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63-553: Its population in 2020 was 381,700, 88% of whom belonging to the Dongxiang minority group. As of 1993, half of the total Dongxiang minority population lived in the county. At least until the end of the 20th century, Dongxiang County was very impoverished and undeveloped, having a literacy rate of just 15%, the lowest in China. In 2017, it had the highest poverty rate of Gansu, already the poorest province in China. Dongxiang County has

126-656: A Tujue language (Turk language) (突厥語言). The Salar language has two large dialect groups. The divergence is due to the fact that one branch in Xunhua county of Qinghai province and Gansu province was influenced by the Tibetan languages and Chinese and the other branch in Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture by the Uyghur and Kazakh languages . In the late 1990s, it was estimated that out of

189-540: A Mongolic people and one of 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China . Half of the population live in Dongxiang Autonomous County , Linxia Prefecture, Gansu Province, China. The rest are divided over Hezheng County , Linxia City , Lanzhou , Dingxi and Ningxia . According to the 2010 census, their population numbers 621,500, although research has found that

252-814: A Turkic ethnic minority in China who speak Salar , a Turkic language of the Oghuz sub-branch . They numbered 165,159 people in 2020, according to that year's national census. The Salars live mostly in the Qinghai – Gansu border region, on both sides of the Yellow River , namely in Xunhua Salar Autonomous County and Hualong Hui Autonomous County of Qinghai and the adjacent Jishishan Bonan, Dongxiang and Salar Autonomous County of Gansu. There are also Salars in some parts of Henan and Shanxi , as well as in northern Xinjiang , in

315-403: A Muslim Mongol who was the magistrate of five districts, on the origins of his people. The account described them as a community of one hundred thousand, Mongol by race, Islam by religion and Chinese by culture. Common Dongxiang cuisine includes the use of a potato mash that is used for noodles, snacks, alcoholic drinks and more. Traditional Dongxiang dress for men includes buttoned robes and

378-557: A Muslim as ruler of China. In the 1670s, the Kashgarian Sufi master Āfāq Khoja (and possibly his father Muhammad Yūsuf ) preached to the Salars and introduced Sufism into their community. In the mid-18th century, one of Āfāq Khoja's spiritual descendants , Ma Laichi , began to spread his teachings, known as Khufiyya among the Salars, as well among their Chinese-speaking and Tibetan-speaking neighbors. Throughout

441-530: A broad waistband. These waistbands are sometimes used to hang knives, snuff bottles, or small bags on them. A vest over a white shirt, trousers and a beret like cap makes up the rest of the traditional outfit. Seasonal clothing like sheepskin coats are also worn during the winter. Dongxiang women wear embroidered outfits which include wide sleeved shirts and trousers. Older women wear kerchiefs and younger women tend to wear bright decorated cotton caps and silk veils. On special occasions, women wear embroidered shoes with

504-461: A cavalry division under Ma Biao to be sent east to battle the Japanese. Salars made up the majority of the first cavalry division which was sent by Ma Bufang. The Qinghai Chinese, Salar, Chinese Muslim, Dongxiang and Tibetan troops Ma Biao led fought to the death against the Japanese or committed suicide refusing to be taken as prisoner. In September 1940, when the Japanese made an offensive against

567-483: A compromise between the Tibetan ruler of Wimdo Valley and the newcomers. He demanded that the Salars install prayer flags , which are a Tibetan Buddhist practice, on the four corners of their homes, that they pray with prayer wheels with mantras on them, and to bow before statues of Buddhas . The Salars initially refused the demands based on their religion but eventually compromised on the flags by placing stones on

630-746: A distinct dialect of Salar still live there. Salar migrants from Amdo ( Qinghai ) came to settle the region as religious exiles, migrants and as soldiers enlisted in the Qing army to fight rebels in Ili, often following the Hui. The distinctive dialect of the Ili Salar differs from the other Salar dialects because the neighboring Kazakh and Uyghur languages in Ili influenced it. The Ili Salar population numbers around 4,000 people. There have been instances of misunderstanding between speakers of Ili Salar and Qinghai Salar due to

693-515: A medium heel. The Dongxiang speak the Dongxiang language , a member of the Mongolic family . The language has distinct features resembling Middle Mongolian and has up to 35% loan words borrowed from Mandarin Chinese . The negligible words of Persian, Turkic and Arabic origin are probably remnants of their original languages before language shift to Dongxiang. The Dongxiang people also have

