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73-451: The name Daidalos seems to be attested in Linear B , a writing system used to record Mycenaean Greek . The name appears in the form da-da-re-jo-de , possibly referring to a sanctuary. Daedalus's parentage was supplied as a later addition, with various authors attributing different parents to him. His father is claimed to be either Eupalamus , Metion , or Palamaon . Similarly, his mother

146-408: A bird's wings. When both were prepared for flight, Daedalus warned Icarus not to fly too high, because the heat of the sun would melt the beeswax that held his feathers together, nor too low, because the sea foam would soak the feathers and make them heavy and he would fall. After Daedalus and Icarus had passed Samos , Delos , and Lebynthos , Icarus disobeyed his father and began to soar upward toward

219-809: A fortress. During the Byzantine period, the Parthenon was used as a church dedicated to the Virgin Mary . During the Latin Duchy of Athens , the Acropolis functioned as the city's administrative center, with the Parthenon as its cathedral, and the Propylaea as part of the ducal palace. A large tower was added, the Frankopyrgos (Frankish Tower), demolished during the 19th century. After

292-614: A metaphor for genuine understanding of truth , as opposed to belief that coincidentally happens to be true, in a Socratic dialogue with Meno . Socrates argues that while truth, like one of Daedalus's "moving" statues, is inherently valuable, their animacy would mean they are worthless if the owner cannot shackle them in place to stop them from wandering off. Daedalus gave his name, eponymously , to many Greek craftsmen and many Greek contraptions and inventions that represented dextrous skill. A specific sort of early Greek sculptures are named Daedalic sculpture in his honor. In Boeotia there

365-501: A monumental gate at the western end of the Acropolis with Doric columns of Pentelic marble, built partly upon the old Propylaea of Peisistratos. These colonnades were almost finished during 432 BC and had two wings, the northern one decorated with paintings by Polygnotus . About the same time, south of the Propylaea, building started on the small Ionic Temple of Athena Nike in Pentelic marble with tetrastyle porches, preserving

438-634: A pair of compasses. Daedalus was so envious of his nephew's accomplishments that he attempted to murder him by throwing him down from the Acropolis in Athens . Athena saved his nephew and turned him into a partridge . Tried and convicted for this murder attempt, Daedalus left Athens and fled to Crete . Daedalus created the Labyrinth on Crete , in which the Minotaur was kept. Poseidon had given

511-647: A sentence. The application of Linear B texts appear to have been mostly confined to administrative contexts, mainly at Mycenaean palatial sites. In the handwriting of all the thousands of clay tablets, a relatively small number of scribes have been detected: 45 in Pylos (west coast of the Peloponnese , in Southern Greece ) and 66 in Knossos ( Crete ). The use of Linear B signs on trade objects like amphora

584-641: A single limestone column base and pieces of several sandstone steps. Soon after the palace was constructed, a Cyclopean massive circuit wall was built, 760 meters long, up to 10 meters high, and ranging from 3.5 to 6 meters thick. From the end of the Helladic IIIB (1300–1200 BC) on, this wall would serve as the main defense for the acropolis until the 5th century. The wall consisted of two parapets built with large stone blocks and cemented with an earth mortar called emplekton (Greek: ἔμπλεκτον). The wall uses typical Mycenaean conventions in that it followed

657-721: A standard proposed primarily by Emmett L. Bennett, Jr. became known as the Wingspread Convention, which was adopted by a new organization, the Comité International Permanent des Études Mycéniennes (CIPEM: Permanent International Committee of Mycenaean Studies), affiliated in 1970 by the fifth colloquium with UNESCO . Colloquia continue: the 13th occurred in 2010 in Paris. Many of the signs are identical or similar to those in Linear A ; however, Linear A encodes an as yet unknown language, and it

730-477: A twist of fate, a partridge, presumably the nephew Daedalus murdered, mocked Daedalus as he buried his son. The fall and death of Icarus is seemingly portrayed as punishment for Daedalus's murder of his nephew. After burying Icarus, Daedalus traveled to Camicus in Sicily , where he stayed as a guest under the protection of King Cocalus. There Daedalus built a temple to Apollo , and hung up his wings as an offering to

