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103-508: Several versions were produced at Dartmouth, implemented by undergraduate students and operating as a compile and go system . The first version ran on 1 May 1964, and it was opened to general users in June. Upgrades followed, culminating in the seventh and final release in 1979. Dartmouth also introduced a dramatically updated version known as Structured BASIC (or SBASIC ) in 1975, which added various structured programming concepts. SBASIC formed

206-643: A modem . Time-sharing was a major area of research in the 1960s, with many in the computer industry predicting that computing power would become inexpensive and widespread. This was most famously stated by John McCarthy, who said "computing may someday be organized as a public utility just as the telephone system is a public utility." While other languages were available on DTSS, as of 1972 98% of its programs were written in BASIC. With BASIC, computer services became far more accessible to end-users whose tasks would take too long to code for them to be suitable for solving on

309-653: A BASIC and a time-share operating system almost identical to the DTSS setup. The system supported up to 32 simultaneous users, using a low-end HP 2100 CPU to run the terminals in the same fashion as the Datanet-30 of the original GE-265 setup, while the programs ran on a higher-end model of the same machine, typically differing in that it had more core memory . HP's BASIC used a semi-compiled tokenized format for storing programs, which improved loading times and meant "compiles" were zero-time. Digital Equipment Corporation took

412-777: A STEM unit in January 2014, dedicated to igniting students' passion for STEM. To further enrich students' learning experiences, their Industrial Partnership Programme (IPP) creates opportunities for students to get early exposure to real-world STEM industries and careers. Curriculum specialists and STEM educators from the Science Centre will work hand-in-hand with teachers to co-develop STEM lessons, provide training to teachers, and co-teach such lessons to provide students with early exposure and develop their interest in STEM. In 2017, Thai Education Minister Teerakiat Jareonsettasin said after

515-632: A certain Dartmouth - Princeton game in 1965 when Dartmouth won the Lambert trophy . It's sort of a commemorative program". The game was an upset over heavily favored Princeton. As the system expanded, especially after the addition of string handling in BASIC, the DTSS system became a major platform for the development of many text-based games . In the early 1970s, the People's Computer Company began publishing these in their magazine, typically converted to

618-413: A computer. This led to a number of manufacturers who introduced computers specifically designed for this market of users who wanted to solve small or medium-scale tasks and were not as worried about outright performance. In particular, two machines aimed directly at this market became the "most widely used small time-sharing systems ever developed". The HP 2000 ran HP Time-Shared BASIC , a combination of

721-756: A different approach, using a single-machine offering based on their existing PDP-11 line with the new RSTS/E operating system and BASIC-PLUS . BASIC-PLUS more closely followed the Fifth Edition, including the MAT commands, but was implemented as a pure interpreter as opposed to the Dartmouth compiler or HP's tokenized format. It also included a number of control structures following the JOSS model, like PRINT I IF I > 10 . Tymshare SUPER BASIC also supported JOSS-style structures and matrix math, but retained

824-469: A document titled Promotion of STEM Education , which proposes strategies and recommendations for promoting STEM education. India is next only to China with STEM graduates per population of 1 to 52. The total number of fresh STEM graduates was 2.6 million in 2016. STEM graduates have been contributing to the Indian economy with well-paid salaries locally and abroad for the past two decades. The turnaround of

927-564: A mere 14% In India, OMOTEC is providing an innovative curriculum based on STEM, and their students are also performing and developing products to solve the new age problems. Two students also won the Microsoft Imagine Cup for developing a non-invasive method to screen for skin cancer using artificial intelligence. In Nigeria, the Association of Professional Women Engineers Of Nigeria (APWEN) has involved girls between

1030-455: A more racially and gender-diverse field. Some evidence suggests that all students, including black and Hispanic students, have a better chance of earning a STEM degree if they attend a college or university at which their entering academic credentials are at least as high as the average student's. Although women make up 47% of the workforce in the U.S., they hold only 24% of STEM jobs. Research suggests that exposing girls to female inventors at

1133-517: A new language was needed. Over time, four key elements emerged; the system would use time-sharing, a new language would be needed, to get users onto the system new courses would introduce programming as an adjunct to other subjects, and finally, the terminals would be open to all users. The project officially started in September 1963. The goal was to develop the language and operating system on an off-the-shelf computer. In early 1964, they approached

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1236-413: A new language, DOPE (Dartmouth Oversimplified Programming Experiment) . This used numbered lines to represent instructions, for instance, to add two numbers, DOPE used: Which meant "on line 5, perform an addition of the values in variables A and B and put the result in C". Although somewhat cryptic in layout, the basis for the future BASIC language can be seen. In addition to basic mathematical operations,

