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144-620: It also saw the development of Danish architecture in the Neoclassical style . Copenhagen, in particular, acquired a new look, with buildings designed by Christian Frederik Hansen and Michael Gottlieb Bindesbøll . In relation to music , the Golden Age covers figures inspired by Danish romantic nationalism including J. P. E. Hartmann , Hans Christian Lumbye , Niels W. Gade and the ballet master August Bournonville . Literature centred on Romantic thinking , introduced in 1802 by

288-634: A Germany unified under Prussian leadership as a way of weakening France. King Fredrich Wilhelm's sister was married to the Emperor Nicholas I, and the Prussian king believed that his brother-in-law could be persuaded to accept Prussia seizing control of the two duchies. Furthermore, Nicolas was well known to be an intense admirer of Prussian militarism and saw Prussia as the stronger ally in the so-called informal "eastern bloc" that consisted of Russia, Prussia, and Austria. The emperor saw Prussia as

432-486: A World Heritage Site. After a devastating fire in 1624, the town of Oslo was moved to a new location and rebuilt as a fortified city with an orthogonal layout surrounded by ramparts, and renamed Christiania . King Christian also founded the trading city of Kristiansand , once again naming it after himself. Holbæk in northwestern Sealand began to develop towards the end of the Middle Ages. Prosperity peaked in

576-537: A commercial metropolis. Although inspired by the Dutch Renaissance style, the towers and garrets on the roof reflect the taste of Christian IV. The spire of the building, with four intertwined dragon tails topped by three crowns, symbolises the then Kingdom of Denmark, which included Norway and Sweden . In 1614, Christian IV began work on the construction of the then Danish Kristianstad in Scania, now in

720-460: A courtyard. The architectural expression and the decorative finish reflect Dutch Renaissance preferences, as evidenced by the ornamental portals and windows and especially in sweeping Italianate gables. Rosenborg Castle in Copenhagen, also built by Christian IV, is another example of the Dutch Renaissance style. In 1606, the king first had a two-storey summerhouse built on a site he used as

864-476: A greater Prussia by seizing territory, all the more as France was unable to act. However, the king and his advisers were not prepared to risk a general European war over the Schleswig-Holstein question. Joseph von Radowitz , the king's most trusted adviser, wrote in his diary: "The present political-military crisis cannot drag on, it must come to a rapid conclusion". Radowitz was prepared to support

1008-600: A more severe style with clean, simple forms and large, unbroken surfaces. From 1800, he was in charge of all major building projects in Copenhagen where he designed the Copenhagen City Hall & Courthouse (1805–15) on Nytorv . He was also responsible for rebuilding Church of Our Lady ( Vor Frue Kirke ) and designing the surrounding square (1811–29). In 1800, Hansen was also charged with rebuilding Christiansborg Palace which had burnt down in 1794. Unfortunately, it burnt down once again in 1884. All that remains

1152-406: A nationalistic approach calling for artists to search for subject matter in the folk life of their country instead of searching for themes in other countries such as Italy; Wilhelm Marstrand (1810–1873), a vastly productive artist who mastered a remarkable variety of genres, remembered especially for a number of his works which have become familiar signposts of Danish history and culture: scenes from

1296-563: A new approach to the genre, concentrating on scenes from the Danish countryside. A new type of genre painting also emerged during the Golden Age. Interiors depicting the middle and upper classes in the right settings were a favorite motif. Portraits followed the same pattern. Bertel Thorvaldsen , strongly influenced by his lengthy stay in Rome from 1797, created many internationally recognized works in his pure Neoclassical style . His breakthrough

1440-553: A number of different composers including Holger Simon Paulli , Johan Peter Emilius Hartmann and Niels Gade . The ballets are widely performed today, not only in Denmark but worldwide, especially in the United States . During Denmark's Golden Age, literature centred on Romantic thinking . It was introduced in 1802 by the philosopher Henrik Steffens who gave a successful series of lectures at Elers Kollegium . He presented

1584-480: A number of important aspects which shed light on the creative process in Danish Golden Age painting in the first half of the 19th century. The preliminary drawings – preferably composition drawings – which were done in front of the motif were meticulously constructed and reproduced many details. Architecture received the painters' greatest attention, whereas vegetation, rocks and stones as well as figures in

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1728-428: A number of plays, then a successful series of novels and finally a number of fine religious poems which, after being set to music, became an important addition to the hymns sung in Danish churches. One of the most important figures in Danish literary culture was N. F. S. Grundtvig (1783–1872) who instilled a growing spirit of nationalism based initially on his Northern Mythology (1808) and his long drama, The Fall of

1872-596: A park for relaxation. He then decided to start work on the castle, which developed in stages until the Dutch Renaissance building was completed in 1624. Predating the castle, the Renaissance-style park is Denmark's oldest royal garden. Sponsored by Christian IV, Børsen was built from 1618 to 1624 as one of the first commodity exchanges in Europe. It was designed to emphasize Copenhagen's position as

2016-476: A population of only 100,000, the city was still quite small, built within the confines of the old ramparts. As a result, the leading figures of the day met frequently, sharing their ideas, bringing the arts and the sciences together. Henrik Steffens was perhaps the most effective proponent of the Romantic idea. In a series of lectures in Copenhagen, he successfully conveyed the ideas behind German romanticism to

2160-857: A potential threat to the ability of the Baltic fleet of the Imperial Russian Navy to leave the Baltic. France, the European power most opposed to German unification, was due to the revolution of 1848 unable to take a strong stand on German affairs. The Austrian empire, Prussia's rival for the ascendency in German affairs, was paralyzed as revolts had broken out against the House of Habsburg in Prague, Milan, Buda, Krakow, and in Vienna itself. In Berlin,

2304-779: A scene from the Academy's anatomy class, as well as the group portraits "A Tobacco Party" and "Artist in the Evening at Finck's Coffee House in Munich"; Constantin Hansen (1804–1880), deeply interested in literature and mythology and inspired by Niels Laurits Høyen , who developed national historical painting based on Norse mythology and painted many portraits, including the historical The Constitutional Assembly ( Den grundlovgivende Rigsforsamling ); Christen Købke (1810–48), influenced by Niels Laurits Høyen , an art historian who promoted

2448-620: A similar treatment of humble domestic objects and furniture, often of the artist's circle of friends. Little Danish art was seen outside the country (indeed it mostly remains there to this day) although the Danish-trained leader of German Romantic painting Caspar David Friedrich was important in spreading its influence in Germany. A crucial figure was Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg , who had studied in Paris with Jacques-Louis David and

2592-513: A state of bankruptcy . To make matters worse, Norway ceased to be part of the Oldenburg realms when it was ceded to Sweden the following year, at the Treaty of Kiel . These events nevertheless provided new opportunities for Copenhagen. Architects and planners widened the streets, constructing beautifully designed Neoclassical buildings offering a brighter yet intimate look. At the time, with

