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93-771: The Bundesverband der Deutschen Volksbanken und Raiffeisenbanken (BVR) is the nationwide representative body of the Cooperative Financial Group. It operates under the Deutscher Genossenschafts- und Raiffeisenverband , the umbrella organization of the German cooperative movement. All Volksbanken and Raiffeisenbanken in Germany have been designated as "less significant institutions" since the entry into force of European Banking Supervision in late 2014, and as such are directly supervised by

186-465: A de facto official language of Namibia after the end of German colonial rule alongside English and Afrikaans , and had de jure co-official status from 1984 until its independence from South Africa in 1990. However, the Namibian government perceived Afrikaans and German as symbols of apartheid and colonialism, and decided English would be the sole official language upon independence, stating that it

279-402: A second language , and 75–100   million as a foreign language . This would imply the existence of approximately 175–220   million German speakers worldwide. German sociolinguist Ulrich Ammon estimated a number of 289 million German foreign language speakers without clarifying the criteria by which he classified a speaker. As of 2012 , about 90   million people, or 16% of

372-612: A "commonly used" language and the Pan South African Language Board is obligated to promote and ensure respect for it. Cameroon was also a colony of the German Empire from the same period (1884 to 1916). However, German was replaced by French and English, the languages of the two successor colonial powers, after its loss in World War I . Nevertheless, since the 21st century, German has become

465-495: A debate on the structure of the group, either with two tiers (local and federal) or three (with an intermediate regional level). In December 1989, a compromise was adopted, known as the Verbund-Konvention , which acknowledged the coexistence of two-tier and three-tier structures within the Cooperative Financial Group. In July 1990, with German reunification , DG Bank assumed the role of central financial institution for

558-559: A greater need for regularity in written conventions. While the major changes of the MHG period were socio-cultural, High German was still undergoing significant linguistic changes in syntax, phonetics, and morphology as well (e.g. diphthongization of certain vowel sounds: hus (OHG & MHG "house") → haus (regionally in later MHG)→ Haus (NHG), and weakening of unstressed short vowels to schwa [ə]: taga (OHG "days")→ tage (MHG)). A great wealth of texts survives from

651-580: A half-century earlier by Schulze-Delitzsch, represented by the Hauptverbandes der deutschen Gewerblichen Genossenschaften in Osnabrück . As a consequence, there were four separate networks of cooperative banks by the start of the 20th century. In the late 19th century, the Soergelbank was criticized by Volksbanken for its commercialism and largely unsuccessful business expansion outside of

744-458: A native tongue today, mostly descendants of German colonial settlers . The period of German colonialism in Namibia also led to the evolution of a Standard German-based pidgin language called " Namibian Black German ", which became a second language for parts of the indigenous population. Although it is nearly extinct today, some older Namibians still have some knowledge of it. German remained

837-567: A new institution, the Zentralkasse der hessischen landwirtschaftlichen Genossenschaften as a substitute. In April 1920, Schulze-Delitzsch's Allgemeiner Verband and Korthaus's Hauptverbandes merged their respective organizations to form the Deutsche Genossenschaftsverband (DGV), which became the national entity for all urban professional cooperative banks. In the later 1920s, economic hardship forced

930-696: A popular foreign language among pupils and students, with 300,000 people learning or speaking German in Cameroon in 2010 and over 230,000 in 2020. Today Cameroon is one of the African countries outside Namibia with the highest number of people learning German. In the United States, German is the fifth most spoken language in terms of native and second language speakers after English, Spanish , French , and Chinese (with figures for Cantonese and Mandarin combined), with over 1 million total speakers. In

1023-675: A relationship with the Soergelbank in Berlin, but grew dissatisfied with it and in 1902 founded their own national financial institution, the Landwirtschaftliche Reichsgenossenschaftsbank GmbH in Darmstadt. In 1895, the Prussian government in Berlin and its finance minister Johannes von Miquel fostered the establishment of Preussische Central-Genossenschaftskasse , also known as

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1116-483: A result, the surviving texts are written in highly disparate regional dialects and exhibit significant Latin influence, particularly in vocabulary. At this point monasteries, where most written works were produced, were dominated by Latin, and German saw only occasional use in official and ecclesiastical writing. While there is no complete agreement over the dates of the Middle High German (MHG) period, it

