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104-585: Pampanga , officially the Province of Pampanga ( Kapampangan : Lalawigan ning Pampanga ; Ilocano : Probinsia ti Pampanga ; Pangasinan : Luyag/Probinsia na Pampanga ; Tagalog : Lalawigan ng Pampanga ( IPA: [pɐmˈpaŋɡa] pəm- PAHNG -ga ), is a province in Central Luzon in the Philippines . Lying on the northern shore of Manila Bay , Pampanga is bordered by Tarlac to

208-609: A 1947 Military Bases Agreement, the Philippines granted the United States a 99-year lease on several U.S. bases, including Clark Air Base . A later amendment in 1966 reduced the original 99-year term of the agreement to 25 years. A renewal of the agreement in 1979 allowed the U.S. to continue operating Clark Air Base until November 1991, when the Philippine Senate rejected a bill for the renewal of U.S. bases in

312-567: A Freeport Zone and was separated from the special economic zone through Republic Act 9400 of 2007 Since then the Freeport Zone and the Clark Special Economic Zone were considered as separate areas but collectively they are referred to as the "Clark Freeport and Special Economic Zone". In 2010, a Kapampangan, Benigno Aquino III , son of former President Corazon Aquino , was elected as president. On April 22, 2019,

416-420: A certain order after verbs (or particles, such as negation words). The enclitic pronoun is always followed by another pronoun (or discourse marker : Pronouns also combine to form a portmanteau pronoun: Portmanteau pronouns are not usually used in questions and with the word naman : In the following chart, blank entries denote combinations which are deemed impossible. Column headings denote pronouns in

520-831: A continuation of the US' colonial hegemony, and a way of dragging the Philippines into the cold war, since Clark had become a staging point for the increasingly unpopular Vietnam War . Upon the declaration of Martial Law in September 1972, Camp Olivas in the City of San Fernando was designated as one of the four provincial camps to become a Regional Command for Detainees (RECAD). It was designated RECAD I and it housed detainees from Northern and Central Luzon. Prominent detainees imprisoned there include Edicio de la Torre, Judy Taguiwalo , Tina Pargas, Marie Hilao-Enriquez, and Bernard-Adan Ebuen. Prisoners who were documented to have been tortured include

624-492: A decline of 68% to over 96%. Historian Andrés Reséndez contends that enslavement in gold and silver mines was the primary reason why the Native American population of Hispaniola dropped so significantly, as the conditions that native peoples were subjected to under enslavement, from forced relocation to hours of hard labour, contributed to the spread of disease. For example, according to anthropologist Jason Hickel ,

728-463: A demonstrative pronoun and its existential form (for the nearest addressee) are exceptions. The plural of iyan is den/ren ; the plural of niyan is daren ; the plural of kanyan is karen , and the plural of oian is oren . The existential form of ian is ken . Kapampangan verbs are morphologically complex, and take a variety of affixes reflecting focus, aspect and mode. The language has Austronesian alignment , and

832-618: A genocidal system which "had driven many millions of native peoples in Central and South America to early and agonizing deaths". Yale University's genocide studies program supports this view regarding abuses in Hispaniola. The program cites the decline of the Taíno population of Hispaniola in 1492 to 1514 as an example of genocide and notes that the indigenous population declined from a population between 100,000 and 1,000,000 to only 32,000

936-517: A large number of people with the submersion of whole towns and villages by massive lahar floods. This led to a large-scale advancement in disaster preparation in government. It also hastened the closure of Clark Air Base, which would close as a result of the November 1991 decision of the Philippine senate not to renew the Philippines' Bases treaty with the United States. 1992 saw the signing of

1040-457: A native chief responsible for keeping track of the labourers in his community. The encomienda system did not grant people land, but it indirectly aided in the settlers' acquisition of land. As initially defined, the encomendero and his heirs expected to hold these grants in perpetuity. After a major Crown reform in 1542, known as the New Laws , encomendero families were restricted to holding