2736-422: A violin concerto, chamber music, organ and piano pieces and a number of large-scale cantatas, among them Elverskud , the most famous Danish work of its kind. A second generation of significant composers of this period include Peter Heise , Emil Hartmann , Asger Hamerik , August Winding or C.F.E. Horneman . A major contributor to the ballet scene during the Golden Age was August Bournonville (1805–1879),

2880-517: A vital matter for Danes, but notoriously impenetrable for most others in Europe. But it was not until the 1870s when a number of young artists defied the Academy and studied in Paris that a new style embracing Realism and Impressionism began to emerge. The art historian Niels Laurits Høyen who taught at the Academy encouraged his students to turn to landscape painting. Johan Thomas Lundbye, Christen Købke, P. C. Skovgaard, Dankvart Dreyer, Louis Gurlitt and Martinus Rørbye were among those who developed

3024-419: A war provided it would be brought to a victorious conclusion swiftly, which would allow Prussia to present the other European powers with a fait accompli. Knowing of the intense Russian opposition to Prussia controlling the Danish straits, Radowitz advised the king to limit the war to the two duchies and not allow Prussian troops to enter Jutland, which he predicted would lead to "unforeseeable consequences" as it

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3168-589: Is a thatched half-timbered building with a large rectangular courtyard flanked by outhouses. As during the Renaissance period, it was again principally Dutch influence which predominated in Baroque architecture, although many of the features originated in Italy and France. Symmetry and regularity were primary concerns, often enhanced by a projecting central section on the main façade. Copenhagen's Round Tower

3312-500: Is absorbed into Germany; of this you can be certain." Nicholas ordered Russia to mobilise, sent a squadron of the Russian Baltic fleet to Danish waters as a show of support, and politely told his brother-in-law he was willing to risk war over the issue. The Russian threats had the desired impact on Frederich Wilhelm who now claimed to have been misled by von Arnim into intervening in the war. The fact that Prussia had entered

3456-607: Is known as the Father of Danish Classicism. He undertook a considerable amount of redesign work, both for interiors and exteriors, including work on the Royal Theatre (1774) where he introduced a classical temple style with a wide entrance and large hall. He also carried out work on the Amalienborg complex including the colonnade, with its eight Ionic wooden columns, linking the crown prince's residence ( Schacks Palæ ) with

3600-651: Is supported by a circular outer wall and an exceptionally wide, hollow central column. Construction of Lund Cathedral in Scania started in about 1103 when the region was part of the Kingdom of Denmark. It was the first of great Danish Romanesque cathedrals in the shape of a three-aisled basilica with transepts. It seems to have been related to earlier German buildings, though there are also traces of Anglo-Norman and Lombard influences. Ribe , which followed with its great cathedral (1150–1250), had close trade contacts with

3744-503: Is the magnificent chapel which, with its Ionic columns, conveys a sense of antiquity. Michael Gottlieb Bindesbøll is remembered above all for designing Thorvaldsens Museum . In 1822, as a young man, he had experienced Karl Friedrich Schinkel 's classicism in Germany and France and had met the German-born architect and archaeologist Franz Gau who introduced him to the colourful architecture of antiquity. His uncle, Jonas Collin, who

3888-444: Is the magnificent chapel which, with its Ionic columns, conveys a sense of antiquity. Michael Gottlieb Bindesbøll is remembered above all for designing Thorvaldsens Museum . In 1822, as a young man, he had experienced Karl Friedrich Schinkel 's classicism in Germany and France and had met the German-born architect and archaeologist Franz Gau who introduced him to the colourful architecture of antiquity. His uncle, Jonas Collin, who

4032-495: Is usually credited with the work. Several other mansion houses in Denmark have been based on its design. It was Henrik Ruse , a Dutch building engineer, who was charged by Frederick III to develop the area around Kongens Nytorv , especially in connection with the Nyhavn Canal which was designed to become Copenhagen's new harbour. It was not, however, until Christian V became king in 1670 that Niels Rosenkrantz completed

4176-602: Is your troops who have grabbed the weak Denmark with their superior force. The war can be expanded widely if you pursue it. Stop! There is still time! Think about the difficulties Germany has to battle in order to bring about inner security, the dangers which threaten in the West. Do not force upon the Tsar the necessity to come to the assistance with strong measures of another state whose downfall Russia cannot regard with indifference and will not tolerate. It cannot come to pass that Denmark

4320-550: The British bombardment of the city in 1807. Building on the experience of C. F. Harsdorff in the late 18th century, the main proponent of Classicism in the Golden age was Christian Frederik Hansen who developed a rather severe style with clean, simple forms and large, unbroken surfaces inspired by the architecture of ancient Greece and Rome. From 1800, he was in charge of all major building projects in Copenhagen where he designed

4464-502: The Copenhagen City Hall & Courthouse (1805–1815) on Nytorv . He was also responsible for rebuilding the Church of Our Lady ( Vor Frue Kirke ) and designing the surrounding square (1811–1829). In 1800, Hansen was also charged with rebuilding Christiansborg Palace which had burnt down in 1794. He worked with Gustav Friedrich Hetsch who completed the interiors. Unfortunately, the palace burnt down once again in 1884. All that remains

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4608-688: The Danish National Gallery (1891). With the support of the Carlsberg company, he designed the Ny Carlsberg Glyptoteque (1897) and a number of lavishly decorated buildings at the Carlsberg Brewery site , now under redevelopment as a new district in Copenhagen. Ferdinand Meldahl , also a proponent of Historicism, completed the reconstruction of Frederiksborg Palace after the fire in 1859 and designed

4752-803: The League of Armed Neutrality , the Royal Navy successfully attacked a Danish fleet at the Battle of Copenhagen . In 1807, on rumours that the French might force Denmark-Norway to close the Baltic to their shipping, the British bombarded Copenhagen , burning large portions of the city. Then in 1813, as a result of the country's inability to support the costs of war, the Dano-Norwegian government declared

4896-554: The Parliament Building in Reykjavík , Iceland, at that time a Danish colony. His greatest achievement was, however, the completion of Frederik's Church in Copenhagen. The site had become a ruin after work was stopped on Jardin's original design in 1770. Meldahl's plans differed significantly from Jardin's in that the lateral towers were eliminated, the dome was lower and the columns were reduced from six to four before

5040-600: The Renaissance style. In parallel, the half-timbered style became popular for ordinary dwellings in towns and villages across the country. Late in his reign, Christian IV also became an early proponent of Baroque which was to continue for a considerable time with many impressive buildings both in the capital and the provinces. Neoclassicism came initially from France but was slowly adopted by native Danish architects who increasingly participated in defining architectural style. A productive period of Historicism merged into