803-411: A white bull to King Minos to use it as a sacrifice. Instead, the king kept the bull for himself and sacrificed another. As revenge, Poseidon, with the help of Aphrodite , made King Minos's wife, Pasiphaë , lust for the bull. Pasiphaë asked Daedalus to help her. Daedalus built a hollow, wooden cow, covered in real cow hide for Pasiphaë, so she could mate with the bull. As a result, Pasiphaë gave birth to

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876-508: Is Cocalus that kills Minos in the bath. Other variants say that Daedalus himself poured the boiling water, or that he had built the pipes that could supply hot water to the bath and this was used to instead pour boiling water on him. At least two locations are associated with the death of Daedalus. One version of the story says he retired to the Cretan colony of Telmessos , ruled by Minos's estranged brother Sarpedon, and while wandering outside

949-529: Is a late one by Ovid in his Metamorphoses . After Theseus and Ariadne eloped together, Daedalus and his son Icarus were imprisoned by King Minos in the labyrinth that he had built. He could not leave Crete by sea, as King Minos kept a strict watch on all vessels, permitting none to sail without being carefully searched. Since Minos controlled the land routes as well, Daedalus set to work to make wings for himself and his son Icarus. Using bird feathers of various sizes, thread, and beeswax, he shaped them to resemble

1022-620: Is an ancient citadel located on a rocky outcrop above the city of Athens , Greece, and contains the remains of several ancient buildings of great architectural and historical significance, the most famous being the Parthenon . The word Acropolis is from the Greek words ἄκρον ( akron , "highest point, extremity") and πόλις ( polis , "city"). The term acropolis is generic and there are many other acropoleis in Greece . During ancient times

1095-518: Is especially popular in depictions. A few noteworthy pieces are included below. There are also a number of adaptations of the myth of Daedalus and Icarus in modern literature and film, including a poem by Edward Field . Linear B Linear B is a syllabic script that was used for writing in Mycenaean Greek , the earliest attested form of the Greek language . The script predates

1168-550: Is first mentioned in roughly 1400 BC on the Knossian Linear B tablets. He is later mentioned by Homer as the creator of a dancing floor for Ariadne , similar to that which Hephaestus placed on the Shield of Achilles. It is clear that this Daedalus was not an original character of Homer's. Rather, Homer was referencing mythology that his audience was already familiar with. Daedalus is not mentioned again in literature until

1241-457: Is known about the original plan of the interior, which was destroyed by fire during the first century BC and has been rebuilt several times. During the same period, a combination of sacred precincts including the temples of Athena Polias, Poseidon , Erechtheus , Cecrops , Herse , Pandrosos and Aglauros , with its Kore Porch (Porch of the Maidens) or Caryatids' Balcony was begun. Between

1314-426: Is lined with six Ionic columns. Unusually, the temple has two porches, one on the northwest corner borne by Ionic columns, the other, to the southwest, supported by huge female figures or caryatids . The eastern part of the temple was dedicated to Athena Polias , while the western part, serving the cult of the archaic king Poseidon-Erechtheus , housed the altars of Hephaestus and Voutos, brother of Erechtheus. Little

1387-411: Is named variously as Perdix , Talos, or Calos, although some sources say that Perdix was the name of Daedalus' sister. The nephew showed striking evidence of ingenuity. Finding the spine of a fish on the seashore, he took a piece of iron and notched it on the edge, and thus invented the saw. He put two pieces of iron together, connecting them at one end with a rivet, and sharpening the other ends, and made

1460-571: Is the now partially reconstructed Odeon of Herodes Atticus . All the valuable ancient artifacts are situated in the Acropolis Museum , which resides on the southern slope of the same rock, 280 metres from the Parthenon. Site plan of the Acropolis at Athens showing the major archaeological remains. The Acropolis Restoration Project began in 1975 to reverse the decay of centuries of attrition, pollution, destruction from military actions, and misguided past restorations. The project included

1533-471: Is uncertain whether similar signs had the same phonetic values . The grid developed during decipherment by Michael Ventris and John Chadwick of phonetic values for syllabic signs is shown below. (Note that "q" represents the labialized velar stops [ɡʷ, kʷ, kʷʰ] , not the uvular stop of the IPA.) Initial consonants are in the leftmost column; vowels are in the top row beneath the title. The transcription of

