The Monguor ( Monguor language : Mongghul), the Tu people ( Chinese : 土族 ), the White Mongol or the Tsagaan Mongol , are Mongolic people and one of the 56 officially recognized ethnic groups in China . The "Tu" ethnic category was created in the 1950s.
144-624: According to the 2000 census, the total population was 241,198, who mostly lived in the Qinghai and the Gansu provinces. The 2010 census gave their number as 289,565. The Monguor people speak the Monguor language , which belongs to the family of Mongolic languages but has been heavily influenced by both the local Chinese and Tibetan dialects. Today, nearly all Tu people also speak Chinese. Most are farmers and some keep livestock. Their culture and
288-450: A Sprachbund , with Zhongyuan Mandarin , Amdo Tibetan , Salar , Yugur , and Monguor borrowing from and influencing one another. In mainstream Chinese culture , Qinghai is most associated with the Tale of King Mu, Son of Heaven . According to this legend, King Mu of Zhou (r. 976–922 BCE) pursued hostile Quanrong nomads to eastern Qinghai, where the goddess Xi Wangmu threw the king
432-571: A trance medium during the Nadun celebration and sometimes illness management. Local accounts indicated that there have been multiple Catholic churches constructed in the Monguor areas in the past. They were destroyed in the early 1950s after the Communists took control and have not been rebuilt. Distinctive cultural events take place throughout the year. Whereas the common festival held during
576-542: A banquet in the Kunlun Mountains . The main religions in Qinghai are Tibetan Buddhism , Islam and Chinese Folk Religions . The Dongguan Mosque has been continuously operating since 1380. Measures of education in Qinghai are low, particularly among the ethnic minorities. The yak , which is native to Qinghai, is widely used in the province for transportation and its meat. The Mongols of Qinghai celebrate
720-407: A common ancestor, O1-F265 (a.k.a. O-F75) approximately 33,181 (95% CI 24,461 to 36,879) YBP. O1-F265, in turn, coalesces to a common ancestor with O2-M122 approximately 33,943 (95% CI 25,124 to 37,631) YBP. Thus, O1-F265 should have existed as a single haplogroup parallel to O2-M122 for a duration of approximately 762 years (or anywhere from 0 to 13,170 years considering the 95% CIs and assuming that
864-518: A fifth of the population of Qinghai and the Hui compose roughly a sixth of the population. There are over 37 recognized ethnic groups among Qinghai's population of 5.6 million, with national minorities making up a total of 49.5% of the population. The area of Qinghai came under the control of the Manchu -led Qing Dynasty around 1724, after their defeat of Khoshut Mongols who previously controlled most of
1008-508: A moderate distribution in Central Asia ( Shi 2005 ). Haplogroup O is associated with populations which speak Austric languages . The following is a phylogenetic tree of language families and their corresponding SNP markers, or haplogroups , sourced mainly from Edmondson 2007 and Shi 2005 . This has been called the " Father Tongue Hypothesis " by George van Driem ( van Driem 2011 ). It does not appear to account for O-M176 , which
1152-536: A monastery in 1932. The army of Ma Bufang defeated the Tibetan armies. Governor of Qinghai Ma Bufang was described as a socialist by American journalist John Roderick and friendly compared to the other Ma Clique warlords. Ma Bufang was reported to be good humoured and jovial in contrast to the brutal reign of Ma Hongkui . Most of eastern China was ravaged by the Second Sino-Japanese War and
1296-426: A sample of Koreans and in smaller percentages of Crimean Tatars (1/22 = 4.5%), Tajiks (1/16 = 6.25% Dushanbe, 1/40 = 2.5% Samarkand), Uyghurs (2/41 = 4.9%), Uzbeks (1/68 = 1.5% Surxondaryo , 1/70 = 1.4% Xorazm ), and Kazakhs (1/54 = 1.9%) ( Wells et al. 2001 ). However, nearly all of the purported Korean O-M175(xM119,M95,M122) Y-chromosomes may belong to Haplogroup O-M176 , and later studies do not support
1440-443: A special satellite phones for these areas. Two phones were provided to each village for free, and calls were charged at the rate of 0.2 RMB (about a quarter of a US cent at that time) per minute for both local and national calls, with the extra charges assumed by China Satcom. No monthly rent was charged on the satellite phone. International calls were also available. Haplogroup O-M175 Haplogroup O , also known as O-M175 ,
1584-434: A wide range of academic, medical, and business fields. Traditional Monguor culture and language have become endangered. Traditional events like weddings, Nadun, funerals, and New Year rituals are increasingly abbreviated and traditional songs, riddles, folktales, and proverbs are vanishing. In most villages, a Buddhist temple and a Taoist shrine coexist. Almost all the temples and shrines seen today have been rebuilt in
SECTION 10
#17327722604141728-731: Is Qinghai province's passage to the outside world, a transportation hub with more than ten highways, over 100 roads and two railways, Lanzhou-Qinghai and Qinghai-Tibet Railways in and out of the city. It focuses on the development of following industries: chemicals based on salt lake resources, nonferrous metals, and petroleum and natural gas processing; special medicine, foods and bio-chemicals using local plateau animals and plants; new products involving ecological and environmental protection, high technology, new materials as well as information technology; and services such as logistics, banking, real estate, tourism, hotel, catering, agency and international trade. Many tourist attractions center on Xining ,
1872-583: Is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup . It is primarily found among populations in Southeast Asia and East Asia . It also is found in various percentages of populations of the Russian Far East , South Asia , Central Asia , Caucasus , Crimea , Ukraine , Iran , Oceania , Madagascar and the Comoros . Haplogroup O is a primary descendant of haplogroup NO-M214 . The O-M175 haplogroup
2016-533: Is a variant pronunciation of "Mongol" in the Monguor language, characterized by the final "-r" in place of "-l" in the Mongolian language. Despite that "Monguor" was made into an international name for the "Tu," it is not representative: the reference is only used by the Monguor in Huzhu and Datong counties in Qinghai , and when used, it should be combined with "Chaghan" (or "White") in order to be distinguished from
2160-513: Is found among Japanese, Korean, and Manchurian males. Sinitic O2a2b1a2 (F114) Sino-Tibetan O2a2b1a1 (M117) Hmong (Miao) She ( Ratliff 1998 ) Mien (Yao) Munda Mon–Khmer Formosan Malayo-Polynesian Kadai Kam–Sui Tai Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for
2304-532: Is one of NO-M214's two branches. The other is Haplogroup N , which is common throughout North Eurasia . This haplogroup appears in high to moderate frequencies in most populations in both East Asia and Southeast Asia , and it is almost exclusive to that region. It is almost nonexistent in Western Siberia , Western Asia , Europe , most of Africa , India and the Americas , where its presence may be
2448-696: Is rendered " Tuyuhun " in China and the West should be "Tuyühu." It came from the Chinese phonetic transcription of his original name "Teihu", which is still a common name seen among the Monguor today. Since the Chinese language cannot represent "Tei," two characters of "Tu" and "yü" were used. The ethnonym "Tu" in Chinese came from the abbreviation of "the Tuyühu people" or "the people of the Tuyühu Empire." Between
2592-578: Is the largest saltwater lake in China, and is also located on the "Roof of the World", the Tibetan Plateau. The lake itself lies at 3,600 m elevation. The surrounding area is made up of rolling grasslands and populated by ethnic Tibetans. Most pre-arranged tours stop at Bird Island ( 鸟岛 ; niǎo dǎo ). An international bicycle race takes place annually from Xining to Qinghai Lake. The Lanqing Railway , running between Lanzhou , Gansu and Xining ,
