79-574: The Grorud Line ( Norwegian : Grorudbanen ) is a 13.0-kilometer long (8.1 mi) line on the Oslo Metro between Tøyen and Vestli in Oslo , Norway . Built as a mix of underground, at ground level and as an elevated line, it runs through the northern part of Groruddalen , serving such neighborhoods as Grorud , Romsås and Stovner . Line 5 runs along the entire line four times per hour. Line 4 runs between Vestli and Økern before branching off on
158-528: A dialect continuum of more or less mutually intelligible local and regional varieties; some Norwegian and Swedish dialects , in particular, are very close. These Scandinavian languages, together with Faroese and Icelandic as well as some extinct languages , constitute the North Germanic languages. Faroese and Icelandic are not mutually intelligible with Norwegian in their spoken form because continental Scandinavian has diverged from them. While
237-459: A 1950 municipal plan. The basics for the metro were established in 1951, with a common segment through Enerhaugen with a terminus at Grønlands torg , to avoid having to cross Akerselva . The plans were made such that in the future the line could be extended to connect to Holmenkolbanen 's western underground line at Nationalthatret . Four branches would be built, including the Grorud Line;
316-435: A distinct dialect at the level of farm clusters. Dialects are in some cases so dissimilar as to be unintelligible to unfamiliar listeners. Many linguists note a trend toward regionalization of dialects that diminishes the differences at such local levels; there is, however, a renewed interest in preserving dialects. Norwegian nouns are inflected for number (singular/plural) and for definiteness (indefinite/definite). In
395-548: A few dialects, definite nouns are also inflected for the dative case . Norwegian nouns belong to three noun classes (genders): masculine, feminine and neuter. All feminine nouns can optionally be inflected using masculine noun class morphology in Bokmål due to its Danish heritage. In comparison, the use of all three genders (including the feminine) is mandatory in Nynorsk. All Norwegian dialects have traditionally retained all
474-400: A high, sharply falling pitch in the first syllable and a low pitch in the beginning of the second syllable. In both accents, these pitch movements are followed by a rise of intonational nature (phrase accent)—the size (and presence) of which signals emphasis or focus, and corresponds in function to the normal accent in languages that lack lexical tone , such as English. That rise culminates in
553-498: A new rail transport plan for the capital area. The winning design, made by Jørgen Barth, included a series of suburban lines, including one in the northern Groruddaen (contemporary known as Akerdalen). This resulted in a municipal urban rail plan that was passed in 1919. It proposed a somewhat different routing, with the Ring Line running via Grefsen and the Grorud Line running via Ensjø . Other lines were prioritized first, but from
632-501: A noun, unlike English which has a separate article, the , to indicate the same. In general, almost all nouns in Bokmål follow these patterns (like the words in the examples above): In contrast, almost all nouns in Nynorsk follow these patterns (the noun gender system is more pronounced than in Bokmål): There is in general no way to infer what grammatical gender a specific noun has, but there are some patterns of nouns where
711-421: A single language, to be called Samnorsk . A 1946 poll showed that this policy was supported by 79% of Norwegians at the time. However, opponents of the official policy still managed to create a massive protest movement against Samnorsk in the 1950s, fighting in particular the use of "radical" forms in Bokmål text books in schools. In the reform in 1959, the 1938 reform was partially reversed in Bokmål, but Nynorsk
790-428: A single vote. The name Nynorsk , the linguistic term for modern Norwegian , was chosen to contrast with Danish and emphasise the historical connection to Old Norwegian. Today, this meaning is often lost, and it is commonly mistaken as a "new" Norwegian in contrast to the "real" Norwegian Bokmål. Bokmål and Nynorsk were made closer by a reform in 1938. This was a result of a state policy to merge Nynorsk and Bokmål into