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1606-637: The Attalid kings of Pergamon Attalos II (in front of the NW corner of the Parthenon), and Eumenes II, in front of the Propylaea. These were rededicated during the early Roman Empire to Augustus or Claudius (uncertain) and Agrippa , respectively. Eumenes was also responsible for constructing a stoa on the south slope, similar to that of Attalos in the agora below. During the Julio-Claudian period ,

1679-666: The Enneapylon , had been built around the acropolis hill and incorporated the biggest water spring, the Clepsydra , at the northwestern foot. A temple to Athena Polias , the tutelary deity of the city, was erected between 570 and 550 BC. This Doric limestone building, from which many relics survive, is referred to as the Hekatompedon (Greek for "hundred–footed"), Ur-Parthenon (German for "original Parthenon" or "primitive Parthenon"), H–Architecture or Bluebeard temple, after

1752-452: The Greek alphabet by several centuries, the earliest known examples dating to around 1400 BC. It is adapted from the earlier Linear A , an undeciphered script perhaps used for writing the Minoan language , as is the later Cypriot syllabary , which also recorded Greek. Linear B, found mainly in the palace archives at Knossos , Kydonia , Pylos , Thebes and Mycenae , disappeared with

1825-719: The Lapiths . Other monuments that have left almost nothing visible to the present day are the Chalkotheke , the Pandroseion , Pandion's sanctuary , Athena's altar, Zeus Polieus's sanctuary and, from Roman times, the circular Temple of Roma and Augustus . During the Hellenistic and Roman periods, many of the existing buildings in the area of the Acropolis were repaired to remedy damage from age and occasionally war. Monuments to foreign kings were erected, notably those of

1898-647: The Minotaur , a creature with the body of a man, but the head and tail of a bull. King Minos ordered the Minotaur to be imprisoned and guarded in the Labyrinth built by Daedalus for that purpose. In the story of the Labyrinth as told by the Hellenes , the Athenian hero Theseus is challenged to kill the Minotaur, finding his way back out with the help of Ariadne's thread . It is Daedalus himself who gives Ariadne

1971-687: The Ottoman conquest of Greece , the Propylaea were used as the garrison headquarters of the Turkish army, the Parthenon was converted into a mosque and the Erechtheum was turned into the governor 's private harem . The buildings of the Acropolis suffered significant damage during the 1687 siege by the Venetians in the Morean War . The Parthenon, which was being used as a gunpowder magazine ,

2044-471: The 13th century BC, an earthquake caused a fissure near the northeastern edge of the Acropolis. This fissure extended some 35 meters to a bed of soft marl in which a well was dug. An elaborate set of stairs was built and the well served as an invaluable, protected source of drinking water during times of siege for some portion of the Mycenaean period. Not much is known about the architectural appearance of

2117-483: The 17th century, were restored, with many wrongly assembled columns now properly placed. The roof and floor of the Propylaea were partly restored, with sections of the roof made of new marble and decorated with blue and gold inserts, as in the original. Restoration of the Temple of Athena Nike was completed in 2010. A total of 2,675 tons of architectural members were restored, with 686 stones reassembled from fragments of

2190-423: The Acropolis of Athens was also more properly known as Cecropia , after the legendary serpent-man Cecrops , the supposed first Athenian king. While there is evidence that the hill was inhabited as early as the 4th (millennium?)BC, it was Pericles ( c.  495 –429 BC) in the fifth century BC who coordinated the construction of the buildings whose present remains are the site's most important ones, including

2263-525: The Acropolis until the Archaic era . During the 7th and the 6th centuries BC, the site was controlled by Kylon during the failed Kylonian revolt, and twice by Peisistratos ; each of these was attempts directed at seizing political power by coups d'état . Apart from the Hekatompedon mentioned later, Peisistratos also built an entry gate or propylaea . Nevertheless, it seems that a nine-gate wall,

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2336-405: The Athens schist and the overlying Acropolis limestone . The Athens schist is a soft reddish rock dating from the late Cretaceous period. The original sediments were deposited in a river delta approximately 72 million years ago. The Acropolis limestone dates from the late Jurassic period, predating the underlying Athens schist by about 30 million years. The Acropolis limestone was thrust over