5184-584: The Rhine region of Germany. Both the materials, sandstone and tufa , and the models were taken from there. Towards the end of the 13th century, and until about 1500, the Gothic style became the norm. This resulted in rebuilding or adopting older, Romanesque churches to the Gothic style: the flat ceilings were replaced by high cross vaults, windows were enlarged with pointed arches, chapels and towers were added, and

5328-687: The Schleswig-Holstein Uprising ( German : Schleswig-Holsteinische Erhebung ) and the Three Years' War ( Danish : Treårskrigen ), was a military conflict in southern Denmark and northern Germany rooted in the Schleswig-Holstein Question : who should control the Duchies of Schleswig , Holstein and Lauenburg , which at the time were ruled by the king of Denmark in a personal union . Ultimately,

5472-516: The Second one in 1864. In addition, political reforms involving the end of the absolute monarchy in 1848 and the adoption of the Danish constitution the following year signalled the beginning of a new era. Finally, the extension of Copenhagen beyond the old ramparts during the 1850s opened up new horizons for urban expansion. It was not until 1890 that the Danish philosopher Valdemar Vedel first used

5616-550: The Ulrik Plesner , others were designed by well-known architects such as Thorvald Bindesbøll . Neoclassicism or increasingly Nordic Classicism continued to thrive at the beginning of the century until about 1930 as can be seen in Kay Fisker 's Hornbækhus apartment buildings (1923) and Hack Kampmann 's police headquarters (1924). Its development was no isolated phenomenon, drawing on existing classical traditions in

5760-430: The 1740s, was certainly one of the most impressive Baroque buildings of its day. Although the palace itself was destroyed by fire in 1794, the extensive showgrounds and riding arena completed by Niels Eigtved have survived undamaged and can be visited today. Fredensborg Palace (1731), the royal residence on the shore of Sealand 's Lake Esrum, with its exquisite Chancellery House, is the work of Johan Cornelius Krieger who

5904-507: The 17th century as corn grown locally was traded with Germany and the Netherlands. The half-timbered houses which now form the museum date back to that period, providing an insight into how the town functioned at the time. Danish country vicarages from this period tended to be built in the same style as farmhouses, though usually rather larger. A fine example is Kølstrup Vicarage near Kerteminde in north-eastern Funen. The house itself

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6048-537: The 19th century National Romantic style . In the 1960s, Danish architects entered the world scene with their highly successful Functionalism . This evolved into designs such as the Sydney Opera House and the Great Belt Bridge , allowing Danish designers to be rewarded for excellence both at home and abroad. Archaeological excavations in various parts of Denmark have revealed much about

6192-484: The 9th century were built of timber and have not survived. Hundreds of stone churches in the Romanesque style were built in the 12th and 13th centuries. They had a flat-ceilinged nave and chancel with small rounded windows and round arches. Granite boulders and limestone were initially the preferred building materials, but after brick production reached Denmark in the middle of the 12th century, brick quickly became

6336-624: The Baltic, the British Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston preferred that control of the Danish straits linking the North Sea to the Baltic Sea not be controlled by any major European power such as Prussia. From Palmerston's viewpoint, having a relatively weak power such as Denmark maintain control of the Danish straits was far preferable to having a strong power, and as such Britain tended to support

6480-533: The Danes. Influential thinkers, such as Oehlenschläger and Grundtvig were quick to take up his views. It was not long before Danes from all branches of the arts and sciences were involved in a new era of Romantic nationalism , later known as the Danish Golden Age. Especially in the field of painting, change became apparent. While art had previously served to uphold the monarchy and the establishment, Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg and his students realized that, with

6624-415: The Danish claims, believing that a Danish-Prussian war might lead to Prussia annexing not just the two duchies, but also all of Denmark. Likewise, Emperor Nicholas I of Russia supported Denmark as he did not want a strong power controlling the Danish straits. Nicholas also believed that if Denmark were defeated even without being annexed, it might lead to the Danes joining a Scandinavian Union that would pose

6768-530: The Danish king to be the duke of the duchies but also declaring that the duchies had to remain independent from Denmark proper. At the beginning of 1848, Denmark included the Duchy of Schleswig , and the king of Denmark ruled the duchies of Holstein and Saxe-Lauenburg within the German Confederation . The majority of the ethnic Germans in Denmark lived in these areas. Germans made up a third of

6912-543: The Danish side proved victorious with the diplomatic support of the great powers, especially Britain and Russia, since the duchies were close to an important Baltic seaway connecting both powers. The population was majority Danish in Northern Schleswig (roughly the area returned to Denmark after World War I ), while in the rest of Schleswig and in Holstein and Lauenburg it was majority German. In March 1848,

7056-603: The First Schleswig War alone, without assistance from other European powers, who were united in opposing any dismemberment of Denmark, with even the Austrians refusing to assist the Germans. Sweden landed 7,000 troops on the island of Fyn opposite Jutland to assist the Danes, and Nicholas I of Russia , speaking with authority as head of the senior Gottorp line, pointed out to Frederick William IV of Prussia

7200-595: The French Rococo style. On his return to Denmark, he built Prinsens Palæ (1743–44) in Copenhagen as a residence for Crown Prince Frederick (later Frederick V ). It is now the National Museum . Soon afterwards, he was given prestige assignments including the overall architectural design for the Frederiksstaden district of Copenhagen 1749, planned around the strictly octagonal square containing

7344-659: The German National Assembly, which hotly took up their cause, but it was soon clear that the German Central Government had no means of enforcing its views. In the end the convention was ratified at Frankfurt. The convention was essentially nothing more than a truce establishing a temporary modus vivendi . The main issues, left unsettled, continued to be hotly debated. In October, at a conference in London , Denmark suggested an arrangement on

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7488-550: The German population of Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg rebelled, and created a provisional government and army. As Holstein and Lauenburg were member states, the German Confederation supported the rebels as a federal war (Bundeskrieg) according to its statutes. This was continued by the German Central Government (of the federal state that replaced the Confederation in 1848/49-51 ), with most of

7632-522: The German troops being provided by Prussia. The war was interrupted in August 1848 by the armistice of Malmö, but started again with a Danish offensive in February 1849. In summer 1850, Prussia had to back down and leave the rebels to their fate. On 1 April 1851, the Schleswig-Holstein army was disbanded. The London Protocol of 1852 was the final settlement of the conflict with the great powers confirming

7776-410: The Golden Age include Hermann Ernst Freund , whose work centred on Scandinavian gods, and Herman Wilhelm Bissen , who sculpted contemporary figures such as Landsoldaten (The Foot Soldier), a victory monument to the war of 1848–1851 . During the Golden Age, Copenhagen in particular acquired a new look as architects inspired by neo-classicism repaired much of the damage caused by fire in 1795 and by

