104-456: The Designers Republic (also tDR , and styled as The Designers Republic™ ) is a British graphic design studio based in Sheffield , England, founded in 1986 by Ian Anderson and Nick Phillips . They are best known for electronic music logos, album artwork, and anti-establishment aesthetics, embracing "brash consumerism and the uniform style of corporate brands ". Work by tDR is held in
208-461: A Graphical user interface (GUI). This has included web design and software design when end user-interactivity is a design consideration of the layout or interface. Combining visual communication skills with an understanding of user interaction and online branding, graphic designers often work with software developers and web developers to create the look and feel of a web site or software application . An important aspect of interface design
312-491: A dieline for elements that are not printed with ink such as die / laser cutting , foil stamping or blind embossing . A grid serves as a method of arranging both space and information, allowing the reader to easily comprehend the overall project. Furthermore, a grid functions as a container for information and a means of establishing and maintaining order. Despite grids being utilized for centuries, many graphic designers associate them with Swiss design. The desire for order in
416-508: A media center , and a smartphone , as well as an online service and multiple magazines. The brand is produced by Sony Interactive Entertainment , a division of Sony . The first PlayStation console was released in Japan in December 1994, and worldwide the following year. The original console in the series was the first console of any type to ship over 100 million units, doing so in under
520-676: A postmodern tendency towards irony . It often features statements/slogans such as "Work Buy Consume Die" , "Robots Build Robots" , "Customized Terror" , "Buy nothing, pay now" , and "Made in the Designers Republic" . They also celebrated their northern roots with phrases like "Made in the Designers Republic, North of Nowhere" and "SoYo" (referring to Sheffield 's county of South Yorkshire ) – affirming they were not from London 's design community in Soho. Initially, Ian Anderson founded The Designers Republic to design flyers for
624-682: A "non-gaming role" regarding their new partnership with Philips. This proposal was swiftly rejected by Kutaragi who was facing increasing criticism over his work with regard to entering the video game industry from within Sony. Negotiations officially ended in May 1992 and in order to decide the fate of the PlayStation project, a meeting was held in June 1992, consisting of Sony President Ohga, PlayStation Head Kutaragi and several senior members of Sony's board. At
728-542: A 4 July 1908 issue (volume 9, number 27) of Organized Labor , a publication of the Labor Unions of San Francisco, in an article about technical education for printers: An Enterprising Trades Union … The admittedly high standard of intelligence which prevails among printers is an assurance that with the elemental principles of design at their finger ends many of them will grow in knowledge and develop into specialists in graphic design and decorating. … A decade later,
832-461: A decade. Its successor, the PlayStation 2 , was released in 2000; it is the best-selling home console to date, having reached over 155 million units sold by the end of 2012. Sony's next console, the PlayStation 3 , was released in 2006, selling over 87.4 million units by March 2017. Sony's next console, the PlayStation 4 , was released in 2013, selling a million units within a day, becoming
936-815: A design of a solid red disk with a blue bar in the center and the name of the station. The station name was in white sans-serif letters. It was in 1916 when Pick used the expertise of Edward Johnston to design a new typeface for the Underground. Johnston redesigned the Underground sign and logo to include his typeface on the blue bar in the center of a red circle. In the 1920s, Soviet constructivism applied 'intellectual production' in different spheres of production. The movement saw individualistic art as useless in revolutionary Russia and thus moved towards creating objects for utilitarian purposes. They designed buildings, film and theater sets, posters, fabrics, clothing, furniture, logos, menus, etc. Jan Tschichold codified
1040-401: A field of application, different areas of knowledge focused on any visual communication system. For example, it can be applied in advertising strategies, or it can also be applied in the aviation world or space exploration . In this sense, in some countries graphic design is related as only associated with the production of sketches and drawings, this is incorrect, since visual communication
1144-544: A game. Sony is developing an improved suspended gameplay state for the PlayStation 5 to consume less energy than the PlayStation 4. The system's new controller, the DualSense has adaptive triggers that can change the resistance to the player as necessary, such as changing the resistance during the action of pulling an arrow back in a bow in-game. The controller also has strong haptic feedback through voice coil actuators, which together with an improved controller speaker
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#17327728270411248-650: A hotel in Tokyo in 1994, numerous developers began to approach PlayStation. Two of whom later became major partners were Electronic Arts in the West and Namco in Japan. One of the factors which attracted developers to the platform was the use of a 3D-capable, CD-ROM-based console which was much cheaper and easier to manufacture for in comparison to Nintendo's rival console, which used cartridge systems. The project eventually hit Japanese stores in December 1994 and gained massive sales due to its lower price point than its competitor,