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756-609: A member of the Mongolic languages . The name Dongxiang is derived from them living in what was called the eastern ( Dong ) part of Hezhou prefecture, present day Linxia. Haplogroup analysis by Wen et. al. (2013) shows that the closest relative of Dongxiang people are the common ancestors of the Kyrgyz of Kyrgyzstan and Xinjiang, the Tajiks of Khujand , Tajikistan, and the Ishkashimis of Tajikistan. The second closest relative

819-547: A problem aggravated by the lack of a written language. In 2004, the Ford Foundation provided US$ 30,000 in grant money for a pilot project to promote bilingual education in Mandarin and Dongxiang, in an effort to reduce school drop-out rates. The project is credited with the publication of a Dongxiang–Chinese bilingual dictionary as well as recent rises in test scores. Salar people The Salar people are

882-522: A result, Salars are heavily mixed with other ethnicities. Salars in Qinghai live on both the northern and southern banks of the Yellow River; northern Salars are called Hualong or Bayan Salars while southern Salars are called Xunhua Salars. The northern region is a mix between discontinuous Salar and Tibetan villages while the southern region is more solidly Salar, as the Hui and Salars pushed out

945-724: A rich tradition of oral literature and use the Arabic alphabet. As a result of the language shift , some 20,000 people in several villages in the Northeastern Dongxiang County now speak the so-called " Tangwang language ": a creolized version of Mandarin Chinese with a strong Dongxiang influence, in particular in its grammar. Government statistics show that the Dongxiang are among the poorest and least literate of China's minorities, with most Dongxiang having completed only an average of 1.1 years of schooling,

1008-460: A typical Loess Plateau landscape, with numerous gullies and mountains and a dry climate. Dongxiang Autonomous County is divided to 8 towns and 16 townships. Dongxiang County is the birthplace and center of Dongxiang culture. Its specialty food includes Pinghuo, a dish of steamed lamb. This Gansu location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Dongxiangs The Dongxiang (autonym: Sarta or Santa ) are

1071-488: Is a language of Turkic origin that has been heavily influenced by the Chinese and Tibetan languages. Around 20% of the vocabulary is of Chinese origin and 10% is of Tibetan origin. Morphological and syntactic structures have been fully borrowed from these latter languages. Yet, according to author William Safran , linguistic works published in China treat Salar as if it has few loanwords from these languages, omitting most Chinese and Tibetan features. The Salar mostly use

1134-542: Is said that as much as 40% of their entire population was killed in the revolt. As late as 1937, a folk ballad was still told by the Salars about the rebellion of 1781 and Su Sishisan's suicidal decision to go to war against the Qing Empire . The Qing government deported some of the Salar Jahriyya rebels to the Ili valley which is in modern-day Xinjiang. Today, a community of a few thousand Salars speaking

1197-733: Is the Salars of Xinhua , Qinghai. The third closest relative are the commons ancestors of the Uyghurs and Tajiks of Xinjiang, the Shughnis of Tajikistan, the Bartangi of Tajikistan and various Uzbeks of different Central Asian countries. STR loci analysis by Zhan et. al. (2018) shows that the closest relative of Dongxiang people among Chinese and Central Asians are the Buryats of Ewenki Banner , Inner Mongolia. The next closest relative are

1260-1027: Is the common ancestor of the Mongols in Bayingolin , Xinjiang, the Salars in Xinhua , Qinghai and the Mongols in Tongliao , Inner Mongolia. The physical anthropology of Dongxiang women show her closest relative are the common ancestor of the Bonans in Jishishan , Gansu and the Oroqens in Oroqen Banner , Inner Mongolia. Her next closest relative is the common ancestors of the Monguors in Huzhu , Qinghai,

1323-466: The Central Asian , South Asian and European prevalent Y chromosomal lineage R-M17 comprises only 17%. Other Y-DNA haplogroups among the Salars are D1 and C3. Another study showed that the haplogroup O1b1a1a1b2 was also present in Salars. An autosomal genetic study (Ma et al. 2021) estimated that West Eurasian -related admixture (represented by ancient Andronovo samples ) among Salars