1209-462: A similar merger between the two networks of agricultural cooperatives respectively founded by Raiffeisen and Haas, which on 1929 formed the Reichsverband der deutschen landwirtschaftlichen Genossenschaften - Raiffeisen - e.V. ("e.V." stands for a registered association , German : eingetragener Verein ). With around 36,000 member cooperatives and four million individual cooperators, it was

1302-556: A total intervention amount of €114 million, and again in 2013 and 2014 for €11 million in each case. As a consequence of the EU Deposit Guarantee Scheme Directive (DGSD) and the broader policy of European Banking union , the BVR has set up a statutory deposit insurance scheme, in addition to its pre-existing IPS and operated by a separate legal entity, BVR Institutssicherung GmbH (BVR-ISG). BVR-ISG

1395-601: Is a recognized minority language in the following countries: In France, the High German varieties of Alsatian and Moselle Franconian are identified as " regional languages ", but the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages of 1998 has not yet been ratified by the government. Namibia also was a colony of the German Empire, from 1884 to 1915. About 30,000 people still speak German as

1488-612: Is also notable for its broad spectrum of dialects , with many varieties existing in Europe and other parts of the world. Some of these non-standard varieties have become recognized and protected by regional or national governments. Since 2004, heads of state of the German-speaking countries have met every year, and the Council for German Orthography has been the main international body regulating German orthography . German

1581-558: Is an Indo-European language that belongs to the West Germanic group of the Germanic languages . The Germanic languages are traditionally subdivided into three branches: North Germanic , East Germanic , and West Germanic . The first of these branches survives in modern Danish , Swedish , Norwegian , Faroese , and Icelandic , all of which are descended from Old Norse . The East Germanic languages are now extinct, and Gothic

1674-478: Is called the "German Sprachraum ". German is the official language of the following countries: German is a co-official language of the following countries: Although expulsions and (forced) assimilation after the two World wars greatly diminished them, minority communities of mostly bilingual German native speakers exist in areas both adjacent to and detached from the Sprachraum. Within Europe, German

1767-430: Is complicated by the existence of several varieties whose status as separate "languages" or "dialects" is disputed for political and linguistic reasons, including quantitatively strong varieties like certain forms of Alemannic and Low German . With the inclusion or exclusion of certain varieties, it is estimated that approximately 90–95 million people speak German as a first language , 10–25   million speak it as

1860-535: Is generally seen as ending when the 1346–53 Black Death decimated Europe's population. Modern High German begins with the Early New High German (ENHG) period, which Wilhelm Scherer dates 1350–1650, terminating with the end of the Thirty Years' War . This period saw the further displacement of Latin by German as the primary language of courtly proceedings and, increasingly, of literature in

1953-611: Is generally seen as lasting from 1050 to 1350. This was a period of significant expansion of the geographical territory occupied by Germanic tribes, and consequently of the number of German speakers. Whereas during the Old High German period the Germanic tribes extended only as far east as the Elbe and Saale rivers, the MHG period saw a number of these tribes expanding beyond this eastern boundary into Slavic territory (known as

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2046-565: Is less closely related to languages based on Low Franconian dialects (e.g., Dutch and Afrikaans), Low German or Low Saxon dialects (spoken in northern Germany and southern Denmark ), neither of which underwent the High German consonant shift. As has been noted, the former of these dialect types is Istvaeonic and the latter Ingvaeonic, whereas the High German dialects are all Irminonic; the differences between these languages and standard German are therefore considerable. Also related to German are

2139-435: Is one of the major languages of the world . German is the second-most widely spoken Germanic language , after English, both as a first and as a second language . German is also widely taught as a foreign language , especially in continental Europe (where it is the third most taught foreign language after English and French), and in the United States. Overall, German is the fourth most commonly learned second language, and

2232-597: Is one of the three biggest newspapers in Namibia and the only German-language daily in Africa. An estimated 12,000 people speak German or a German variety as a first language in South Africa, mostly originating from different waves of immigration during the 19th and 20th centuries. One of the largest communities consists of the speakers of "Nataler Deutsch", a variety of Low German concentrated in and around Wartburg . The South African constitution identifies German as

2325-401: Is partly derived from Latin and Greek , along with fewer words borrowed from French and Modern English . English, however, is the main source of more recent loanwords . German is a pluricentric language ; the three standardized variants are German , Austrian , and Swiss Standard German . Standard German is sometimes called High German , which refers to its regional origin. German

