanded in the postwar period, industrial estates, and a leisure centre complex, all south of Barrowby Stream, by the expansive 1980s estate on Green Hill , the Edwardian and Victorian villas lining Barrowby Road, and
8640-469: The railway station and nearby retail and industrial units in an area known as Spittlegate (also spelled Spitalgate or Spittalgate), the town cemetery – an area called New Somerby in older maps – and the Wharf Road, London Road and Bridge End Road stretches of the A52. Further south-east, low-density, mostly privately owned, suburban housing estates of the 1970s and 1980s cluster round the A52, marking
8748-560: The route of the Mowbeck from Echo Farm into the town. West of there it cuts through a valley north of Harlaxton into the Vale of Belvoir, eventually reaching West Bridgford near Nottingham . The historical core of Grantham is bounded by Westgate, Brook Street and Castlegate, and includes the High Street down to St Peter's Hill. This is the town's main retail and commercial area. It includes many historic buildings. Between Westgate and
8856-593: The shallow valley of Barrowby Stream . At its highest the scarp is capped by Jurassic ferruginous sandstone and ironstone rocks of the Marlstone formation. There are some head deposits and pleistocene glaciofluvial deposits of sand and gravel east of Barrowby. The soil in the lower areas is slowly permeable , seasonally wet and slightly acidic, though base-rich . On higher ground it tends to be slightly acidic and base-rich, but freely draining and highly fertile. Grantham Canal , which opened in 1797, closely follows
8964-804: The soil. Some marl beds have a very low permeability and are under consideration for use in the storage of nuclear waste . One such proposed storage site is the Wellenberg in central Switzerland. A marl lake is a lake whose bottom sediments include large deposits of marl. They are most often found in areas of recent glaciation and are characterized by alkaline water, rich in dissolved calcium carbonate, from which carbonate minerals are deposited. Marl lakes have frequently been dredged or mined for marl, often used for manufacturing Portland cement . However, they are regarded as ecologically important, and are vulnerable to damage by silting , nutrient pollution , drainage , and invasive species . In Britain, only
9072-419: The soke of Great Ponton. Whatever its origins, by the time of the Domesday Book (1086, the earliest documentary evidence for the settlement), Grantham was a town and royal manor ; under its jurisdiction fell soke comprising lands in 16 villages. St Wulfram's served this extended parish area. Grantham's Domesday entries show it as an estate centre, where Queen Edith had a hall before 1066. Twenty years later,
9180-555: The south of the town. Neolithic people probably settled in the Grantham area for its proximity to the rivers and its fertile soils; material suggesting settlement in this period has been found at Great Ponton . Other scattered finds have been unearthed around the town. Remains of a Neolithic ritual site on the parish boundary between Harlaxton and Grantham are known from aerial photography . Bronze Age artefacts include pottery vessels, with human remains found in Little Gonerby,
9288-538: The south-west, and Barrowby to the west. Its urban area is almost entirely within the unparished area, though The Spinney housing estate , Alma Park industrial estate and part of the Bridge End Road housing estate are in Londonthorpe and Harrowby Without. In 2023 plans for a town council were approved meaning the area will be parished. The town lies in the valley of the River Witham , its core at
9396-459: The southern United States, where soils were generally poor in nutrients, prior to about 1840. By the late 19th century, marl was being mined on an industrial scale in New Jersey and was increasingly being used on a more scientific basis, with marl being classified by grade and the state geological survey publishing detailed chemical analyses. Marl continues to be used for agriculture into
9504-402: The style "town council". Some of the smaller parishes have a parish meeting rather than a parish council. The parishes are: There was a population of 124,745 in the district at the 2001 census; it is the second-largest district in Lincolnshire by population after East Lindsey . However, it has the most people in the county aged under 19 and 25–49. It has the most university-educated people in
9612-626: The third major UK-wide referendum on the issue of the United Kingdom's membership of the European Union in the 2016 EU Referendum under the provisions of the European Union Referendum Act 2015 where voters were asked to decide on the question "Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union or leave the European Union?” by voting for either "Remain a member of the European Union" or "Leave
9720-403: The three historic parts of Lincolnshire . South Kesteven District Council provides district-level services. County-level services are provided by Lincolnshire County Council . Much of the district is also covered by civil parishes , which form a third tier of local government. The council has been under no overall control since the 2023 election , being run by a coalition of some of
9828-527: The top 10% least deprived in England; around 30,000 people. Farming is the main rural industry. The National Transmission System passes north–south through the district just west of Bourne and the A15 . 23% of occupations are in hotel and catering; 23% in public administration, education, and health; and 27% in construction and manufacturing. 18% of companies are in knowledge-based industries, fairly high for
9936-744: The town centre were green fields. Green Hill, on the A52, was literally a green hill. In July 1975 the National Association of Ratepayers' Action Groups (NARAG) was formed in Grantham by John Wilks, its chairman, as a forerunner of the TaxPayers' Alliance . The town has a long military history since the completion of the Old Barracks in 1858. During the Dambuster Raids Royal Air Force missions in May 1943,
10044-463: The town in the late 13th century (foremost being was Roger de Belvoir, who contributed over £296 to the Wool Prize of 1297). By this time merchants from Italy , Saint-Omer and Amiens were active in the town. In 1269, the earl granted the town free tronage – the right to weigh wool without paying a toll . Less than 30 years later, its merchants were asked to send a representative to counsel