1339-399: A new release of their version of the operating system. This collaboration proved to be a success; GE began deploying these machines as their Mark II time-sharing systems, and by the end of the decade they were one of the largest time-sharing vendors in the world. When this "Phase I" system became operational, the Dartmouth team began development of "Phase II", the ideal operating system. This

1442-477: A number of idiosyncrasies of its own. In contrast to later versions, the LET command was required on all statements lacking another command, so 10 A = 5 * 5 was not valid in this version. The PRINT statement used the comma when printing multiple variables, advancing to the next of five "zones". The comma was not needed in the case where one was printing a prompt and single value, so PRINT "value of A

1545-626: A phenomenon known as "chilly climates" which refers to incidents of sexism , isolation, and pressure to prove themselves to peers and high level academics. For minority populations in STEM, loneliness is experienced due to lack of belonging and social isolation. In the State of the Union Address on January 31, 2006, President George W. Bush announced the American Competitiveness Initiative . Bush proposed

1648-573: A reference to the shortage of skilled workers and inadequate education in these areas. The term tends not to refer to the non-professional and less visible sectors of the fields, such as electronics assembly line work. Many organizations in the United States follow the guidelines of the National Science Foundation on what constitutes a STEM field. The NSF uses a broad definition of STEM subjects that includes subjects in

1751-515: A single letter, thus FNA through FNZ . All operations were done in floating point . On the GE-225 and GE-235, this produced a precision of about 30 bits (roughly ten digits) with a base-2 exponent range of -256 to +255. Additionally, due to the GE-235's word size being 20-bits and using a six-bit character code , the language enshrined the use of three-letter function names because that allowed

1854-510: A training system is yet to be established." Several Chinese cities have taken bold measures to add programming as a compulsory course for elementary and middle school students. This is the case of the city of Chongqing. However, most students from small and medium-sized cities have not been exposed to the concept of STEM until they enter college. Several European projects have promoted STEM education and careers in Europe. For instance, Scientix

1957-576: A version of SBASIC known as True BASIC . Many early mainframe games trace their history to Dartmouth BASIC and the DTSS system. A selection of these were collected, in HP Time-Shared BASIC versions, in the People's Computer Company book What to Do After You Hit Return . Many of the original source listings in BASIC Computer Games and related works also trace their history to Dartmouth BASIC. John G. Kemeny joined

2060-1078: A young age has the potential to reduce the gender gap in technical STEM fields by half. Campaigns from organizations like the National Inventors Hall of Fame aimed to achieve a 50/50 gender balance in their youth STEM programs by 2020. The gender gap in Zimbabwe's STEM fields is also significant, with only 28.79% of women holding STEM degrees compared to 71.21% of men. STEM fields have been recognized as areas where underrepresentation and exclusion of marginalized groups are prevalent. STEM poses unique challenges related to intersectionality due to rigid norms and stereotypes , both in higher education and professional settings. These norms often prioritize objectivity and meritocracy while overlooking structural inequities, creating environments where individuals with intersecting marginalized identities face compounded barriers. For instance, individuals from traditionally underrepresented groups may experience

2163-523: Is " A was valid. A somewhat hidden feature was that all variables were capable of representing arrays (vectors) of up to ten elements (subscripts 1 to 10, changed to 0 to 9 in the Second Edition) without being declared that way using DIM . DIM was only needed if a different vector size was required. Variable names were limited to a single letter or a letter followed by a digit (286 possible variable names). User functions could only have

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2266-439: Is a European cooperation of STEM teachers, education scientists, and policymakers. The SciChallenge project used a social media contest and student-generated content to increase the motivation of pre-university students for STEM education and careers. The Erasmus programme project AutoSTEM used automata to introduce STEM subjects to very young children. The LUMA Center is the leading advocate for STEM-oriented education. Its aim

2369-401: Is a coalition of academicians and teachers who show an effort to increase the quality of education in STEM fields rather than focussing on increasing the number of STEM graduates. In the United States, the acronym began to be used in education and immigration debates in initiatives to begin to address the perceived lack of qualified candidates for high-tech jobs. It also addresses concern that

2472-530: Is also a portmanteau from lu and ma . To address the decline in interest in learning the areas of science, the Finnish National Board of Education launched the LUMA scientific education development program. The project's main goal was to raise the level of Finnish education and to enhance students' competencies, improve educational practices, and foster interest in science. The initiative led to

2575-501: Is an umbrella term used to group together the distinct but related technical disciplines of science , technology , engineering , and mathematics . The term is typically used in the context of education policy or curriculum choices in schools. It has implications for workforce development, national security concerns (as a shortage of STEM-educated citizens can reduce effectiveness in this area), and immigration policy, with regard to admitting foreign students and tech workers. There