2418-467: Is recognized as a deposit guarantee scheme under DGSD; it operates alongside the IPS and in coordination with it, with a liability arrangement that ensures that the IPS funds are readily available to BVR-ISG. The membership of BVR-ISG is identical to that of the IPS entity BVR-SE and to that of the BVR itself. The BVR publishes consolidated financial statements of the Cooperative Financial Group, in line with

2511-525: Is the Sachsenspiegel , the first book of laws written in Middle Low German ( c.  1220 ). The abundance and especially the secular character of the literature of the MHG period demonstrate the beginnings of a standardized written form of German, as well as the desire of poets and authors to be understood by individuals on supra-dialectal terms. The Middle High German period

2604-776: Is the most spoken native language within the European Union . It is the most widely spoken and official (or co-official) language in Germany , Austria , Switzerland , Liechtenstein , and the Italian autonomous province of South Tyrol . It is also an official language of Luxembourg , Belgium and the Italian autonomous region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia , as well as a recognized national language in Namibia . There are also notable German-speaking communities in France ( Alsace ),

2697-578: Is the only language in this branch which survives in written texts. The West Germanic languages, however, have undergone extensive dialectal subdivision and are now represented in modern languages such as English, German, Dutch , Yiddish , Afrikaans , and others. Within the West Germanic language dialect continuum, the Benrath and Uerdingen lines (running through Düsseldorf - Benrath and Krefeld - Uerdingen , respectively) serve to distinguish

2790-485: Is understood in all areas where German is spoken. Approximate distribution of native German speakers (assuming a rounded total of 95 million) worldwide: As a result of the German diaspora , as well as the popularity of German taught as a foreign language , the geographical distribution of German speakers (or "Germanophones") spans all inhabited continents. However, an exact, global number of native German speakers

2883-689: The Ostsiedlung ). With the increasing wealth and geographic spread of the Germanic groups came greater use of German in the courts of nobles as the standard language of official proceedings and literature. A clear example of this is the mittelhochdeutsche Dichtersprache employed in the Hohenstaufen court in Swabia as a standardized supra-dialectal written language. While these efforts were still regionally bound, German began to be used in place of Latin for certain official purposes, leading to

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2976-520: The Preussenkasse , to facilitate funding of local agricultural cooperative banking throughout Prussia, with capital provided by the Prussian state. Helped by new legislation on limited liability, the number of cooperative banks in Prussia doubled between 1895 and 1900. In 1901, Karl Korthaus  [ de ] initiated a second network of professional cooperatives alongside the one created

3069-639: The Alamanni , Bavarian, and Thuringian groups, all belonging to the Elbe Germanic group ( Irminones ), which had settled in what is now southern-central Germany and Austria between the second and sixth centuries, during the great migration. In general, the surviving texts of Old High German (OHG) show a wide range of dialectal diversity with very little written uniformity. The early written tradition of OHG survived mostly through monasteries and scriptoria as local translations of Latin originals; as

3162-940: The Baker Street robbery in London. The Cooperative Group's entities, which are also directly or indirectly member institutions of the BVR, include: The entities of the Cooperative Financial Group are separately supervised, unlike other cooperative groups with similar structures such as Groupe BPCE and Crédit Mutuel in France, OP Financial Group in Finland, and Rabobank in the Netherlands, whose name also refers to Raiffeisen. As of early April 2022, DZ Bank , Deutsche Apotheker- und Ärztebank and Münchener Hypothekenbank were designated as significant institutions under European Banking Supervision and thus directly supervised by

3255-568: The Czech Republic ( North Bohemia ), Poland ( Upper Silesia ), Slovakia ( Košice Region , Spiš , and Hauerland ), Denmark ( North Schleswig ), Romania and Hungary ( Sopron ). Overseas, sizeable communities of German-speakers are found in Brazil ( Blumenau and Pomerode ), South Africa ( Kroondal ), Namibia , among others, some communities have decidedly Austrian German or Swiss German characters (e.g. Pozuzo , Peru). German

3348-537: The Early Middle Ages . German is an inflected language , with four cases for nouns, pronouns, and adjectives (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative); three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter) and two numbers (singular, plural). It has strong and weak verbs . The majority of its vocabulary derives from the ancient Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family, while a smaller share