1352-404: A new "Super Slim" PlayStation 3. The new console, with a completely redesigned case that has a sliding door covering the disc drive (which has been moved to the top of the console), is 4.3 pounds, almost three pounds lighter than the previous "slim" model. The console comes with either 12 GB flash memory or a 250 GB, 500 GB hard drive. Several bundles which include a Super Slim PS3 and
1456-526: A reversal of priorities in favor of more useful, lasting and democratic forms of communication – a mindshift away from product marketing and toward the exploration and production of a new kind of meaning. The scope of debate is shrinking; it must expand. Consumerism is running uncontested; it must be challenged by other perspectives expressed, in part, through the visual languages and resources of design." Graphic design can have many applications, from road signs to technical schematics and reference manuals . It
1560-492: A selection of games are available. The PlayStation 4 (PS4) was announced by Sony Computer Entertainment at a press conference on February 20, 2013. In the meeting, Sony revealed some hardware specifications of the new console. It introduced the x86 architecture to the PlayStation series. According to lead system architect, Mark Cerny, development on the PlayStation 4 began as early as 2008. PlayStation Europe CEO Jim Ryan emphasized in 2011 that Sony wanted to avoid launching
1664-618: A variation of the GUI previously used only on PAL consoles up to that point. Released in 2000 , 15 months after the Dreamcast and a year before its other competitors, the Xbox and the GameCube , the PlayStation 2 is part of the sixth generation of video game consoles , and is backwards-compatible with most original PlayStation games. Like its predecessor, it has received a slimmer redesign. It
1768-415: Is icon design . User experience design (UX) is the study, analysis, and development of creating products that provide meaningful and relevant experiences to users. This involves the creation of the entire process of acquiring and integrating the product, including aspects of branding, design, usability, and function. UX design involves creating the interface and interactions for a website or application, and
1872-490: Is 40% smaller and carries a rounded body with a matte finish on the top of the console rather than a two-tone finish. The two USB ports on the front have a larger gap between them, and the optical audio port was also removed. It ships with a minor update to the DualShock 4 controller, with the light bar visible through the top of the touchpad and dark matte grey coloured exterior instead of a partially shiny black. The PS4 Slim
1976-658: Is a small part of a huge range of types and classes where it can be applied. With origins in Antiquity and the Middle Ages , graphic design as applied art was initially linked to the boom of the rise of printing in Europe in the 15th century and the growth of consumer culture in the Industrial Revolution . From there it emerged as a distinct profession in the West, closely associated with advertising in
2080-449: Is considered both an act and an art. This profession requires a combination of skills, including visual design, social psychology, development, project management, and most importantly, empathy towards the end-users. Experiential graphic design is the application of communication skills to the built environment. This area of graphic design requires practitioners to understand physical installations that have to be manufactured and withstand
2184-463: Is designed primarily to enable selected games to be playable at 4K resolution , and improved quality for PlayStation VR . All games are backwards and forward compatible between PS4 and PS4 Pro, but games with optimizations will have improved graphics performance on PS4 Pro. Although capable of streaming 4K video from online sources, PS4 Pro does not support Ultra HD Blu-ray . Additionally the PS4 Pro
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#17327728270412288-503: Is essential for advertising, branding, and marketing, influencing how people act. Good graphic design builds strong, recognizable brands, communicates messages clearly, and shapes how consumers see and react to things. One way that graphic design influences consumer behavior is through the use of visual elements, such as color, typography, and imagery. Studies have shown that certain colors can evoke specific emotions and behaviors in consumers, and that typography can influence how information
2392-405: Is intended to give better in-game feedback. USB-C connectivity, together with a higher rated battery are other improvements to the new controller. The PlayStation 5 features a completely revamped user interface . The PlayStation 5 is backwards-compatible with most PlayStation 4 and PlayStation VR games, with Cerny stating that the transition to the new console is meant to be a soft one. In
2496-593: Is no consensus on an exact date when graphic design emerged, some date it back to the Interwar period . Others understand that it began to be identified as such by the late 19th century. It can be argued that graphic communications with specific purposes have their origins in Paleolithic cave paintings and the birth of written language in the third millennium BCE. However, the differences in working methods, auxiliary sciences, and required training are such that it
2600-523: Is not possible to clearly identify the current graphic designer with prehistoric man, the 15th-century xylographer , or the lithographer of 1890. The diversity of opinions stems from some considering any graphic manifestation as a product of graphic design, while others only recognize those that arise as a result of the application of an industrial production model—visual manifestations that have been "projected" to address various needs: productive, symbolic, ergonomic, contextual, among others. Nevertheless,
2704-449: Is often used in branding products and elements of company identity such as logos, colors, packaging , labelling and text. From scientific journals to news reporting, the presentation of opinions and facts is often improved with graphics and thoughtful compositions of visual information – known as information design . With the advent of the web, information designers with experience in interactive tools are increasingly used to illustrate