2409-408: The Athens schist by compressional tectonic forces, forming a nappe or overthrust sheet. Erosion of the limestone nappe led to the eventual detachment of the Acropolis, forming the present-day feature. Where the Athens schist and the limestone meet there are springs and karstic caves. Many of the hills in the Athens region were formed by the erosion of the same nappe as the Acropolis. These include

2482-645: The Ottomans in 1826–1827 . A new bulwark named after Odysseas Androutsos was built by the Greeks between 1822 and 1825 to protect the recently rediscovered Klepsydra spring, which became the sole fresh water supply of the fortress. After independence, most features that dated from the Byzantine, Frankish, and Ottoman periods were cleared from the site in an attempt to restore the monument to its original form, "cleansed" of all later additions. The Parthenon mosque

2555-662: The Parthenon, the Propylaea , the Erechtheion and the Temple of Athena Nike . The Parthenon and the other buildings were seriously damaged during the 1687 siege by the Venetians during the Morean War when gunpowder being stored by the then Turkish rulers in the Parthenon was hit by a Venetian bombardment and exploded. The Acropolis is located on a flattish-topped rock that rises 150 m (490 ft) above sea level in

2628-558: The Propylaea. To the south of the entrance is the tiny Temple of Athena Nike. At the centre of the Acropolis is the Parthenon or Temple of Athena Parthenos (Athena the Virgin). East of the entrance and north of the Parthenon is the temple known as the Erechtheum. South of the platform that forms the top of the Acropolis there are also the remains of the ancient, though often remodelled, Theatre of Dionysus . A few hundred metres away, there

2701-532: The Roman Herodes Atticus built his grand amphitheater or odeon . It was destroyed by the invading Herulians a century later but was reconstructed during the 1950s. During the 3rd century, under threat from a Herulian invasion, repairs were made to the Acropolis walls, and the Beulé Gate was constructed to restrict entrance in front of the Propylaea, thus returning the Acropolis to use as

2774-467: The Temple of Roma and Augustus, a small, round edifice about 23 meters from the Parthenon, was to be the last significant ancient construction on the summit of the rock. Around the same time, on the north slope, in a cave next to the one dedicated to Pan since the Classical period, a sanctuary was founded where the archons dedicated to Apollo on assuming office. During 161 AD, on the south slope,

2847-587: The beginning of the Axis occupation of Greece in 1941, German soldiers raised the Nazi German War Flag over the Acropolis. It would be taken down by Manolis Glezos and Apostolos Santas in one of the first acts of resistance. In 1944 Greek Prime Minister Georgios Papandreou arrived on the Acropolis to celebrate liberation from the Nazis. The entrance to the Acropolis was a monumental gateway termed

2920-634: The city in 480 BC. The building was burned and looted, along with the Ancient Temple and practically everything else on the rock. After the Persian crisis had subsided, the Athenians incorporated many architectural parts of the unfinished temple (unfluted column drums, triglyphs, metopes, etc.) into the newly built northern curtain wall of the Acropolis, where they served as a prominent "war memorial" and can still be seen today. The devastated site

2993-589: The city of Athens , with a surface area of about 3 ha (7.4 acres). While the earliest artifacts date to the Middle Neolithic era, there have been documented habitations in Attica from the Early Neolithic period (6th millennium BC). There is little doubt that a Mycenaean megaron palace stood upon the hill during the late Bronze Age . Nothing of this structure survives except, probably,

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3066-565: The city, he was bitten by a snake and died. A town on this site, Daidala, is said to be named after him, and is mentioned in Roman sources. Another version of the story places his death on a small island in the Nile river , where he was later worshipped. Yet another version has him dying after being bitten by a water snake in Lycia (western Asia Minor ). The anecdotes are literary and late. However, in

3139-516: The clue as to how to escape the labyrinth. Ignoring Homer, later writers envisaged the Labyrinth as an edifice rather than a single dancing path to the center and out again, and gave it numerous winding passages and turns that opened into one another, seeming to have neither beginning nor end. Ovid , in his Metamorphoses , suggests that Daedalus constructed the Labyrinth so cunningly that he himself could barely escape it after he built it. The most familiar literary telling explaining Daedalus' wings