3441-736: The European Central Bank (ECB), whereas the other banks within the group were supervised by BaFin under the ECB's supervisory oversight. The ECB and BaFin work together on the assessment of the Cooperative IPS. The core financial structure of the Cooperative Financial Group is its Institutional Protection Scheme (IPS), a mutual support arrangement in accordance to Article 113(7) of the EU Capital Requirements Regulation . As of end-March 2022,

3534-417: The European Union 's population, spoke German as their mother tongue, making it the second most widely spoken language on the continent after Russian and the second biggest language in terms of overall speakers (after English), as well as the most spoken native language. The area in central Europe where the majority of the population speaks German as a first language and has German as a (co-)official language

3627-522: The German states . While these states were still part of the Holy Roman Empire , and far from any form of unification, the desire for a cohesive written language that would be understandable across the many German-speaking principalities and kingdoms was stronger than ever. As a spoken language German remained highly fractured throughout this period, with a vast number of often mutually incomprehensible regional dialects being spoken throughout

3720-746: The Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I , and the other being Meißner Deutsch , used in the Electorate of Saxony in the Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg . Alongside these courtly written standards, the invention of the printing press led to the development of a number of printers' languages ( Druckersprachen ) aimed at making printed material readable and understandable across as many diverse dialects of German as possible. The greater ease of production and increased availability of written texts brought about increased standardisation in

3813-666: The Old High German language in several Elder Futhark inscriptions from as early as the sixth century AD (such as the Pforzen buckle ), the Old High German period is generally seen as beginning with the Abrogans (written c.  765–775 ), a Latin-German glossary supplying over 3,000 Old High German words with their Latin equivalents. After the Abrogans , the first coherent works written in Old High German appear in

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3906-798: The Sparkassen , and encouraged the consideration of merger between the two national cooperative banking organizations, the Raiffeisenverband and the Deutscher Genossenschaftsverband . The negotiations were completed in 1972 with the creation of the Bundesverband der Deutschen Volksbanken und Raiffeisenbanken (BVR) in Bonn . At the same time, many local cooperatives merged, and regional organizations were consolidated. In 1975, new federal legislation redefined

3999-676: The Sprachraum in Europe. German is used in a wide variety of spheres throughout the country, especially in business, tourism, and public signage, as well as in education, churches (most notably the German-speaking Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia (GELK) ), other cultural spheres such as music, and media (such as German language radio programs by the Namibian Broadcasting Corporation ). The Allgemeine Zeitung

4092-550: The Standard German language in its written form, and the Duden Handbook was declared its standard definition. Punctuation and compound spelling (joined or isolated compounds) were not standardized in the process. The Deutsche Bühnensprache ( lit.   ' German stage language ' ) by Theodor Siebs had established conventions for German pronunciation in theatres , three years earlier; however, this

4185-513: The Upper German dialects spoken in the southern German-speaking countries , such as Swiss German ( Alemannic dialects ) and the various Germanic dialects spoken in the French region of Grand Est , such as Alsatian (mainly Alemannic, but also Central–and   Upper Franconian dialects) and Lorraine Franconian (Central Franconian). After these High German dialects, standard German

4278-469: The pagan Germanic tradition. Of particular interest to scholars, however, has been the Hildebrandslied , a secular epic poem telling the tale of an estranged father and son unknowingly meeting each other in battle. Linguistically, this text is highly interesting due to the mixed use of Old Saxon and Old High German dialects in its composition. The written works of this period stem mainly from

4371-788: The Association of Hessian Agricultural Purchasing Associations ( German : Verband der hessischen landwirtschaftlichen Konsumvereine . In July 1883, Haas expanded his initiative into a national body, the Union of German Agricultural Cooperatives ( German : Vereinigung deutscher landwirtschaftlicher Genossenschaften ) in Darmstadt , which was later renamed the National Association of German Agricultural Cooperatives ( German : Reichsverband der deutschen landwirtschaftlichen Genossenschaften ) and moved to Berlin in 1913. Early on,

4464-431: The Cooperative Group as a national network. With the increased integration of the formerly separate Volksbanken and Raiffeisenbanken networks, the Cooperative Group has created a blue-orange color code that blends features of the two previous logos, respectively a stylized "V" and a house gable motif with sculpted horseheads, the latter already present during Raiffeisen's lifetime. The new logo has been adopted by most of