1144-517: A profound conversion after seeing the abuse of the native people. He dedicated his life to writing and lobbying to abolish the encomienda system, which he thought systematically enslaved the native people of the New World. Las Casas participated in an important debate , where he pushed for the enactment of the New Laws and an end to the encomienda system. The Laws of Burgos and the New Laws of

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1248-544: A significant Kapampangan-speaking minority also exists in Cagayan de Oro , Davao City and South Cotabato , specifically in General Santos and the municipalities of Polomolok and Tupi . According to the 2000 Philippine census, 2,312,870 people (out of the total population of 76,332,470) spoke Kapampangan as their native language. As of 2020, the language is ranked to be the eighth leading language spoken at home in

1352-651: A third of Arawak workers died every six months from forced labour in the mines. Skepticism towards accusations of genocide linked to the encomienda and the Spanish conquest and settlement of the Americas typically involve arguments like those of Noble David Cook, wherein scholars posit that accusations of genocide are a continuation of the Spanish Black Legend . Writing about the Black Legend and

1456-483: Is Valenzuela to be exact, which was formerly known as Polo, then a town in Bulacan). For better administration and taxation purposes, the Spanish authorities subdivided Pampanga into pueblos , which were further subdivided into districts ( barrios ) and in some cases into royal and private estates ( encomiendas ). Due to excessive abuses committed by some encomenderos , King Philip II of Spain in 1574 prohibited

1560-613: Is about 850 square miles (2,200 km) in area and inhabited by more than 1.5 million people, had its present borders drawn in 1873. During the Spanish regime, it was one of the richest Philippine provinces. Manila and its surrounding region were then primarily dependent on Kapampangan agricultural, fishery and forestry products as well as on the supply of skilled workers. As other Luzon provinces were created due to increases in population, some well-established Pampanga towns were lost to new emerging provinces in Central Luzon. During

1664-474: Is also present in the province, mainly due to migrants originating from the south , as well as Buddhism , which is practiced by a few people of Chinese descent . Largest majority religion in the province (5.14-7.5%) the first Ecclesiastical District in the history of the Church.At the time of Bro.Eduardo V.Manalo current Executive Minister the province has grown in 5 districts with multiple locales scattered in

1768-783: Is in Clark Freeport Zone , some 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) north of the provincial capital. The province is home to two Philippine Air Force airbases : Basa Air Base in Floridablanca and the former United States Clark Air Base in Angeles. Due to its growing population and developments, the Clark Global City is now developed and is located in Clark Freeport Zone . In 2015, the province had 2,198,110 inhabitants, while it had 1,079,532 registered voters. Ancient Pampanga's Territorial area included portions of

1872-515: Is one of the Central Luzon languages along with the Sambalic languages . Tagalog is generally spoken in areas bordering Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, and Bataan. English and Tagalog are rather spoken and used as secondary languages. There are a few Sambal speakers in the province, especially near the border of Zambales . The province of Pampanga is composed of many religious groups, but it is predominantly Roman Catholic (88.92%). Islam (0.017%)

1976-571: Is one of the Central Luzon languages of the Austronesian language family . Its closest relatives are the Sambalic languages of Zambales province and the Bolinao language spoken in the towns of Bolinao and Anda in Pangasinan . These languages share the same reflex /j/ of the proto-Malayo-Polynesian *R. Kapampangan mistakenly sounds like a distant Tagalog dialect at first sight to

2080-663: Is preserved in some western dialects. Proto-Philippine *tanəm is tanam ('to plant') in Kapampangan, compared with Tagalog tanim , Cebuano tanom and Ilocano tanem ('grave'). Proto-Philippine *R merged with /j/ . The Kapampangan word for 'new' is bayu ; it is bago in Tagalog, baro in Ilocano, and baru in Indonesian. Kapampangan is a VSO or Verb-Subject-Object language. However,

2184-418: Is the most effective and thorough method of destroying culture, of desocializing human beings". Economic historian Timothy J. Yeager argued the encomienda was deadlier than conventional slavery because of an individual labourer's life being disposable in the face of simply being replaced with a labourer from the same plot of land. University of Hawaii historian David Stannard describes the encomienda as