2736-776: Is very common amongst males from East and Southeast Asia . It has two primary branches: O1 (O-F265) and O2 (O-M122). O1 is found at high frequencies amongst males native to Southeast Asia , Taiwan , the Japanese Archipelago , the Korean Peninsula , Madagascar and some populations in southern China and Austroasiatic speakers of India . O2 is found at high levels amongst Han Chinese , Tibeto-Burman populations (including many of those in Yunnan , Tibet , Burma , Northeast India , and Nepal ), Manchu , Mongols (especially those who are citizens of
2880-514: Is very low in winter and spring, and is generally low enough to keep much of the province semi-arid or arid . The Politics of Qinghai Province in the People's Republic of China are structured in a one party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China . The Governor of Qinghai (青海省省长) is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Qinghai. However, in
3024-509: The "Qiang" people who formed the majority of the population. The "Qiang" were the native peoples who were subjugated by the Xianbei in the northwest. They initially rebelled but later their fate became intimately associated with the Xianbei, as they actively defended the empire when the enemies attacked. In addition to the Tibetans and authentic Han people, the "Qiang" comprised a portion of
SECTION 20
#17327722604143168-578: The An Lushan Rebellion shook up the Tang court and caused its emperor to flee, Tibet overtook the entire territory of Tuyühu until internal turmoil developed within the Tibetan government and massive revolts brought an end to its rule. Through this period, the Xianbei underwent massive diasporas over a vast territory that stretched from the northwest into central and eastern parts of China, with
3312-568: The Cao Wei (220–265) in northern China. Legends accounted the separation to be due to a fight between his horses and those of his younger brother, Murong Wei . The actual cause was intense struggle over the Khanate position and disagreement over their future directions. The fraction that supported Murong Wei into the Khanate position aimed at ruling over China, whereas Tuyühu intended to preserve
3456-494: The Chinese Civil War , by contrast, Qinghai was relatively untouched. Ma Bufang increased the prominence of the Hui and Salar people in Qinghai's politics by heavily recruiting to his army from the counties in which those ethnic groups predominated. General Ma started a state run and controlled industrialization project, directly creating educational, medical, agricultural, and sanitation projects, run or assisted by
3600-460: The Donghu are reflected in their account of the unique wedding ceremony attributed to Madam Lushi, who organized an ambush through an elaborate banquet combined with liquor and singing in order to subdue a bully named "Wang Mang". In historical terms, the "Wang Mang" people were recorded more than four thousand years ago as physically robust and active on the west of the present Liaoning, whose culture
3744-942: The East African littoral. For example, Haplogroup O-M50 has even been found in Bantu-speaking populations of the Comoros along 6% of O-MSY2.2(xM50) , while both O-M50 and O-M95(xM88) occur commonly among the Malagasy people of Madagascar with a combined frequency of 34%. O-M175 has been found in 28.1% of Solomon Islanders from Melanesia. 12% of Uyghurs ( Wells et al. 2001 ), 6.8% of Kalmyks (17.1% of Khoshuud , 6.1% of Dörwöd , 3.3% of Torguud , 0% of Buzawa ), 6.2% of Altaians ( Kharkov et al. 2007 ), 4.1% of Uzbeks on average but Uzbeks from Bukhara 12.1%, Karakalpaks (Uzbekistan) 11.4%, Sinte (Uzbekistans) 6.7% ( Wells et al. 2001 ) and 4.0% of Buryats . In
3888-565: The Former Yan (281–370), Western Yan (384–394), Later Yan (383–407), and Southern Yan (398–410). Their territories encompassed, at their height, the present Liaoning , Inner Mongolia , Shandong , Shanxi , Hebei , and Henan , and their capitals included Beijing and other cities. Through these establishments, they were immersed among the Chinese , whereas the Xianbei who followed Tuyühu Khan preserved their language and culture. In
4032-601: The Han Chinese . The large Tibetan population practices Tibetan schools of Buddhism or traditional Tibetan Bön religion, while the Hui Chinese practice Islam . Christianity is the religion of 0.76% of the province's population according to the Chinese General Social Survey of 2004. According to a survey of 2010, 17.51% of the population of Qinghai follow Islam. From September 1848,
4176-730: The Hui Muslim population of Shaanxi , shifting the Hui center of population to Gansu and Qinghai. Another Dungan Revolt broke out in Qinghai in 1895 when various Muslim ethnic groups in Qinghai and Gansu rebelled against the Qing. Following the overthrow of the Qing dynasty in 1911, the region came under Chinese Muslim warlord Ma Qi control until the Northern Expedition by the Republic of China consolidated central control in 1928. In July–August 1912, General Ma Fuxiang
4320-643: The Jamaicans at 3.8%, and in Cubans , 1.5%. Haplogroup O-M175 has been found in 88.7% of Asian American. 1.6% in Hispanic American, White Americans 0.5%, and 0.3% in African American. Another study gives 0.5% African American. Among the sub-branches of haplogroup O-M175 are O-M119 (O1a), O-M268 (O1b), and O-M122 (O2). Y Haplogroup O3-M122 makes up the majority of Jadoon's males,
4464-762: The Jin dynasty (1115–1234) in northern China by pushing the Liao Empire of the Khitans westward into Xinjiang . After the Jin Empire was destroyed by the Mongols in 1234, they withdrew back to Manchuria and returned later with the rejoined forces from the Mongols to establish the last dynasty of the Qing (1644–1912) in China under the new ethnonym of Manchu , or "Man Zu" in Chinese. The full national title of Western Xia
Monguor people - Misplaced Pages Continue
4608-585: The Miao / Hmong who were relocated to the northwest from central China after their Three Miao Kingdom was destroyed by the legendary Chinese Emperor Yü the Great about four thousand years ago. The "Qiang" referred to Western Xia as their "Gao (or ‘Mighty’) Mi Yao" Kingdom. When "Mi Yao" is pronounced together, it is similar to "Miao." Since the autonyms of the Miao/Hmong include "Guoxiong", "Gaoxiong," and "Gouxiong,"
4752-514: The Mongols emerged as a mighty power in the thirteenth century, a reverse occurred in the ethnonyms of the Xianbei and Mongols. This was represented in the reference of the Xianbei descendants as "Chaghan Monguor" (or "White Mongols"), which gave rise to the ethnonym of "Monguor" known in the Western publications. The term "White Mongols," or "Bai Menggu," first occurred when Genghis Khan united
4896-548: The Naadam festival on the Qaidam Basin every year. Qinghai's economy is amongst the smallest in China. Its nominal GDP in 2022 was just RMB 361 billion (US$ 50 billion) and contributes to about 0.30% of the entire country's economy. Per capita GDP was RMB 60,724 (US$ 9,028) (nominal), the 24th in China. Its heavy industry includes iron and steel production, located near its capital city of Xining. Oil and natural gas from
5040-455: The Oirats . The Xunhua Salar Autonomous County is where most Salar people live in Qinghai. The Salars migrated to Qinghai from Samarkand in 1370. The chief of the four upper clans around this time was Han Pao-yuan and Ming granted him office of centurion, it was at this time the people of his four clans took Han as their surname. The other chief Han Shan-pa of the four lower Salar clans got
5184-491: The Qaidam Basin have also been an important contributor to the economy. Salt works operate at many of the province's numerous salt lakes. Outside of the provincial capital, Xining, most of Qinghai remains underdeveloped. Qinghai ranks second lowest in China in terms of highway length, and will require a significant expansion of its infrastructure to capitalize on the economic potential of its rich natural resources. Xining Economic & Technological Development Zone (XETDZ)
