56-740: The Dinadiawan River Protected Landscape is a protected area covering the stretch of the Dinadiawan River from its headwaters in the Sierra Madre mountain range to its mouth on the Philippine Sea coast of the village of Dinadiawan in Aurora province, Philippines . The park covers an area of 3,371.332 hectares (8,330.74 acres) and includes its surrounding forested mountains, waterfalls and springs in Dipaculao municipality. It
112-642: A bicameral legislature called the Congress composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives. It vests upon Congress, among others, the power of investigation and inquiry in aid of legislation, the power to declare the existence of a state of war, the power of the purse, the power of taxation, and the power of eminent domain. Article VII vests the executive power solely in the President . The President
168-485: A declaration of martial law is just. The legislative power consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. There are twenty-four senators and the House is composed of district representatives. It also created opportunities for under-represented sectors of community to select their representative through party-list system. The judiciary branch comprises the Supreme Court and the lower courts. The Supreme Court
224-527: A former Associate Justice of the Supreme Court , as president of the commission. Several issues were of particular contention during the commission's sessions, including the form of government to adopt, the abolition of the death penalty, the retention of U.S. bases in Clark and Subic , and the integration of economic policies into the constitution. Lino Brocka , a film director and political activist who
280-887: A law for the local government, now currently the Local Government Code . Article XI establishes the Office of the Ombudsman which is responsible for investigating and prosecuting government officials. It also vests upon the Congress the power to impeach the President, the Vice President, members of the Supreme Court, and the Ombudsman. Article XII lays down the goals and objectives of the Philippine government in terms of wealth distribution, division of goods and services and to offer job opportunities to elevate
336-680: A member of the Liberal Party and the most prominent opposition figure during the Duterte administration, won as Vice-President. While the Cabinet was mentioned several times in the article, the Constitution did not expressly provide for the creation of such body or to specifically enumerate its ordinary powers and duties. The President serves as the commander-in-chief of "all armed forces", which can be construed to encompass not only
392-538: A new constitution and issued Proclamation No. 3 on March 25, 1986, abrogating many provisions in the 1973 Constitution adopted by the Marcos regime, including the unicameral legislature (the Batasang Pambansa ), the office of Prime Minister , and additional legislative powers for the President. Often called the "Freedom Constitution", it was intended as a transitional basic law to ensure democracy, freedom of
448-401: A petition of at least twelve percent of all registered voters, and at least three percent of registered voters within each district (called a People's Initiative ). All amendments must be ratified in a national referendum . Article XVIII establishes provisions to allow a clean transition from the preceding provisional constitution to the new Constitution. This includes provisions for directing
504-504: A police force (presently the Philippine National Police ), the regulation of mass media and advertising industries, the doctrine of sovereign immunity , and others. Article XVII establishes the methods by which the Constitution may be amended or revised. Amendments may be proposed by either: a) a three-fourths vote of all Members of Congress (called a Constituent Assembly ), b) a Constitutional Convention , or c)
560-492: A way for the establishment of the Office of the Ombudsman, which has a function of promoting and ensuring an ethical and lawful conduct of the government. There are three possible methods by which the Constitution can be amended: a Constituent assembly (Con-Ass), Constitutional Convention (Con-Con), or People's Initiative . All three methods require ratification by majority vote in a national referendum . Following
616-532: Is elected directly for a single six-year term. Re-election is not allowed, except in the case where the President has not yet served for more than four years, in which they may be elected again for a full six-year term. This exception was utilized by Gloria Macapagal Arroyo during the 2004 presidential election , which she eventually won. The Constitution also establishes the position of Vice-President , who can serve for up to two consecutive six-year terms. The Vice-President may optionally be appointed as member of
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#1732801691358672-429: Is composed of 2,645 hectares (6,540 acres) of forested area, 323 hectares (800 acres) of grassland, 151 hectares (370 acres) of forested shrubland, 144 hectares (360 acres) of cultivated area, and 108 hectares (270 acres) of the Dinadiawan River. Its forest cover consists primarily of dipterocarp trees like tanguile , mayapis , white lauan , red lauan and bagtikan . It serves as a habitat of wild fauna such as
728-535: Is granted the power to hear any cases that deals with the constitutionality of law, about a treaty or decree of the government. It is also tasked to administrate the function of the lower courts. Through the constitution, three independent Constitutional Commissions, namely the Civil Service Commission, Commission on Elections, and Commission on Audit, were created. These Constitutional Commissions have different functions. The constitution also paved
784-402: Is headed by the president and his appointed cabinet members. The executive, same with the other two co-equal branches, has limited power. This is to ensure that the country will be "safeguarded" if martial law is to be declared. The president can still declare martial law, but it expires within 60 days and Congress can either reject or extend it. The task of the Supreme Court is to review whether