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2288-474: Is the smallest. The province of Pampanga has two distinct climates, rainy and dry. The rainy or wet season normally begins in May and runs through October, while the rest of the year is the dry season. The warmest period of the year occurs between March and April, while the coolest period is from December through February. The wet season will be from June to October and also dry season will be from November to April in

2392-477: Is what we do'). Ini is always concrete: ining libru ('this book'), ini ing asu nang Juan ('this is Juan's dog'). In their locative forms, keni is used when the person spoken to is not near the subject spoken of; keti is used when the person spoken to is near the subject spoken of. Two people in the same country will refer to their country as keti , but will refer to their respective towns as keni ; both mean 'here'. The plural forms of

2496-955: The Giant Lantern Festival in December, the hot air balloon festival in Clarkfield in February and in Lubao in April, the San Pedro Cutud Lenten Rites celebrated two days before Easter, and the Aguman Sanduk in Minalin celebrated on the afternoon of New Year's Day. There have been proposals to revitalize the karakoa shipbuilding tradition of the Kapampangan people in recent years. The karakoa

2600-530: The New Laws of 1542, the encomienda ended upon the death of the encomendero , and was replaced by the repartimiento . Encomiendas devolved from their original Iberian form into a form of communal slavery . In the encomienda , the Spanish Crown granted a person a specified number of natives from a specific community but did not dictate which individuals in the community would have to provide their labour. Indigenous leaders were charged with mobilising

2704-526: The Spanish East Indies . Conquered peoples were considered vassals of the Spanish monarch . The Crown awarded an encomienda as a grant to a particular individual. In the conquest era of the early sixteenth century, the grants were considered a monopoly on the labour of particular groups of indigenous peoples , held in perpetuity by the grant holder, called the encomendero ; starting from

2808-546: The adelantado captured the caciques involved and had most of them hanged. Later, a chieftain named Guarionex laid havoc to the countryside before an army of about 3,090 routed the Ciguana people under his leadership. Although expecting Spanish protection from warring tribes, the islanders sought to join the Spanish forces. They helped the Spaniards deal with their ignorance of the surrounding environment. As noted,

2912-399: The conquest of the Americas , Cook wrote, "There were too few Spaniards to have killed the millions who were reported to have died in the first century after Old and New World contact" and instead suggests the near total decimation of the indigenous population of Hispaniola as mostly having been caused by diseases like smallpox . He argues that the Spanish unwittingly carried these diseases to

3016-537: The encomenderos of early colonial Mexico, Robert Himmerich y Valencia divides conquerors into those who were part of Hernán Cortés ' original expedition, calling them "first conquerors", and those who were members of the later Narváez expedition, calling them "conquerors". The latter were incorporated into Cortes' contingent. Himmerich designated as pobladores antiguos (old settlers) a group of undetermined number of encomenderos in New Spain, men who had resided in

3120-404: The encomienda bond was a right reserved to full subjects to the crown. In 1503, the crown began to formally grant encomiendas to conquistadors and officials as rewards for service to the crown. The system of encomiendas was aided by the crown's organizing the indigenous into small harbors known as reducciones , with the intent of establishing new towns and populations. Each reducción had

3224-492: The encomienda system was devised to meet the needs of the early agricultural economies in the Caribbean. Later it was adopted to the mining economy of Peru and Upper Peru . The encomienda lasted from the beginning of the sixteenth century to the seventeenth century. Philip II enacted a law on 11 June 1594 to establish the encomienda in the Philippines, where he made grants to the local nobles ( principalía ). They used

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3328-480: The encomienda to gain ownership of large expanses of land, many of which (such as Makati ) continue to be owned by affluent families. In 1501 Isabella I of Castile declared Native Americans as subjects to the Crown, and so, as Castilians and legal equals to Spanish Castilians. This implied that enslaving them was illegal except under very specific conditions. It also allowed the establishment of encomiendas , since