869-413: Is Bokmål will study Nynorsk as a mandatory subject throughout both elementary and high school. A 2005 poll indicates that 86.3% use primarily Bokmål as their daily written language, 5.5% use both Bokmål and Nynorsk, and 7.5% use primarily Nynorsk. Thus, 13% are frequently writing Nynorsk, though the majority speak dialects that resemble Nynorsk more closely than Bokmål. Broadly speaking, Nynorsk writing
SECTION 10
#1732772691827948-411: Is a language form based on Norwegian dialects and puristic opposition to Danish. The now-abandoned official policy to merge Bokmål and Nynorsk into one common language called Samnorsk through a series of spelling reforms has created a wide spectrum of varieties of both Bokmål and Nynorsk. The unofficial form known as Riksmål is considered more conservative than Bokmål and is far closer to Danish while
1027-519: Is located within the tunnel, which ends just before reaching Rommen Station . The line continues at ground level until just before Stovner Station , at which time it enters a 1,340-meter (4,400 ft) tunnel. The line continues in this tunnel until reaching the terminus of Vestli Station . The Grorud line is served by lines 4 and 5 of the Oslo Metro, both lines running four times per hour. All have reduced services during late evenings and parts of
1106-609: Is regulated by the Norwegian Academy , which determines acceptable spelling, grammar, and vocabulary. There is also an unofficial form of Nynorsk, called Høgnorsk , discarding the post-1917 reforms, and thus close to Ivar Aasen's original Landsmål. It is supported by Ivar Aasen-sambandet , but has found no widespread use. In 2010, 86.5% of the pupils in the primary and lower secondary schools in Norway receive education in Bokmål, while 13.0% receive education in Nynorsk. From
1185-459: Is to write in dialect for informal use. When writing an SMS, Facebook update, or fridge note, many people, especially young ones, write approximations of the way they talk rather than using Bokmål or Nynorsk. There is general agreement that a wide range of differences makes it difficult to estimate the number of different Norwegian dialects. Variations in grammar, syntax, vocabulary, and pronunciation cut across geographical boundaries and can create
1264-587: Is today to a large extent the same language as Bokmål though somewhat closer to the Danish language. It is regulated by the unofficial Norwegian Academy , which translates the name as 'Standard Norwegian'. The other is Høgnorsk ('High Norwegian'), a more purist form of Nynorsk, which maintains the language in an original form as given by Ivar Aasen and rejects most of the reforms from the 20th century; this form has limited use. Nynorsk and Bokmål provide standards for how to write Norwegian, but not for how to speak
1343-405: Is uvular [ ʁ ] or [ χ ] . And in the dialects of North-Western Norway, it is realized as [ r ] , much like the trilled ⟨rr⟩ of Spanish. Norwegian is a pitch-accent language with two distinct pitch patterns, like Swedish. They are used to differentiate two-syllable words with otherwise identical pronunciation. For example, in many East Norwegian dialects,
1422-496: Is widespread in western Norway, though not in major urban areas, and also in the upper parts of mountain valleys in the southern and eastern parts of Norway. Examples are Setesdal , the western part of Telemark county ( fylke ) and several municipalities in Hallingdal , Valdres , and Gudbrandsdalen . It is little used elsewhere, but 30–40 years ago, it also had strongholds in many rural parts of Trøndelag (mid-Norway) and
1501-466: The Dano-Norwegian language that replaced Middle Norwegian as the elite language after the union of Denmark–Norway in the 16th and 17th centuries and then evolved in Norway, while Nynorsk was developed based upon a collective of spoken Norwegian dialects. Norwegian is one of the two official languages in Norway, along with Sámi , a Finno-Ugric language spoken by less than one percent of
1580-587: The Germanic languages evolved, further branching off into the North Germanic languages , of which Norwegian is one. Proto-Norse is thought to have evolved as a northern dialect of Proto-Germanic during the first centuries AD in what is today Southern Sweden. It is the earliest stage of a characteristically North Germanic language, and the language attested in the Elder Futhark inscriptions,