10152-637: The town of Grantham was established during [Anglo-]Saxon times"; its name suggests it emerged in the earliest phase of Anglo-Saxon settlement, probably by the 7th century. The archaeological evidence for this is limited to finds indicating cemeteries at the sites of the Central School in Manthorpe and the junction of Bridge End Road and London Road in the town, and to small quantities of pottery sherds found on London Road, Belton Lane, Saltersford, New Somerby and Barrowby. The town's Saxon-period history
10260-461: The traditional Kesteven division of the county. Its council is based in Grantham . The district also includes the towns of Bourne , Market Deeping and Stamford , along with numerous villages and surrounding rural areas. South Kesteven borders North Kesteven to the north, South Holland to the east, the City of Peterborough and North Northamptonshire to the south, Rutland to the south-west,
10368-548: The west, the town is near the edge of the low-lying Vale of Belvoir but fringed by an escarpment rising in places to over 100 m to form the hills on which sit Barrowby, Great Gonerby, the Green Hill and Earlesfield suburban areas and the business parks off Trent Road. These hills are of siltstone and mudstone of the Jurassic Dyrham Formation , which line the edges of the Witham and Mowbeck valleys and
10476-522: The wool trade; some Grantham merchants, including the wealthy Roger de Wollesthorpe, acted as creditors to the king. England's falling population, continued taxation of wool exports and the growth of cloth exports and monopolisation led to the wool trade declining by the mid-15th century. Cloth exports became more important nationally. Grantham had a small cloth industry, but it could not compete with new fulling mills , which required fast-flowing water. Its merchants continued to trade in wool and it remained
10584-522: The world's smallest tractor, the Barford Atom, weighing 177 pounds (80 kilograms). Now Barford Construction Equipment, it makes dumpers for construction sites, being owned by Wordsworth Holdings PLC , owned in turn by the entrepreneur Duncan Wordsworth until it went into administration in March 2010. A restructuring package resulted in ownership transferring to Bowdon Investment Group in May 2010. It
10692-595: Was achieved solely through compression; it ran continuously for six hours as the first known diesel engine. In the town, Hornsby's built Elsham House, whose grounds became Grantham College ) and the Shirley Croft. Its site in Houghton Road was bought from Lord Dysart. In 1910 Hornsby presented its chain-track vehicle to the British Army, which then bought four caterpillar tractors to tow artillery. At
10800-600: Was an "important market town". The wool trade prospered, benefiting from its proximity to grazing lands on the Lincoln Heath. This wealth contributed towards the building of St Wulfram's Church . Wool shops were in Grantham in 1218 and Walkergate (now Watergate) was recorded in 1257, indicating the presence of fullers (walkers), who played a role in processing wool. Cloth manufacture declined around this time, but wool continued to be produced for trading, primarily for export from Boston . Wool merchants are recorded from
10908-537: Was bought by British Aerospace in 1992, which then closed the site. It has now been developed as a housing estate. The site's former offices are now business units for the Springfield Business Centre. Grantham's register office moved there in 2007. In 1968 Reads of Liverpool built a canning factory in Springfield Road to serve Melton Mowbray, becoming American Can , then Pechiney (French) in 1988, then Impress (Dutch). It closed in 2006 and
11016-419: Was chosen because of its very low permeability, absence of chert , and lack of fissures found in overlying formations. The underlying Glauconitic Marl is easily recognizable in core samples and helped establish the right level for excavating the tunnel. Marl soil has poor engineering properties, particularly when alternately wetted and dried. The soils can be stabilized by adding pozzolan ( volcanic ash ) to
11124-524: Was closing due to the imminent ending of National Service ), and moved to RAF Hereford (now the home of SAS ). After closure, RAF Spitalgate became the Royal Corps of Transport, later Royal Logistic Corps barracks: Prince William of Gloucester Barracks , named after Prince William of Gloucester . Grantham College used the site's two football pitches for their South Lincolnshire Football Development Centre (from September 2004). After closure in 1975
11232-524: Was defeated by Richard's son Edward, who took the throne as Edward IV . Two years later, Grantham was rewarded for loyalty to the Yorkist cause when the king granted the borough a charter of incorporation , as a self-governing council – the Corporation of Grantham headed by an Alderman – with various freedoms. Its lords encouraged Grantham to expand as a commercial centre. By the late 11th century it
11340-573: Was demolished in 2007 to make way for a housing estate. Ransome & Marles Bearing had a ball bearing factory in the town until 1957, when production was moved to Newark. Mowbray and Co Ltd, a brewery, was bought by J. W. Green of Luton. It was founded in September 1828 and became a public company in 1880. It closed in 1967. South Kesteven South Kesteven is a local government district in Lincolnshire , England, forming part of
11448-444: Was originally loosely applied to a variety of materials, most of which occur as loose, earthy deposits consisting chiefly of an intimate mixture of clay and calcium carbonate , formed under freshwater conditions. These typically contain 35–65% clay and 65–35% carbonate. The term is today often used to describe indurated marine deposits and lacustrine (lake) sediments which more accurately should be named 'marlstone'. Marlstone
11556-476: Was superior to Hornsby's, but the Hornsby transmission was what Holt really wanted. Thanks in part to this acquisition, Holt eventually became the successful Caterpillar Inc. Tractor Company. In 1918, Hornsby's amalgamated with Rustons as Ruston & Hornsby . In the 1920s the company had its own orchestra in the town; the site was a diesel engine plant. During the Second World War, the company made tanks such as
11664-662: Was used sporadically in Britain beginning in prehistoric times and its use was mentioned by Pliny the Elder in the 1st century. Its more widespread use from the 16th century on contributed to the early modern agricultural revolution. However, the lack of a high-energy economy hindered its large-scale use until the Industrial Revolution . Marl was used extensively in Britain, particularly in Lancashire , during
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