3212-614: The collection and identification of all stone fragments, even small ones, from the Acropolis and its slopes, and the attempt was made to restore as much as possible using reassembled original material ( anastylosis ), with new marble from Mount Pentelicus used sparingly. All restoration was made using titanium dowels and is designed to be completely reversible, in case future experts decide to change things. A combination of cutting-edge modern technology and extensive research and reinvention of ancient techniques were used. The Parthenon colonnades, largely destroyed by Venetian bombardment during

3285-491: The essentials of Greek temple design. After an interruption caused by the Peloponnesian War , the temple was finished during the time of Nicias ' peace, between 421 BC and 409 BC. Construction of the elegant temple of Erechtheion in Pentelic marble (421–406 BC) was by a complex plan which took account of the extremely uneven ground and the need to circumvent several shrines in the area. The entrance, facing east,

3358-833: The fall of Mycenaean civilization during the Late Bronze Age collapse . The succeeding period, known as the Greek Dark Ages , provides no evidence of the use of writing. Linear B was deciphered in 1952 by English architect and self-taught linguist Michael Ventris based on the research of American classicist Alice Kober . It is the only Bronze Age Aegean script to have been deciphered, with Linear A, Cypro-Minoan , and Cretan hieroglyphic remaining unreadable. Linear B consists of around 87 syllabic signs and over 100 ideographic signs. These ideograms or "signifying" signs symbolize objects or commodities. They have no phonetic value and are never used as word signs in writing

3431-561: The festival, a procession (believed to be depicted on the Parthenon frieze) traveled through the city via the Panathenaic Way and culminated on the Acropolis. There, a new robe of woven wool ( peplos ) was placed on either the statue of Athena Polias in the Erechtheum (during the annual Lesser Panathenaea) or the statue of Athena Parthenos in the Parthenon (during the Great Panathenaea, held every four years). Within

3504-813: The fifth century BC, but he is widely praised as an inventor, artist, and architect, though classical sources disagree on which inventions exactly are attributable to him. In Pliny's Natural History (7.198) he is credited with inventing carpentry, including tools like the axe, saw, glue, and more. Supposedly, he first invented masts and sails for ships for the navy of King Minos. He is also said to have carved statues so spirited they appeared to be living and moving. Pausanias , in traveling around Greece, attributed to Daedalus numerous archaic wooden cult figures (see xoana ) that impressed him. In fact, so many other statues and artworks are attributed to Daedalus by Pausanias and various other sources that likely many of them were never made by him. Plato cited Daedalus's handiwork as

3577-457: The founding tales of the Greek colony of Gela , founded in the 680s BC on the southwest coast of Sicily, a tradition was preserved that the Greeks had seized cult images wrought by Daedalus from their local predecessors, the Sicani . Daedalus and the myths associated with him are often depicted in paintings, sculptures, and more by later artists. The myth about his flight and the fall of Icarus

3650-463: The front line"), built between 450 BC and 448 BC, dominated. The base was 1.50 m (4 ft 11 in) high, while the total height of the statue was 9 m (30 ft). The goddess held a lance, the gilt tip of which could be seen as a reflection by crews on ships rounding Cape Sounion , and a giant shield on the left side, decorated by Mys with images of the fight between the Centaurs and

3723-499: The god. In an invention of Virgil ( Aeneid VI), Daedalus flies to Cumae and founds his temple there, rather than in Sicily. Minos , meanwhile, searched for Daedalus by traveling from city to city asking a riddle. He presented a spiral seashell and asked for a string to be run through it. When he reached Camicus, King Cocalus, knowing Daedalus would be able to solve the riddle, accepted the shell and gave it to Daedalus. Daedalus tied

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3796-465: The hills of Lykabettos , Areopagus , and Mouseion . The marble used for the buildings of the Acropolis was sourced from the quarries of Mount Pentelicus , a mountain to the northeast of the city. The limestone that the Acropolis is built upon is unstable because of the erosion and tectonic shifts that the region is prone to. This instability may cause rock slides that cause damage to the historic site. Various measures have been implemented to protect