1659-638: The Hanseatic League between 1250 and 1450 in the main Scandinavian cities brought large Middle Low German –speaking populations to Norway. The influence of their language on Scandinavian is comparable with that of French on English after the Norman conquest . In the late Middle Ages, dialects began to develop in Scandinavia because the population was rural and little travel occurred. When
SECTION 20
#17327726918271738-598: The Løren Line to get onto the Ring Line . With 40,000 daily riders, the Grorud Line is the busiest branch of the metro. Proposals for an urban railway through the upper parts of Groruddalen were first articulated in public documents in 1919. Planning started in the late 1940s and the line was politically approved in 1954, along with three other metro lines and the Common Tunnel . Construction started in 1956 and
1817-564: The Reformation came from Germany, Martin Luther 's High German translation of the Bible was quickly translated into Swedish, Danish, and Icelandic. Norway entered a union with Denmark in 1397 and Danish, over time, replaced Middle Norwegian as the language of the elite, the church, literature, and the law. When the union with Denmark ended in 1814, the Dano-Norwegian koiné had become
1896-474: The rapid transit in Oslo , Norway . The company is owned by Sporveien , which is owned by the municipal Oslo. Sporveien operates on a contract with Ruter , the public transport administration in Oslo and Akershus. The company has 594 employees, and operates 115 metro cars. A total of 101 million passengers used the rapid transit in Oslo in 2022. This Norwegian corporation or company article
1975-475: The 20th century, being used by large newspapers, encyclopedias, and a significant proportion of the population of the capital Oslo, surrounding areas, and other urban areas, as well as much of the literary tradition. Since the reforms of 1981 and 2003 (effective in 2005), the official Bokmål can be adapted to be almost identical with modern Riksmål. The differences between written Riksmål and Bokmål are comparable to American and British English differences . Riksmål
2054-470: The 6.7 kilometers (4.2 mi) section from Hasle to Grorud. This included building a 37-million-kroner tunnel under Ring 3 and the Alna Line. The construction of the Grorud Line ran parallel with a large-scale residential construction along the line, especially on the upper sections. Commuter towns with a mix of row housing, condominiums and high-rises were built along the line, often concentrating close to
2133-624: The Furuset Line. It would have new stations at Øvre Stovner, Lørenskog Station of the Trunk Line and the Oslo Commuter Rail , and Visperud . Visperud has also been proposed as a location for a park and ride for between 500 and 2,000 cars, as it is located on National Road 159 and European Route E6 . Part of the rationale is to serve the new suburb of Skårerødgården , which is planned with 1,200 new houses, located within
2212-555: The Grorud Line to the Ring Line. The Grorud Line is a 13.0 kilometers (8.1 mi) and runs through the northern side of Groruddalen in Oslo. Through the lower section of the line it passes through a mixed residential and commercial area. The Grorud Line branches from the Common Tunnel at Tøyen and continues in a tunnel to Carl Berners plass. At this point there is also a direct, single-track tunnel which allows non-revenue trains access to Ryen Depot . North of Carl Berners plass
2291-512: The Ministry of Culture, official spelling, grammar, and vocabulary for the Norwegian language. The board's work has been subject to considerable controversy throughout the years. Both Nynorsk and Bokmål have a great variety of optional forms. The Bokmål that uses the forms that are close to Riksmål is called moderate or conservative , depending on one's viewpoint, while the Bokmål that uses
2370-592: The Ring Line branches off from the Grorud Line. The latter continues in an S-curve to the neighborhood of Hasle , where it leaves the tunnel and reaches Hasle Station . It continues through a short tunnel under the Alna Line and Ring 3 before reaching Økern Station . Along this section the Løren Line connects to the Grorud Line. The line continues past Risløkka Station parallel to Østre Aker vei. It continues past Vollebekk Station and Linderud , after which