5328-517: The Spring Festival is "Yangguo," the most characteristic tradition is represented by Nadun that takes place in the end of the summer. Nadun resembles Nadam of the Mongols in name but are different in format and content. Both "Nadun" and "Nadam" are special nouns designated to an annual festival and reflect their shared origins from the Xianbei who were recorded to have "one major gathering every spring for leisure and fun by river". Whereas
5472-804: The Tangut and reached into southern Gansu . The Tang government was shocked and sent (five ???) troops to fight. Although Tibet withdrew in response, the Tuyühu Empire lost much of its territory in southern Gansu. Meanwhile, the Tuyühu government was split between the pro-Tang and pro-Tibet factions, with the latter becoming increasingly stronger and corroborating with Tibet to bring about an invasion. The Tang sent its famous general, Xue Rengui , to lead 100,000 troops to fight Tibet in Dafeichuan (present Gonghe County in Qinghai). They were annihilated in an ambush by 200,000 troops of Dayan and Tibet, which became
5616-533: The Tuoba Xianbei and Northern Xianbei joined them through political and marriage alliances. After settling down in the northwest, they established the powerful Tuyühu Empire named to his honor as the first Khan who led them there, by subjugating the native peoples who were summarily referred to as the " Qiang " and included more than 100 different and loosely coordinated tribes that did not submit to each other or any authorities. After Tuyühu Khan departed from
5760-699: The Tuoba Xianbei who founded the Southern Liang (397–414). The Tuoba established the Northern Wei (386–535) and objected to the Tuoba of Southern Liang using the Chinese characters for "Tufa." They shared Tuoba descent. After the Southern Liang were annexed by the Western Qin , and then annexed by the Tuyühu Empire, the majority of Tufa Xianbei joined the Tuyühu Empire. Some submitted under
5904-696: The Tuoba Xianbei, who established the Northern Wei (386–535), which was the first of the Northern dynasties (386–581) founded by the Xianbei. In 534, the Northern Wei split into an Eastern Wei (534–550) and a Western Wei (535–556). The former evolved into the Northern Qi (550–577), and the latter into the Northern Zhou (557–581), while the Southern dynasties were pushed to the south of
Monguor people - Misplaced Pages Continue
6048-631: The Yangtze . In 581, the prime minister of Northern Zhou, Yang Jian, usurped the throne and founded the Sui dynasty (581–618) as Emperor Wen of Sui . His son, Emperor Yang of Sui , annihilated the Chen dynasty (557–589) and unified northern and southern China, thereby bringing an end to the Northern and Southern dynasties era. Over the course of this period, the Xianbei who entered into China were immersed among
6192-531: The "Khara" (or "Black") Mongols. In Minhe County , which holds the most densely populated "Monguor" settlement and where everyone speaks their native "Monguor" language, it is never used as an autonym . Sequences in the DNA of the Tu people indicate that Greeks mixed with an East Asian population around 1200 AD, contributing about 7,7% to the Tu genepool. The source of this European DNA might have been merchants travelling
6336-765: The "Mongol Xianbei" (or "Mengwu Shiwei ") emerged from the northern Manchuria and northeastern Mongolia, the Khitans , or "Qidan" in Chinese, derived their ancestral origins from the Yuwen Xianbei in southern Mongolia, who had earlier founded the Western Wei (535–556) and Northern Zhou (557–581) of the Northern dynasties . When the Khitans established the Liao dynasty (916–1125) in China proper , they were referred to as "Qara (or Black) Khitāy". Their rule gave rise to
6480-413: The "Monguor"/"Tu". As early as the Tuyühu period, Confucianism served as the core ideology to govern the country, and the Chinese Buddhism and Shamanism functioned as the principle religions. In Western Xia, Confucianism was further strengthened, and Taoism was made into the national religion along with Buddhism. As the Yellow Sect of Buddhism, also known as the Tibetan Buddhism , became prevalent in
6624-472: The "Tibetan frontier district". In 1724, 13-Article for the Effective Governing of Qinghai (Chinese:青海善后事宜十三条) was proposed by Nian Gengyao and adopted by the Central Government to gain full control of Qinghai. Under the Qing dynasty, the governor was a viceroy of the Emperor, but local ethnic groups enjoyed significant autonomy. Many chiefs retained their traditional authority, participating in local administrations. The Dungan Revolt (1862–1877) devastated
6768-460: The "Tu" in Western Xia. That the Mongols referred to Western Xia as "Tangut" to represent the founding ethnic group, the Tuyühu Xianbei, is consistent with the theories of the Mongol origins postulated by the Outer Mongolian scholars, who have held that the Mongols had descended from the Xiongnu , more specifically the eastern Xiongnu who spoke proto-Mongolic language , as opposed to the western Xiongnu who spoke proto- Turkish language . In contrast,
6912-510: The Cao Wei assassinated the last Khan of the Xianbei, Kebineng , and caused disintegration in the Xianbei Kingdom. Thereafter, the Xianbei pushed their way inside the Great Wall of China and established extensive presence in China. During the Sixteen Kingdoms (304–439) period, the Xianbei founded six kingdoms: the Former Yan (281–370), Western Yan (384–394), Later Yan (383–407), Southern Yan (398–410), Western Qin (385–430) and Southern Liang (397–414). Most of them were unified by
7056-456: The Caucasus region it has been found in the Nogais 6% but 5.3% in the Karan Nogais, it is also found in the Dargins of Dargwa speakers at 2.9%. In the Iranic population, it is found in Iranian (Esfahan) at 6.3% ( Wells et al. 2001 ), 8.9% of Tajiks in Afghanistan 4.2% in the Pathans in Pakistan ( Firasat 2007 ) but 1% in Afghanistan, 3.1% in Burusho ( Firasat 2007 ). Haplogroup O-M175 ranges in various moderate to high frequencies in
7200-407: The Central Court. After the Yuan fell, the Xia who followed the Mongols into the northern grassland were immersed among and later classified into the "Mongols." The English reference of " Tangut - Xixia " was derived from the combination of the Mongolian reference of "Tangut" and the Chinese reference as "Xixia" or " Western Xia ." The Chinese reference was derived from the location of the empire on
7344-404: The Chinese and later classified into " Han ". Yet, not all branches of the Xianbei shared this fate. In the 3rd and 4th centuries, Tuyühu, a branch of the Murong Xianbei , undertook a westward migration that allowed them and those who followed them to develop in a different path. The separation of Tuyühu from the Murong Xianbei occurred during the Western Jin dynasty (265–316), which succeeded
SECTION 50
#17327722604147488-436: The Chinese scholars have characterized that the Mongols had descended from the Xianbei. The Mongols were recorded as "Mengwu Shiwei " in the Northern dynasties : "Mengwu" was a variant Chinese transcription of "Menggu" designated to the Mongols, and "Shiwei" was a variant transcription of the Xianbei, as "Xianbei" was also recorded as "Sian-pie," "Serbi," "Sirbi" and "Sirvi". This equated the Mongols to be "Mongol Xianbei," which
7632-440: The Donghu by surprise and caused disintegration in the federation. The Wuhuan moved to Mt. Wuhuan and engaged in continuous warfare with the Xiongnu on the west and China on the south. The Donghu spoke Mongolic language and was formed by the federation of the Donghu, Wuhuan, and Xianbei. As the Wuhuan and Xiongnu came to be worn out from the lengthy battles, the Xianbei preserved their strengths by moving northward to Mt. Xianbei. In
7776-509: The Huzhu Monguor, the characteristic traditional dance is "Anzhao." Its name and styles bear resemblance to the "Andai" dance of the Mongols who live in Ordos , an area that has historically served as the transitional point for the Xianbei to move about in China. The traditional weddings of the Monguor differ markedly. In Minhe County, elaborate rules of courtesy and appropriateness were at work. Many songs "daola" were sung for days and nights with great variations in melody and contents. Wherever