840-654: Is the supreme law of the Philippines . Its final draft was completed by the Constitutional Commission on October 12, 1986, and ratified by a nationwide plebiscite on February 2, 1987. The Constitution remains unamended to this day. The Constitution consists of a preamble and eighteen articles. It mandates a democratic and republican form of government and includes a bill of rights that guarantees entrenched freedoms and protections against governmental overreach. The Constitution also organizes
896-651: The Armed Forces of the Philippines but also other armed uniformed services such as the Philippine National Police and the Philippine Coast Guard . The President may mobilize these forces to prevent or suppress "lawless violence", invasions or rebellions . However, in cases where public safety necessitates it, the President is authorized to declare a state of martial law throughout the entire Philippines or in specific areas, or to suspend
952-565: The Cabinet . The President and the Vice-President must meet the following qualifications: The President and the Vice-President are elected separately from each other. It is thus common in the Philippines for the President and the Vice-President to come from two entirely different parties or alliances. For example, in 2016, Rodrigo Duterte , running on a nationalist and populist platform, was elected President. Meanwhile, Leni Robredo ,
1008-588: The Commission on Audit (COA)—each enjoying fiscal autonomy. Other governmental bodies created under the Constitution include the Commission on Appointments (CA), the Judicial and Bar Council (JBC), the Office of the Ombudsman , and the Commission on Human Rights (CHR). Throughout its history, the Philippines has been governed by three other constitutions: the 1935 Commonwealth Constitution, which established
1064-1211: The Philippine Commission . This act authorized the civil governor to "reserve for civil public purposes, and from sale or settlement, any part of the public domain not appropriated by law for special public purposes." A total of eight national reserves had been established on July 26, 1904, pursuant to this law. These are the Lamao Forest Reserve in Bataan , Mariquina Reserve in Rizal , Angat River Reserve in Bulacan , Caliraya Falls Reserve in Laguna , La Carlota Reserve in Negros Occidental , San Ramon Reserve in Zamboanga , Magalang Reserve in Pampanga , and Hacienda San Antonio in Isabela . In
1120-572: The Philippine deer , Philippine long-tailed macaque , Philippine warty pig , spotted wood kingfisher and pygmy swiftlet . First established as a watershed forest reserve with an area of 3,387 hectares (8,370 acres) through Proclamation No. 918 issued by President Corazón Aquino in 1992, the protected area is now a declared Protected Landscape under the National Integrated Protected Areas System with
1176-434: The "Filipino family as the foundation of the nation" (Article XV, Section 1); the recognition of Filipino as "the national language of the Philippines" (Section 6, Article XIV), and even a requirement that "all educational institutions shall undertake regular sports activities throughout the country in cooperation with athletic clubs and other sectors." (Section 19.1, Article XIV) Whether these provisions may, by themselves, be
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#17328016913581232-472: The 1987 charter for them to regulate economic sectors that can be opened for foreign investors, but this time through People's Initiative . Law expert Michael Henry Yusingco commented that Romualdez should show there is clear public support to amend it because without any such proof, plans will encounter hitches like before. The preamble and eighteen self-contained articles with a section numbering that resets for every article. The opening text introduces
1288-663: The Court held that a provision requiring that the State "protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology" did not require implementing legislation to become the source of operative rights. The Katipunan 's revolution led to the Tejeros Convention where, at San Francisco de Malabón , Cavite , on March 22, 1897, the first presidential and vice presidential elections in Philippine history were held—although only Katipuneros ( viz. members of
1344-516: The Katipunan) were able to take part, and not the general populace. A later meeting of the revolutionary government established there, held on November 1, 1897, at Biak-na-Bato in the town of San Miguel de Mayumo in Bulacan , established the Republic of Biak-na-Bato . The republic had a constitution drafted by Isabelo Artacho and Félix Ferrer and was based on the first Cuban Constitution . It
1400-411: The National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Act of 1992. As of 2020, there are 244 protected areas in the Philippines, covering a total area of about 7,760,000 hectares (19,200,000 acres) – 15.4% of the Philippines' total area. The first important legislation that formed the basis of the current system of national parks and protected areas in the Philippines is Act No. 648, enacted in 1903 by
1456-663: The Supreme Court , the Secretary of Justice , the Chairs of the Senate and House Committees on Justice, and representatives from the legal profession. Article IX establishes three constitutional commissions, which are governmental bodies that are independent of the three main branches of government. These are the Civil Service Commission , the Commission on Elections , and the Commission on Audit . Article X pursues for local autonomy and mandates Congress to enact
1512-406: The administration of Corazon Aquino , succeeding administrations made several attempts to amend or change the 1987 Constitution. The first attempt was in 1995. A constitution was drafted by then-Secretary of National Security Council Jose Almonte , but was never completed because it was exposed to the media by different non-government organizations. They saw through a potential change regarding