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1386-526: The Chinese writing system , although Latin and Arabic alphabets are used on occasion. The Salar language has taken loans and influence from neighboring Chinese varieties . It is neighboring variants of Chinese which have loaned words to the Salar language. In Qinghai, many Salar men speak both the Qinghai dialect of Chinese and Salar. Rural Salars can speak Salar fluently while urban Salars often assimilate into

1449-783: The Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture . They are a patriarchal agricultural society and predominantly Muslim . According to Salar tradition and Chinese chronicles, the Salars are the descendants of the Salur tribe , belonging to the Oghuz Turk tribe of the Western Turkic Khaganate . During the Tang dynasty , the Salur tribe moved within China's borders and have lived since then in the Qinghai-Gansu border region. Over

1512-538: The Kazakhs of Xinjiang . All other Chinese and Central Asian populations are very distant. STR analysis excluding Kyrgyz, Tajiks and other Central Asians might conclude Dongxiang is close to East Asians as a whole. Physical anthropological analysis by Li et. al. (2011) shows that the closest relative of Dongxiang men among the Chinese populations are the Tajiks in Tashkurgan , Xinjiang. The next closest relative

1575-533: The Kuomintang (Nationalist Party), directed the defense of the city of Xining during air raids by Japanese planes. Han survived an aerial bombardment by Japanese planes in Xining while he was being directed via telephone from Ma Bufang, who hid in an air raid shelter in a military barracks. The bombing resulted in human flesh splattering a Blue Sky with a White Sun flag and Han being buried in rubble. Han Youwen

1638-516: The Ming dynasty around 1370. The chief of the four upper clans around this time was Han Baoyuan and the Ming government granted him office of centurion, it was at this time the people of his four clans took Han as their surname. The other chief, Han Shanba, of the four lower Salar clans got the same office from the Ming government and his clans were the ones who took Ma as their surname. The ethnogenesis of

1701-530: The Naqshbandi Sufi order, which spread throughout the region in the 17th and 18th centuries. The Y-DNA haplogroups and therefore the paternal genetic lineages of the Salar people, exhibit a mix of West Eurasian and East Asian haplogroups. Their maternal lineages are overwhelmingly East Asian. About 24–30% Y chromosomes of Salar belong to the East Asian specific haplogroup O3-M122 , while

1764-679: The Naqshbandi Sufis, the Jahriyya Sufi Muslims and their rivals, the Khafiyya Sufi Muslims, led to a Jahriyya Sufi Muslim rebellion which the Qing dynasty in China crushed with the help of the Khafiyya Sufi Muslims. The Jahriyya Salars of Xunhua, led by their ahong ( imam ) nicknamed Su Sishisan ("Su Forty-three", 苏四十三), responded by killing the government officials and destroying their task force at

1827-753: The Salars in Xinhua , Qinghai and the Tajiks in Tashkurgan , Xinjiang. Distribution of Y-chromosome haplogroups in Dongxiang: O =24.29( O2 =18.69, O1a =1.87, O1b =3.73) J =16.82 R1 =16.82( R1a =14.02, R1b =2.8) R2 =9.35 C =6.54 G =5.61 N =5.6 D =4.67 E =3.74 Others=6.56 In another study in 2010 found that the majority of the Dongxiang belonged to Haplogroup R1a (R1a : 54%). The Dongxiang have Mongol , Han Chinese , Hui and Tibetan surnames. Dongxiang with Han Chinese surnames such as Wang, Kang, Zhang, Gao and Huang claim descent from Han Chinese. Surnames such as Ma and Mu are of Hui origin. Some Dongxiang have said that, in

1890-681: The Second Sino-Japanese War . Some claimed Ma Fuxiang himself was of a Dongxiang assimilated into the Hui Chinese. The base of the economy of Dongxiang is agriculture. The main products are potatoes, corn, barley, millet and wheat. They are also recognized craftsmen, specializing in the elaboration of traditional carpets. An early ethnography of Dongxiang was documented in 1940 by the American Asiatic Association. The author interviewed Ma Chuanyuan,

1953-514: The 1760s and 1770s, another Chinese Sufi master, Ma Mingxin , was spreading his version of Sufi teaching, known as Jahriyya throughout the Gansu province (which then included Salar's homeland in today's Qinghai). Many Salars became adherents of Jahriyya or the "New Teaching", as the Qing government officials dubbed it (in opposition to the "Old Teaching", i.e. both the Khufiyya Sufi order and