2449-538: The Suburban and Underground Lines, on 15 September 1949. Instrumental in the change of magnitude was the change of was a shift in the zoning planning. There was a large housing shortage in Oslo and the region was experiencing rapid population growth. The solution was to build a series of commuter towns in Aker, which would be the basis for the traffic on the metro. Plans for both a metro and new housing were substantiated in
Grorud Line - Misplaced Pages Continue
2528-464: The Trunk Line, to Trosterud Station on the Furuset Line. Such a cross connection will allow both interconnection between the lower levels of the Grorud Line and the Furuset Line, and at the same time give access from the Furuset Line to the Ring Line. In addition to this, the plans call for a parallel line to the Furuset Line to run through the lower parts of Grurudalen, between the Furuset Line and
2607-583: The Trunk Line. This line could either connect to the Furuset Line at Furuset, or run across the valley, via Grorud Station on the Trunk Line, and connect to the Grorud Line at Rommen. Norwegian language Norwegian ( endonym : norsk [ˈnɔʂːk] ) is a North Germanic language from the Indo-European language family spoken mainly in Norway , where it is an official language. Along with Swedish and Danish , Norwegian forms
2686-408: The accident site. The Ring Line was opened from Carl Berners plass to Sinsen on 22 August 2006, and the section from Tøyen to Carl Berners plass started being served by lines 4 and 6. The metro system started taking delivery of the new MX3000 units in 2007, which would replace the old stock. From 18 August 2008, the line's frequency on Line 5 was increased from four to eight trains per hour, although
2765-410: The catchment area of Lørenskog Station. The line would run entirely underground. The cost of building the 4.8 kilometers (3.0 mi) from Ellingsrudåsen to Stovner is estimated at NOK 2.4 billion. Independent of the northern extension, is a branch from the Furuset Line to a point on the Grorud Line. The plan is to build a new line from Økern via Breivoll , where there would be an interchange with
2844-417: The character of the area changes to residential. The line crosses over to run parallel with National Road 4 from Veitvet Station . The line crosses under National Road 4 and continues past Rødtvet Station and Kalbakken Station . The line then enters a tunnel which it leaves before reaching Ammerud Station . Next the line reaches Grorud Station and immediately afterwards enters a tunnel. Romsås Station
2923-525: The city center is 27 minutes. Transfer to Ruter buses are available at Tøyen, Carl Berners plass, Hasle, Økern, Linderud, Ammerud, Grorud and Stovner. Transfer to the Sinsen Line of the Oslo Tramway is available at Carl Berners plass. The first proposals for a line in the upper part of Groruddalen came as part of a 1917 competition issued by Christiana (later Oslo) and Aker Municipality to plan
3002-399: The dialects and comparing the dialects among the different regions. He examined the development of Icelandic , which had largely escaped the influences under which Norwegian had come. He called his work, which was published in several books from 1848 to 1873, Landsmål , meaning 'national language'. The name Landsmål is sometimes interpreted as 'rural language' or 'country language', but this
3081-596: The dialects. The retroflex consonants only appear in East Norwegian dialects as a result of sandhi , combining / ɾ / with / d / , / l / , / n / , / s / , and / t / . The realization of the rhotic / ɾ / depends on the dialect. In Eastern, Central, and Northern Norwegian dialects, it is a flap [ ɾ ] , whereas in Western and Southern Norway, and for some speakers also in Eastern Norway, it
3160-547: The east–west capacity through the metro system without having to expand the Common Tunnel. Ruter has also proposed building a connection with the Furuset Line, between Furuset and Økern. Trains running on the line will connect to the Ring Line via the Løren Line. Other proposals involve extending the line to Slattum in Nittedal . In the western end of the Grorudalen, a branch from Stovner has been proposed to connect to
3239-644: The eighth grade onwards, pupils are required to learn both. Out of the 431 municipalities in Norway, 161 have declared that they wish to communicate with the central authorities in Bokmål, 116 (representing 12% of the population) in Nynorsk, while 156 are neutral. Of 4,549 state publications in 2000, 8% were in Nynorsk, and 92% in Bokmål. The large national newspapers ( Aftenposten , Dagbladet , and VG ) are published in Bokmål or Riksmål. Some major regional newspapers (including Bergens Tidende and Stavanger Aftenblad ), many political journals, and many local newspapers use both Bokmål and Nynorsk. A newer trend