7920-418: The Heroic Life in the North (1809). In addition to a huge stream of articles and poems, he wrote a number of books, including two histories of the world (1814 and 1817), the long historical poem Roskilde-Riim ( Rhyme of Roskilde ) (1813), and a book-sized commentary, Roskilde Saga . Grundtvig's hymn book brought about a great change in Danish church services, substituting the hymns of the national poets for

8064-403: The King of Denmark. For this purpose, the line of succession to the duchies was modified, because Frederick VII of Denmark remained childless and hence a change in dynasty was in order. (The originally conflicting protocols of succession between the duchies and Denmark would have stipulated that, contrary to the treaty, the duchies of Holstein and Lauenburg would have had heads of state other than

8208-401: The King of Denmark.) Further, it was affirmed that the duchies were to remain as independent entities, and that Schleswig would have no greater constitutional affinity to Denmark than Holstein. This settlement did not resolve the issue, as the German Diet had steadfastly refused to recognize the treaty, and asserted that the law of 1650 was still in force, by which the Duchies were not united to

8352-403: The Kunstforeningen building (1750) on Gammel Strand in Copenhagen. The top storey with a gable was added later. De Lange also designed the small but well proportioned Damsholte Church on Møn, the only Rococo village church in Denmark. Neoclassicism which relied on inspiration from ancient Greece and Rome, was brought to Denmark by the French architect Nicolas-Henri Jardin . His countryman,

8496-563: The National Romanticism movement was Hack Kampmann who designed the Aarhus Theatre in the Art Nouveau style at the very end of the century. The harbour town of Svendborg in the south east of Funen dates back to the 13th century. Real prosperity emerged in the 19th century when shipbuilding and trade became important drivers. The town subsequently underwent a period of renovation with new brick and stone buildings lining its narrow streets. The old town has now become an important tourist attraction. The fine architectural style of Skagen on

8640-450: The Nordic countries, and from new ideas being pursued in German-speaking cultures. It can thus be characterised as a combination of direct and indirect influences from vernacular architecture (Nordic, Italian and German) and Neoclassicism . First Schleswig War [REDACTED]   German Confederation [REDACTED]   Denmark The First Schleswig War ( German : Schleswig-Holsteinischer Krieg ), also known as

8784-417: The Norwegian-German philosopher Henrik Steffens . Key contributors were Adam Oehlenschläger , Bernhard Severin Ingemann , N. F. S. Grundtvig and Hans Christian Andersen —the proponent of the modern fairytale. Søren Kierkegaard furthered philosophy while Hans Christian Ørsted achieved fundamental progress in science. The Golden Age thus had a profound effect not only on life in Denmark but, with time, on

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8928-437: The Rhine frontier for France in return for his aid in establishing German sea-power by the ceding of the duchies, was abhorrent to Frederick William. The Protocol affirmed the integrity of the Danish federation as a "European necessity and standing principle". Accordingly, the duchies of Schleswig (a Danish fief), and Holstein and Lauenburg (sovereign states within the German Confederation ) were joined by personal union with

9072-411: The Younger , son of the famous Flemish artist. It is recognized as an outstanding Renaissance castle and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Frederiksborg Palace (1602–20) in Hillerød is the largest Renaissance palace in Scandinavia . Christian IV had most of Frederick II's original building pulled down to have van Steenwinckel complete a three-winged French-styled castle with a low terrace wing around

9216-441: The advance of the Prussian troops towards Jutland as an extremely unfriendly act as the note stated: "The invasion, intended for Jutland, seriously injuries the interests of all the powers bordering on the Baltic, and stretches to the breaking point the political equilibrium throughout the north which was established in the treaties". To reinforce the point, the empress of Russia wrote to her brother, King Fredrich Wilhelm, saying: "It

9360-413: The arrival of industrialization, the middle classes were increasingly gaining power and influence. Grand historical art gave way to more widely appealing but less pretentious genre paintings and landscapes. The main period of the Golden Age took place during the first half of the nineteenth century. Around that time, Danish culture suffered from the outbreak of the First Schleswig War (1848–1851) and then

9504-446: The arrival of the Danes and that therefore Germans could justifiably reclaim it. Jens Jacob Asmussen Worsaae (1821–1885), an archaeologist who had excavated parts of the Danevirke , countered the pro-German claims, writing pamphlets which argued that there was no way of knowing the language of the earliest inhabitants of Danish territory, that Germans had more solid historical claims to large parts of France and England, and that Slavs by

9648-412: The basis of a separation of Schleswig from Holstein, despite their historical affiliation dating back to 1460, with Schleswig having a separate constitution under the Danish crown. In April 1850, Prussia, which had pulled out of the war after the treaty of Malmö, proposed a definitive peace on the basis of the status quo ante bellum and postponement of all questions as to mutual rights. To Palmerston

9792-479: The basis seemed meaningless and the proposed settlement would settle nothing. Nicholas I, openly disgusted with Frederick William's submission to the Frankfurt Parliament, again intervened. To him Duke Christian of Augustenborg was a rebel. Russia had guaranteed Schleswig to the Danish crown by the 1773 Treaty of Tsarskoye Selo . As for Holstein, if the King of Denmark could not deal with the rebels there, he himself would intervene as he had done in Hungary. The threat

9936-431: The building. Other features such as the distinctive corkscrew spire were however not undertaken until the reign of Frederick V . It was Lauritz de Thurah who finally completed the building in 1752. Charlottenborg (1672–83), on Kongens Nytorv in the centre of Copenhagen, is said to be the most important pure Baroque building remaining in Denmark. Van Haven may have been involved in its design although Ewert Janssen

10080-474: The celebrated ballet master . From 1830 to 1877, he was the choreographer at the Royal Danish Ballet , for which he created more than fifty ballets admired for their exuberance, lightness, and beauty. He created a style which, although influenced by the Paris ballet, is entirely his own. Bournonville's best-known works are La Sylphide (1836), Napoli (1842), Le Conservatoire (1849), The Kermesse in Bruges (1851) and A Folk Tale (1854). He drew on

10224-497: The century, special importance was attached to high standards of craftsmanship and proper use of materials. This can be seen in Copenhagen's University Library (1861) designed by Johan Daniel Herholdt and inspired by St Fermo's Church in Verona . Vilhelm Dahlerup was one of the most productive 19th-century architects. Perhaps more than anyone else, he contributed to the way Copenhagen appears today. His most important buildings include Copenhagen's Hotel D’Angleterre (1875) and

10368-401: The century. It has a style drawing on Dutch Golden Age painting , especially its landscape painting , and depicting northern light that is soft but allows strong contrasts of colour. The treatment of scenes is typically an idealized version of reality, but unpretentiously so, appearing more realist than is actually the case. Interior scenes, often small portrait groups, are also common, with

10512-473: The coming war. Wishing to defeat Denmark before German troops arrived to support them, 7,000 Schleswig-Holstein volunteers under General Krohn occupied Flensborg on 31 March. Over 7,000 Danish soldiers landed east of the city, and Krohn, fearing he would be surrounded, ordered his forces to withdraw. The Danes were able to reach the Schleswig-Holsteiners before they were able to retreat, and