3869-485: The later tradition of Western civilization and Classical revival , the Acropolis, from at least the mid-18th century on, has often been invoked as a critical symbol of the Greek legacy and of the glories of Classical Greece . Most of the artifacts from the temple are housed today in the Acropolis Museum at the foot of the ancient rock. The Acropolis is a klippe consisting of two lithostratigraphic units:

3942-470: The natural contour of the terrain and its gate, which was towards the south, was arranged obliquely, with a parapet and tower overhanging the incomers' right-hand side, thus facilitating defense. There were two lesser approaches up the hill on its north side, consisting of steep, narrow flights of steps cut in the rock. Homer is assumed to refer to this fortification when he mentions the "strong-built house of Erechtheus " ( Odyssey 7.81). At some time before

4015-588: The old temple of Athena was set afire. Pausanias does not mention it in his 2nd century AD Description of Greece . Around 500 BC the Hekatompedon was dismantled to make place for a new grander building, the Older Parthenon (often referred to as the Pre-Parthenon or Early Parthenon). For this reason, Athenians decided to stop the construction of the Olympieion temple which was connoted with

4088-552: The originals, 905 patched with new marble, and 186 parts made entirely of new marble. A total of 530 cubic meters of new Pentelic marble were used. In 2021, the addition of new reinforced concrete paths to the site to improve accessibility caused controversy among archaeologists. Every four years, the Athenians had a festival called the Great Panathenaea that rivaled the Olympic Games in popularity. During

4161-631: The pedimental three-bodied man-serpent sculpture, whose beards were painted dark blue. Whether this temple replaced an older one or just a sacred precinct or altar is not known. Probably, the Hekatompedon was built where the Parthenon now stands. Between 529 and 520 BC yet another temple was built by the Pisistratids , the Old Temple of Athena , usually referred to as the Arkhaios Neōs (ἀρχαῖος νεώς, "ancient temple"). This temple of Athena Polias

4234-413: The reconstruction of the southern and northern walls of the Acropolis. Most of the major temples, including the Parthenon , were rebuilt by order of Pericles during the so-called Golden Age of Athens (460–430 BC). Phidias , an Athenian sculptor, and Ictinus and Callicrates , two famous architects, were responsible for the reconstruction. During 437 BC, Mnesicles started building the Propylaea ,

4307-719: The representations below. Discovery of the reasons for the variation and possible semantic differences is a topic of ongoing debate in Mycenaean studies. *08 *38 *28 *61 *10 *01 *45 *07 *14 *51 *57 *46 *36 *77 *44 *67 *70 *81 *80 *13 *73 *15 *23 *06 *24 *30 *52 *55 *03 *72 *39 *11 *50 *16 *78 *21 *32 *60 *27 *53 *02 Acropolis of Athens The Acropolis of Athens ( Ancient Greek : ἡ Ἀκρόπολις τῶν Ἀθηνῶν , romanized :  hē Akropolis tōn Athēnōn ; Modern Greek : Ακρόπολη Αθηνών , romanized :  Akrópoli Athinón )

4380-427: The string to an ant which, lured by a drop of honey at one end, walked through the seashell stringing it all the way through. With the riddle solved, Minos realized that Daedalus was in the court of King Cocalus and insisted he be handed over. Cocalus agreed to do so, but convinced Minos to take a bath first. In the bath, Cocalus' daughters killed Minos, possibly by pouring boiling water over his body. In some versions, it

4453-528: The sun. The sun melted the beeswax and his feathers fell off. Icarus plunged into the sea. Seeing Icarus' wings floating, Daedalus wept, cursed his art, and after finding Icarus's body on an island shore buried him there. Then he named the island Icaria in the memory of his child. The southeast end of the Aegean Sea where Icarus fell into the water was also called "Mare Icarium" or the Icarian Sea. In

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4526-406: The syllable, which may not have been pronounced that way, is listed next to the sign along with Bennett's identifying number for the sign preceded by an asterisk (as was Ventris' and Chadwick's convention). If the transcription of the sign remains uncertain, Bennett's number serves to identify the sign. The signs on the tablets and sealings often show considerable variation from each other and from