2808-470: Is perceived and remembered. For example, serif fonts are often associated with tradition and elegance, while sans-serif fonts are seen as modern and minimalistic. These factors can all impact the way consumers perceive a brand and its messaging. PlayStation PlayStation ( Japanese : プレイステーション , Hepburn : Pureisutēshon , officially abbreviated as PS ) is a video gaming brand that consists of five home video game consoles , two handhelds ,
2912-446: Is selecting one poster design. Companies, startups, small businesses and entrepreneurs have all benefitted from design crowdsourcing since it helps them source great graphic designs at a fraction of the budget they used to spend before. Getting a logo design through crowdsourcing being one of the most common. Major companies that operate in the design crowdsourcing space are generally referred to as design contest sites. ] Graphic design
3016-451: Is the most successful console in the world, having sold over 155 million units as of December 28, 2012. On November 29, 2005, the PS2 became the fastest game console to reach 100 million units shipped, accomplishing the feat within 5 years and 9 months from its launch. This achievement occurred faster than its predecessor, the PlayStation, which took "9 years and 6 months since launch" to reach
3120-570: Is the only PS4 model which can remote play at 1080p. The other models are limited to 720p. The PlayStation 5 (PS5) was released worldwide on November 12, 2020, and, alongside the Xbox Series X and Series S , released the same month, is part of the ninth generation of video game consoles . The first news of the PS5 came from Mark Cerny in an interview with Wired in April 2019. Sony intended for
3224-433: Is the selection of typefaces, point size, tracking (the space between all characters used), kerning (the space between two specific characters) and leading (line spacing). Typography is performed by typesetters, compositors, typographers, graphic artists, art directors, and clerical workers. Until the digital age, typography was a specialized occupation. Certain fonts communicate or resemble stereotypical notions. For example,
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3328-477: The 7 nanometer process node. The graphics processor is a custom variant of AMD's Navi family using the RDNA microarchitecture, which includes support for hardware acceleration of ray-tracing rendering, enabling real-time ray-traced graphics. The new console ships with a custom SSD storage, as Cerny emphasized the need for fast loading times and higher bandwidth to make games more immersive, as well as to support
3432-557: The Android operating system , whereas version 2.00 released in 2014 only targeted PlayStation Vita and PlayStation TV. Content set to be released under the framework consist of only original PlayStation games currently. Seventh generation PlayStation products also use the XrossMediaBar , which is an Technology & Engineering Emmy Award –winning graphical user interface . A touch screen-based user interface called LiveArea
3536-530: The Consumer Electronics Show in June 1991, Sony revealed a Super Famicom with a built-in CD-ROM drive that incorporated Green Book technology or CD-i, called "Play Station" (also known as SNES-CD ). However, a day after the announcement at CES, Nintendo announced that it would be breaking its partnership with Sony, opting to go with Philips instead but using the same technology. The deal
3640-656: The Great Exhibition as a celebration of modern industrial technology and Victorian design. From 1891 to 1896, William Morris ' Kelmscott Press was a leader in graphic design associated with the Arts and Crafts movement , creating hand-made books in medieval and Renaissance era style, in addition to wallpaper and textile designs. Morris' work, along with the rest of the Private Press movement, directly influenced Art Nouveau . Will H. Bradley became one of
3744-524: The Greatest Hits , Platinum , Essentials , and The Best selection of games. It is also known for the four iconic PlayStation face buttons ( [REDACTED] , [REDACTED] , [REDACTED] , [REDACTED] ). PlayStation was the brainchild of Ken Kutaragi , a Sony executive who managed one of the company's hardware engineering divisions and was later dubbed "The Father of the PlayStation". Until 1991, Sony had little direct involvement with
3848-512: The Pepsi logo to form the band's visual identity. In the 1990s, they established a faux corporation branded 'Pho-Ku', to express their dislike of corporate-driven consumerist identity. In 1994, Emigre magazine devoted a whole issue to the Designers Republic. A copy is held by MoMA . This issue is still Emigre' s best-ever seller and is now sold out, changing hands for up to £750. The Designers Republic later produced album cover designs for
3952-480: The PlayStation 2 , the PS One (stylized as PS one) was a considerably smaller, redesigned version of the original PlayStation video game console. The PS one went on to outsell all other consoles, including its successor, throughout the remainder of the year. It featured two main changes from its predecessor, the first being a cosmetic change to the console and the second being the home menu's Graphical User Interface ;
4056-659: The PlayStation Store , which allows the purchase and download of games and various forms of multimedia, a subscription-based online service known as PlayStation Plus and a social gaming networking service called PlayStation Home , which had over 41 million users worldwide at the time of its closure in March 2015. PlayStation Mobile (formerly PlayStation Suite) is a software framework that provides PlayStation content on mobile devices . Version 1.xx supports both PlayStation Vita, PlayStation TV and certain devices that run