4557-408: The Cooperative Group's transformation into a two-tier structure that had started in the 1980s. On 13 January 2013, robbers stole goods from 100 private safe deposit boxes located in Steglitz, Berlin. In the official statement the police said that bank security officer noticed smoke coming from the deposit room on Monday morning (January 14). Next they found broken deposit boxes and a 30 m tunnel,

4650-447: The Cooperative IPS included a total of 781 entities. The entity that operates the IPS is Bundesverband der Deutschen Volksbanken und Raiffeisenbanken Sicherungseinrichtung , also known as BVR-SE. As with the Sparkassen-Finanzgruppe , the interventions of the Cooperative Group IPS are generally not made public. The International Monetary Fund disclosed in 2016 that the IPS had provided support to member banks in two cases in 2011, for

4743-614: The Empire. Its use indicated that the speaker was a merchant or someone from an urban area, regardless of nationality. Prague (German: Prag ) and Budapest ( Buda , German: Ofen ), to name two examples, were gradually Germanized in the years after their incorporation into the Habsburg domain; others, like Pressburg ( Pozsony , now Bratislava), were originally settled during the Habsburg period and were primarily German at that time. Prague, Budapest, Bratislava, and cities like Zagreb (German: Agram ) or Ljubljana (German: Laibach ), contained significant German minorities. In

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4836-414: The Frisian languages— North Frisian (spoken in Nordfriesland ), Saterland Frisian (spoken in Saterland ), and West Frisian (spoken in Friesland )—as well as the Anglic languages of English and Scots. These Anglo-Frisian dialects did not take part in the High German consonant shift, and the Anglic languages also adopted much vocabulary from both Old Norse and the Norman language . The history of

4929-445: The German Federal Financial Supervisory Authority (BaFin). In 1843, the first German cooperative bank was created by 50 inhabitants of Öhringen in the Kingdom of Württemberg , who named it the Öhringer Privatspar- und Leihkasse (“private savings and lending bank of Öhringen”) – it still exists as the Volksbank Hohenlohe  [ de ] . In the later 1840s, economist Franz Hermann Schulze-Delitzsch started organizing

5022-417: The German language begins with the High German consonant shift during the Migration Period , which separated Old High German dialects from Old Saxon . This sound shift involved a drastic change in the pronunciation of both voiced and voiceless stop consonants ( b , d , g , and p , t , k , respectively). The primary effects of the shift were the following below. While there is written evidence of

5115-399: The German states; the invention of the printing press c.  1440 and the publication of Luther's vernacular translation of the Bible in 1534, however, had an immense effect on standardizing German as a supra-dialectal written language. The ENHG period saw the rise of several important cross-regional forms of chancery German, one being gemeine tiutsch , used in the court of

5208-623: The Germanic dialects that were affected by the High German consonant shift (south of Benrath) from those that were not (north of Uerdingen). The various regional dialects spoken south of these lines are grouped as High German dialects, while those spoken to the north comprise the Low German and Low Franconian dialects. As members of the West Germanic language family, High German, Low German, and Low Franconian have been proposed to be further distinguished historically as Irminonic , Ingvaeonic , and Istvaeonic , respectively. This classification indicates their historical descent from dialects spoken by

5301-547: The Irminones (also known as the Elbe group), Ingvaeones (or North Sea Germanic group), and Istvaeones (or Weser–Rhine group). Standard German is based on a combination of Thuringian - Upper Saxon and Upper Franconian dialects, which are Central German and Upper German dialects belonging to the High German dialect group. German is therefore closely related to the other languages based on High German dialects, such as Luxembourgish (based on Central Franconian dialects ) and Yiddish . Also closely related to Standard German are

5394-408: The MHG period. Significantly, these texts include a number of impressive secular works, such as the Nibelungenlied , an epic poem telling the story of the dragon -slayer Siegfried ( c.  thirteenth century ), and the Iwein , an Arthurian verse poem by Hartmann von Aue ( c.  1203 ), lyric poems , and courtly romances such as Parzival and Tristan . Also noteworthy

5487-472: The Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.150 via cp1114 cp1114, Varnish XID 923381953 Upstream caches: cp1114 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 08:01:39 GMT German language German (German: Deutsch , pronounced [dɔʏtʃ] ) is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family , mainly spoken in Western and Central Europe . It