7920-421: The Islamic religion were classified into " Dongxiang ", " Bonan " and " Yugur ", the last of which represented the intermixture of the Xianbei and Sari Uyghurs. Most Monguor in rapidly changing rural settlements today practice sedentary agriculture, supplemented by minimum animal husbandry, and seasonal work in towns and cities. Those who have succeeded in the Chinese educational system take up government jobs in
8064-410: The Kazakh sample of Ashirbekov et al. 2017, of which 10.8% have been found to belong to haplogroup O-M175, have been contributed by the Naimans themselves; only 3.1% of the remainder of the Kazakh sample with the Naimans excluded belong to haplogroup O-M175.) It has been estimated that 25% of the entire male population of the world carries different subclades of O. Karafet et al. (2015) have assigned
8208-426: The La and Bao Family Villages were accounted to have descended from "Tiebie", indicating that they have derived their origins from the Tufa (Tuoba) Xianbei of the Southern Liang. The Tibetans refer to the Monguor as "Huo’er," which came from the final word of the name of Tuyühu Khan . The Monguor refer to Tuyühu Khan as "Huozhou didi;" in which "Huozhou" was applied to Linxia , Gansu where Tuyühu Khan died, and "didi"
8352-439: The Mongol Oirat name for Qinghai Lake. Both Tso ngon and Kokonor are names found in historic documents to describe the region. Located mostly on the Tibetan Plateau , the province is inhabited by a number of peoples including the Han (concentrated in the provincial capital of Xining, nearby Haidong , and Haixi ), Tibetans , Hui , Mongols , Monguors , and Salars . According to the 2021 census reports, Tibetans constitute
8496-407: The Mongol army in their subsequent military conquests in central and southern China. Due to the fierce resistance of the Xia against the Mongol attacks, especially in causing the death of Genghis, they were initially suppressed in the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). Toward the middle and later stages of the Yuan, the Xia received equivalent treatment to the ruling Mongols and attained the highest offices in
8640-452: The Mongolian Nadam preserved the nomadic features of horse race, wrestling, and archery, the Monguor Nadun has encoded their history through masked dance performances and presents as an annual military drill combined with joyful celebrations of harvest. Held by villages in turn along the Yellow River and circles through the entire Sanchuan / Guanting region in Minhe , the Nadun festival is inherently tied to agricultural work. It functions as
8784-403: The Mongolian term "Tangut" represented "the Donghu people," the Xianbei and their descendants who had founded the Tuyühu and Western Xia empires, would validate the theories of the Outer Mongolian scholars that the Mongols had descended from the Xiongnu. The fact that there were Wuhuan groups, who were part of the Donghu federation and followed Tuyühu Khan in the westward migration, would make
SECTION 60
#17327722604148928-453: The Mongols to rise up in Mongolia in 1206. The Xianbei descendants who resided near Mt. Yin self-proclaimed to be "White Mongols" and joined them. They received the same treatment as the Mongols and partook in their westward conquests in Central Asia and Europe . As waves and waves of the Xianbei went south and westward to establish different empires, those who remained in the northeast emerged as major powers later to rule over China. While
9072-410: The Monguor form of " Thanksgiving " in the Western culture and expresses gratitude for an abundance of harvest blessed by Heaven referred to as "Tiangere." The event lasts over two months, starting from the twelfth of the seventh month to the fifteenth of the ninth month by the Chinese lunar calendar , and spans for a total of 63 days, giving rise to its eponym as "the world’s longest festival". Among
9216-401: The Monguor go, they take their songs with them, which can be heard in parties, banquets, and at gatherings in cities where they work. Qinghai Qinghai is an inland province in Northwestern China . It is the largest province of China (excluding autonomous regions) by area and has the third smallest population. Its capital and largest city is Xining . Qinghai borders Gansu on
9360-479: The Monguor have maintained to speak their language, primarily in Qinghai and Gansu . During the Chinese classificatory campaigns carried out in the 1950s, those who could no longer speak their language were classified into " Han ", those who could not speak their language but adopted the Islamic religion were classified into " Hui ", those who followed the Mongols into the northern grassland were classified into "Mongols", and those who spoke their language and adopted
9504-441: The Northern Wei in China, while a small fraction went into Tibet and gave rise to the name "Tiebie". In the ancient Chinese records, the reference of Tibet included "Tubo" and "Tufan," which reflected the Chinese transcriptions of "Tuoba" and "Tufa." It is likely that "Tuoba" recorded in the Chinese language may have been pronounced as "Tiebie" originally in the Xianbei language. Among the Monguor settlement in Minhe , Qinghai today,
9648-633: The PRC ), Koreans , Vietnamese , Filipinos , Japanese , Thais , Polynesians , Miao people , Hmong , the Naiman tribe of Kazakhs in Kazakhstan , Kazakhs in the southeast of Altai Republic , and Kazakhs in the Ili area of Xinjiang. Haplogroup O-M175 is a descendant haplogroup of Haplogroup NO-M214 , and first appeared according to different theories either in Southeast Asia (see Rootsi 2006 , TMC 1998 , Shi 2005 , and Bradshaw Foundation ) or East Asia (see ISOGG 2012 ) approximately 40,000 years ago (or between 31,294 and 51,202 years ago according to Karmin et al. 2015). Haplogroup O-M175
9792-500: The Russian sample. The East Asian Y haplogroup O3-M122 was found in 47% of Russian males in China. In another test the East Asian paternal Y Haplogroup O made up 58% of Russian males samples in China. Haplogroup O was found in 1%-1.2% of Persians in one sample. O3-M122 is the commonly shared genetic signature of Sino-Tibetan speaking ethnicities. A broad survey of Y-chromosome variation among populations of central Eurasia found haplogroup O-M175(xM119,M95,M122) in 31% (14/45) of
9936-460: The Salars in Xunhua County ; Tibetans and Mongols are sparsely distributed across the rural western part of the province. Of the Muslim ethnic groups in China, Qinghai has communities of Hui, Salar, Dongxiang , and Bao'an . The Hui dominate the wholesale business in Qinghai. Religion in Qinghai (2000s) The predominant religions in Qinghai are Chinese folk religions (including Taoist traditions and Confucianism ) and Chinese Buddhism among
10080-484: The Silk Road. This admixture may come from an earlier period as many of their carnival-like festivals and masked fertility rituals have similarities in the Hellenistic times with Dionysian representations, not in Byzantine Christian-era Greek celebrations. Distribution of Y-chromosome haplogroups in Monguor: O =38.85( O2 =31.42, O1a =4.13, O1b =3.3) D =14.87 R1 =14.05( R1a =13.22, R1b =0.83) N =11.57 C =9.09 J =5.79 others=5.78 Their earliest origins from
10224-439: The Tibetan Empire , a series of local polities emerged under the political jostling of Western Xia to the north and Song dynasty to the east -- from the military-rule of Guiyi Circuit , to a Tibetan tribal confederacy, and eventually the Tibetan theocratic kingdom of Tsongkha . The Song dynasty eventually defeated the Kokonor kingdom Tsongkha in the 1070s. During the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty 's administrative rule of Tibet ,