1568-454: The attempt serving the personal interests of the initiators. After the Estrada presidency, the administration of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo endorsed constitutional changes via a Constitutional Assembly, with then-House Speaker Jose de Venecia leading the way. However, due to political controversies surrounding Arroyo's administration, including the possibility of term extension, the proposal
1624-469: The blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution. The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all the islands and waters embraced therein, and all other territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial, and aerial domains, including its territorial sea,
1680-420: The case. The Supreme Court ruled that the initiative not continue, stating that a People's Initiative requires an enabling law for it to push through. During his presidency, Joseph Ejercito Estrada created a study commission for a possible charter change regarding the economic and judiciary provisions of the constitution. The attempt never attained its purpose after various entities opposed it due apparently to
1736-449: The citizenship of Filipinos. It enumerates two kinds of citizens: natural-born citizens and naturalized citizens. Natural-born citizens are those who are citizens from birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect Philippine citizenship. The Philippines follows a jus sanguinis system where citizenship is mainly acquired through a blood relationship with Filipino citizens. Natural-born citizenship forms an important part of
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1792-436: The constitution and the people as the source of sovereignty. It follows past constitutions, including an appeal to God . The preamble reads: We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity
1848-596: The country. Following his ascension as president after the 2016 presidential election , he signed Executive Order No. 10 on December 7, 2016, creating the Consultative Committee to Review the 1987 Constitution. A year after Bongbong Marcos was proclaimed president, his first cousin Speaker Martin Romualdez told an economic forum on December 11, 2023 that legislators from the House of Representatives will renew efforts at changing
1904-571: The current presidential system of government; the 1973 Constitution, initially reintroducing the parliamentary system but later amended to adopt a semi-presidential system ; and the 1986 Freedom Constitution, briefly implemented after the People Power Revolution . The constitution of the then- First Philippine Republic , the 1899 Malolos Constitution , which aimed to establish the first functional parliamentary republic in Asia ,
1960-468: The elections of the first members of the new Congress and of the President and the Vice President, specifying the current courts and the term limits of judges, specifying the initial salary for key members of government, mandating the newly elected Congress to pass laws to fulfill obligations set by these transitory provisions, and defining grace periods and limitations for previous treaties, laws, orders, and other instruments. This article also establishes that
2016-590: The first national park in the Philippines established on June 27, 1933, following this act. A series of acts and legislations were passed in the next decades that aimed to further strengthen these policies, including the Revised Forestry Code of 1975 ( Presidential Decree No. 705 ) and Forest Administrative Order No. 7. Following the 1987 Constitution , the National Integrated Protected Areas System Act
2072-500: The following classifications described in Section 4 of the National Integrated Protected Areas System Act of 1992 (NIPAS Act). World Heritage Site or part of a World Heritage Site World Heritage Site or part of a World Heritage Site Constitution of the Philippines • Senate The Constitution of the Philippines ( Filipino : Saligang Batas ng Pilipinas or Konstitusyon ng Pilipinas )
2128-426: The government. Some essential provisions are: Article III enumerates specific protections against the abuse of state power, most of which are similar to the provisions of the U.S. Constitution. Some essential provisions are: Similar to U.S. jurisprudence and other common law jurisdictions, the scope and limitations of these rights have largely been determined by the Supreme Court through case law. Article IV defines
2184-662: The issuance of Proclamation No. 278 in 2000 by President Joseph Estrada . The park is one of five protected areas in the province of Aurora. This Philippines -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . List of protected areas of the Philippines In the Philippines, protected areas are administered by the Biodiversity Management Bureau of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) under
2240-412: The lives of Filipino people. This section also provides important provisions such as: Article XIII divulge the utmost responsibility of the Congress to give the highest priority in enactments of such measures which protects and enhances the rights of all the people to human dignity through affirming that present social, economic and political inequalities as well as cultural inequities among the elites and
2296-599: The main branches of the Philippine government : a legislative department known as the Congress , which consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives ; an executive department headed by a president ; and a judicial department , which includes the Supreme Court and lower courts. It also establishes three independent constitutional commissions— Civil Service Commission (CSC), the Commission on Elections (COMELEC), and
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2352-409: The new Constitution will take effect when ratified by a majority of votes in a plebiscite. The Constitution also contains several other provisions enumerating various state policies including, i.e., the affirmation of labor "as a primary social economic force" (Section 14, Article II); the equal protection of "the life of the mother and the life of the unborn from conception" (Section 12, Article II);