3432-462: The encomienda was abolished in 1782. In the rest of Chile it was abolished in 1789, and in the whole Spanish empire in 1791. The encomienda system was generally replaced by the crown-managed repartimiento system throughout Spanish America after mid-sixteenth century. Like the encomienda , the new repartimiento did not include the attribution of land to anyone, rather only the allotment of native workers. But they were directly allotted to

3536-459: The grammatical antecedent , is present. The pronouns ya and la have special forms when they are used in conjunction with the words ati ('there is/are') and ala ('there is/are not'). Both ati yu and ati ya are correct. The plural form ('they are') is atilu and atila . Both ala la and ala lu are correct in the plural form. The singular forms are ala ya and ala yu . Kapampangan pronouns follow

3640-437: The siopao , pandesal , tutong, lechon (roasted pig) and its sarsa (sauce) are popular specialty foods in the region. The more exotic betute tugak (stuffed frog), kamaru (mole crickets) cooked adobo, bulanglang (pork cooked in guava juice), lechon kawali and bringhe (a green sticky rice dish like paella) are a mainstay in Kapampangan feasts. Native sweets and delicacies like pastillas, turonnes de casuy, buro, are

3744-613: The 17th century, The Dutch recruited men from Pampanga as mercenaries who served the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army , known as Papangers part of the larger Mardijkers community. Their legacy can be found in North Jakarta , however, there are few traces of their descendants, except for a small community in Kampung Tugu . The historic province of Bataan which was founded in 1754 under

3848-730: The Bases Conversion and Development Act (Republic Act 7227 ser. 1992), which authorized the President to issue a decree converting the military reservation in the Clark area covering Angeles City , Mabalacat , and Porac , Pampanga and Capas , Tarlac into a special economic zone. The legislation also created the Bases Conversion and Development Authority (BCDA) to facilitate the conversion process. President Fidel Ramos issued Proclamation No. 163 on April 3, 1993, creating

3952-526: The Caribbean region prior to the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire . In the New World, the Crown granted conquistadores as encomendero , which is the right to extract labour and tribute from natives who were under Spanish rule. The encomienda system was established on the island of Hispaniola by Nicolás de Ovando , the third governor of the Spanish colony, in 1502. Some women and some indigenous elites were also encomenderos . Maria Jaramillo,

4056-690: The Clark Special Economic Zone (CSEZ) and transferring the administration of the area to the BCDA. The proclamation included the Clark Air Base and portions of the Clark reverted baselands not reserved for military use to the CSEZ. On June 14, 1996, the CSEZ was expanded with the addition of the Sacobia area, which includes lands from Mabalacat , Pampanga and Bamban, Tarlac , through Ramos' Proclamation No. 805. The Clark Air Base area would later be declared

4160-424: The Crown, who, through a local Crown official, would assign them to work for settlers for a set period of time, usually several weeks. The repartimiento was an attempt "to reduce the abuses of forced labour". As the number of natives declined and mining activities were replaced by agricultural activities in the seventeenth century, the hacienda , or large landed estates in which labourers were directly employed by

4264-458: The Crown. The encomienda system was the subject of controversy in Spain and its territories almost from its start. In 1510, an Hispaniola encomendero named Valenzuela murdered a group of Native American leaders who had agreed to meet for peace talks in full confidence. The Taíno cacique Enriquillo rebelled against the Spaniards between 1519 and 1533. In 1538, Emperor Charles V , realizing

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4368-533: The Indies failed in the face of colonial opposition and, in fact, the New Laws were postponed in the Viceroyalty of Peru . When Blasco Núñez Vela , the first viceroy of Peru, tried to enforce the New Laws, which provided for the gradual abolition of the encomienda , many of the encomenderos were unwilling to comply with them and revolted against him. When the news of the abuse of the institution reached Spain,

4472-599: The Moorish defeat in the Granada War . It was a method of rewarding soldiers and moneymen who defeated the Moors. The encomienda established a system similar to a feudal relationship, in which military protection was traded for certain tributes or specific work. It was especially prevalent among military orders that were entrusted with the protection of frontier areas. The king usually intervened directly or indirectly in