10656-686: The construction of the Erechtheion and the Parthenon as freestanding buildings released from the traditional urban plan of closed streets, he completed the work in 1848. Andreas Hallander and Johan Martin Quist were among those who rebuilt the houses in the older sections of Copenhagen which had been destroyed by fire. The 19th century also saw the emergence of a number of Danish composers who were inspired by Romantic nationalism . Johan Peter Emilius Hartmann (1805–1900) contributed to song and

10800-400: The construction of the Erechtheion and the Parthenon as freestanding buildings released from the traditional urban plan of closed streets, he completed the work in 1848. He also incorporated aspects of ancient Egyptian architecture into his design, though "the plan as a whole... is neither Egyptian nor Greek, but Bindesbøll's own". With the arrival of Historicism in the second half of

10944-537: The country's population, and the three duchies accounted for half of Denmark's economy. The Napoleonic Wars , which had ended in 1815, had fanned both Danish and German nationalism . Pan-German ideology had become highly influential in the decades prior to the wars, and writers such as Jacob Grimm (1785–1863) and the Norwegian Peter Andreas Munch (1810–1863) argued that the entire peninsula of Jutland had been populated by Germans before

11088-462: The country. During this period, brick became the construction material of choice for churches, fortifications and castles, as the country had little access to stone. Under the influence of Frederick II and Christian IV , both of whom had been inspired by the castles of France , Dutch and Flemish designers were brought to Denmark to improve the country's fortifications. They increasingly transitioned to building magnificent royal castles and palaces in

11232-410: The development of Danish national identity. One name stands out above all others among those who contributed to science during the Danish Golden Age, that of Hans Christian Ørsted , the prominent physicist and chemist known for observing that electric currents induce magnetic fields , an important aspect of electromagnetism . He shaped post-Kantian philosophy and advances in science throughout

11376-470: The distant past, as is clearly demonstrated in Copenhagen City Hall which was completed in 1905. The City Hall is certainly Copenhagen's most monumental and most original building from the last quarter of the 19th century with its impressive facade, the golden statue of Absalon just above the balcony and its tall, slim clock tower. It was inspired by the Siena City Hall . Another participant in

11520-406: The drawing-rooms and streets of Copenhagen during his younger days; the festivity and public life captured in Rome; the many representative portraits of citizens and innovators; even the monumentalist commissions for universities and the monarchy; and Martinus Rørbye (1803–1848), remembered for his genre paintings of Copenhagen, for his landscapes and for his architectural paintings , as well as for

11664-495: The duchies appeared likely to pass to the rule of the House of Oldenburg , which might have resulted in a division of Denmark. Accordingly, Christian VIII had decreed (8 July 1846) a change to the succession law in the duchies to allow succession through the female line. The implementation of this law was illegal. The question of Schleswig-Holstein was also a major concern of the other European powers. In order to maintain access to

11808-460: The earlier Renaissance style. The inspiration came from Holland and the architect was probably Ewert Janssen . One of the foremost designers of the times was the Danish architect Lambert van Haven whose masterpiece was the Church of Our Saviour, Copenhagen (1682–96) which relies on the Greek cross for its basic layout. The façade is segmented by Tuscan pilasters extending up to the full height of

11952-475: The existential approach which raises the individual's awareness of God but intensifies his despair at not being able to achieve eternal truth. His religious works include Works of Love ( Kjerlighedens Gjerninger ) (1847) and Practice in Christianity (Indøvelse i Christendom) (1850). Another important figure in Danish philosophy was N. F. S. Grundtvig (1784–1872), whose ideas became an important part of

12096-480: The extent that his name remains to this day synonymous with Scandinavian romance. In architecture, when designing the Thorvaldsen Museum, Michael Bindesbøll gave special attention to liberating the building from its surroundings. His free perception of space served as a guiding principle for the cities and buildings of the future. The choreographer, August Bournonville, resisting many of the excesses of

12240-594: The father of the modern fairytale, Andersen wrote a total of 156 fairy stories, only 12 of which drew on folk tales. But Andersen also wrote a number of travel sketches, several novels including the well-received: " The Improvisatore " (1835), a series of poems, and his autobiography "The Fairy Tale of My Life" (1855). Danish philosophy was dominated in the first half of the 19th century by the influence of Hegel and Hegelianism. Johan Ludvig Heiberg (1791–1860), Frederik Christian Sibbern (1785–1872), and especially Hans Lassen Martensen (1803–1884), all of whom contributed to

12384-440: The foreign policy decision-making was described as "chaotic" with the weak and indecisive King Fredrich Wilhelm IV receiving conflicting advice from rival groups of advisers about what to do. However, in the aftermath of the revolution of 1848, which had damaged the prestige of the House of Hohenzollern as fighting had broken out in the streets of Berlin, it was felt essential to take a bold foreign policy step which would restore

12528-482: The forms and create harmony in the picture. In this way, we can prove that although the Italian motifs appear realistic at first sight, they were nonetheless adjusted or even manipulated by the artists. Prominent artists of the Danish Golden Age of Painting included Wilhelm Bendz (1804–1832), remembered for his many technically accomplished portraits of fellow artists such as Ditlev Blunck and Christen Christensen ,

12672-405: The four Amalienborg Palaces and considered to be one of Europe's most important Rococo complexes. Adam Gottlob Moltke who, as Frederick V's overhofmarskal or lord chamberlain, was in charge of the project gave Eigtved a free hand, not only to design the principal buildings but also to provide the area with straight broad streets and the mansions which lined them. Frederick V had wanted to emulate

12816-451: The gates to the fortress had been left open for an unknown reason and promptly walked in, surprising the would-be defenders. After delivering a speech to the defenders, the prince secured the allegiance of the battalions and regiment of artillery to the provisional government. Danish officers who had been serving in the defence of the fortress were allowed to leave for Denmark on the assurance that they did not fight against Schleswig-Holstein in

12960-723: The grand building achievements of the French monarchs. Not surprisingly, therefore, the palace square is inspired by the Place de la Concorde in Paris from the same period. Although Eigtved died before the work was completed, other architects including Lauritz de Thurah faithfully continued to execute his plans. Perhaps the finest outcomes are the Amalienborg Palace complex , Frederik's Church in its immediate vicinity and Frederiks Hospital . Philip de Lange , although influenced by Eigtved, developed his own rather strict style during this period. His ornamental facade can be seen on

13104-403: The importance of personal choice and commitment. His principal aesthetic works include Either/Or ( Enten-Eller ) (1843), Philosophical Fragments ( Philosophiske Smuler ) (1844), Stages on Life's Way ( Stadier paa Livets Vei ) (1845) and Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments ( Afsluttende uvidenskabelig Efterskrift ) (1846). Opposing Hegelian philosophy, they promote