4160-663: The Sega Saturn . The popularity of the console spread after its release worldwide in North America and Europe. The original PlayStation, released in Japan on December 3, 1994 , was the first of the ubiquitous PlayStation series of console and hand-held game devices. It has included successor consoles and upgrades including the Net Yaroze (a special black PlayStation with tools and instructions to program PlayStation games and applications), "PS one" (a smaller version of
4264-642: The Song dynasty (960–1279). In the mid-15th century in Mainz, Germany, Johannes Gutenberg developed a way to reproduce printed pages at a faster pace using movable type made with a new metal alloy that created a revolution in the dissemination of information. In 1849, Henry Cole became one of the major forces in design education in Great Britain, informing the government of the importance of design in his Journal of Design and Manufactures . He organized
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4368-440: The aesthetics of typography and the compositional arrangement of the text, ornamentation, and imagery to convey ideas, feelings, and attitudes beyond what language alone expresses. The design work can be based on a customer's demand, a demand that ends up being established linguistically, either orally or in writing, that is, that graphic design transforms a linguistic message into a graphic manifestation. Graphic design has, as
4472-432: The art director , creative director or senior media creative . As a designer becomes more senior, they spend less time designing and more time leading and directing other designers on broader creative activities, such as brand development and corporate identity development. They are often expected to interact more directly with clients, for example taking and interpreting briefs. Jeff Howe of Wired Magazine first used
4576-412: The creative spectrum and often overlap. Workers perform specialized tasks, such as design services, publishing, advertising and public relations. As of 2023, median pay was $ 58,910 per year. The main job titles within the industry are often country specific. They can include graphic designer , art director, creative director, animator and entry level production artist . Depending on the industry served,
4680-461: The electronica label Warp Records (also based in Sheffield). They designed the covers for many Warp artists, including Autechre , LFO and Aphex Twin . Their style became "the visual language of ambient techno and Sheffield pop". They also worked for other labels, designing sleeves for Moloko , Fluke , Funkstörung , The Orb , Pulp (and Jarvis Cocker ), Supergrass and Towa Tei , and
4784-420: The fine arts . Its practice involves creativity , innovation and lateral thinking using manual or digital tools , where it is usual to use text and graphics to communicate visually. The role of the graphic designer in the communication process is that of the encoder or interpreter of the message. They work on the interpretation, ordering, and presentation of visual messages. Usually, graphic design uses
4888-497: The "Greatness Awaits" and eventually, "Play Has No Limits" commercials in the United States. The series also has a strong line-up of first-party games due to PlayStation Studios , a group of many studios owned by Sony Interactive Entertainment that exclusively developed them for PlayStation consoles. In addition, the series features various budget re-releases of games by Sony with different names for each region; these include
4992-412: The 15th century, advances in graphic design continued over the subsequent centuries, with composers or typographers often designing pages according to established type. By the late 19th century, graphic design emerged as a distinct profession in the West, partly due to the process of labor specialization that occurred there and partly due to the new technologies and business possibilities brought about by
5096-604: The 1917–1918 course catalog of the California School of Arts & Crafts advertised a course titled Graphic Design and Lettering, which replaced one called Advanced Design and Lettering. Both classes were taught by Frederick Meyer . In both its lengthy history and in the relatively recent explosion of visual communication in the 20th and 21st centuries, the distinction between advertising, art, graphic design and fine art has disappeared. They share many elements, theories, principles, practices, languages and sometimes
5200-525: The 1940s resulted in a highly systematic approach to visualizing information. However, grids were later regarded as tedious and uninteresting, earning the label of "designersaur." Today, grids are once again considered crucial tools for professionals, whether they are novices or veterans. In the mid-1980s desktop publishing and graphic art software applications introduced computer image manipulation and creation capabilities that had previously been manually executed. Computers enabled designers to instantly see
5304-461: The 1942 Report is a font which types text akin to a typewriter or a vintage report. Page layout deals with the arrangement of elements (content) on a page, such as image placement, text layout and style. Page design has always been a consideration in printed material and more recently extended to displays such as web pages. Elements typically consist of type (text), images (pictures), and (with print media) occasionally place-holder graphics such as
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#17327728270415408-429: The 19th century and its evolution allowed its consolidation in the 20th century. Given the rapid and massive growth in information exchange today, the demand for experienced designers is greater than ever, particularly because of the development of new technologies and the need to pay attention to human factors beyond the competence of the engineers who develop them. The term "graphic design" makes an early appearance in