Grorud Line - Misplaced Pages Continue
3318-481: The existing Østensjø Line would be converted to metro. The Lambertseter Line was politically approved on 3 April 1952 and the full four-line network was approved on 9 December 1954. The latter included moving the terminus to Jernbanetorget . Investments were estimated at 221 million Norwegian krone , including rolling stock. Construction of the Grorud Line started in February 1956. Landwork and electrical equipment
3397-569: The extra trains terminate at Stortinget. By 2010, all T1000 stock had been retired. From 9 December 2012 the Grorud Line has been connected with the Røa Line in the west. Meanwhile, all services on Line 5 were extended to Røa instead of half terminating at Stortinget. Construction of the 1.6 kilometers (0.99 mi) Løren Line began in June 2013. It was scheduled for completion in October 2015 and it
3476-403: The final syllable of an accentual phrase, while the utterance-final fall common in most languages is either very small or absent. There are significant variations in pitch accent between dialects. Thus, in most of western and northern Norway (the so-called high-pitch dialects) accent 1 is falling, while accent 2 is rising in the first syllable and falling in the second syllable or somewhere around
3555-501: The forms that are close to Nynorsk is called radical . Nynorsk has forms that are close to the original Landsmål and forms that are close to Bokmål. Opponents of the spelling reforms aimed at bringing Bokmål closer to Nynorsk have retained the name Riksmål and employ spelling and grammar that predate the Samnorsk movement. Riksmål and conservative versions of Bokmål have been the de facto standard written language of Norway for most of
3634-433: The gender can be inferred. For instance, all nouns ending in - nad will be masculine in both Bokmål and Nynorsk (for instance the noun jobbsøknad , which means 'job application'). Most nouns ending in - ing will be feminine, like the noun forventning ('expectation'). Sporveien T-banen Sporveien T-banen AS is a limited company that is responsible for operating Oslo Metro ( Norwegian : Oslo T-bane ),
3713-555: The language. No standard of spoken Norwegian is officially sanctioned, and most Norwegians speak their own dialects in all circumstances. Thus, unlike in many other countries, the use of any Norwegian dialect, whether it coincides with the written norms or not, is accepted as correct spoken Norwegian. However, in areas where East Norwegian dialects are used, a tendency exists to accept a de facto spoken standard for this particular regional dialect, Urban East Norwegian or Standard East Norwegian (Norwegian: Standard østnorsk ), in which
3792-443: The lines are done by Sporveien T-banen on contract with Ruter, the public transport authority in Oslo and Akershus . The infrastructure itself is owned by Sporveien , a municipal company. Service is provided using MX3000 three- and six-car trains. The line has 40,000 daily passengers, making it the busiest branch of the metro. Travel time along the line, from Tøyen to Vestli, is 23 minutes. Travel time from Vestli to Stortinget in
3871-629: The local population. Around 1030, Christianity came to Scandinavia , bringing with it an influx of Latin borrowings and the Roman alphabet . These new words were related to church practices and ceremonies, although many other loanwords related to general culture also entered the language. The Scandinavian languages at this time are not considered to be separate languages, although there were minor differences among what are customarily called Old Icelandic, Old Norwegian , Old Gutnish , Old Danish, and Old Swedish . The economic and political dominance of
3950-478: The mid 1930s lines through Groruddalen were again considered. A report was published in 1937, but all work was placed on hold following the German occupation of Norway in 1940. Work on the plans resumed in 1946. The new committee quickly concluded that an increase in the magnitude of the suburban lines was needed. An overground system was ruled out because of the increased estimates in traffic and an underground route