2678-756: Is critical to ensuring that all young Australians are equipped with the necessary STEM skills and knowledge that they must need to succeed." Its goals were to: Events and programs meant to help develop STEM in Australian schools include the Victorian Model Solar Vehicle Challenge , the Maths Challenge (Australian Mathematics Trust), Go Girl Go Global and the Australian Informatics Olympiad. Canada ranks 12th out of 16 peer countries in

2781-492: Is no universal agreement on which disciplines are included in STEM; in particular, whether or not the science in STEM includes social sciences , such as psychology , sociology , economics , and political science . In the United States, these are typically included by the National Science Foundation (NSF), the Department of Labor 's O*Net online database for job seekers, and the Department of Homeland Security . In

2884-815: Is part of the Applied Learning Programme (ALP) that the Singapore Ministry of Education (MOE) has been promoting since 2013, and currently, all secondary schools have such a program. It is expected that by 2023, all primary schools in Singapore will have an ALP. There are no tests or exams for ALPs. The emphasis is for students to learn through experimentation – they try, fail, try, learn from it, and try again. The MOE actively supports schools with ALPs to further enhance and strengthen their capabilities and programs that nurture innovation and creativity. The Singapore Science Centre established

2987-406: Is to promote the instruction and research of natural sciences, mathematics, computer science, and technology across all educational levels in the country. In the native tongue luma stands for "luonnontieteellis-matemaattinen" (lit. adj. "scientific-mathematical"). The short is more or less a direct translation of STEM , with engineering fields included by association. However, unlike STEM, the term

3090-484: The MAT commands that worked with numerical matrices. CARDBASIC was not developed further, as the entire idea of BASIC had been to be interactive. Compile and go system In computer programming, a compile and go system ; compile, load, and go system ; assemble and go system ; or load and go system is a programming language processor in which the compilation , assembly , or link steps are not separated from program execution . The intermediate forms of

3193-464: The Department of Education or DepEd. The STEM strand is under the Academic Track, which also includes other strands like ABM, HUMSS, and GAS. The purpose of the STEM strand is to educate students in the field of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, in an interdisciplinary and applied approach, and to give students advanced knowledge and application in the field. After completing

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3296-451: The National Science Foundation (NSF) for funding. The NSF sent the proposals, one for the time sharing system and another for the language, out for peer review. The reviews invariably suggested they did not understand the difficulty of what they were attempting. In spite of these negative comments, the NSF went ahead with both grants. Educational discounts available from General Electric led to

3399-641: The Schulich Leader Scholarships , $ 100 million in $ 60,000 scholarships for students beginning their university education in a STEM program at 20 institutions across Canada. Each year 40 Canadian students would be selected to receive the award, two at each institution, with the goal of attracting gifted youth into the STEM fields. The program also supplies STEM scholarships to five participating universities in Israel . To promote STEM in China,

3502-420: The "hat" character, ^ . Exponents took the absolute value of the number before calculation, so to calculate -X^3 , one had to use X*X*X . There was a further problem in the exponent function that treated -X^2 as (-X)^2 as opposed to the correct order of operations -(X^2) , which was not corrected until the third release. The INT() function always truncated towards zero. The language had

3605-463: The 11th and 12th grades, more commonly referred to as first and second year, culminating in Intermediate exams. These electives are FSc pre- medical (Physics, Chemistry, Biology), FSc pre- engineering (Physics, Chemistry, Maths), and ICS (Physics/Statistics, Computer Science, Maths). These electives are intended to aid students in pursuing STEM-related careers in the future by preparing them for

3708-515: The 2015 run of the international assessment test the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA), American students came out 35th in mathematics, 24th in reading, and 25th in science, out of 109 countries. The United States also ranked 29th in the percentage of 24-year-olds with science or mathematics degrees. STEM education often uses new technologies such as 3D printers to encourage interest in STEM fields. STEM education can also leverage

3811-667: The 49th Southeast Asia Ministers of Education Organisation (SEAMEO) Council Conference in Jakarta that the meeting approved the establishment of two new SEAMEO regional centers in Thailand. One would be the STEM Education Centre, while the other would be a Sufficient Economy Learning Centre. Teerakiat said that the Thai government had already allocated Bt250 million over five years for the new STEM center. The center will be

3914-537: The BASIC program, prepending a string identifier to the beginning of each line of input and output. The first programs developed with this interface were a two-person version of FTBALL and a five-person poker game. More serious was a management game that allowed up to ten students at the Amos Tuck School of Business Administration to compete in the production and marketing of a single product. The original version, retroactively known as version one, supported

4017-514: The Center for Advanced Materials (CAM) at Qatar University . Each year around 946 students, from about 40 high schools, participate in AL-Bairaq competitions. AL-Bairaq makes use of project-based learning, encourages students to solve authentic problems, and inquires them to work with each other as a team to build real solutions. Research has so far shown positive results for the program. STEM