2408-448: The people, and an orderly transfer of power as the Constitutional Commission was drafting a permanent charter. The Constitutional Commission was composed of forty-eight members appointed by Aquino from varied backgrounds, including several former members of the House of Representatives , former justices of the Supreme Court , a Catholic bishop , and political activists against the Marcos regime. Aquino appointed Cecilia Muñoz-Palma ,
2464-441: The political system as only natural-born Filipinos are eligible to hold high offices, including all elective offices beginning with a representative in the House of Representatives up to the President. Article V mandates various age and residence qualifications to vote and a system of secret ballots and absentee voting. It also mandates a procedure for overseas and disabled and illiterate Filipinos to vote. Article VI provides for
2520-482: The poor shall be reduced or removed in order to secure equitable welfare and common good among Filipino people. It also establishes the role of the Commission on Human Rights which ensures appropriate legal measures for the protection of human rights of all the persons within the Philippines as well as Filipinos residing abroad. Moreover, this section also lays down salient provisions such as: Article XV establishes
2576-446: The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus . While it does not specify the extent of the President's powers during martial law, the Constitution explicitly prohibits the suspension of the Constitution, the replacement of civilian courts and assemblies, and the use of military courts and agencies over civilians when civilian courts are still operational during such state. The proclamation of martial law also does not automatically suspend
2632-471: The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus. Article VIII vests the judicial power upon the Supreme Court and other lower courts as may be established by law (by Congress). While the power to appoint justices and judges still reside with the President, the President from a list of at least three nominees prepared by the Judicial and Bar Council for every vacancy, a body composed of the Chief Justice of
2688-479: The protection of the people's interests in the constitutional draft. In 1997, the Pedrosa couple created a group called PIRMA followed with an attempt to change the constitution through a People's Initiative by way of gathering signatures from voters. Many prominent figures opposed the proposition, including Senator Miriam Defensor-Santiago , who brought the issue all the way to the Supreme Court and eventually won
2744-466: The recognition of the state on the Filipino family as the basic foundation of the nation as it shall reinforce and bolster its solidarity and steadily promote its development. Alongside with this, it also states important provisions such as: Article XVI contains several general provisions, such as a general description of the national flag , the establishment of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and
2800-542: The same year, the Forest Act of 1904 ( Act No. 1148 ) was adopted that expanded the scope of protected areas in the Philippines. Among the first of such mountain forest reserves to be declared was Mount Maquiling declared on November 21, 1910. On February 1, 1932, the National Parks Act ( Act No. 3195 ) was enacted that formally established the national parks system in the country. Mount Arayat became
2856-410: The seabed, the subsoil , the insular shelves, and other submarine areas. The waters around, between, and connecting the islands of the archipelago, regardless of their breadth and dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the Philippines. Article II lays out the basic social and political creed of the Philippines, particularly the implementation of the constitution and sets forth the objectives of
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#17328016913582912-475: The source of enforceable rights without accompanying legislation has been the subject of considerable debate in the legal sphere and within the Supreme Court. The Court, for example, has ruled that a provision requiring that the State "guarantee equal access to opportunities to public service" could not be enforced without accompanying legislation, and thus could not bar the disallowance of so-called "nuisance candidates" in presidential elections. But in another case,
2968-465: Was a member of the commission, walked out before the constitution's completion, and two other delegates dissented from the final draft. The Commission finished the final draft on October 12, 1986, and presented it to Aquino on October 15. The constitution was ratified by a nationwide plebiscite on February 2, 1987 . The constitution provided for three governmental branches, namely the executive , legislative , and judicial branches . The executive branch
3024-400: Was enacted which further enhanced the administration and classification of protected areas and broadened the mandate of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources in enforcing its provisions. Protected areas in the Philippines encompasses 4,620,000 hectares (11,400,000 acres) of terrestrial areas and 3,140,000 hectares (7,800,000 acres) of marine areas. They are managed according to
3080-496: Was never fully implemented nationwide and did not lead to international recognition, largely due to the outbreak of the Philippine–American War . Ruling by decree in the early months of her presidency following the 1986 People Power Revolution , President Corazon Aquino was presented with three options: restore the 1935 Constitution; retain and reform the 1973 Constitution; or pass a new constitution. She decided to have
3136-489: Was rejected by the Supreme Court. The next attempt was from then-Speaker of the House Feliciano Belmonte Jr . during President Benigno Aquino III 's administration. Belmonte attempted to introduce amendments to the Constitution focusing on economic provisions aiming toward liberalization. The effort did not succeed. President Rodrigo Duterte oversaw the possibility of implementing federalism on
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