5512-498: The Industrial Revolution. New production methods led to the separation of the design of a communication medium (such as a poster) from its actual production. Increasingly, throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, advertising agencies, book publishers, and magazines hired art directors who organized all visual elements of communication and integrated them into a harmonious whole, creating an expression appropriate to
5616-563: The New York City label Sleeping Giant Glossolalia. Outside the music industry, tDR created the visuals, packaging and manual for the PlayStation – Sega Saturn game Wipeout (1995), the interface for the PC game Hardwar (1998), and packaging and posters for the first Grand Theft Auto (1997). They collaborated with Swatch in 1996 to design their own watch. They also designed the packaging for Sony 's AIBO . tDR has consulted on
5720-553: The PlayStation 3 was re-released in 2009 as a "slim" model. The redesigned model is 33% smaller, 36% lighter, and consumes 34% to 45% less power than previous models. In addition, it features a redesigned cooling system and a smaller Cell processor which was moved to a 45nm manufacturing process. It sold in excess of a million units within its first 3 weeks on sale. The redesign also features support for CEC (more commonly referred to by its manufacturer brandings of BraviaSync, VIERA Link, EasyLink and others) which allows control of
5824-507: The PlayStation 5 to be its next-generation console and planned to ship it worldwide by the end of 2020. In early 2019, Sony's financial report for the quarter ending March 31, 2019, affirmed that new next-generation hardware was in development but would ship no earlier than April 2020. The current specifications were released in October 2019. The console uses an 8-core, 16-thread CPU based on AMD's Zen 2 microarchitecture, manufactured on
5928-554: The PlayStation series includes the PSX , a digital video recorder which was integrated with the PlayStation and PlayStation 2, though it was short-lived due to its high price and was never released outside Japan, as well as a Bravia television set which has an integrated PlayStation 2. The PlayStation Network is an online service with about 110 million registered users (as of June 2013) and over 103 million active users monthly. (as of December 2019) It comprises an online virtual market,
6032-542: The President of SCEI from Sony's headquarters, and Olaf Olafsson . Olafsson was CEO and president of New York-based Sony Interactive Entertainment which was the parent company for the 1994-founded Sony Computer Entertainment of America (SCEA). The PlayStation project, SCEI's first official project, was finally given the green light by Sony executives in 1993 after a few years of development. Also in 1993, Phil Harrison , who later became President of SCE Worldwide Studios ,
6136-594: The Slimline which had an overhauled internal design incorporating the power supply into the console itself like the original PlayStation 2 resulting in a further reduced total weight of the console. Released on November 11, 2006, in Japan, the PlayStation 3 (PS3) is a seventh generation game console from Sony. It competes with the Microsoft Xbox 360 and the Nintendo Wii . The PS3 is the first console in
6240-423: The background to news stories. Information design can include Data and information visualization , which involves using programs to interpret and form data into a visually compelling presentation, and can be tied in with information graphics . A graphic design project may involve the creative presentation of existing text , ornament, and images. The "process school" is concerned with communication; it highlights
6344-486: The band Person to Person, which he managed at the time. His first ideas were inspired by Russian constructivism . Nick Phillips, a sculptor and the organ player in World of Twist , soon joined him, and the duo created a visual identity for Fon Records, and album cover for Chakk 's 10 Days in an Elevator . This financed a studio space in the boardroom of a former engineering works. Another early client which brought them to
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#17327728270416448-459: The channels and media through which messages are transmitted and by which senders and receivers encode and decode these messages. The semiotic school treats a message as a construction of signs which through interaction with receivers, produces meaning; communication as an agent. Typography includes type design, modifying type glyphs and arranging type. Type glyphs (characters) are created and modified using illustration techniques. Type arrangement
6552-445: The company name and assets, and relaunched tDR as a smaller outfit. TDR have worked in a diverse range of media, including: Graphic design Graphic design is a profession , academic discipline and applied art whose activity consists in projecting visual communications intended to transmit specific messages to social groups, with specific objectives. Graphic design is an interdisciplinary branch of design and of
6656-493: The console over HDMI by using the remote control as the controller. The PS3 slim also runs quieter and is cooler than previous models due to its 45 nm Cell. The PS3 Slim no longer has the "main power" switch (similar to PlayStation 2 slim ), like the previous PS3 models, which was located at the back of the console. It was officially released on September 1, 2009, in North America and Europe and on September 3, 2009, in Japan, Australia and New Zealand. In 2012, Sony revealed
6760-527: The content. In 1922, typographer William A. Dwiggins coined the term graphic design to identify the emerging field. Throughout the 20th century, the technology available to designers continued to advance rapidly, as did the artistic and commercial possibilities of design. The profession expanded greatly, and graphic designers created, among other things, magazine pages, book covers, posters, CD covers, postage stamps, packaging, brands, signs, advertisements, kinetic titles for TV programs and movies, and websites. By