10368-460: The Tuyühu Empire and not have called them as "the Donghu people" in reference of Western Xia. While the intimate associations between the two groups were manifested in the cross references of the Mongols as "Mengwu Shiwei " (or "Mongol Xianbei") from the first century and the Monguor as "Chaghan (or White) Monguor" in the thirteenth century, ethnically and culturally they remained different. As much as
10512-830: The Xianbei culture and lifestyles. The disagreement resulted in Tuyühu to proclaim as the Khan, or Kehan , and undertook the long westward journey under the title of the Prince of Jin, or Jin Wang, followed by other Xianbei and Wuhuan groups. While passing through western Liaoning and Mt. Bai, more Xianbei groups joined them from the Duan , Yuwen , and Bai sections. At the Hetao Plains near Ordos in Inner Mongolia , Tuyühu Khan led them to reside by Mt. Yin for over thirty years, as
10656-633: The Xianbei vacated from the northeast, the Jurchens , known as " Nüzhen " in Chinese, moved southward into Manchuria from their original habitation in the Tungus Plains in eastern Russia located on the north of Manchuria. They occupied the former areas of the Xianbei and renamed the Xianbei Mountains (鮮卑山) to " Daxinganling ," which remains in use today and literally meant "White Mountains" in their Tungus language. They first established
10800-643: The Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being, above all, timely. The table below brings together all of these works at
10944-603: The Y-DNA of 46.2% (12/26) of a sample of Papuan from Pantar Island to haplogroup NO-M214 ; considering their location in the Malay Archipelago, all or most of these individuals should belong to haplogroup O-M175. An association with the spread of Austronesian languages in late antiquity is suggested by significant levels of O-M175 among island populations of the South Pacific and Indian Ocean , including
11088-519: The area around Tso ngon (Lake Go, or Kokonor Lake). Military conflicts had severely weakened the Tuyuhun kingdom and it was incorporated into the Tibetan Empire. The Tibetan Empire continued expanding beyond Tso ngon during Trisong Detsen 's and Ralpacan 's reigns, and the empire controlled vast areas north and east of Tso ngon until 848, which included Xi'an . During the fragmentation of
11232-602: The area. After the Xinhai Revolution and the ensuing fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912, Qinghai came under Chinese Muslim warlord Ma Qi 's control until the Northern Expedition by the Republic of China consolidated central control in 1928. In the same year, the province of Qinghai was established by the Nationalist Government , with Xining as its capital. During the Bronze Age , Qinghai
11376-737: The back of camels), and amphibious troops for combats on the land and water, the Xia army maintained a powerful stance in opposition to the Song , Liao (916–1125), and Jin (1115–1234) empires to its east, the last of which was founded by the Jurchens , who were the predecessors of the Manchus who would found the Qing dynasty (1644–1912). The Xia territory encompassed the present Ningxia , Gansu , eastern Qinghai , northern Shaanxi , northeastern Xinjiang , southwest Inner Mongolia , and southernmost Outer Mongolia , spanning about 800,000 square kilometers. In
11520-601: The beginning of the thirteenth century, Genghis Khan unified the northern grasslands of Mongolia and led the Mongol troops to carry out six rounds of attacks against Western Xia over a period of twenty-two years. As Western Xia resisted vehemently, more and more of its people crossed the Qilian Mountains to join the earlier establishments in Qinghai and Gansu in order to avoid the Mongol assaults, which gave rise to
11664-527: The biggest debacle in the Tang history, and formally brought the Tuyühu Empire to an end. After its fall in 670, the Tuyühu Empire split into an Eastern and Western Kingdom. The Eastern Kingdom existed on the eastern side of the Qilian Mountains and increasingly migrated eastward into central China, whereas the Western Kingdom existed under the leadership of the former exile Khan , Dayan, in Tibet. As
11808-505: The borders of India and Afghanistan , and established a vast empire that encompassed Qinghai , Gansu, Ningxia , northern Sichuan , eastern Shaanxi , southern Xinjiang, and most of Tibet , stretching 1,500 kilometers from the east to the west and 1,000 kilometers from the north to the south. They unified northwest China for the first time in history, developed the southern route of the Silk Road , and promoted cultural exchanges between
11952-713: The central leadership and removed any possibility for the Xianbei to restore the Tuyühu Empire. The Western Xia Empire inherited the political and social structures of the Tang and further developed an outstanding civilization characterized as "shining and sparkling". It became the new kingdom for the descendants of the Tuyühu Xianbei who had lost their country. The Western Xia made significant achievements in literature, art, music, architecture, and chemistry. Through effective military organizations that integrated cavalry, chariots, archery, shields, artillery (cannons carried on
12096-521: The character "Gao" (or "Mighty") in the Xia national title could have derived as a variant abbreviation. "Bai Gao" in the national title was in turn used it to refer to the Yellow River , which had traditionally been referred to as the "Mother River" of China, known as "Mu Qin He," that has nurtured their homeland. The Flemish Catholic missionary, Schram, who wrote about the Monguor based on residence in
12240-512: The city was the seat of a short-lived Latin Catholic Apostolic Vicariate (pre-diocesan missionary jurisdiction) of Kokonur (alias Khouhkou-noor, Kokonoor), but it was suppressed in 1861. No incumbent(s) recorded. Qinghai has been influenced by interactions "between Mongol and Tibetan culture, north to south, and Han Chinese and Inner Asia Muslim culture, east to west". The languages of Qinghai have for centuries formed
12384-593: The concurrent meaning of the Chinese character "Tu" for "soil." The ethnonym "Tu" is increasingly a self-reference. The reference of "Monguor" in the Western publications came from their self-reference as "Chaghan Monguor" (or "White Mongols "). It was derived from their origins from the Murong Xianbei , from whom Tuyühu Khan separated and who had been historically referred to as "the White Section" or "Bai Bu," due to their lighter skin. The term "Monguor"
12528-750: The construction of three more by 2020. Since the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology began its "Access to Telephones Project", Qinghai has invested 640 million yuan to provide telephone access to 3,860 out of its 4,133 administrative villages. At the end of 2006, 299 towns had received Internet access . However, 6.6 percent of villages in the region still have no access to the telephone. These villages are mainly scattered in Qingnan Area, with 90 percent of them located in Yushu and Guoluo . The average altitude of these areas exceeds 3600 meters, and
12672-593: The current Qinghai - Gansu area during the time of the Mongol conquests, to the Shatuo and/or to the Han Chinese . Some references argue that the Chinese term "Tu" was derived from the name of Tuyühu Khan , who was the older son of the King of Murong Xianbei who migrated westward from the northeast in 284. The last character of Tuyühu, pronounced as "hun" today, may have been pronounced "hu" in some dialect of ancient Chinese language. The contemporary reference of this name
12816-472: The current Qinghai Province in the early twentieth century, cited Comte de Lesdain, who characterized the Monguor as "the most authentic reminder of the primitive race from which the Chinese sprung." This characterization reflected that the Monguor culture under their observation has embodied "a high civilization fortified by its own history and distinctive social structure" developed by the Xianbei forefathers from their extensive rulings over China and preserved by