13248-505: The interiors were decorated with murals. Red brick was the material of choice as seen in St. Canute's Cathedral , Odense (1300–1499), and St. Peter's Church, Næstved . St. Canute's presents all the features of Gothic architecture: pointed arch, buttresses, ribbed vaulting , increased light and the spatial combination of nave and chancel. Most Gothic architecture in Denmark is found in churches and monasteries, though there are also examples in

13392-416: The international front too. The origins of the Golden Age can be traced back to around the beginning of the 19th century, which was a very rough period for Denmark-Norway . Copenhagen, the centre of the country's intellectual life, first experienced huge fires in 1794 and 1795 which destroyed both Christiansborg Palace and large areas of the inner city. In 1801, as a result of the country's involvement in

13536-483: The king's ( Moltkes Palæ ). Another remarkable example of neoclassicism is Liselund on the island of Møn in south-eastern Denmark. This rather small country home built in the French Neoclassical style in the 1790s is exceptional in that it has a thatched roof. Like the surrounding Romantic park, the house was the work of Andreas Kirkerup , one of the foremost landscape architects of the times. It

13680-416: The landscape received a lower priority. The drawing done directly from the motif was squared up in several instances with a view to its transference to the painting, which was often no larger than the drawing. Some elements could be altered during the process, but by and large the artist retained the original dispositions quite precisely. In some cases the architecture was consciously altered so as to strengthen

13824-560: The late 19th century. In 1824, Ørsted founded Selskabet for Naturlærens Udbredelse (SNU), a society to disseminate knowledge of the natural sciences. He was also the founder of predecessor organizations which eventually became the Danish Meteorological Institute and the Danish Patent and Trademark Office . Ørsted was the first modern thinker to explicitly describe and name the thought experiment . He

13968-584: The main entrance. Nevertheless, the overall height almost matched Jardin's, thanks to the lantern and the taller spire. The building, commonly known as the Marble Church, was completed in 1894, more than 150 years after Eigtved had drawn up his original plans. Martin Nyrop was one of the main proponents of the National Romantic style . The main aim was to use distinctive Nordic motifs from

14112-500: The main themes of German romanticism , emphasising the relationship between nature, history and mankind. The movement was maintained by the romanticists , especially Adam Oehlenschläger (1779–1850). Remembered today for his Digte (1803) and Poetiske Skrifter (1805), Oehlenschläger quickly became the leading poet in Denmark. Bernhard Severin Ingemann (1789–1862) also published a collection of romantic poems before producing first

14256-416: The many sketches he made during his travels to countries rarely explored at the time. Among other artists, C.A. Jensen (1792–1870) specialized almost exclusively in portraits and stands out for his particularly lively portraits of some his leading contemporaries. At the end of the period painting style, especially in landscape art, became caught up in the political issue of the Schleswig-Holstein Question ,

14400-522: The material of choice. Notable examples of brick Romanesque buildings are St. Bendt's Church in Ringsted ( c.  1170 ) and the unique Church of Our Lady in Kalundborg ( c.  1200 ) with its five tall towers. The church at Østerlars on the island of Bornholm was built around 1150. Like three other churches on the island, it is a round church . The three-storeyed building

14544-603: The middle of the 16th century. Renaissance architecture thrived during the reigns of Frederick II and especially Christian IV . Inspired by the French castles of the times, Flemish architects designed Kronborg Castle in Helsingør and Frederiksborg Palace in Hillerød . In Copenhagen, Rosenborg Castle (1606–24) and Børsen or the former stock exchange (1640) are recognized as important Renaissance buildings. During

14688-490: The more reliable partner in opposing Polish nationalism than the Austrian empire, hence his preference for Prussia over Austria in the "eastern bloc". Nicholas had long made it known that he viewed a Prussian-dominated Germany as a welcome development, which he saw as a way of weakening France, the nation that he hated and feared the most. Fredrich Wilhelm did not want to risk a confrontation with either Britain or Russia, and

14832-625: The new German Central Government and not of the King of Prussia. Wrangel proposed that, at the very least, any treaty concluded should be presented for ratification to the German National Assembly. Furthermore, on 7 August 1848, Archduke John, as head of the Provisional Central Power , published three additional demands upon the Danes: The Danes rejected this proposal outright and negotiations were broken off. Prussia

14976-634: The nickname "The Strauss of the North". One of his most popular pieces, associated with Tivoli, is Champagnegaloppen (the Champagne Galop ), which starts with the happy sound of a champagne cork popping. It has been used in several Danish films including Reptilicus (1961), and Champagnegaloppen (1938). Niels W. Gade (1817–1890) participated in the development of Musikforeningen (the Music Society) which had been founded in 1836 with

15120-563: The nobles against peasant uprisings. During the late Middle Ages, a slow transition began from the traditional wooden houses in towns and villages towards half-timbered properties. One of the oldest in Denmark is Anne Hvides Gård , a two-storeyed townhouse in Svendborg on the island of Funen , constructed in 1560. The building now forms part of the Svendborg Museum. Ystad in the southern Swedish region of Scania , which

15264-406: The north of Jutland , were 28.5 m (94 ft) long, 5 m (16 ft) wide at the ends and 7.5 m (25 ft) in the middle, the long walls curving slightly outwards. The walls had double rows of posts with planks wedged horizontally between them. A series of outer posts slanted towards the wall were possibly used to support the building like buttresses. Denmark's first churches from

15408-432: The northern tip of Jutland is quite distinctive. From the 19th century on, the houses were whitewashed and had red-tiled roofs. Yellow and red tones dominated, backed by white chimneys and roof decorations. These traditions are not only to be found in the town's old districts but are maintained in the newer residential areas. Several of the town's more imposing buildings from the beginning of the 20th century were designed by

15552-401: The piano repertory as well as to opera and ballet music. From 1843 until his death, he was the organist at the Church of Our Lady in Copenhagen. His works are not only romantic but generally inspired by the old Nordic legends . They had a strong influence on a later generation of composers such as Edvard Grieg , Carl Nielsen and Peter Erasmus Lange-Muller . Hartmann's wife, Emma Hartmann ,

15696-475: The popularity of Hegel's idealism in various academic disciplines, though Hegel's influence significantly declined by 1850. The primary critic of Hegelianism, and the most important philosopher in Denmark at the time, was Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855), an existentialist philosopher and a theologian. Much of Kierkegaard's philosophical work deals with the issues of how one lives, focusing on the priority of concrete human reality over abstract thinking and highlighting

15840-419: The prestige of the Prussian state. The king and his advisors were not German nationalists, but the German liberals opposed to the absolutist Prussian monarchy were. The king's advisors believed that a German nationalist war would win support for the Prussian state from many of those liberals who were opposed to it. In addition, the chaos of the revolution of 1848 was felt to offer a unique opportunity to create