4599-460: The temple of Athena Nike and the Parthenon, there was the Sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia (or the Brauroneion), the goddess represented as a bear and worshipped in the deme of Brauron. According to Pausanias, a wooden statue or xoanon of the goddess and a statue of Artemis made by Praxiteles during the 4th century BC were both in the sanctuary. Behind the Propylaea, Phidias' gigantic bronze statue of Athena Promachos ("Athena who fights in

4672-415: The tyrant Peisistratos and his sons, and, instead, used the Piraeus limestone destined for the Olympieion to build the Older Parthenon. To accommodate the new temple, the south part of the summit was cleared, made level by adding some 8,000 two-ton blocks of limestone, a foundation 11 m (36 ft) deep at some points, and the rest was filled with soil kept in place by the retaining wall. However, after

4745-405: The victorious Battle of Marathon in 490 BC, the plan was revised and marble was used instead. The limestone phase of the building is referred to as Pre-Parthenon I and the marble phase as Pre-Parthenon II. In 485 BC, construction stalled to save resources as Xerxes became king of Persia, and war seemed imminent. The Older Parthenon was still under construction when the Persians invaded and sacked

4818-433: Was a festival, the Daedala , in which a temporary wooden altar was fashioned and an effigy was made from an oak-tree and dressed in bridal attire. It was carried in a cart with a woman who acted as bridesmaid. The image was called daedala . Some sources claim that the daedala did not receive their name from Daedalus, but the opposite. Pausanias claims that Daedalus was not the name given to the inventor at birth, but that he

4891-476: Was built upon the Dörpfeld foundations, between the Erechtheion and the still-standing Parthenon. The Arkhaios Neōs was destroyed as part of the Achaemenid destruction of Athens during the Second Persian invasion of Greece during 480–479 BC; however, the temple was probably reconstructed during 454 BC, since the treasury of the Delian League was transferred in its opisthodomos . The temple may have been burnt down during 406/405 BC as Xenophon mentions that

4964-452: Was cleared of debris. Statuary, cult objects, religious offerings, and unsalvageable architectural members were buried ceremoniously in several deeply dug pits on the hill, serving conveniently as a fill for the artificial plateau created around the Classical Parthenon. This " Persian debris " was the richest archaeological deposit excavated on the Acropolis by 1890. After winning at Eurymedon during 468 BC, Cimon and Themistocles ordered

5037-419: Was demolished in 1843, and the Frankish Tower in 1875. German Neoclassicist architect Leo von Klenze was responsible for the restoration of the Acropolis in the 19th century, according to German historian Wolf Seidl, as described in his book Bavarians in Greece . Some antiquities from the Acropolis were exhibited in the old Acropolis Museum , which was built in the second half of the 19th century. At

5110-405: Was either Alcippe , Iphinoe , Phrasmede or Merope , daughter of King Erechtheus . Daedalus had two sons: Icarus and Iapyx , along with a nephew named either Talos , Calos, or Perdix . The Athenians rewrote the Cretan -born Daedalus as an Athenian himself, the grandson of the ancient king Erechtheus who only fled to Crete after killing his nephew. A mythical craftsman named Daedalus

5183-418: Was hit by artillery and damaged severely. During subsequent years, the Acropolis was a site of bustling human activity with many Byzantine, Frankish, and Ottoman structures. The dominant feature during the Ottoman period was a mosque inside the Parthenon, complete with a minaret. The Acropolis was besieged thrice during the Greek War of Independence —two sieges from the Greeks in 1821–1822 and one from

5256-620: Was more widespread. Once the palaces were destroyed, the script disappeared. Linear B has roughly 200 signs, divided into syllabic signs with phonetic values and ideograms with semantic values. The representations and naming of these signs have been standardized by a series of international colloquia starting in Paris in 1956. After the third meeting in 1961 at the Wingspread Conference Center in Racine, Wisconsin ,

5329-432: Was named so later after the daedala. Some of the functions of Daedalus overlapped with those of Aristaeus (Aristaeos), another famous Greek inventor god. But Aristaeos mostly concerned himself with the rural and agricultural arts. Daedalus was so proud of his achievements that he could not bear the idea of a rival. His sister had placed her son under his charge to be taught the mechanical arts as an apprentice. His nephew

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