4120-467: The Chinese government issued a guideline in 2016 on national innovation-driven development strategy, "instructing that by 2020, China should become an innovative country; by 2030, it should be at the forefront of innovative countries; and by 2050, it should become a technology innovation power." "[I]n May 2018, the launching ceremony and press conference for the 2029 Action Plan for China's STEM Education

4223-500: The GE-265, many for their service bureau business. GE referred to these as their Mark I time-sharing systems. One of the original goals of the program was to work programming into other coursework. This was a success, but it put considerable strain on the system and it became clear that it had no room for future growth. In 1965, the team approached GE for support with ongoing development. In September, Vice President Louis Rader offered

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4326-400: The Indian economy with comfortable foreign exchange reserves is mainly attributed to the skills of its STEM graduates. In India, women make up an impressive 43% of STEM graduates, the highest percentage worldwide. However, they hold only 14% of STEM-related jobs. Additionally, among the 280,000 scientists and engineers working in research and development institutes in the country, women represent

4429-544: The National Science Foundation found that the average science score on the 2011 National Assessment of Educational Progress was lower for black and Hispanic students than for white, Asian, and Pacific Islanders. In 2011, eleven percent of the U.S. workforce was black, while only six percent of STEM workers were black. Though STEM in the U.S. has typically been dominated by white males, there have been considerable efforts to create initiatives to make STEM

4532-581: The OPT program, international students who graduate from colleges and universities in the United States can stay in the country and receive up to twelve months of training through work experience. Students who graduate from a designated STEM degree program can stay for an additional seventeen months on an OPT STEM extension. As of 2023, the U.S. faces a shortage of high-skilled workers in STEM, and foreign talents must navigate difficult hurdles to immigrate. Meanwhile, some other countries, such as Australia, Canada, and

4635-465: The United Kingdom, have introduced programs to attract talent at the expense of the United States. In the case of China, the United States risks losing its edge over a strategic rival . By cultivating an interest in the natural and social sciences in preschool or immediately following school entry, the chances of STEM success in high school can be greatly improved. STEM supports broadening

4738-418: The United Kingdom, the social sciences are categorized separately and are instead grouped with humanities and arts to form another counterpart acronym HASS (humanities, arts, and social sciences), rebranded in 2020 as SHAPE (social sciences, humanities and the arts for people and the economy). Some sources also use HEAL (health, education, administration, and literacy) as the counterpart of STEM. In

4841-497: The United States follow the guidelines of the National Science Foundation on what constitutes a STEM field, the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has its own functional definition used for immigration policy. In 2012, DHS or ICE announced an expanded list of STEM-designated degree programs that qualify eligible graduates on student visas for an optional practical training (OPT) extension. Under

4944-539: The Washington, D.C. area called the STEM Institute. Based on the program's recognized success and his expertise in STEM education, Charles Vela was asked to serve on numerous NSF and Congressional panels in science, mathematics, and engineering education. Previously referred to as SMET by the NSF, it is through this manner that NSF was first introduced to the acronym STEM. One of the first NSF projects to use

5047-677: The acronym was STEMTEC, the Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math Teacher Education Collaborative at the University of Massachusetts Amherst , which was founded in 1998. In 2001, at the urging of Dr. Peter Faletra, the Director of Workforce Development for Teachers and Scientists at the Office of Science, the acronym was adopted by Rita Colwell and other science administrators in the National Science Foundation (NSF). The Office of Science

5150-790: The ages of 12 and 19 in science-based courses in order for them to pursue science-based courses in higher institutions of learning. The National Science Foundation (NSF) In Nigeria has made conscious efforts to encourage girls to innovate, invent, and build through the "invent it, build it" program sponsored by NNPC. STEM subjects are taught in Pakistan as part of electives taken in the 9th and 10th grades, culminating in Matriculation exams. These electives are pure sciences (Physics, Chemistry, Biology), mathematics (Physics, Chemistry, Maths), and computer science (Physics, Chemistry, Computer Science). STEM subjects are also offered as electives taken in

5253-476: The ages of 9 and 14. The KPITBs Early Age Programming initiative, established in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , has been successfully introduced in 225 Elementary and Secondary Schools. Many private organizations are working in Pakistan to introduce STEM education in schools. In the Philippines , STEM is a two-year program and strand that is used for Senior High School (Grades 11 and 12), assigned by

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5356-434: The area. In terms of user counts, these terminals hosted 69% of the total users, although they used a smaller amount of computer time. By 1971 there were 79 remote terminals, as far away as New Jersey and Bangor, Maine . These were supported by multiplexer systems that allowed up to 12 terminals to be supported over a single voice-grade telephone line. Additionally, a number of these lines were available for dial-up use with