5580-413: The agricultural cooperatives in West Germany had formed the Deutscher Raiffeisenverband  [ de ] in Berlin as their new federal-level representative organization. In 1956, Union Investment was created in Frankfurt to provide asset management services to the Volksbanken network. In the late 1960s, financial reform led to increased competition in the German banking sector, including with

5673-411: The central financial institution DZ Bank , Germany represented 88.3 percent of total operating income in 2020. Many of the group's local member banks use the Volksbank or Raiffeisenbank name or variants thereof, reflected in the abbreviations "VR" or "R+V" in the names of some of the Finanzverbund 's entities. Other local banks have kept a pre-existing name that predates the constitution of

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5766-443: The cooperative space. In 1904, its losses led it to merge into Dresdner Bank , which set up specialized departments in Berlin and Frankfurt to serve its cooperative clientele. In subsequent years, Haas's Landwirtschaftliche Reichsgenossenschaftsbank in turn went into distress and eventually an orderly liquidation in 1912, and the Landwirtschaftliche Genossenschaftsbank met the same fate in 1913. The Hessian cooperatives created

5859-411: The cooperatives in Haas's network in Hesse used Landwirtschaftliche Kreditbank in Frankfurt , a commercial bank, for wholesale financial services, but in 1883 they opted under Haas's leadership to create their own central institution, the Landwirtschaftliche Genossenschaftsbank AG in Darmstadt, which DZ Bank now views as its origin story. For national business, Haas's network then established

5952-489: The creation of cooperatives by local communities of craftsmen or farmers in his home town of Delitzsch , in the Prussian Province of Saxony , and promoted national legislation to encourage it. The first such venture, a Rohstoffassoziation or raw materials purchasing association, was created by a group of shoemakers in 1849. The next year in 1850, Schulze-Delitzsch created another association for advance payments to craftsmen in Delitzsch. In 1859, Schulze-Delitzsch convened

6045-599: The creation of the bank Soergel, Parrisius & Co. in Berlin, also known as Soergelbank , to serve as central financial institution for the Allgemeiner Verband . Meanwhile in 1864, Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen fostered the creation of the first rural cooperative bank, the Heddesdorfer Darlehnskassen-Verein (“lending association of Heddesdorf”), in the village of Heddesdorf  [ de ] near Neuwied , in Rhenish Prussia between Koblenz and Cologne . Raiffeisen considered joining Schulze-Delitzsch’s Volksbanken initiative, but eventually concluded that

6138-430: The development of non-local forms of language and exposed all speakers to forms of German from outside their own area. With Luther's rendering of the Bible in the vernacular, German asserted itself against the dominance of Latin as a legitimate language for courtly, literary, and now ecclesiastical subject-matter. His Bible was ubiquitous in the German states: nearly every household possessed a copy. Nevertheless, even with

6231-404: The dialect so as to make the work as natural and accessible to German speakers as possible. Copies of Luther's Bible featured a long list of glosses for each region, translating words which were unknown in the region into the regional dialect. Luther said the following concerning his translation method: One who would talk German does not ask the Latin how he shall do it; he must ask the mother in

6324-450: The digging of which probably took a couple of weeks or even months. The tunnel ( external pictures ) was reportedly so well constructed that it had ceiling supports and was about 3 feet wide. It connected the bank deposit and a nearby underground parking lot. Probably nobody noticed anything, because the parking lot was shielded by roulettes, and people thought that this part was under repair. There are some similarities between this robbery and

6417-435: The eastern provinces of Banat , Bukovina , and Transylvania (German: Banat, Buchenland, Siebenbürgen ), German was the predominant language not only in the larger towns—like Temeschburg ( Timișoara ), Hermannstadt ( Sibiu ), and Kronstadt ( Brașov )—but also in many smaller localities in the surrounding areas. In 1901, the Second Orthographic Conference ended with a (nearly) complete standardization of

6510-464: The first group meeting of cooperatives or Genossenschaftstag in Weimar and founded a central bureau of cooperative societies ( German : Centralkorrespondenzbureau , which he ran from 1861, which in 1864 became the general association of German commercial and economic cooperatives based on self-help ( German : Allgemeiner Verband der auf Selbsthilfe beruhenden Deutschen Erwerbs- und Wirtschaftsgenossenschaften . Also in 1864, Schulze-Delitzsch led