6864-491: The creative process. Some designers argue that computers allow them to explore multiple ideas quickly and in more detail than can be achieved by hand-rendering or paste-up . While other designers find the limitless choices from digital design can lead to paralysis or endless iterations with no clear outcome. Most designers use a hybrid process that combines traditional and computer-based technologies. First, hand-rendered layouts are used to get approval to execute an idea, then
6968-574: The early 21st century, graphic design had become a global profession as advanced technology and industry spread worldwide. In China, during the Tang dynasty (618–907) wood blocks were cut to print on textiles and later to reproduce Buddhist texts. A Buddhist scripture printed in 868 is the earliest known printed book. Beginning in the 11th century in China, longer scrolls and books were produced using movable type printing, making books widely available during
7072-411: The effects of layout or typographic changes, and to simulate the effects of traditional media. Traditional tools such as pencils can be useful even when computers are used for finalization; a designer or art director may sketch numerous concepts as part of the creative process . Styluses can be used with tablet computers to capture hand drawings digitally. Designers disagree whether computers enhance
7176-401: The evolution of graphic design as a practice and profession has been closely linked to technological innovations, social needs, and the visual imagination of professionals. Graphic design has been practiced in various forms throughout history; in fact, good examples of graphic design date back to manuscripts from ancient China , Egypt , and Greece . As printing and book production developed in
7280-503: The fastest selling console in history. The latest console in the series, the PlayStation 5 , was released in 2020 and sold 10 million units in its first 249 days, unseating its predecessor as the fastest-selling PlayStation console to-date. The main series of controllers utilized by the PlayStation series is the DualShock , a line of vibration-feedback gamepads that sold 28 million units by June 2008. The first handheld console in
7384-540: The final stage. CorelDraw , a vector graphics editing software developed and marketed by Corel Corporation , is also used worldwide. Designers often use pre-designed raster images and vector graphics in their work from online design databases. Raster images may be edited in Adobe Photoshop, vector logos and illustrations in Adobe Illustrator and CorelDraw, and the final product assembled in one of
7488-425: The industry, such as design consultancies or branding agencies, others may work within publishing, marketing or other communications companies. Especially since the introduction of personal computers, many graphic designers work as in-house designers in non-design oriented organizations. Graphic designers may also work freelance , working on their own terms, prices, ideas, etc. A graphic designer typically reports to
7592-613: The invention of movable type by the Chinese alchemist Pi Sheng , later refined by the German inventor Johannes Gutenberg . Over time, methods such as lithography, screen printing, and offset printing have been developed, culminating in the contemporary use of digital presses that integrate traditional print techniques with modern digital technology. Since the advent of personal computers, many graphic designers have become involved in interface design , in an environment commonly referred to as
7696-413: The logo to capture the 3D support of the console, but instead of just adding apparent depth to the letters "P" and "S", he created an optical illusion that suggested the letters in depth of space. Sakamoto also stuck with four bright principal colors, red, yellow, green, and blue, only having to tune the green color for better harmony across the logo. Sakamoto also designed the black and white logo based on
7800-847: The major page layout programs, such as Adobe InDesign , Serif PagePlus and QuarkXPress . Many free and open-source programs are also used by both professionals and casual graphic designers. Inkscape uses Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) as its primary file format and allows importing and exporting other formats. Other open-source programs used include GIMP for photo-editing and image manipulation, Krita for digital painting, and Scribus for page layout. A specialized branch of graphic design and historically its earliest form, print design involves creating visual content intended for reproduction on physical substrates such as silk, paper, and later, plastic, for mass communication and persuasion (e.g., marketing, governmental publishing, propaganda). Print design techniques have evolved over centuries, beginning with
7904-417: The meeting, Kutaragi unveiled a proprietary CD-ROM-based system he had been working on which involved playing video games with 3D graphics to the board. Eventually, Sony President Ohga decided to retain the project after being reminded by Kutaragi of the humiliation he suffered from Nintendo. Nevertheless, due to strong opposition from a majority present at the meeting as well as widespread internal opposition to
8008-499: The modern style gain widespread acceptance and application. The professional graphic design industry grew in parallel with consumerism . This raised concerns and criticisms, notably from within the graphic design community with the First Things First manifesto . First launched by Ken Garland in 1964, it was re-published as the First Things First 2000 manifesto in 1999 in the magazine Emigre 51 stating "We propose
8112-624: The next-generation console behind the competition. Among the new applications and services, Sony introduced the PlayStation App, allowing PS4 owners to turn smartphones and tablets into a second screen to enhance gameplay. The company also planned to debut PlayStation Now game streaming service, powered by technology from Gaikai . By incorporating a share button on the new controller and making it possible to view in-game content being streamed live from friends, Sony planned to place more focus on social gameplay as well. The PlayStation 4
