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36-661: Cambridge is a university town and the administrative centre of the county of Cambridgeshire , England . It lies in East Anglia about 50 miles (80 km) north of London . Its main transport links are the M11 road to London, the A14 east–west road and the West Anglia Main Line railway to London. Cambridge has several bus services including routes linking five Park and Ride sites all of which operate seven days

72-520: A charter service to Jersey was operated and flights to other European destinations such as Gothenburg were operated on either a scheduled or charter basis. At the end of January 2016 all scheduled and charter flights from the airport were halted due to a lack of passenger numbers. A dealer in fibreglass -moulded light monoplanes is also based at the airport. The airport and nearby land have been marked for re-development, with approximately 10,000 to 12,000 new homes to be built. Several developments to

108-593: A bus-only guided section along the former Cambridge-St Ives railway south-east into Cambridge, where it rejoins the road at either Milton Road or Histon Road and then continues to Cambridge railway station on normal roads. From there it is again guided to Addenbrooke's Hospital and Trumpington Park and Ride. An additional short spur, to Cambridge North railway station , opened in 2017. The scheme, budgeted at £116.2 million, had been scheduled to open in early 2009 but did not open until August 2011. The scheme had been heavily criticised by campaigners who believed that

144-507: A direct rail route to Oxford, possibly by 2030. The nearest passenger services are from London Stansted Airport at 28 miles (45 km) and London Luton Airport at 32 miles (51 km), Birmingham Airport at 91 miles (146 km), London Gatwick Airport at 93 miles (150 km) and London Heathrow Airport at 70 miles (113 km) all being about 90 minutes' travel, and the smaller London City Airport at 57 miles (92 km) approximately 75 minutes' travel. The city's own airport

180-411: A low cost of living , and often a pedestrian - or public transit -friendly development pattern. Several development companies now specialize in constructing retirement communities in college towns. In some cases the communities have developed formal relationships with the local institution. The demand for housing from students, faculty, staff, and retirees kept college town home prices stable during

216-491: A term with somewhat derogatory connotations. While noise, traffic, and other quality of life issues have not been resolved, some advocates of New Urbanism have led the development of neighborhoods in college towns by specifically capitalizing on their proximity to university life. For instance, some universities have developed properties to allow faculty and staff members to walk to work, reducing demand for limited on-campus parking; Duke University 's Trinity Heights development

252-579: A university expands its facilities, the potential loss of property tax revenue is thus a concern, in addition to local desire to preserve open space or historic neighborhoods. As a result, local people may resent the university and its students. The students, in turn, may criticize the local residents' taking jobs at the university provided by student tuition and fees, and accepting the tax revenues (e.g. local sales tax, property tax on rented properties) that students generate, but resenting students' lifestyles. Some students refer to other inhabitants as "townies",

288-490: A week and are aimed at encouraging motorists to park near the city's edge. Since 7 August 2011, the Cambridgeshire Guided Busway has bus services running into the centre of Cambridge. Most buses run to and from the bus station located on Drummer Street in the heart of the city, although there are significant interchanges at the railway station and at Addenbrooke's Hospital . The principal operator

324-563: A £5 congestion charge for cars and some other vehicles, coupled with £1 bus fares for single journeys to encourage use of buses. A consultation on proposals for the Sustainable Travel Zone ended in December 2022. College town In Europe , a university town is generally characterised by having an ancient university . The economy of the city is closely related with the university activity and highly supported by

360-448: Is Cambridge Airport (formerly Marshall Airport Cambridge UK and originally Teversham Aerodrome) and is owned by Marshall Aerospace . There are no scheduled passenger services, though the runway can accommodate an unladen Boeing 747 or MD-11 and ScotAirways used to make scheduled flights to Amsterdam Schiphol Airport . The airport is used mainly by business, leisure and training flights, and to fly in aircraft for maintenance. In 2004

396-461: Is Stagecoach . On 30 October 2022, Stagecoach cancelled 18 Cambridgeshire bus routes due to "significant falls in passenger numbers". Stagecoach has received a lot of backlash for this decision, including from the mayor of Cambridgeshire and Peterborough, Dr Nik Johnson . Cambridgeshire Guided Busway is the world's longest guided busway and passes through Cambridge. The designated route runs on normal road from Huntingdon to St Ives , then via