6603-514: The group's cooperative member banks, with few exceptions such as Bausparkasse Schwäbisch Hall which has kept its historic red-yellow logo. The Bundesverband der Deutschen Volksbanken und Raiffeisenbanken (BVR) represents the Cooperative Financial Group nationally and before European institutions. Banking networks or groups inspired by Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen in other countries: Bundesverband der Deutschen Volksbanken und Raiffeisenbanken Too Many Requests If you report this error to

6696-435: The home, the children on the streets, the common man in the market-place and note carefully how they talk, then translate accordingly. They will then understand what is said to them because it is German. When Christ says ' ex abundantia cordis os loquitur ,' I would translate, if I followed the papists, aus dem Überflusz des Herzens redet der Mund . But tell me is this talking German? What German understands such stuff? No,

6789-481: The influence of Luther's Bible as an unofficial written standard, a widely accepted standard for written German did not appear until the middle of the eighteenth century. German was the language of commerce and government in the Habsburg Empire , which encompassed a large area of Central and Eastern Europe . Until the mid-nineteenth century, it was essentially the language of townspeople throughout most of

6882-630: The largest cooperative organization in the world. The Deutsche Raiffeisenbank AG was liquidated and substituted by regional entities of the Reichsverband . The Preussenkasse was renamed the Deutsche Zentralgenossenschaftskasse in 1932. In 1933, like other civil society organizations, the cooperative movement became the target of the Nazi government's Gleichschaltung policy of eradicating diversity and dissent. The Reichsverband 's president Andreas Hermes

6975-454: The mother in the home and the plain man would say, Wesz das Herz voll ist, des gehet der Mund über . Luther's translation of the Bible into High German was also decisive for the German language and its evolution from Early New High German to modern Standard German. The publication of Luther's Bible was a decisive moment in the spread of literacy in early modern Germany , and promoted

7068-618: The needs of rural communities were different from the ones of town craftsmen which were Schulze-Delitzsch’s focus. In 1876, Raiffeisen created a financial institution in Neuwied to serve the network, which in 1926 was renamed Deutsche Raiffeisenbank AG . In 1877, he created the Bar Association of Rural Cooperatives German : Anwaltschaftsverbandes ländlicher Genossenschaften (Neuwied) , the first national body for his rural cooperative movement. In 1910, that association’s headquarters

7161-512: The new West German environment. The DGK was located in a head office building am Taunustor 3, erected in phases in the 1950s on designs by Alfred Schild  [ de ] , which after 1978 was used by Commerzbank , as DGK's successor the DG Bank had moved to the nearby City-Haus high-rise, and eventually demolished in 2011 to make way for the Taunusturm development. Meanwhile in 1948,

7254-653: The ninth century, chief among them being the Muspilli , Merseburg charms , and Hildebrandslied , and other religious texts (the Georgslied , Ludwigslied , Evangelienbuch , and translated hymns and prayers). The Muspilli is a Christian poem written in a Bavarian dialect offering an account of the soul after the Last Judgment , and the Merseburg charms are transcriptions of spells and charms from

7347-462: The pronunciation of the ending -ig as [ɪk] instead of [ɪç]. In Northern Germany, High German was a foreign language to most inhabitants, whose native dialects were subsets of Low German. It was usually encountered only in writing or formal speech; in fact, most of High German was a written language, not identical to any spoken dialect, throughout the German-speaking area until well into the 19th century. However, wider standardization of pronunciation

7440-820: The regime's policy of financial repression . At the end of the war, the Zentralgenossenschaftskasse found itself in the Soviet occupation zone . In 1949, the cooperatives in West Germany created a new central institution to replace it, the Deutsche Genossenschaftskasse (DGK) in Frankfurt , with support from Hermes who had narrowly escaped execution by the Nazis in 1944 and was instrumental in reviving democratic life in

7533-506: The reporting requirements for institutional protection schemes set out in Article 113(7)(e) of the EU Capital Requirements Regulation . These financial statements are prepared in line with International Financial Reporting Standards . They are not reviewed by an external auditor. Separately, DZ Bank publishes audited consolidated financial statements. The Cooperative Financial Group's operations are predominantly domestic in Germany. Even for

7626-655: The role of the DGK, renamed it DG Bank, and allowed it to gradually take over the Cooperative Group's regional financial institutions. The next year, DG Bank started developing an international network, with its first offices abroad established in New York and Hong Kong . In the mid-1980s the cooperative group's regional structures in Bavaria ran into financial difficulties, and were taken over by DG Bank. This triggered