15984-460: The purpose of extending and improving the understanding of classical music. He became its conductor in 1850, and under his management a number of masterpieces of choral music were given their first performance in Denmark, among them Bach's St. Matthew Passion in 1875. At the conservatory in Copenhagen, Gade helped teach future generations, including Edvard Grieg and Carl Nielsen . In the spirit of Romantic nationalism, he composed eight symphonies,

16128-421: The reign of Frederick II , Kronborg Castle was designed by two Flemish architects: Hans Hendrik van Paesschen who started the work in 1574, and Anthonis van Obbergen who finished it in 1585. Modelled on a three-winged French castle, it was completed as a full four-winged building. The castle burnt down in 1629 but, under orders from Christian IV, was quickly rebuilt under the leadership of Hans van Steenwinckel

16272-510: The risks of a collision. The British government threatened to send the Royal Navy to assist in preserving the status quo, though this threat did not ultimately materialise. It was Russian diplomatic intervention that decided the outcome of the war in April 1848. The Russian ambassador in Berlin, Baron Peter von Meyendorff , delivered a note to King Fredrich Wilhelm stating that Russia regarded

16416-450: The romantic era ballets, gave equal emphasis to male and female roles in his work at a time when European ballet emphasized the ballerina. N. F. S. Grundtvig exerted considerable influence on education, promoting a spirit of freedom, poetry and disciplined creativity. Opposing compulsion and examinations, he advocated unleashing human creativity according to the universally creative order of life. A spirit of freedom, cooperation and discovery

16560-502: The same reasoning could annex parts of eastern Germany. The conflicting aims of Danish and German nationalists contributed to the outbreak of the First Schleswig War. Danish nationalists believed that Schleswig, but not Holstein, should be a part of Denmark, as Schleswig contained a large number of Danes, whilst Holstein did not. German nationalists believed that Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg should remain united, and their belief that Schleswig and Holstein should not be separated led to

16704-548: The sculptor Jacques Saly , who was already well established in Denmark, persuaded Frederick V that Jardin could complete Frederik's Church after Eigtved's death. Although Jardin did not succeed in this, he was successful in designing several prestige Neoclassical buildings such as Bernstorff Palace (1759–65) in Gentofte and Marienlyst Palace near Helsingør. One of Jardin's pupils, Caspar Frederik Harsdorff , turned out to be Denmark's most prominent 18th-century architect and

16848-461: The secular field. Glimmingehus (1499–1506), a rectangular castle in Scania, was commissioned by the Danish nobleman Jens Holgersen Ulfstand who hired Adam van Düren , a North German master who also worked on Lund Cathedral . The building contains many defensive features of the times, including parapets, false doors, dead-end corridors, murder-holes for pouring boiling pitch over the attackers, moats, drawbridges and various other death traps to protect

16992-612: The slow measures of the orthodox Lutherans . In all Grundtvig wrote or translated about 1,500 hymns, including " God's Word Is Our Great Heritage ", most of which are still frequently sung today. Hans Christian Andersen (1805–1875) is remembered first and foremost for his fairy tales , written between 1835 and 1872 not only for children but for adults too. Among the most popular are " The Steadfast Tin Soldier ", " The Snow Queen ", " The Little Mermaid ", " Thumbelina ", " The Little Match Girl ", and " The Ugly Duckling ". Considered to be

17136-604: The south of Sweden, completing many of its buildings in the Renaissance style. The Church of the Trinity (1618–28) designed by Flemish-Danish architect Lorenz van Steenwinckel is considered by many to be Scandinavia's most beautiful Renaissance church. Christian IV also initiated a number of projects in Norway that were largely based on Renaissance architecture He established mining operations in Kongsberg and Røros , now

17280-477: The subsequent Battle of Bov on 9 April was a Danish victory. At the battle, the Prince of Noer, senior commander of the Schleswig-Holstein forces, did not arrive until two hours after fighting had started, and the Schleswig-Holsteiners were more prepared for the withdrawal they had intended to make than for an engagement. A timeline of events is shown thus: The Germans embarked on this course of participation in

17424-404: The term Guldalderen or Golden Age to describe the period. In 1896, author Vilhelm Andersen saw the Golden Age initiated by Henrich Steffens as the richest period in the cultural history of Denmark. Around the beginning of the 19th century, the Golden Age of Danish Painting emerged to form a distinct national style for the first time since the Middle Ages; the period lasted until the middle of

17568-498: The top, providing panoramic views over Copenhagen. The Round Tower is the oldest functioning observatory in Europe. Until 1861 it was used by the University of Copenhagen, but today, anyone can observe the night sky through the tower's astronomical telescope during the winter. Nysø Manor (1673) near Præstø , Sealand, was built for the local functionary Jens Lauridsen. It was the first Baroque country house in Denmark, replacing

17712-492: The two duchies being referred to as Schleswig-Holstein . Schleswig became a particular source of contention, as it contained a large number of Danes, Germans, and North Frisians . Another cause of the war was the legally questionable change to the rules of ducal succession in the duchies. King Christian VIII of Denmark died in January 1848. His only legitimate son, the future Frederick VII , seemed unable to beget heirs. Thus

17856-506: The war on behalf of the revolutionary forces in Schleswig-Holstein created a great number of ironies. The newly elected Frankfurt Diet tended to support the incursion into the Schleswig-Holstein War while King Frederick William did not. Indeed, Frederick William ordered Friedrich von Wrangel , commanding the German army, to withdraw his troops from the duchies; but the general refused, asserting that he followed order from

18000-607: The way the Vikings lived. One such site is Hedeby , located 45 km (28 mi) south of the Danish border near Schleswig , it probably dates back to the end of the 8th century. Oak frames were used for the walls, and the roofs were probably thatched . Viking ring houses, such as those at Trelleborg , have a ship-like shape with long walls bulging outwards. Each house had a large central hall, 18 m × 8 m (59 ft × 26 ft), and two smaller rooms, one at each end. Those at Fyrkat ( c.  980 ), in

18144-584: The work. Over the next few years, numerous town houses were built along the northern or sunny side of the canal. The oldest, Number 9, was completed in 1681, probably by Christen Christensen, the harbour master. Clausholm Castle (1693–94) near Randers was designed by the Danish architect Ernst Brandenburger with assistance of the Swede Nicodemus Tessin who was invited to decorate the facade. The first Christiansborg Palace in Copenhagen, designed by Elias David Häusser and completed in

18288-610: The works of the painters and sculptors of the period continue to be exhibited in the world's finest museums and galleries. Some, like Christen Købke, have attracted renewed interest in recent years. [REDACTED] Category Architecture of Denmark The architecture of Denmark has its origins in the Viking Age , revealed by archaeological finds. It was established in the Middle Ages when first Romanesque , then Gothic churches and cathedrals, were built throughout