4576-466: The New Laws were passed to regulate and gradually abolish the system in America, as well as to reiterate the prohibition of enslaving Native Americans. By the time the new laws were passed, in 1542, the Spanish crown had acknowledged their inability to control and properly ensure compliance of traditional laws overseas, so they granted to Native Americans specific protections not even Spaniards had, such as

4680-912: The Philippine Constabulary 3rd Constabulary Regiment recaptured and liberated the province of Pampanga and fought against the Japanese Imperial forces during the Battle of Pampanga. After the Second World War, operations in the main province of Pampanga was downfall insurgencies and conflicts between the Philippine Government forces and the Hukbalahap Communist rebels on 1946 to 1954 during the Hukbalahap Rebellion . Under

4784-607: The Philippines with only 639,687 households still speaking the language. Standard Kapampangan has 21 phonemes : 15 consonants and five vowels ; some western dialects have six vowels. Syllabic structure is relatively simple; each syllable contains at least one consonant and a vowel. Standard Kapampangan has five vowel phonemes: There are four main diphthongs : /aɪ/ , /oɪ/ , /aʊ/ , and /iʊ/ . In most dialects (including standard Kapampangan), /aɪ/ and /aʊ/ are reduced to /ɛ/ and /o/ respectively. Monophthongs have allophones in unstressed and syllable-final positions: In

4888-725: The Philippines' Bantayog ng mga Bayani , which honors the martyrs and heroes who dared to resist the dictatorship. Major events that took place in Pampanga after the People Power revolution include the Mount Pinatubo eruption and the end of the Philippines' Bases Treaty with the United States, which resulted in the closure of Clark Air Base and the later creation of the Clark Freeport and Special Economic Zone . The June 15, 1991, eruption of Mount Pinatubo displaced

4992-472: The Philippines. Due to its proximity to the capital and the presence of Clark Air Base, Pampanga was became one of the flashpoint of social upheavals of the early 1970s, and the ensuing dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos . Even during the first demonstrations of the First Quarter Storm in 1970, Clark and the other US Bases in the Philippines were a major issue for protesters, who saw them as

5096-421: The Philippines. Kapampangans are well known for their culinary creations. Famous food products range from the mundane to the exotic. Roel's Meat Products, Pampanga's Best and Mekeni Food are among the better known meat brands of the country producing Kapampangan favorites such as pork and chicken tocinos , beef tapa , hotdogs, longganizas (Philippine-style cured sausages) and chorizos . Specialty foods such as

5200-722: The Spanish colonial capital when Great Britain invaded Manila as part of the Seven Years' War . At the eve of the Philippine Revolution of 1896, Pampanga was one of eight provinces placed under martial law for rebellion against the Spanish Empire ; it is thus represented on the Philippine national flag as one of the eight rays of the sun. Pampanga is served by Clark International Airport (formerly Diosdado Macapagal International Airport ), which

5304-455: The Spanish crown which ended with the execution of those encomenderos involved. In most of the Spanish domains acquired in the 16th century the encomienda phenomenon lasted only a few decades. However, in Peru and New Spain the encomienda institution lasted much longer. In Chiloé Archipelago in southern Chile, where the encomienda had been abusive enough to unleash a revolt in 1712 ,

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5408-652: The U.S. military forces fight the Imperial Japanese armed forces. In the 1945 liberation of Pampanga, Kapampangan guerrilla fighters and the Hukbalahap Communist guerrillas supported combat forces from Filipino and American ground troops in attacking Japanese Imperial forces during the Battle of Pampanga until the end of the Second World War. Local military operations soldiers and officers of the Philippine Commonwealth Army 2nd, 26th, 3rd, 32nd, 33rd, 35th, 36th and 37th Infantry Division and

5512-473: The absolutive case, and the row headings denote the ergative case . Kapampangan's demonstrative pronouns differ from other Philippine languages by having separate forms for singular and plural. The demonstrative pronouns ini and iti (and their respective forms) both mean 'this', but each has distinct uses. Iti usually refers to something abstract, but may also refer to concrete nouns: iting musika ('this music'), iti ing gagawan mi ('this