4029-486: The mother tongue of around 1% of the population. From the 1840s, some writers experimented with a Norwegianised Danish by incorporating words that were descriptive of Norwegian scenery and folk life, and adopting a more Norwegian syntax. Knud Knudsen proposed to change spelling and inflection in accordance with the Dano-Norwegian koiné , known as "cultivated everyday speech." A small adjustment in this direction
SECTION 50
#17327726918274108-417: The oldest form of the runic alphabets . A number of inscriptions are memorials to the dead, while others are magical in content. The oldest are carved on loose objects, while later ones are chiseled in runestones . They are the oldest written record of any Germanic language. East Germanic languages West Germanic languages Icelandic Faroese Norwegian Danish Swedish Around 800 AD,
4187-418: The operator would employee conductors on board, similar to what was done of the tramway. This was however abandoned in 1958 and instead the stations were "closed" and ticket stands were installed at each station. The decision to allow Oslo Sporveier at the line's operator was taken in 1960. The first parts of construction started in February 1956 at Rødtvet. Most of the earthwork was concluded by early 1964 on
4266-810: The population. Norwegian is one of the working languages of the Nordic Council . Under the Nordic Language Convention , citizens of the Nordic countries who speak Norwegian have the opportunity to use it when interacting with official bodies in other Nordic countries without being liable for any interpretation or translation costs. Like most of the languages in Europe, Norwegian derives from Proto-Indo-European . As early Indo-Europeans spread across Europe, they became isolated from each other and new languages developed. In northwest Europe,
4345-442: The principles of Norwegian orthography, e.g. zebra in Norwegian is written sebra . Due to historical reasons, some otherwise Norwegian family names are also written using these letters. Some letters may be modified by diacritics : é , è , ê , ó , ò , and ô . In Nynorsk, ì and ù and ỳ are occasionally seen as well. The diacritics are not compulsory, but may in a few cases distinguish between different meanings of
4424-750: The script was simplified to the Younger Futhark , and inscriptions became more abundant. At the same time, the beginning of the Viking Age led to the spread of Old Norse to Iceland , Greenland , and the Faroe Islands . Viking colonies also existed in parts of the British Isles , France ( Normandy ), North America, and Kievan Rus . In all of these places except Iceland and the Faroes, Old Norse speakers went extinct or were absorbed into
4503-606: The southern part of northern Norway ( Nordland county). Today, Nynorsk is the official language of not only four of the nineteen Norwegian counties but also various municipalities in five other counties. NRK , the Norwegian broadcasting corporation, broadcasts in both Bokmål and Nynorsk, and all governmental agencies are required to support both written languages. Bokmål is used in 92% of all written publications, and Nynorsk in 8% (2000). Like some other European countries, Norway has an official "advisory board"— Språkrådet (Norwegian Language Council)— that determines, after approval from
4582-471: The stations. Some also received small shopping centers. The Grorud Line was originally planned as the inaugural part of the metro, as it was the line which would receive the most traffic. However, lack of sufficient personnel and technical difficulties caused a last-minute shift in these plans and instead the Lambertseter Line opened on 22 May 1966. Opening of the Grorud Line from Tøyen to Grorud
4661-610: The syllable boundary. The pitch accents (as well as the peculiar phrase accent in the low-tone dialects) give the Norwegian language a "singing" quality that makes it easy to distinguish from other languages. Accent 1 generally occurs in words that were monosyllabic in Old Norse , and accent 2 in words that were polysyllabic. The Norwegian alphabet has 29 letters. The letters c , q , w , x and z are only used in loanwords . As loanwords are assimilated into Norwegian, their spelling might change to reflect Norwegian pronunciation and
4740-401: The three grammatical genders from Old Norse to some extent. The only exceptions are the dialect of Bergen and a few upper class sociolects at the west end of Oslo that have completely lost the feminine gender. According to Marit Westergaard , approximately 80% of nouns in Norwegian are masculine. Norwegian and other Scandinavian languages use a suffix to indicate definiteness of