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432-655: Is a key example. In many cases, developers have built communities where access to the university (even if not directly adjacent) is promoted as an advantage. Student housing is also an important component of college towns. In the United States most state universities have 50 percent or more of their enrolled students living off-campus. This trend, which began in the 1960s, originally meant the conversion of near campus single-family homes to student housing, creating " student ghettos ." Colleges and other developers began building purpose-built off-campus student housing areas in

468-542: Is also less than an hour from Cambridge, which provides direct connections to Leeds, Newcastle and Edinburgh Waverley. Cambridge South , adjacent to the Cambridge Biomedical Campus , will be Cambridge's third station, and is planned to open in 2025. The railway service connecting Cambridge and Oxford, known as the Varsity Line , ceased in 1968. The East West Rail proposal plans to reinstate

504-569: Is believed to be higher as many thefts are not reported to the police. Cambridge currently has two railway stations. Cambridge railway station was built in 1845 with a platform designed to take two full-length trains, the third longest in the country. Cambridge North railway station is located in the suburb of Chesterton , close to Cambridge Science Park , and opened in May 2017. Both stations are run by Greater Anglia . Cambridge has direct rail links to London with termini at London King's Cross (on

540-576: Is currently graded for 100 miles per hour (161 km/h). The line is all welded rail , but because of the flat geography there are many level crossings , and they make it harder to run at higher speeds. Aside from London, Cambridge is linked by rail to King's Lynn and Ely (via the Fen Line ), Norwich (via the Breckland Line ), Leicester , Birmingham New Street , Ipswich and Stansted Airport . The important UK rail hub of Peterborough

576-581: Is the Cambridge Cycling Campaign . The city was chosen as a Cycling Town by the Department for Transport in 2008, with central government funding an expansion of cycling facilities in the city and its surrounding villages. There was a 5% increase in cycling from 2013 to 2014 – an increase of 88% since 2004. Bike theft in the city is a problem, with over 3000 bicycles reported stolen between April 2005 and March 2006. The actual number

612-596: The A10 , a former Roman road from north London to Ely and King's Lynn . The A428 connects the city with Bedford and St Neots , and the A1303 to Newmarket and beyond to Colchester . Some roads around the city have been designated as forming a ring road about a mile and a half in diameter, inside which there are traffic restrictions. There are five council car parks in the city centre. There are limited numbers of metered bays offering parking for up to 1–8 hours across

648-605: The Hitchin-Cambridge Line and the East Coast Main Line ) and Liverpool Street (on the West Anglia Main Line ). There is a direct shuttle service to King's Cross every half-hour during off peak hours. Peak hour trains to King's Cross have additional stops. Future developments for the Cambridge to London line include the provision of 125 miles per hour (201 km/h) high speed trains. The line

684-413: The cost of living above that of the region. It is common for university employees to commute from surrounding areas, finding the cost of living in town too expensive. "Studentification", in which a growing student population move in large numbers to traditionally non-student neighborhoods, may be perceived as a form of invasion or gentrification . It may be due to university enrollment expanding beyond

720-527: The 1970s in more college towns. Beginning around 2000 in the United States, nationwide real estate investment trusts (REIT) and publicly traded corporations began developing student housing complexes. Another notable development since the 1990s is the surge in popularity of retirees relocating to college towns. Retirees are attracted to these locations because of cultural and educational opportunities, college athletic events, good medical facilities (often at teaching hospitals affiliated with medical schools ),

756-516: The Cambridge Station area has been given the green light and has been awarded £1.5 million of central government money to help pay for the scheme. The Hills Road Bridge safety scheme is still included in the project. The Greater Cambridge Partnership (GCP) is a local delivery body for a City Deal with central government created in 2014, envisaging an investment of £500 million, mainly transport investment, over 15 years to create growth in

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792-663: The County Council revealed its plans to spend £25 million on renovating the area from Regent Street to the Cherry Hinton Road Junction, entitled Project Cambridge . The scheme is composed of many smaller projects with common themes of making junctions easier for pedestrians to cross, promoting cycle use and reducing traffic. The scheme is to be funded through tax increment financing where the money would initially be borrowed and would be repaid over 25 years from increases in business tax revenue. The scheme

828-508: The absence of a system for payments in lieu of taxes , the university population will disproportionately burden parts of the local public infrastructure, such as roads or law enforcement. Some analysts argue that students relieve the burden on other parts of the local public infrastructure, such as local primary and secondary schools, by far the most costly line item in most North American city and town budgets, by providing tax revenues through local sales tax and property tax paid by landlords. When