12960-545: The current settlements of the Monguor. During the last round of attacks, Genghis Khan died in Western Xia. The official Mongol historical account attributed his death to an illness, whereas legends told that he died from a wound inflicted in the battles. After the Xia capital was overrun in 1227, the Mongols destroyed much of hu its architecture and written records, killing the last emperor and massacring tens of thousands of civilians. The Xia troops were later incorporated into
13104-565: The east and the west, the Empire became the immediate target of invasion by the Tang. Meanwhile, the Tibetan Empire developed rapidly under the leadership of Songtsen Gampo , who united the Tibetans and expanded northward, directly threatening the Tuyühu Empire. The exile Tuyühu Khan , Dayan, submitted under Tibet, which resorted to an excuse that Tuyühu objected its marriage with the Tang and sent 200,000 troops to attack. The Tuyühu troops retreated to Qinghai , whereas Tibet went eastward to attack
13248-479: The eastern and western territories, dominating the northwest for more than three and half centuries until the empire was destroyed by the Tibetans who rose up in 670. The Xianbei asserted cultural imprint in the region. The English reference for " Tibet " may have come from the Xianbei language for Tibetans "Tiebie," in contrast to the self-reference of the Tibetans as "Bo". The name "Tiebie" may have come from
13392-634: The empire, by annihilating the Western Qin (385–430), which had annexed Southern Liang (396–414) earlier, and Haolian Xia (407–431) kingdoms, from which the Qinghai Xianbei, Tufa Xianbei, Qifu Xianbei and Haolian Xianbei joined them. These Xianbei groups formed the core of the Tuyuhun Empire and numbered about 3.3 million at their peak. They carried out extensive military expeditions westward, reaching as far as Hetian in Xinjiang and
13536-793: The ethnic minorities of South Africa. The frequency of this haplogroup is 6.14% in the Cape colored population, 18% in Cape Coloured Muslim, 38% in Cape Indian Muslims and 10% in Cape Other Muslims. It's found 11.5% in the Réunion Creole . Haplogroup O-M175 had also been found in Latin America and Caribbean as a result of massive Chinese male migration from the 19th century. It was found in
13680-408: The extensive migrations that the Xianbei undertook in the northeast, northern, and northwest China, the name of Mt. Xianbei was found along their trajectories. The earliest recorded Mt. Xianbei was in the southern portions of Daxinganling , located in northeast Inner Mongolia, which represented the originating place of the Xianbei. Two Mt. Xianbei were recorded subsequently in western Liaoning : one in
13824-590: The finding of O-M175* among similar population samples ( Xue 2006 , Kim 2011 ). The reported examples of O-M175(xM119,M95,M122) Y-chromosomes that have been found among these populations might therefore belong to Haplogroup O-M268*(xM95,M176) or Haplogroup O-M176 (O1b2). A study published in 2013 found O-M175(xM119, M95, M176, M122) Y-DNA in 5.5% (1/18) Iranians from Teheran , 5.4% (2/37) Tajiks from Badakhshan Province of Afghanistan, and 1/97 Mongols from northwest Mongolia, while finding O-M176 only in 1/20 Mongols from northeast Mongolia. O1a-M119 and O1b-M268 share
13968-628: The first century, the Xianbei defeated the Wuhuan and northern Xiongnu, and developed into a powerful state under the leadership of their elected Khan , Tanshihuai. In the third century, the Eastern Han dynasty (25–220 BC) disintegrated into three kingdoms, including the Cao Wei (220–265) in the north, the Eastern Wu (222–280) in the south, and the Shu Han (221–263) in the southwest. In 235,
14112-568: The greatest concentrations found by Mt. Yin near Ordos. In 946, the Shatuo Turk, Liu Zhiyuan , conspired to murder the highest Xianbei leader, Bai Chengfu, who was reportedly so wealthy that "his horses had silver mangers". With that stolen wealth, which included an abundance of property and thousands of fine horses, Liu established the Later Han (947–950), the shortest dynasty in Chinese history, lasting only four years. The incident took away
14256-549: The headwaters of these three rivers and consists of 18 subareas, each containing three zones which are managed with differing degrees of strictness. Qinghai Lake is the largest salt water lake in China, and the second largest in the world. Other large lakes are Lake Hala in the Qilian mountains , lakes Gyaring and Ngoring in the headwater region of the Yellow River, Lake Donggi Cona , and many saline and salt lakes in
14400-519: The high altitude, Qinghai has quite cold winters (harsh in the highest elevations), mild summers, and a large diurnal temperature variation . Its mean annual temperature is approximately −5 to 8 °C (23 to 46 °F), with January temperatures ranging from −18 to −7 °C (0 to 19 °F) and July temperatures ranging from 15 to 21 °C (59 to 70 °F). It is also prone to heavy winds as well as sandstorms from February to April. Significant rainfall occurs mainly in summer, while precipitation
14544-458: The interpretation that "Tangut" represented "the Donghu people" stronger, not only from reflecting that the Wuhuan joined the Xianbei in the Tuyühu and Western Xia empires, but also contrasting that the Mongols had descended from the Xiongnu. If the Mongols had descended from the Xianbei, as the Chinese scholars characterized, the Mongols would have shared the same ethnic origins with the Xianbei of
14688-471: The last three decades, since they were invariably destroyed during the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976). While Buddhist monks are common in most villages, Taoist priests and shamans have become very few and serve the whole area. The Taoist priests take charge of diverse functions that include weddings, funerals, and looking after the shrines, whereas the shaman's primary function is to serve as
14832-721: The middle of 3rd century CE, nomadic people related to the Mongolic Xianbei migrated to pasture lands around the Qinghai Lake (Koko Nur) and established the Tuyuhun Kingdom . In the 7th century, the Tuyuhun Kingdom was attacked by both the Tibetan Empire and the Tang dynasty as both sought control over the Silk Road trade routes. Tibetan King Songtsen Gampo was victorious, and settled
14976-490: The national army to participate in wars that took place as far as in eastern Liaoning , Shaanxi , Shanxi , Yunnan , Mongolia , and Dunhuang , which progressively weakened their military power. Their political power came to the ultimate decline when the Tusi system was abolished in 1931, which exacerbated more Monguor to lose their language. By the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, only about fifty thousand of
15120-472: The national defense, and political and religious affairs of China. Starting in the middle of the Ming dynasty, the ranches of the Monguor were taken into the state possession, and their horses became the subject of being drafted into the national army and looted by the Mongols from the north, resulting in the eventual shift of their lifestyles toward sedentary agriculture, supplemented by minimum animal husbandry, as
15264-603: The national level on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. It is established to fulfill the nation's strategy of developing the west. XETDZ enjoys a convenient transportation system, connected by the Xining-Lanzhou expressway and running through by two main roads, the broadest in the city. It is 4 km from the railway station, 15 km from Xi'ning Airport—a grade 4D airport with 14 airlines to cities such as Beijing, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Chengdu and Xi'an. Xining
15408-634: The northeast, Xinjiang on the northwest, Sichuan on the southeast and the Tibet Autonomous Region on the southwest. Qinghai province was established in 1928 during the period of the Republic of China , and until 1949 was ruled by Chinese Muslim warlords known as the Ma clique . The Chinese name "Qinghai" is after Qinghai Lake , the largest lake in China. The lake is known as Tso ngon in Tibetan, and as Kokonor Lake in English, derived from