8216-423: The notable graphic designers in the late nineteenth-century due to creating art pieces in various Art Nouveau styles. Bradley created a number of designs as promotions for a literary magazine titled The Chap-Book . In 1917, Frederick H. Meyer , director and instructor at the California School of Arts and Crafts , taught a class entitled "Graphic Design and Lettering". Raffe's Graphic Design , published in 1927,
8320-521: The original PlayStation 2, the PlayStation 2 Slimline was the first major redesign of the PlayStation 2. Compared to its predecessor, the Slimline was smaller, thinner, quieter and also included a built-in Ethernet port (in some markets it also has an integrated modem ). In 2007 , Sony began shipping a revision of the Slimline which was lighter than the original Slimline together with a lighter AC adapter . In 2008 , Sony released yet another revision of
8424-592: The original) and the PocketStation (a handheld which enhances PlayStation games and also acts as a memory card). It was part of the fifth generation of video game consoles competing against the Sega Saturn and the Nintendo 64 . By December 2003, the PlayStation and PS one had shipped a combined total of 102.49 million units, eventually becoming the first video game console to sell 120 million units. Released on July 7, 2000 , concurrently with its successor
8528-568: The permanent collections of the Museum of Modern Art and the Victoria and Albert Museum . The studio in its larger form closed in January 2009, with Anderson stating it would continue in a more "slimline" form. Work by the Designers Republic generally is viewed as "playful and bright" and considered Maximum- minimalist , mixing images from Japanese anime and subvertised corporate logos with
8632-453: The polished visual product is produced on a computer. Graphic designers are expected to be proficient in software programs for image-making, typography and layout. Nearly all of the popular and "industry standard" software programs used by graphic designers since the early 1990s are products of Adobe Inc . Adobe Photoshop (a raster -based program for photo editing) and Adobe Illustrator (a vector-based program for drawing) are often used in
8736-457: The principles of modern typography in his 1928 book, New Typography . He later repudiated the philosophy he espoused in this book as fascistic, but it remained influential. Tschichold, Bauhaus typographers such as Herbert Bayer and László Moholy-Nagy and El Lissitzky greatly influenced graphic design. They pioneered production techniques and stylistic devices used throughout the twentieth century. The following years saw graphic design in
8840-524: The project by the older generation of Sony executives, Kutaragi and his team had to be shifted from Sony's headquarters to Sony Music , a completely separate financial entity owned by Sony, so as to retain the project and maintain relationships with Philips for the MMCD development project (which helped lead to the creation of the DVD ). According to SCE's producer Ryoji Akagawa and chairman Shigeo Maruyama , there
8944-584: The re-branding of the city of Quito , capital of Ecuador , and was the only non-national design company to be invited to propose a new flag for Slovenia . tDR was also commissioned to create a logo and general graphic design by French musician-producer Julien Civange for its Music2titan mission to take music on the European Space Agency 's Cassini–Huygens probe to the moon Titan in 2004. On 20 January 2009, after 23 years in operation, tDR went into voluntary liquidation, Anderson bought back
9048-537: The required content streaming from disc for 8K resolution . In a second interview with Wired in October 2019, further details of the new hardware were revealed: the console's integrated Blu-ray drive would support 100 GB Blu-ray discs and Ultra HD Blu-ray ; while a game installation from a disc is mandatory as to take advantage of the SSD, the user will have some fine-grain control of how much they want to have installed, such as only installing multiplayer components of
9152-585: The responsibilities may have different titles such as " DTP associate " or " Graphic Artist ". The responsibilities may involve specialized skills such as illustration , photography, animation, visual effects or interactive design . Employment in design of online projects was expected to increase by 35% by 2026, while employment in traditional media, such as newspaper and book design, expect to go down by 22%. Graphic designers will be expected to constantly learn new techniques, programs, and methods. Graphic designers can work within companies devoted specifically to
9256-401: The same benefactor or client. In advertising, the ultimate objective is the sale of goods and services. In graphic design, "the essence is to give order to information, form to ideas, expression, and feeling to artifacts that document the human experience." The definition of the graphic designer profession is relatively recent concerning its preparation, activity, and objectives. Although there
9360-624: The same design, reserved for times where colors could not be used. At Sony Music Entertainment , Kutaragi worked closely with Shigeo Maruyama , the CEO of Sony Music, and with Akira Sato to form Sony Computer Entertainment Inc. (SCEI) on November 16, 1993. A building block of SCEI was its initial partnership with Sony Music which helped SCEI attract creative talent to the company as well as assist SCEI in manufacturing, marketing and producing discs, something that Sony Music had been doing with Music Discs. The final two key members of SCEI were Terry Tokunaka,
9464-615: The same environmental conditions as buildings. As such, it is a cross-disciplinary collaborative process involving designers, fabricators, city planners, architects, manufacturers and construction teams. Experiential graphic designers try to solve problems that people encounter while interacting with buildings and space (also called environmental graphic design). Examples of practice areas for environmental graphic designers are wayfinding , placemaking , branded environments, exhibitions and museum displays, public installations and digital environments. Graphic design career paths cover all parts of