864-500: The capacity of on-campus housing, inadequate zoning enforcement, and/or student culture. Neighborhood associations may work to limit conversion of family homes to student rentals, while some local residents may oppose the construction of large on-campus dormitories or expansion of fraternity and sorority houses, forcing a growing enrollment to seek housing in town. In the US, educational institutions are often exempted from local taxes, so in

900-444: The case of a company town , the large and transient university population may come into conflict with other townspeople. Students may come from outside the area, and perhaps subscribe to a different—sometimes radically different—culture. Most students are young people, whose living habits may be different from older people. Economically, the high spending power of the university and of its students in aggregate may inflate

936-717: The centuries. As an example of this, Paris also illustrates the course of educational history with the Sorbonne and the Grande école . Besides a highly educated and largely transient population, a stereotypical college town often has many people in non-traditional lifestyles and subcultures and with a high tolerance for unconventionality in general, and has a very active musical or cultural scene. Many have become centres of technological research and innovative startups . Universities with start-up centers can be large cities like Munich , but also small cities like Trieste . Although

972-553: The city As a university town lying on fairly flat ground and with traffic congestion, Cambridge has a large number of cyclists. Many residents also prefer cycling to driving in the narrow, busy streets, giving the city the highest level of cycle use in the UK. According to the 2001 census, 25% of residents travelled to work by bicycle. A few roads within the city are adapted for cycling, including separate traffic lights for cycle lanes and cycle contraflows on streets which are otherwise one-way;

1008-546: The city also benefits from parks which have shared use paths. There are, however, no separate cycle paths within the city centre. Despite the high levels of cycling, expenditure on cycling infrastructure is around the national average of 0.3% of the transport budget. There are a few cycle routes in the surrounding countryside and the city is now linked to the National Cycle Network . The main organisation campaigning to improve conditions for cyclists in Cambridge

1044-450: The city centre up to every 7 minutes. Because of its rapid growth in the 20th century, Cambridge has a congested road network. Several major roads intersect at Cambridge. The M11 motorway from North-East London terminates to the north-west of the city where it joins the A14 . Skirting the northern edge of Cambridge, the A14 is a major freight route which connects the port of Felixstowe on

1080-579: The concept of a university town has developed since the European Middle Ages, equivalents already existed in earlier times and in non-European cultures. For example, in later Classical times the city of Athens – no longer having any political or military power, but renowned as the greatest center of learning in the Roman Empire – had many of the characteristics of a university town, and is sometimes called such by modern scholars. As in

1116-510: The east coast with the Midlands , North Wales , the west coast and Ireland . The A14 was often congested, particularly the section between Huntingdon and Cambridge that used to only have 2 lanes. However, the A14 upgrade scheme has attempted to address the problem, with this section now upgraded to 3 lanes in each direction, and dual 4 lanes at the Girton interchange. Cambridge is situated on

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1152-490: The entire university structure, which may include university hospitals and clinics, printing houses, libraries, laboratories, business incubators, student rooms, dining halls, students' unions, student societies, and academic festivities. Moreover, the history of the city is often intertwined with that of the university. Many European university towns have not merely been important places of science and education, but also centres of political, cultural and social influence throughout

1188-573: The greater Cambridge area. Its four partners are Cambridge City Council , Cambridgeshire County Council , South Cambridgeshire District Council , and the University of Cambridge . In February 2022, the joint assembly of the Greater Cambridge Partnership considered ideas towards shifting away from car use. In August 2022, the Greater Cambridge Partnership proposed plans for a Cambridge Sustainable Travel Zone based on

1224-457: The route would be better served by restoring the previous railway route. The city is served by a seven days a week park and ride service run by Cambridgeshire County Council and Stagecoach. Five sites on the outskirts of the city or just outside its boundaries – at Babraham Road, Madingley Road, Milton , Newmarket Road and Trumpington – provide over 4,500 parking spaces, electric car charging and other facilities. Buses run from these sites into

1260-402: The transport system in Cambridge have been proposed by Cambridgeshire County Council . In 1950, a city plan for Cambridge was published. Chaired by Sir William Holford , an eminent architect and planner, it proposed a set of changes with a relief road for the centre of Cambridge, which would have destroyed terraced housing and other areas. These plans were, however, never implemented. In 2009

1296-472: Was due to be discussed by councillors in October 2009. The area around Cambridge railway station , was extensively redeveloped between 2010 and 2022. The station capacity was increased to match usage, and the surrounding industrial area and office blocks were replaced with flats, offices, student accommodation, 3000-space cycle park, a hotel and shops. at an estimated cost of £3.1 million. The redevelopment of

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