7719-546: The states of North Dakota and South Dakota , German is the most common language spoken at home after English. As a legacy of significant German immigration to the country , German geographical names can be found throughout the Midwest region , such as New Ulm and Bismarck (North Dakota's state capital), plus many other regions. A number of German varieties have developed in the country and are still spoken today, such as Pennsylvania Dutch and Texas German . In Brazil,

7812-1035: The still existing and new Kreditgenossenschaften in East Germany . In 1998, DG Bank was converted into a joint-stock company, and the cooperatives purchased the shares owned by the German federal government. In 2000, two of the remaining regional entities, Suedwestdeutsche Genossenschafts-Zentralbank AG (SGZ-Bank) in Frankfurt, a successor to the Landwirtschaftliche Genossenschaftsbank of Darmstadt, and Genossenschaftliche Zentralbank (GZB-Bank) in Stuttgart merged to form GZ-Bank. In 2001, DG Bank and GZ-Bank merged to form DZ Bank (for Deutsche Zentralgenossenschaftsbank ), headquartered in Frankfurt. In 2016, DZ Bank in turn absorbed WGZ Bank ( Westdeutsche Genossenschafts-Zentralbank ) of Düsseldorf , thus completing

7905-500: The third most commonly learned second language in the United States in K-12 education. The language has been influential in the fields of philosophy, theology, science, and technology. It is the second most commonly used language in science and the third most widely used language on websites . The German-speaking countries are ranked fifth in terms of annual publication of new books, with one-tenth of all books (including e-books) in

7998-555: The world being published in German. German is most closely related to other West Germanic languages, namely Afrikaans , Dutch , English , the Frisian languages , and Scots . It also contains close similarities in vocabulary to some languages in the North Germanic group , such as Danish , Norwegian , and Swedish . Modern German gradually developed from Old High German , which in turn developed from Proto-Germanic during

8091-409: The world's oldest exclusively privately financed deposit guarantee fund for banks." In 1939, Dresdner Bank phased out its cooperative-serving operations whose business was transferred to the Zentralgenossenschaftskasse , which thus became the sole national financial institution serving the cooperative banks. During World War II , savings were directed towards investment in government bonds as part of

8184-600: The written form of German. One of the central events in the development of ENHG was the publication of Luther's translation of the Bible into High German (the New Testament was published in 1522; the Old Testament was published in parts and completed in 1534). Luther based his translation primarily on the Meißner Deutsch of Saxony , spending much time among the population of Saxony researching

8277-429: Was a "neutral" language as there were virtually no English native speakers in Namibia at that time. German, Afrikaans, and several indigenous languages thus became "national languages" by law, identifying them as elements of the cultural heritage of the nation and ensuring that the state acknowledged and supported their presence in the country. Today, Namibia is considered to be the only German-speaking country outside of

8370-547: Was an artificial standard that did not correspond to any traditional spoken dialect. Rather, it was based on the pronunciation of German in Northern Germany, although it was subsequently regarded often as a general prescriptive norm, despite differing pronunciation traditions especially in the Upper-German-speaking regions that still characterise the dialect of the area today – especially

8463-492: Was established on the basis of public speaking in theatres and the media during the 20th century and documented in pronouncing dictionaries. Official revisions of some of the rules from 1901 were not issued until the controversial German orthography reform of 1996 was made the official standard by governments of all German-speaking countries. Media and written works are now almost all produced in Standard German which

8556-611: Was relocated from Neuwied to Berlin , and in 1917 it was renamed the General Association of German Raiffeisen Cooperatives ( German : Generalverband der deutschen Raiffeisengenossenschaften ). In 1872, another social reformer, Wilhelm Haas  [ de ] , created an agricultural purchasers’ association German : landwirtschaftlichen Konsumverein in Friedberg , Grand Duchy of Hesse . A few months later, 15 other rural purchasing cooperatives joined it to form

8649-655: Was swiftly arrested and replaced by Nazi Richard Walther Darré , and the Raiffeisen movement was incorporated into the Nazi agrarian movement, the Reichsnährstand . On 14 May 1934, the DGV first formalized mutual protection and deposit guarantee arrangements for its member banks, allowing the BVR to claim in 2022 that "The protection scheme run by the Cooperative Financial Network is therefore

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