5459-435: The basic goals remained the same and were published in a draft form that November. The school's machine arrived in the last week of February 1964, was operational by mid-March, and officially handed over on 1 April. By that point, the operating system design was already well developed. Most of the student programmers working on the operating system did so for 50 hours a week, in addition to their normal course load. The language

5562-648: The basis of the American National Standards Institute -standard Standard BASIC efforts in the early 1980s. Most dialects of BASIC trace their history to the Fourth Edition (which added, e.g., string variables, which most BASIC users take for granted, though the original could print strings), but generally leave out more esoteric features like matrix math. In contrast to the Dartmouth compilers, most other BASICs were written as interpreters . This decision allowed them to run in

5665-682: The combination of new technologies, such as photovoltaics and environmental sensors , with old technologies such as composting systems and irrigation within land lab environments. In 2006 the United States National Academies expressed their concern about the declining state of STEM education in the United States. Its Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy developed a list of 10 actions. Their top three recommendations were to: The National Aeronautics and Space Administration also has implemented programs and curricula to advance STEM education to replenish

5768-404: The commands LET , PRINT , END , FOR...NEXT , GOTO , GOSUB...RETURN , IF...THEN , DEF , READ , DATA , DIM , and REM . It included basic math instructions, + , - , * and / , as well as the up-arrow for exponents "...since on a teletype typewriter it is impossible to print superscripts." In modern varieties, the up-arrow is normally replaced by

5871-558: The early 1990s the acronym STEM was used by a variety of educators. Beverly Schwartz developed a STEM mentoring program in the Capital District of New York State, and was using the acronym as early as February, 1992. Charles E. Vela was the founder and director of the Center for the Advancement of Hispanics in Science and Engineering Education (CAHSEE) and started a summer program for talented under-represented students in

5974-604: The establishment of 13 LUMA centers at universities across Finland supervised by LUMA Center. The name of STEM in France is industrial engineering sciences (sciences industrielles or sciences de l'ingénieur). The STEM organization in France is the association UPSTI. STEM education has not been promoted among the local schools in Hong Kong until recent years. In November 2015, the Education Bureau of Hong Kong released

6077-899: The fields of chemistry , computer and information technology science, engineering, geoscience, life sciences, mathematical sciences, physics and astronomy, social sciences ( anthropology , economics , psychology , and sociology ), and STEM education and learning research. The NSF is the only American federal agency whose mission includes support for all fields of fundamental science and engineering, except for medical sciences. Its disciplinary program areas include scholarships, grants, and fellowships in fields such as biological sciences, computer and information science and engineering, education and human resources, engineering, environmental research and education, geoscience, international science and engineering, mathematical and physical sciences, social, behavioral and economic sciences, cyberinfrastructure, and polar programs. Although many organizations in

6180-736: The functions of the Linkage Editor but placed the linked program in memory rather than creating an executable on disk. Compile and go systems differ from interpreters , which either directly execute source code or execute an intermediate representation . Advantages of compile-and-go systems are: Disadvantages of compile-and-go loaders are: Compile-and-go systems were popular in academic environments, where student programs were small, compiled many times, usually executed quickly and, once debugged, seldom needed to be re-executed. Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics ( STEM )

6283-548: The implementation and adaptation of science and technology." The Institute for the Promotion of Teaching Science and Technology has initiated a STEM Education Network. Its goals are to promote integrated learning activities improve student creativity and application of knowledge, and establish a network of organations and personnel for the promotion of STEM education in the country. Turkish STEM Education Task Force (or FeTeMM—Fen Bilimleri, Teknoloji, Mühendislik ve Matematik)

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6386-500: The initiative to address shortfalls in federal government support of educational development and progress at all academic levels in the STEM fields. In detail, the initiative called for significant increases in federal funding for advanced R&D programs (including a doubling of federal funding support for advanced research in the physical sciences through DOE ) and an increase in U.S. higher education graduates within STEM disciplines. The NASA Means Business competition, sponsored by

6489-531: The language included SQR, EXP, LOG, SIN and a simple branching construct. Kemeny and Kurtz agreed on the need for programming literacy among students outside the traditional STEM fields ; only 25% of the students at Dartmouth took STEM-related courses, but some level of mathematics was used in almost every field. Moreover, as computers became more important in society, they wondered "How can sensible decisions about computing and its use be made by persons essentially ignorant of it?" Kemeny later noted that "Our vision

6592-425: The language states that two programs were typed in at the same time, one by Kemeny and one by another unnamed programmer. They typed in their programs, typed RUN at the same time, and received the correct results. Kurtz was an early riser and had already gone home and "missed all the fun." Over the next month the system was tested by having a numerical analysis class test programs on the system. During this period,