4819-474: The time, and had only been implemented on the Stockholm Metro in Europe by then. While the permitted headway on the common sections was set to 90 seconds, it was set to 120 seconds on the Grorud Line. The original plans called for a depot on each of the lines, including the Grorud Line, but this was later changed to a central depot at Ryen . Stations were originally planned to be barrier-free and that
SECTION 60
#17327726918274898-603: The trains on the Grorud Line continued all the way through the Common Tunnel to Blindern on the Sognsvann Line , which serves the main campus of the University of Oslo . Line 5 had its western terminus extended to Storo on 20 August 2003, when the first part of the Ring Line opened. In on 17 July 2004, during construction of the Ring Line, part of the tunnel collapsed, causing the Grorud Line to be closed for six months and 40,000 daily passengers had to be bussed around
4977-441: The tunnel past Stovener was extended to Vestli. On 9 January 1977, the city center service was extended to Sentrum . However, this station was closed from 20 March 1983 to 7 March 1987, and reopened as Stortinget. During the last years of the 1980s the barres and payment stalls were removed and replaced with a proof-of-payment system. This unmanning of the station allowed for a significant cut in operating costs. From 8 April 1995,
5056-475: The two Germanic languages with the greatest numbers of speakers, English and German, have close similarities with Norwegian, neither is mutually intelligible with it. Norwegian is a descendant of Old Norse , the common language of the Germanic peoples living in Scandinavia during the Viking Age . Today there are two official forms of written Norwegian, Bokmål (Riksmål) and Nynorsk (Landsmål), each with its own variants. Bokmål developed from
5135-426: The unofficial Høgnorsk is more conservative than Nynorsk and is far closer to Faroese , Icelandic and Old Norse . Norwegians are educated in both Bokmål and Nynorsk. Each student gets assigned a native form based on which school they go to, whence the other form (known as Sidemål ) will be a mandatory school subject from elementary school through high school. For instance, a Norwegian whose main language form
5214-425: The valley were completed. The first extension opened on 3 March 1974 from grorud to Rommen. Most of this ran through a tunnel, including Romsås Station. However, that station was not completed and for the expansion only Rommen was taken into use. The second extension took place on 18 August, with the tunnel from Rommen to Stovner. On the same date Romsås State opened. The final opening took place on 21 December 1975 when
5293-447: The vocabulary coincides with Bokmål. Outside Eastern Norway , this spoken variation is not used. From the 16th to the 19th centuries, Danish was the standard written language of Norway. As a result, the development of modern written Norwegian has been subject to strong controversy related to nationalism , rural versus urban discourse, and Norway's literary history. Historically, Bokmål is a Norwegianised variety of Danish, while Nynorsk
5372-414: The weekends. Line 5 runs the entire section of the Grorud Line, while line 4 runs between Vestli and Økern before branching off on the Løren Line and Ring Line . The two lines use the same amount of time to reach Majorstuen. For journeys to the central stations between Tøyen and Nationaltheateret, line 5 is quicker. For journeys to the stations between Blindern and Sinsen, line 4 is quicker. Operations of
5451-427: The word bønder ('farmers') is pronounced using the simpler tone 1, while bønner ('beans' or 'prayers') uses the more complex tone 2. Though spelling differences occasionally differentiate written words, in most cases the minimal pairs are written alike, since written Norwegian has no explicit accent marks. In most eastern low-tone dialects, accent 1 uses a low flat pitch in the first syllable, while accent 2 uses
5530-568: The word, e.g.: for ('for/to'), fór ('went'), fòr ('furrow') and fôr ('fodder'). Loanwords may be spelled with other diacritics, most notably ï, ü , á and à . The two legally recognized forms of written Norwegian are Bokmål (literally 'book tongue') and Nynorsk ('new Norwegian'), which are regulated by the Language Council of Norway ( Språkrådet ). Two other written forms without official status also exist. One, called Riksmål ('national language'),