18432-488: The world. Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tales have been translated into over 150 languages, more than any book apart from the Bible, and continue to be read to children everywhere. With the exception of Norwegian -born Ludvig Holberg , no Danish writer before 1870 exercised so wide an influence as Adam Gottlob Oehlenschläger . His work was to awaken his compatriots' enthusiasm for the poetry and religion of their ancestors, to

18576-680: Was Jason with the Golden Fleece which was highly praised by Antonio Canova and purchased by Thomas Hope , a wealthy British art collector. Other well-known works are the large Statue of Christ in Copenhagen Cathedral and the Lion Monument in Lucerne. Many of his works can be seen in Copenhagen's Thorvaldsens Museum which was not completed until 1848, four years after his death. Other contributors to sculpture in

18720-512: Was also one of Christian IV's projects after he provided funding for an observatory as proposed by the astronomer Tycho Brahe . Under the initial leadership of Hans van Steenwinckel who surprisingly adapted the design to Dutch Baroque, the Tower was completed in 1642 with a height of almost 40 m. The bricks, specially ordered from the Netherlands, were of a hard-burned, slender type, known as muffer or mopper . A 210-meter-long spiral ramp leads to

18864-552: Was an active art and culture official under Frederick VI , awakened the King's interest in a museum for Bertel Thorvaldsen , the Danish-Icelandic sculptor, and asked Bindesbøll to make some sketches for the building. As Bindensbøll's designs stood out from those of other architects, he was given a commission to transform the Royal Carriage Depot and Theatre Scenery Painting Building into a museum. Emulating

19008-413: Was an active art and culture official under Frederick VI , awakened the King's interest in a museum for Bertel Thorvaldsen , the Danish-Icelandic sculptor, and asked Bindesbøll to make some sketches for the building. As Bindensbøll's designs stood out from those of other architects, he was given a commission to transform the Royal Carriage Depot and Theatre Scenery Painting Building into a museum. Emulating

19152-459: Was convinced that all things in the universe were related, both materially and spiritually. He described this in his philosophical work Ånden i naturen (The Spirit in Nature). Ørsted contributed strongly to the Golden Age, especially through his close friendship with Hans Christian Andersen. The leading players in the Danish Golden Age have not only had a lasting impact in Denmark, but throughout

19296-402: Was de Thurah's work at Ledreborg near Roskilde , where he succeeded in working the components into a well-balanced and cohesive Baroque palace. Following on closely from the Baroque period, Rococo came into fashion in the 1740s under the leadership of Nicolai Eigtved . Originally a gardener, Eigtved spent many years abroad where he became increasingly interested in architecture, especially

19440-423: Was designed as a summer retreat for Antoine de la Calmette , the island's governor, and his wife, Lise. The building is T-shaped with the main rooms on the ground floor, the first floor consisting of nine bedrooms. The interior was probably decorated by the leading decorator of the day, Joseph Christian Lillie . After Hardorff's death, the main proponent of Classicism was Christian Frederik Hansen who developed

19584-549: Was formerly part of Denmark, still has some 300 half-timbered houses, several of them of historic importance. The oldest surviving half-timbered house in Denmark, built in 1527, is located in Køge on the east coast of Sealand . The Old Town in Aarhus , Jutland, is an open-air village museum consisting of 75 historical buildings collected from all parts of the country. They include a variety of half-timbered houses, some dating back to

19728-819: Was further influenced towards Neo-Classicism by the sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen . Eckersberg taught at the Academy from 1818 to 1853, becoming director from 1827 to 1828, and was an important influence on the following generation, in which landscape painting came to the fore. He taught most of the leading artists of the period, including: Wilhelm Bendz , Albert Küchler , Christen Købke , Vilhelm Kyhn , Jørgen Roed , Holger Roed , Martinus Rørbye , Constantin Hansen , Jorgen Sonne , Bolette Puggaard , Fritz Petzholdt and Wilhelm Marstrand . An investigation of drawings, underdrawings, oil sketches and finished paintings by Eckersberg and his pupils Christen Købke and Constantin Hansen, using their Italian views as examples, points to

19872-429: Was herself a notable composer. Hans Christian Lumbye (1810–1874) was employed as the first music director at the Copenhagen amusement park Tivoli when it opened in 1843. Here he had a platform for presenting a large foreign and Danish repertory, including his many waltzes and gallops. In 1839, he had heard a Viennese orchestra play music by Johann Strauss , after which he composed in the same style, eventually earning

20016-412: Was likely that Russia would intervene. The Prussian Foreign Minister Heinrich Alexander von Arnim supported war, believing that Prussia could occupy the two duchies within eight days, leaving Britain and Russia no time to react. Both Russia and Britain were opposed to Denmark losing control of the Danish straits, but were otherwise supportive of Prussia. Palmerston supported a stronger Prussia and even

20160-399: Was now confronted on the one side by German nationalists urging it to action, on the other side by the European powers threatening dire consequences should it persist. After painful hesitation, Frederick William chose what seemed the lesser of two evils, and, on 26 August, Prussia signed a convention at Malmö which yielded to practically all the Danish demands. The Holstein estates appealed to

20304-502: Was only persuaded to act when convinced a war would not cause such a confrontation. Schleswig-Holsteinian Prince Frederik of Noer took the 5th "Lauenburger" Rifle Corps (Jägerkorps) and some students of Kiel university to take over the fortress of Rendsburg in Schleswig-Holstein. The fortress contained the main armoury of the duchies, the 14th, 15th, and 16th Infantry Battalions, the 2nd Regiment of Artillery, as well as some military engineers . When Noer's force arrived, they found that

20448-428: Was reinforced by the menace of the European situation. Austria and Prussia were on the verge of war (see Autumn Crisis 1850 ), and the sole hope of preventing Russia from entering such a war on the side of Austria lay in settling the Schleswig-Holstein question in a manner desirable to it. The only alternative, an alliance with the hated Napoleon Bonaparte's nephew, Louis Napoleon , who was already dreaming of acquiring

20592-674: Was the court gardener at Rosenborg Castle. The park at Fredensborg is one of Denmark's largest and best preserved Baroque gardens. After the turn of the 18th century, architecture developed into the late Baroque style. Among the major proponents were Johan Conrad Ernst who built the Chancery Building or Kancellibygningen (1721) on Slotsholmen and Lauritz de Thurah who designed the Eremitage Palace (1734) in Dyrehaven, just north of Copenhagen. Even more ambitious

20736-492: Was to be kindled in individuals, in science, and in society as a whole. Søren Kierkegaard has also strongly influenced philosophy and literature right up to the present day. Among the many who have profited from his ideas are Jean-Paul Sartre , Niels Bohr and W. H. Auden . Hans Christian Ørsted's scientific advances contributed fundamentally to chemistry, with his work on aluminium , and especially to physics, with his conclusive research on electromagnetism . Finally, many of

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