15552-456: The northeast, Murong Wei composed an "Older Brother’s Song," or "the Song of A Gan:" "A Gan" is Chinese transcription of "a ga" for "older brother" in the Xianbei language. The song lamented his sadness and longing for Tuyühu . Legends accounted that Murong Wei often sang it until he died and the song got spread into central and northwest China. The Murong Xianbei whom he had led successively founded
15696-537: The northwest, their religious lives shifted from the Chinese toward Tibetan Buddhism. After Western Xia fell, its territory centered in Ningxia was fragmented by the successive establishments of Shaanxi , Gansu , and Qinghai provinces, which increasingly weakened the political and military powers of the Monguor. Through the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1912) dynasties, the Monguor continued to play important roles in
15840-449: The original Monguor groups became settled into the form of different villages . In the last two centuries, the areas formerly occupied by the Monguor were encroached upon by increasing inland Chinese migrations. Throughout this period, the Monguor maintained a high degree of political autonomy and self governance under the local chiefdom system of Tusi . The Monguor troops led by their Tusi defended not only their own homeland but also joined
15984-609: The phylogeny is correct) before breaking up into its two extant descendant haplogroups, O1-MSY2.2 and O1b-M268. O-M119 (which was known briefly as O-MSY2.2, until the SNP MSY2.2 was found to be unreliable) is found frequently in Austronesian-speaking people , with a moderate distribution in southern and eastern Chinese and Kra-dai peoples. Found frequently among populations of East Asia , Southeast Asia , and culturally Austronesian regions of Oceania , with
16128-592: The poor natural conditions hamper the establishment of telecommunications facilities in the region. Satellite phones have been provided to 186 remote villages in Qinghai Province as of September 14, 2007. The areas benefited were Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and Guoluo Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture. Qinghai has recently been provided with satellite telephone access. In June 2007, China Satcom carried out an in-depth survey in Yushu and Guoluo, and made
16272-432: The prefix "Mengwu" (or "Mongol") in front of "Shiwei" (or "Xianbei") marked the difference between the Mongols and the Xianbei, the prefix "Chaghan" in front of "Monguor" indicated that the Monguor and their Xianbei predecessors were not the same as the Mongols. Culturally, the Mongols have retained a nomadic lifestyle, whereas the social organizations and religious lives of the Monguor are of far greater complexities. When
16416-562: The present Jinzhou City and one near Yi County. Another Mt. Xianbei was recorded in the northern portions of Daxinganling, located near Alihe Town of Oroqin Autonomous Banner in Hulunbeiermeng in the northeastern portion of Inner Mongolia that borders eastern Russia . The Gaxian Cave, currently Khabarovsk and Amur regions in the Russian Far East , which had stone inscriptions of the Northern Wei emperor dated 443,
16560-538: The province has many ethnic autonomous areas at the district and county levels. Qinghai is administratively divided into eight prefecture-level divisions : two prefecture-level cities and six autonomous prefectures : The eight prefecture-level divisions of Qinghai are subdivided into 44 county-level divisions (6 districts , 4 county-level cities , 27 counties and 7 autonomous counties ). There are over 37 recognized ethnic groups among Qinghai's population of 5.6 million, with Han population standing at 50.5% of
16704-480: The province the second-largest concentration of Hui after Ningxia , the state denied the Hui ethnic autonomous townships and counties that their numbers warranted under Chinese law until the 1980s. Qinghai is located on the northeastern part of the Tibetan Plateau . By area, it is the largest province in the People's Republic of China (excluding the autonomous regions ). The Yellow River originates in
16848-649: The province's capital, was completed in 1959 and is the major transportation route in and out of the province. A continuation of the line, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway via Golmud and western Qinghai, has become one of the most ambitious projects in PRC history. It was completed in October 2005 and now links Tibet with the rest of China through Qinghai. Construction on the Golmud–Dunhuang Railway , in
16992-620: The province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Qinghai Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary (青海省委书记), colloquially termed the "Qinghai Party Chief". Because the Han form Qinghai's ethnic majority and because none of its many ethnic minorities have clear dominance over the rest, the province is not administered as an autonomous region. Instead,
17136-460: The province's northwestern part, started in 2012. Six National Highways run through the province. Xining Caojiabao International Airport provides service to Beijing , Lanzhou , Golmud and Delingha . Smaller regional airports, Delingha Airport , Golog Maqin Airport , Huatugou Airport , Qilian Airport and Yushu Batang Airport , serve the province's smaller communities; plans exist for
17280-455: The provincial seat of Qinghai. During the hot summer months, many tourists from the hot southern and eastern parts of China travel to Xining, as the climate of Xining in July and August is quite mild and comfortable, making the city an ideal summer retreat. Qinghai Lake ( 青海湖 ; qīnghǎi hú ) is another tourist attraction, albeit further from Xining than Kumbum Monastery (Ta'er Si). The lake
17424-509: The reference of China known as "Hătāi" and " Cathay " in the Persian and European countries. The reference of "Qara" (or "Black") as a prefix in the name of the Khitans and "Khara" (or "Black") in that of the Mongols may indicate that both groups had substantial input from the Xiongnu , who by self proclaiming to be "Xianbei" earlier made it hard in distinguish in the Chinese records. After
17568-622: The region comprised the headwaters of the Ma chu (Machu River, Yellow River ) and the Yalong ( Yangtze ) rivers and was known as Amdo , but apportioned to different administrative divisions than Tibet proper. Most of Qinghai was, for a short time in the aftermath of the Yuan dynasty's overthrow, under the control of early Ming dynasty , but later gradually lost to the Khoshut Khanate founded by
17712-427: The result of recent migrations. However, certain O subclades do achieve significant frequencies among some populations of Central Asia , South Asia , and Oceania . For example, one study found it at a rate of 67% among the Naimans , a tribe in Kazakhstan, even though the rate among Kazakhs in general is only about 3.3% to 10.8%( Wells et al. 2001 ). (It is notable that 75% of cases of haplogroup O-M175 observed in
17856-582: The same haplogroup carried by the majority (50-60%) of Han Chinese. 82.5% of Jadoon men carrying Q-MEH2 and O3-M122 which are both of East Asian origin. O3-M122 was absent in the Sayyid (Syed) population and appeared in low numbers among Tanolis , Gujars and Yousafzais . There appears to be founder affect in the O3-M122 among the Jadoon. 76.32% of Jadoon men carry O3-M122 while 0.75% of Tanolis, 0.81% of Gujars and 2.82% of Yousafzais carry O3-M122. Russians in China East Asian haplogroup O made up 58% of their Y haplogroup. O3-M122 specifically made up 47% of
18000-416: The same office from Ming, and his clans were the ones who took Ma as their surname. From 1640 to 1724, a big part of the area that is now Qinghai was under Khoshut Mongol control, but in 1724 it was conquered by the armies of the Qing dynasty . Xining , the capital of modern Qinghai province, began to function as the administrative center, although the city itself was then part of Gansu province within