6695-491: The larger GE machines. This meant small messages could be quickly passed back and forth between the machines, allowing commands typed by the user to be immediately performed by the 225. The system would work by having the DN-30 run the terminals and save the user's work to the disk. When the user typed RUN , the DN-30 would use DMA to send that command to the GE-225. The 225 would read that file, compile it, run it, and pass back

6798-510: The limited main memory of early microcomputers . Microsoft BASIC is one example, designed to run in only 4 KB of memory. By the early 1980s, tens of millions of home computers were running some variant of the MS interpreter. It became the de facto standard for BASIC, which led to the abandonment of the ANSI SBASIC efforts. Kemeny and Kurtz later formed a company to develop and promote

6901-434: The machine remained running properly for an average of five minutes. The problems were rapidly addressed, and in June it was decided to increase the number of terminals to eleven. It was around this time that a faster GE-235 replaced the 225. By the fall, 20 terminals were in use. GE began to refer to the combination of GE-235 and DN-30 as the GE-265, adding their model numbers together. GE built about 75 additional examples of

7004-464: The masses. Kurtz returned to Dartmouth and told Kemeny "we should do time sharing", to which Kemeny immediately replied "OK". In an experiment to test whether the concept was workable, students were broken into groups of five and given turns on the LGP-30 using SCALP. Computer time was broken into 15-minute sessions and each group of five was given one session and then turned it over to the next group. It

7107-467: The mathematics department of Dartmouth College in 1953 and later became its department chairman. In 1956 he gained access to an IBM 704 via MIT's New England Regional Computer Center efforts. That year, he wrote the DARSIMCO language, a version of assembler which simplified the programming of mathematical operations. He was aided by Thomas E. Kurtz , who joined the department that year. DARSIMCO

7210-595: The more widely available HP BASIC. Many of these listings were collected in their 1975 book, What to do after you hit return . Although these are published in HP BASIC form, the majority of them trace their history to either DTSS or the Lawrence Hall of Science in California where a similar machine was set up, known as DECISION. A more famous collection is BASIC Computer Games of 1978, where about half of

7313-633: The new GE-635 , which ran approximately 10 times as fast and included two CPUs. Additionally, a second DN-30 would be added to handle more lines, enough for 150 simultaneous users. To house it, a larger facility would be needed than the basement of College Hall where the 265 was running. Peter Kiewit, Class of '22, along with additional support from the NSF, led to the construction of the Kiewit Computation Center, which opened in December 1966. While waiting for this machine to arrive, in

7416-423: The next three-character column was accomplished simply by moving to the next word in memory. The October version also included a separate definition for CARDBASIC, which was simply a version of BASIC for use on card-based workflows. CARDBASIC was almost identical to the interactive version, with the exception being that it did not include the zero-based arrays. More important to the language's future, CARDBASIC added

7519-415: The original compile-and-go operation. Practically every vendor of the era offered some solution to this same problem, although they may not have been so closely similar to the original. When Kurtz began considering the formation of an ANSI standard for BASIC in 1973, he found that the number of time-sharing service bureaus with BASIC available was greater than any other language. Unfortunately, this success

7622-868: The percentage of its graduates who studied in STEM programs, with 21.2%, a number higher than the United States, but lower than France , Germany , and Austria . The peer country with the greatest proportion of STEM graduates, Finland , has over 30% of its university graduates coming from science, mathematics, computer science, and engineering programs. SHAD is an annual Canadian summer enrichment program for high-achieving high school students in July. The program focuses on academic learning, particularly in STEAM fields . Scouts Canada has taken similar measures to their American counterpart to promote STEM fields to youth. Their STEM program began in 2015. In 2011 Canadian entrepreneur and philanthropist Seymour Schulich established

7725-538: The pool of scientists, engineers, and mathematicians who will lead space exploration in the 21st century. Individual states, such as California , have run pilot after-school STEM programs to learn what the most promising practices are and how to implement them to increase the chance of student success. Another state to invest in STEM education is Florida, where Florida Polytechnic University, Florida's first public university for engineering and technology dedicated to science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM),

7828-553: The program are generally kept in primary memory , and not saved to the file system . Examples of compile-and-go systems are WATFOR , PL/C , and Dartmouth BASIC . An example of load-and-go systems is the loader Anthony J. Barr wrote for the University Computing Corporation in 1968 that was replaced in the market by the IBM OS/360 loader in 1972. These OS/360 loaders performed many of

7931-433: The program, the students will earn a Diploma in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics. In some colleges and universities, they require students applying for STEM degrees (like medicine, engineering, computer studies, etc.) to be a graduate of STEM, if not, they will need to enter a bridging program. In Qatar , AL-Bairaq is an outreach program to high-school students with a curriculum that focuses on STEM, run by