5609-451: Was changed further towards Bokmål. Since then Bokmål has reverted even further toward traditional Riksmål, while Nynorsk still adheres to the 1959 standard. Therefore, a small minority of Nynorsk enthusiasts use a more conservative standard called Høgnorsk . The Samnorsk policy had little influence after 1960, and was officially abandoned in 2002. While the sound systems of Norwegian and Swedish are similar, considerable variation exists among
5688-480: Was clearly not Aasen's intended meaning. The name of the Danish language in Norway was a topic of hot dispute throughout the 19th century. Its proponents claimed that it was a language common to Norway and Denmark, and no more Danish than Norwegian. The proponents of Landsmål thought that the Danish character of the language should not be concealed. In 1899, Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson proposed the neutral name Riksmål , meaning 'national language' like Landsmål , and this
5767-570: Was contracted to developers, while the trackage was done by the Planning Office. The original plans called for the use of 600 to 650 volt (V) direct current (DC) fed via a pantograph , to allow comparability with the western light rail. This was later changed to 750 V DC via a third rail . This was chosen to allow a higher diameter, and thus a higher ampere , and easier maintenance. The system also took into use cab signaling and moving blocks , which were cutting edge technology at
5846-453: Was implemented in the first official reform of the Danish language in Norway in 1862 and more extensively after his death in two official reforms in 1907 and 1917. Meanwhile, a nationalistic movement strove for the development of a new written Norwegian. Ivar Aasen , a botanist and self-taught linguist, began his work to create a new Norwegian language at the age of 22. He traveled around the country collecting words and examples of grammar from
5925-478: Was instead pursued. This part of the line would need to handle a traffic of 20,000 passengers per hour. At this time the Grorud Line was proposed as a branch of the Østensjø Line , which would divert at Etterstad . The municipalities of Oslo and Aker merged in 1948. Preliminary work on the line planning concluded in 1949 and instead a permanent municipal agency was established, the Planning Office For
6004-641: Was officially adopted along with the 1907 spelling reform. The name Riksmål is sometimes interpreted as 'state language', but this meaning is secondary at best. (Compare to Danish rigsmål from where the name was borrowed.) After the personal union with Sweden was dissolved in 1905, both languages were developed further and reached what is now considered their classic forms after a reform in 1917. Riksmål was, in 1929, officially renamed Bokmål (literally 'book language'), and Landsmål to Nynorsk (literally 'new Norwegian'). A proposition to substitute Danish-Norwegian ( dansk-norsk ) for Bokmål lost in parliament by
6083-424: Was opened in 2016. As part of the project three stations, Romsås, Stovner and Vestli, were to receive upgrades. The work involved closing the Grorud Line's southern portion between September and December 2013. Financed through Oslo Package 3 and budgeted to cost 600 million krone, the project will include the new Løren Station . Line 3, which terminates at Storo will be extended to the Grorud Line. It will increase
6162-404: Was part of a process to transform Groruddalen into a residential area. The first part of the Grorud Line, from Tøyen to Grorud , was opened on 16 October 1966. The rest of the line opened in three stages: to Rommen on 3 March 1974, to Stovner on 18 August and to Vestli on 21 December 1975. The Ring Line connection opened on 22 August 2006 and on 3 April 2013 the Løren Line opened, connecting
6241-481: Was therefore delayed until 16 November 1966. The line took into use T1000 trains which could be up to six cars long. Originally the service terminated at Jernbanetorget in the city center, in addition to a service which ran via the branch from Carl Berners plass to the Lambertseter Line, and terminated at Ryen . The line was extended three during the 1970s, when new residential areas further northeast in
#826173