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2016-525: The Boxer rebellion. Other Muslims like Dongxiang, Bonan and Hui also served in the Kansu-Tibetan Braves. Like other Muslims in China, the Salars served extensively in the Chinese military. It was said that they and the Dongxiang were given to "eating rations", a reference to military service. During the Second Sino-Japanese War , Salar troops and officers served in the Qinghai army of

2079-618: The Chinese speaking Hui population. In Ili Salar, the i and y high front vowels, when placed after an initial glides are spirantized with j transforming into ʝ. Qinghai and Ili Salar have mostly the same consonantal development. Salars profess Sunni Islam and follow the Hanafi school of law. In addition to their traditional places, they live in cities, mainly inhabited by other Muslims – Dungans . Islamic Education Received at Gaizi Mişit Madrasah in Jiezi Village. Many Salar adhere to

2142-533: The Lanzhou city walls, but, not having any siege equipment, failed to penetrate into the walled city. The Salar fighters (whose strength at the time is estimated by historians to be in 1,000–2,000 range) then set up a fortified camp on a hill south of Lanzhou. Some Han Chinese , Hui and Dongxiang (Santa) joined the Salar in the rebellion against the Qing. To deal with the rebels, Imperial Commissioners Agui and Heshen were sent to Lanzhou. Unable to dislodge

2205-540: The Mongols of Qinghai in order to gain support against the Dzungar Oirat Mongol leader Galdan . Kangxi claimed that Chinese Muslims inside China, such as Turkic Muslims in Qinghai, were plotting with Galdan , who he claimed had turned his back on Buddhism and the Dalai Lama in favor of Islam. According to Kangxi, Galdan was plotting to invade in conspiracy with Chinese Muslims and wished to install

2268-551: The Muslim Qinghai troops, they ambushed them and killed so many of them the Japanese soldiers that they were forced to retreat. The Japanese could not even pick up their dead, they instead cut an arm from their corpses limbs for cremation to send back to Japan. The Japanese did not dare make an offensive like that again. Han Youwen , a Salar general in the National Revolutionary Army and member of

2331-777: The Muslim general Ma Biao and they battled extensively in bloody battles against the Imperial Japanese Army in Henan province. In 1937, during the Battle of Beiping–Tianjin the Chinese government was notified by Muslim General Ma Bufang of the Ma clique that he was prepared to bring the fight to the Japanese in a telegram message. Immediately after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident , Ma Bufang arranged for

2394-410: The Salar started from when they pledged allegiance to the Ming dynasty under their leader Han Bao. Han Bao's father was Omar and Omar's father was Haraman, who led the Salars on their journey from Central Asia to China. According to Salar oral history, Tibetan women were the original wives of the first Salars to arrive in the Qinghai region. Supposedly, they were only permitted to marry the women after

2457-546: The Salar. The Salar are an entrepreneurial people, going into multiple businesses and industries. They practice agriculture and horticulture. They cultivate chili and pepper in their gardens. Buckwheat, millet, wheat and barley are among the crops they grow. Other important crops include melons, grapes, apples, apricots and walnuts. A few Salar raise livestock and the local timber industry is also another source of income for some villages. Hui general Ma Fuxiang recruited Salars into his army, and said they moved to China since

2520-470: The Salars from their fortified camp with his regular troops, Agui sent the "incompetent" Heshen back to Beijing and recruited Alashan Mongols and Southern Gansu Tibetans to aid the Lanzhou garrison. After a three months' siege of the rebel camp and cutting off the Salars' water supply, Agui's joint forces destroyed the Jahriya rebels; Su and all his fighters were all killed in the final battle. Overall, it

2583-489: The Tang dynasty. His classification of them is in two groups, five inner clans, eight outer clans. Ma said the outer group speaks Tibetan, no longer knowing their native language. Salars only married other Salars. Uighurs have said that they were unable to understand the Salar language. Ma and Han are the two most widespread names among the Salar. Like the Hui, Ma is meant to substitute for Muhammad; however, many Salars also have

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2646-512: The Tibetans prior. After moving in, the Salars originally practiced the same Gedimu variant of Sunni Islam as the Hui did and adopted Hui practices, such as Hui Islamic educational practices, which were derived from Yuan Dynasty era Arabic and Persian primers. One such Salar primer was called the "Book of Diverse Studies" (雜學本本). Salars were often multilingual, having knowledge of Salar, Mongol, Chinese, Tibetan due to historically trading on