8034-479: The programs in the book were either written at Dartmouth, including another by Kemeny, Batnum, or more commonly, one of the many high schools that were connected to it after 1968. A particularly prolific high school was Lexington High School in Massachusetts but many other schools appear as well. A number of the programs do not list their original locations, but come from authors that were likely connected to

8137-700: The programs on cards or paper tape, they would now use the Model 33 to type directly into the computer. All that was needed was a new machine that was fast enough to host a time-sharing system, and a simple language for the programmers to use. When the topic of a simple language began to be considered seriously, Kemeny immediately suggested writing a new one. Kurtz was more interested in a cut-down version of FORTRAN or ALGOL. But these languages had so many idiosyncrasies that Kurtz came to agree with Kemeny: If we had corrected FORTRAN's ugly features, we would not have FORTRAN anymore. I reluctantly had to agree with John that, yes,

8240-467: The purchase of a GE-225 computer, in an era when not "going IBM" was still fraught with peril. The GE-225 was paired with the much simpler DATANET-30 (DN-30) machine and a hard drive connected to both machines in order to share programs. The DN-30 lacked any programming documentation at the time, as it was never intended to be shipped from the factory without a program already installed. It included one key feature, direct memory access (DMA) access to

8343-524: The regional institution responsible for STEM education promotion. It will not only set up policies to improve STEM education, but it will also be the center for information and experience sharing among the member countries and education experts. According to him, "This is the first SEAMEO regional center for STEM education, as the existing science education center in Malaysia only focuses on the academic perspective. Our STEM education center will also prioritize

8446-453: The results to the DN-30 which would print the output on the terminal. In the summer of 1963, pending the purchase of the computer, GE provided access to one of their GE-225s. Kemeny began working on a prototype compiler. Students Michael Busch and John McGeachie began working on the operating system design that fall. Both the language and the OS were extensively modified during this period, although

8549-475: The semicolon, ; , to the PRINT statement. Unlike later implementations where this left space between items, the semicolon advanced printing to the next multiple of three characters, which was useful for "packing" more numbers into a line of output than the existing comma separator. The three-character size was a side-effect of the GE-235's 20-bit word size , which stored three six-bit characters. Skipping to

8652-523: The storage of three six-bit characters in a 20-bit word (using 18 bits). This is why BASIC functions are three letters, like INT or SQR , something that remained in the many varieties of the language long after they left the GE-235. The Second Edition of BASIC (though not referred to as such at the time) only made minimal changes. Released in October 1964, it could start arrays at subscript 0 instead of 1 (useful for representing polynomials ) and added

8755-635: The student will either lose interest or forget what the problems were. At best, he will waste time standing around waiting for the day's results to appear." In 1959, due largely to Kemeny's reputation as an innovator in math teaching, the department won an Alfred P. Sloan Foundation award for $ 500,000 to build a new department building. During a 1961 visit to MIT, they were introduced to the PDP-1 and its recently completed experimental time-sharing operating system . John McCarthy asked Kurtz why they did not use time sharing for their efforts to bring computing to

8858-571: The students and 70% of the faculty was making some use of the system. Hundreds of terminals were spread across the campus, from the hospital to the business school. 57% of the CPU time was used for coursework, 16% for research, and the remaining 27% for "recreational use"; Dartmouth actively encouraged users to play games as a way to get hands-on use and overcome fear of the computer. Beginning with another NSF grant, in 1967 Dartmouth also began placing terminals in off-campus locations, including high schools in

8961-417: The study of engineering within each of the other subjects and beginning engineering at younger grades, even elementary school. It also brings STEM education to all students rather than only the gifted programs. In his 2012 budget, President Barack Obama renamed and broadened the " Mathematics and Science Partnership (MSP) " to award block grants to states for improving teacher education in those subjects. In

9064-523: The study of these courses at university. A STEM education project has been approved by the government to establish STEM labs in public schools. The Ministry of Information Technology and Telecommunication has collaborated with Google to launch Pakistan's first grassroots-level Coding Skills Development Program, based on Google's CS First Program, a global initiative aimed at developing coding skills in children. The program aims to develop applied coding skills using gamification techniques for children between

9167-435: The subjects are often taught in isolation, instead of as an integrated curriculum. Maintaining a citizenry that is well-versed in the STEM fields is a key portion of the public education agenda of the United States. The acronym has been widely used in the immigration debate regarding access to United States work visas for immigrants who are skilled in these fields. It has also become commonplace in education discussions as

9270-549: The summer and fall of 1966 a GE-635 at the Rome Air Development Center was used to develop MOLDS, the "Multiple User On-Line Debugging System". The GE-635 was operational in early 1967, and using MOLDS the new operating system was fully functional in September, at which time the GE-265 was sold off. GE provided the machine for free for three years as part of a wider agreement under which Dartmouth would develop new versions of BASIC while GE used it to develop