18144-431: The self-reference of the Monguor as "Chaghan Monguor" (or "White Mongols"), and "Hour" was a variant record to the Tibetan reference of the Monguor as "Huo’er" used by the Tibetans today. In the beginning of the Tang dynasty , the Tuyühu Empire came to a gradual decline and was increasingly caught in the conflict between the Tang and the Tibetan Empire . Because the Tuyühu Empire controlled the crucial trade routes between
18288-399: The social organizations have been influenced by Tibetan Buddhism , Confucianism , Taoism and local beliefs. A few Tu in Huzhu and Minhe are Christian, the result of on-going American and Korean missionary work in the area. The ethnic history of the Monguor is contested. It has been variously suggested that their origins are related to the Tuyuhun Xianbei , to Mongol troops who came to
18432-411: The southern part of the province, while the Yangtze and Mekong have their sources in the southwestern part. Qinghai is separated by the Riyue Mountain into pastoral and agricultural zones in the west and east. The Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve is located in Qinghai and contains the headwaters of the Yellow River , Yangtze River , and Mekong River . The reserve was established to protect
18576-439: The state. The state provided money for food and uniforms in all schools, state run or private. Roads and a theater were constructed. The state controlled all the press, no freedom was allowed for independent journalists. As the 1949 Chinese revolution approached Qinghai, Ma Bufang abandoned his post and flew to Hong Kong , traveling abroad but never returning to China. On January 1, 1950, the Qinghai Province People's Government
18720-538: The total population and national minorities making up 49.5% of the population. In 2010, Tibetan population stood at 20.7%, Hui 16%, Tu (Monguor) 4%, with also some groups of Mongol , and Salar , all of those groups being the most populous in the province. Han Chinese predominate in the cities of Xining , Haidong , Delingha and Golmud , and elsewhere in the northeast. The Hui are concentrated in Xining, Haidong, Minhe County , Hualong County , and Datong County . The Tu people predominate in Huzhu County and
18864-410: The western part of the province. The Qaidam basin lies in the northwest part of the province at an altitude between 3000 and 5000 meters above sea level. About a third of this resource rich basin is desert. The average elevation of Qinghai is approximately 3000 m. Mountain ranges include the Tanggula Mountains and Kunlun Mountains , with the highest point being Bukadaban Feng at 6860 m. Due to
19008-411: The western side of the Yellow River , in contrast to the Liao (916–1125) and Jin on its east. The Mongolian usage of "Tangut" most likely referred to the " Donghu people ;" "-t" in Mongolian language means "people". Whereas "Donghu" was a Chinese transcription, its Mongolian reference was "Tünghu". By the time that the Mongols emerged in the thirteenth century, the only "Donghu people" who existed were
19152-418: The years 908 and 1042, the reference became simplified into "Tuhu" and "Tüihu" people. As the other ethnic groups of the Tuyühu Empire came to be ascribed with different ethnonyms through subsequent history, the Xianbei who founded the empire remained to bear with the identity of "Tu." The name "Tu" was most likely associated with a derogatory meaning and "indigenous people". Its derogatory undertone came from
19296-429: Was "Acting Chief Executive Officer of Kokonur" (de facto Governor of the region that later became Qinghai). In 1928, Qinghai province was created. The Muslim warlord and General Ma Qi became military governor of Qinghai, followed by his brother Ma Lin and then Ma Qi's son Ma Bufang . In 1932 Tibet invaded Qinghai , attempting to capture southern parts of Qinghai province, following contention in Yushu , Qinghai, over
19440-402: Was "the Great Xia Kingdom of the White and Mighty," or "Bai Gao Da Xia Guo" (白高大夏国). The term "White" (or "Bai") was designated to the founding ethnic group, the Xianbei descendants of the Tuyühu Empire, which is consistent with their reference of "Chaghan" (or "White"), derived from their origins from the Murong Xianbei known as the "White Section." The term "Mighty" (or "Gao") was designated to
19584-427: Was a federation formed from the Donghu, Wuhuan , and Xianbei . Among the northern ethnic groups, the Donghu was the earliest to evolve into a state of civilization and first developed bronze technology. Through the usage of bronze weaponry and armored cavalry in warfare, they maintained extensive dominance over the Xiongnu on their west. In the end of the third century B.C., the Xiongnu Maodun attacked to destroy
19728-422: Was approved as state-level development zone in July 2000. It has a planned area of 4.4 km . XETDZ lies in the east of Xining, 5 km from the city centre. Xining is located in the east of the province at the upper reaches of the Huangshui River , one of the Yellow River's branches. The city is surrounded by mountains with an average elevation of 2261 m, the highest at 4393 m. XETDZ is the first of its kind at
19872-420: Was associated with the Hongshan Culture. In archaeological terms, the Hongshan Culture gradually gave rise to the Lower Xiajiadian Culture and represented the transition toward the bronze technology. It eventually evolved into the Upper Xiajidian Culture, which was associated with the Donghu and characterized by the practice of agriculture and animal husbandry supplemented by handicrafts and bronze art. The Donghu
20016-439: Was declared, owing its allegiance to the new People's Republic of China . Aside from some minor adjustments to suit the geography, the PRC maintained the province's territorial integrity. Resistance to Communist rule continued in the form of the Huis' Kuomintang Islamic insurgency (1950–58) , spreading past traditionally Hui areas to the ethnic-Tibetan south. Although the Hui composed 15.6% of Qinghai's population in 1949, making
20160-416: Was first used by the European Catholic missionaries, Smedt and Mosaert, who studied the Monguor language and compiled a Monguor- French dictionary in the beginning of the twentieth century. Subsequently, the Flemish Catholic missionary, Louis Schram, made it into an international name through three volumes of extensive reports based on his experiences from having lived among them from 1911 to 1922. The term
20304-419: Was home to a diverse group of nomadic tribes closely related to other Central Asians who traditionally made a living in agriculture and husbandry , the Kayue culture . The eastern part of the area of Qinghai was under the control of the Han dynasty about 2,000 years ago. It was a battleground during the Tang and subsequent Central Plain dynasties when they fought against successive Tibetan tribes . In
20448-421: Was likely associated with the submission of the Xiongnu under Xianbei. In 87 A.D., the Xianbei defeated the northern Xiongnu and killed their king, Chanyu Youliu, causing its thorough disintegration. Thereafter, the Xiongnu submitted under and self-proclaimed to be Xianbei. This resulted in a mix of the Xiongnu into Xianbei and made it difficult to differentiate the two groups in subsequent historical records. That
20592-525: Was recognized to be the sacred ancestral shrine of the Xianbei. In the northwest, the Qilian Mountains that run along Gansu and Qinghai provinces were referred to as the Greater Mt. Xianbei. In Sanchuan / Guanting of Minhe County in Qinghai , which holds the most densely populated Monguor settlement, Mt. Xianbei stands in the west, upon which sits the ancestral shrine of the Xianbei Khans. After Tuyühu Khan died in Linxia , also known as Huozhou, Gansu in 317, his sixty sons inherited to further develop
20736-412: Was traditionally a reverence term for a deceased ancestor with deity status. The earliest record of the Monguor in the Western publications was made by the French missionaries, Huc and Gabet, who traveled through northwest China in 1844–46. They used "Dschiahour" to represent the Monguor, based on Tibetan reference, in which "Dschia" was likely abbreviated from the first part of "Chaghan" (or "White") from
#413586