2709-524: The Yellow River in Ningxia and Lanzhou in Gansu. The Salars were permitted an enormous amount of autonomy and self-rule by the Ming dynasty, which gave them command of taxes, military and the courts. The Ming and Qing dynasties often mobilized Salars into their militaries as soldiers, with the Ming government recruiting them at 17 different times for service and the Qing government at 5 different times. The Kangxi Emperor incited anti-Muslim sentiment among

2772-508: The centuries, they mixed with neighboring Tibetans , Hui , Han Chinese and Dongxiangs , developing the distinctive modern Salar language and culture. According to a legend, two brothers named Haraman and Ahman, possibly forefathers of the present day Salar tribe, lived in the Samarkand area. They were highly ranked at local Islamic mosques, which led to persecution from local rulers. The two brothers fled along with eighteen members of

2835-658: The corners of their houses instead, which is still practiced to this day. For this reason, Salars are often bilingual in Amdo Tibetan and the two groups often use the term "maternal uncle" to refer each other, referencing the Salars' Tibetan ancestry. Many Salar customs and practices have been influenced by Tibetan culture and there are numerous Tibetan loanwords in the Salar language. In eastern Qinghai and Gansu, there were cases of Tibetan women who remained Buddhists while marrying Hui men; they had sons who would be Buddhist or Muslim. The Buddhist sons became lamas while

2898-515: The divergence of the dialects. The differences between the two dialect result in a "clear isogloss". From the 1880s to the 1890s, sectarian strife was rife in the Salar community of Xunhua again. This time, the conflict was among two factions of the Hua Si menhuan (order) of the Khufiyya and in 1895 the local Qing officials ended up siding with the reformist faction within the order. Although

2961-401: The factional conflict was evident not only in Salar Xunhua but in Hui Hezhou as well, the troops were first sent to Xunhua – which again precipitated a Salar rebellion, which spread to many Hui and Dongxiang communities of Gansu too. It turned into the Dungan Revolt (1895) , which was crushed by a loyalist Hui army. The later Qing dynasty and Republic of China Salar General Han Youwen

3024-402: The major episode of violence in 1781. In 1781, the authorities, concerned with the spread of the "subversive" "New Teaching" among the Salars, whom they (perhaps unfairly) viewed as a fierce and troublesome lot, arrested Ma Mingxin and sent an expedition to the Salar community of Xunhua County to round up his supporters there. In the Jahriyya revolt sectarian violence between two suborders of

3087-409: The non-Sufi Gedimu Islam). While the external differences between the Khufiyya and the Jahriyya would look comparatively trivial to an outsider (the two orders were most known for, respectively, the silent or vocal dhikr , i.e. invocation of the name of God), the conflict between their adherents often became violent. Sectarian violence between the Jahriyya and Khufiyya broke out repeatedly until

3150-467: The number is inflated due to Hui identifying themselves as Dongxiang for the census, in order to benefit from minority policies. Chinese historians generally agreed that Dongxiang are the descendants of Central Asians migrated to Mongol-ruled China . They were converted to Islam in the 1340s by a missionary named Hamzeh (哈木則, Hāmùzé ). They spoke a different Central Asian language before shifting to their current mother tongue, Dongxiang language ,

3213-415: The other hand, there are comparatively few Han-Salar marriages. The Salars do use Han surnames, however. Compared to Salar men, few Salar women married outside; the sole exception is Hui men taking Salar women as their wives while Tibetan women make up the majority of the spouses of Salar men who marry outside their ethnicity and it has been reported that Salars have a total avoidance of marriages with Han. As

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3276-404: The other sons were Muslims. The Kargan Tibetans , who live next to the Salar, have mostly become Muslim due to their influence. Hui and Salar often intermarry due to their cultural similarities and shared religion, especially after the Ming Dynasty established control over the Xunhua Salars in 1370 and gave control to Hezhou officials. Many Hezhou Hui began to migrate to the region afterwards On

3339-427: The place called Baizhuangzi and then rushed across the Hezhou region to the walls of Lanzhou , where Ma Mingxin was imprisoned. When the besieged officials brought Ma Mingxin, wearing chains, to the Lanzhou city wall, to show him to the rebels, Su's Salars at once showed respect and devotion to their imprisoned leaders. Scared officials took Ma down from the wall and beheaded him right away. Su's Salars tried attacking