9373-545: The system through a school or public projects like Project SOLO. Multiplayer video games became possible in BASIC when Stephen Garland and John McGeachie developed the MOTIF Multiple Online Terminal Interface for DTSS. To start a game, a user typed LINK followed by a session name instead of RUN, thereby enabling other users to connect to the game by typing JOIN followed by the session name. MOTIF then multiplexed input and output for

9476-413: Was also a problem; by that point, there were so many variations that a standard seemed impossible. Kemeny actively encouraged games on the DTSS platform, and considered it to be one of the major reasons for the success of the DTSS system. He was likely the author of an early mainframe game . Although Kemeny did not take credit for it, he later referred to FTBALL by stating it "was written on Sunday after

9579-454: Was also an early adopter of the STEM acronym. By the mid-2000s, China surpassed the United States in the number of PhDs awarded and is expected to produce 77,000 PhDs in 2025, compared to 40,000 in the US. The Australian Curriculum, Assessment, and Reporting Authority 2015 report entitled, National STEM School Education Strategy , stated that "A renewed national focus on STEM in school education

9682-480: Was developed in parallel on borrowed time on another 225 machine. The OS was completed in April, and the entire system running on three Model 33 terminals was ready by the end of the month. John Kemeny and John McGeachie ran the first BASIC program on 1 May 1964 at 4 a.m. ET . It is not completely clear what the first programs were. Many sources, including Dartmouth, claim it was this simple program: A later history of

9785-475: Was established. During school, STEM programs have been established for many districts throughout the U.S. Some states include New Jersey , Arizona , Virginia , North Carolina , Texas , and Ohio . Continuing STEM education has expanded to the post-secondary level through masters programs such as the University of Maryland's STEM Program as well as the University of Cincinnati. In the United States,

9888-585: Was extremely slow, based on the drum speed of 3600 rpm. Nevertheless, they were able to produce a functional cut-down version known as ALGOL 30 . Further development produced SCALP, the "Self-Contained Algol Processor", a one-pass compiler that was ready to run the compiled program as soon as the punched tape finished reading in the source. Output with the program results or any error messages would immediately appear. This compile-and-go style of operation would later be used by BASIC. In 1962, Kemeny and high-school student Sidney Marshall began experimenting with

9991-470: Was forgotten when the first FORTRAN compiler was installed on the machine in 1957. The arrival of FORTRAN instilled an important lesson. Kurtz, having been indoctrinated that FORTRAN was slow, spent several months writing a program in 704 assembler which had taken up about an hour of CPU time to debug and still was not running. Giving up, he rewrote it in FORTRAN and had it running in five minutes. The lesson

10094-487: Was found that students could generally complete their programs in two or three "turnarounds" during a single session. This clearly suggested that an interactive system would allow hundreds of users to successfully use a single machine. The arrival of the Teletype Model 33 teleprinter using the newly introduced ASCII over telephone lines solved the problem of access; no longer would the programmers have to submit

10197-615: Was held in Beijing, China. This plan aims to allow as many students to benefit from STEM education as possible and equip all students with scientific thinking and the ability to innovate." "In response to encouraging policies by the government, schools in both public and private sectors around the country have begun to carry out STEM education programs." "However, to effectively implement STEM curricula, full-time teachers specializing in STEM education and relevant content to be taught are needed." Currently, "China lacks qualified STEM teachers and

10300-569: Was installed in March 1969, and changed its name to the Dartmouth Time-Sharing System shortly thereafter. When the three-year period was up, GE gifted the machine to the university. Although the two teams remained in contact, and several good-faith attempts were made to continue the relationship, little further collaboration occurred and the partnership officially ended on 20 September 1972. A review in 1968 noted that 80% of

10403-413: Was not simply the complexity that was a problem, it was the entire concept of the batch processing . Students would prepare their programs on punch cards or paper tape, submit them to the computer operators, and then at some future point receive their output. This would often reveal an error that required the entire process to be repeated. As they later put it, "If it takes on the order of 1 day for one try,

10506-412: Was that every student on campus should have access to a computer, and any faculty member should be able to use a computer in the classroom whenever appropriate. It was as simple as that." But doing so would be largely impossible given what they had to work with; the turnaround on a typical SCALP run was about 15 minutes, and the languages were far too difficult for non-STEM users to use for basic tasks. It

10609-456: Was that high-level languages could save time, regardless of their measured performance. In 1959, the school received its first computer, the drum-based LGP-30 . One student wrote a FORTRAN-inspired language called DART for the machine. This led to an effort to produce an ALGOL 58 compiler, turning to ALGOL 60 when that definition was finalized. Writing the compiler was difficult due to the very small memory size, 32 KB in modern terms, and

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