9568-403: The same figure. PlayStation 2 shipments in Japan ended on December 28, 2012. The Guardian reported on January 4, 2013, that PS2 production had ended worldwide, but studies showed that many people all around the world still own one even if it is no longer in use. PlayStation 2 has been ranked as the best selling console of all time as of 2015. Released in 2004 , four years after the launch of
9672-478: The series to introduce the use of motion-sensing technology through its Sixaxis wireless controller. The console also incorporates a Blu-ray Disc player and features high-definition resolution. The PS3 was originally offered with either a 20 GB or 60 GB hard drive, but over the years its capacity increased in increments available up to 500 GB. The PlayStation 3 has sold over 80 million consoles worldwide as of November 2013. Like its predecessors,
9776-704: The series, the PlayStation Portable (PSP), sold a total of 80 million units worldwide by November 2013. Its successor, the PlayStation Vita (PSVita), which launched in Japan in December 2011 and in most other major territories in February 2012, sold over four million units by January 2013. PlayStation TV is a microconsole and a non-portable variant of the PlayStation Vita handheld game console. Other hardware released as part of
9880-405: The term " crowdsourcing " in his 2006 article, "The Rise of Crowdsourcing." It spans such creative domains as graphic design, architecture, apparel design , writing, illustration, and others. Tasks may be assigned to individuals or a group and may be categorized as convergent or divergent. An example of a divergent task is generating alternative designs for a poster. An example of a convergent task
9984-558: The video game industry. The company supplied components for other consoles, such as the sound chip for the Super Famicom from Nintendo , and operated a video game studio, Sony Imagesoft . As part of a joint project between Nintendo and Sony that began as early as 1988, the two companies worked to create a CD-ROM version of the Super Famicom, though Nintendo denied the existence of the Sony deal as late as March 1991. At
10088-647: The wider public's attention was Leeds band Age of Chance , for whom they developed a series of record covers between 1986 and 1987, beginning with a cover of the Prince track " Kiss ". The duo worked 72-hour weekly shifts, doing everything by hand using photocopiers, craft knives and spraymount. The sleeve of the 1987 12-inch "Don't Get Mad... Get Even! (The New York Remixes)" was selected as one of Q ' s "100 Best Record Covers of All Time" in 2001. Their work for Age of Chance led to further record sleeve work for Krush and Pop Will Eat Itself , for whom tDR bastardised
10192-422: Was broken by Nintendo after they were unable to come to an agreement on how revenue would be split between the two companies. The breaking of the partnership infuriated Sony President Norio Ohga , who responded by appointing Kutaragi with the responsibility of developing the PlayStation project to rival Nintendo. At that time, negotiations were still on-going between Nintendo and Sony, with Nintendo offering Sony
10296-401: Was first released in North America on November 15, 2013. As part of the eighth generation of video game consoles , it competes with Microsoft's Xbox One and Nintendo's Wii U and Switch . PlayStation 4 Slim (officially marketed simply as PlayStation 4 or PS4 ) was unveiled on September 7, 2016. It is a revision of the original PS4 hardware with a streamlined form factor. The new casing
10400-410: Was launched for the PlayStation Vita, which integrates social networking elements into the interface. Additionally, the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation 3 consoles also featured support for Linux-based operating systems ; Linux for PlayStation 2 and OtherOS respectively, though this has since been discontinued. The series has also been known for its numerous marketing campaigns, the latest of which being
10504-418: Was recruited into SCEI to attract developers and publishers to produce games for their new PlayStation platform. Computer Gaming World in March 1994 reported a rumor that the " Sony PS-X " would be released in Japan "before the end of this year and will retail for less than $ 400". After a demonstration of Sony's distribution plan as well as tech demos of its new console to game publishers and developers in
10608-464: Was released on September 15, 2016, with a 500 GB model at the same price point as the original PS4 model. Its model number is CUH-2000. PlayStation 4 Pro or PS4 Pro for short (originally announced under the codename Neo ) was unveiled on September 7, 2016. Its model number is CUH-7000. It is an updated version of the PlayStation 4 with improved hardware, including an upgraded GPU with 4.2 teraflops of processing power, and higher CPU clock. It
10712-635: Was the first book to use "Graphic Design" in its title. In 1936, author and graphic designer Leon Friend published his book titled "Graphic Design" and it is known to be the first piece of literature to cover the topic extensively. The signage in the London Underground is a classic design example of the modern era. Although he lacked artistic training, Frank Pick led the Underground Group design and publicity movement. The first Underground station signs were introduced in 1908 with
10816-468: Was uncertainty over whether the console should primarily focus on 2D sprite graphics or 3D polygon graphics . Eventually, after witnessing the success of Sega 's Virtua Fighter in Japanese arcades, that Sony realized "the direction of the PlayStation became instantly clear" and 3D polygon graphics became the console's primary focus. The PlayStation logo was designed by Manabu Sakamoto. He wanted
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