3402-431: The rare instances that they do marry with other people , it is only with Han and Hui, but not Tibetans. In 1900, Generals Ma Fulu and Ma Fuxiang brought a Chinese Muslim troop comprising Dongxiang, Hui and Bonan to fight the foreign troops in the Boxer Rebellion . They were killed while defending the Zhengyang Gate in Beijing. In 1937–1945, General Ma Biao brought a multiethnic troop, including Dongxiang, to fight

3465-432: The some 89,000 Salars, around 60,000 spoke the Salar language. Most Salar do not use any written script for the Salar language, instead they use Chinese characters for practical purposes. Salar serves as their spoken language, while Chinese serves as a both spoken and written language. Many of the current generation of Salars are fluent in Chinese and Tibetan . The Salar language spoken in Amdo Tibet (Qinghai)

3528-440: The southern route of the Tian Shan and entered Qinghai . They arrived at the present Guide County and twelve of them settled there. The Quran the two brothers brought on their journey to China is to this day still preserved in Xunhua Salar Autonomous County at Jiezi Grand Mosque in Haidong , Qinghai The Nanjing Museum has repaired the Quran to protect it from decaying. The Salar clan leaders voluntarily capitulated to

3591-496: The surname Ma due to intermarriage with the Hui. The upper four clans of the Salar assumed the surname Han and lived west of Xunhua. One of these Salar surnamed Han was Han Yimu, a Salar officer who served under General Ma Bufang . He fought in the Kuomintang Islamic Insurgency in China (1950–1958) , leading Salars in a revolt in 1952 and 1958. Ma Bufang, enlisted Salars as officers in his army by exclusively targeting Xunhua and Hualong as areas to draw officers from. 18.69 years

3654-406: The traditional veil in white or black colors. Singing is part of Salar culture. A style of singing called Hua'er is shared among the Han, Hui, Salar and Tibetans in Qinghai province. They have a musical instrument called the Kouxuan . It is a string instrument manufactured in silver or in copper and only played by the women. The people of China and Salar themselves regard the Salar language as

3717-431: The tribe on a white camel with water, soil and a Quran before heading east. The group trekked through the northern route of the Tian Shan range into the Jiayu Pass , passing through what is now Gansu ( Jiuquan , Ganzhou, Zhangye ; Ningxia , Qinzhou, Tianshui , and Gangu County ), eventually stopping at the present Xiahe County . Later, another forty people from Samarkand joined the group. The group passed through

3780-521: Was at ~9.1% to ~11.8%, with the remainder being dominant East Eurasian ancestry; might derive from " Yellow River Basin farmers" (YR_LBIA) or " Liao River farmers" (WLR_LN) at ~88.2 to ~90.9%. The study also showed that there is a close genetic affinity among ethnic minorities in Northwestern China ( Uyghurs , Huis , Dongxiangs , Bonans , Yugurs and Salars) and that these cluster closely with other East Asian people , especially with other Chinese Turkic , Mongolic and Tungusic speakers , indicating

3843-411: Was born to a Tibetan woman named Ziliha (孜力哈) and a Salar father named Aema (阿額瑪). The Hui people , also known as the "white capped Hui", used incense during worship, while the Salar, also known as "black capped Hui", considered this to be a heathen ritual and denounced it. Salars served in general Dong Fuxiang 's Kansu Braves army against the foreign western and Japanese Eight Nation Alliance in

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3906-481: Was dragged out of the rubble while bleeding and he managed to grab a machine gun while he was limping and fired back at the Japanese warplanes. He later defected to the Communist People's Liberation Army , serving in numerous military positions and as vice chairman of Xinjiang . He had led Chinese Muslim forces against Soviet and Mongol forces in the Pei-ta-shan Incident . The Salar had their own unique kinship clanships. Matchmakers and parents arrange marriages among

3969-462: Was the average first marriage age for Salar women in 2000, while Tibetan women were married at 23.8 years on average in 1990. The typical clothing of the Salar is very similar to the Hui people in the region. The men are commonly bearded and dress in white shirts and white or black skullcaps. The traditional clothing for men is jackets and gowns. The young single women are accustomed to dressing in Chinese dress of bright colors. Married women utilize

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