5616-594: The actor of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb. Ergative or genitive markers mark the object (usually indefinite) of an intransitive verb and the actor of a transitive one. It also marks possession. Oblique markers, similar to prepositions in English, mark (for example) location and direction. Noun markers are divided into two classes: names of people (personal) and everything else (common). Examples: Kapampangan pronouns are categorized by case: absolutive, ergative, and oblique. Genitive pronouns follow

5720-638: The administration of Spanish Governor-General Pedro Manuel Arandia , absorbed from the province of Pampanga the municipalities of Abucay, Balanga (now a city), Dinalupihan, Llana Hermosa, Orani, Orion, Pilar, and Samal. During the British occupation of Manila (1762–1764), Bacolor became the provisional Spanish colonial capital and military base. By the end of the 1700s, Pampanga had 16,604 native families and 2,641 Spanish Filipino families , and 870 Chinese Filipino families. The old Pampanga towns of Aliaga, Cabiao, Gapan, San Antonio and San Isidro were ceded to

5824-469: The assessed tribute and labour. In turn, encomenderos were to ensure that the encomienda natives were given instruction in Catholicism and the Spanish language , to protect them from warring tribes or pirates ; to suppress rebellion against Spaniards, and maintain infrastructure . The natives provided tributes in the form of metals, maize , wheat, pork, and other agricultural products. With

5928-405: The bond, by guaranteeing the fairness of the agreement and intervening militarily in case of abuse. The encomienda system in Spanish America differed from the Peninsular institution. The encomenderos did not own the land on which the natives lived. The system did not entail any direct land tenure by the encomendero ; native lands were to remain in the possession of their communities. This right

6032-405: The capital city of San Fernando becomes the center of a thriving industry centered on handcrafted lighted lanterns called parols that display a kaleidoscope of light and color. Other industries include its casket industry and the manufacturing of all-purpose vehicles in the municipality of Santo Tomas. The province is famous for its sophisticated culinary work: it is called the "food capital" of

6136-492: The change of requiring the encomendado to be returned to the crown after two generations was frequently overlooked, as the colonists did not want to give up the labour or power. According to the Codice Osuna , one of many colonial-era Aztec codices (indigenous manuscripts) with native pictorials and alphabetic text in Nahuatl , there is evidence that the indigenous were well aware of the distinction between indigenous communities held by individual encomenderos and those held by

6240-462: The chart of Kapampangan consonants, all stops are unaspirated. The velar nasal occurs in all positions, including the beginning of a word. Unlike other languages of the Philippines but similar to Ilocano , Kapampangan uses /h/ only in words of foreign origin. Stress is phonemic in Kapampangan. Primary stress occurs on the last or the next-to-last syllable of a word. Vowel lengthening accompanies primary or secondary stress, except when stress occurs at

6344-490: The cities and municipalities . According to 2010 Census, other prominent Christian groups includes Evangelicals (1.34%), Aglipayan Church (0.60%), Jesus is Lord Church (0.48%), Baptist Church (0.39%), Jehovah's Witnesses (0.27%), Church of Christ (0.23%), United Church of Christ in the Philippines (0.22%), Seventh-day Adventist Church (0.18%) and many others. Poverty incidence of Pampanga Source: Philippine Statistics Authority Farming and fishing are

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6448-401: The conquest also sought and were granted encomiendas . The encomienda was essential to the Spanish crown's sustaining its control over North, Central and South America in the first decades after the colonization. It was the first major organizational law instituted on the continent, which was affected by war, widespread epidemics caused by Eurasian diseases, and resulting turmoil. Initially,

6552-416: The counter-insurgencies under the Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1944, Kapampangan guerrilla fighters and the Hukbalahap Communist guerrillas fought side by side in the province of Pampanga, attacking and retreating the Japanese Imperial forces for over three years of fighting and invasion. The establishment of the military general headquarters and military camp bases of the Philippine Commonwealth Army

6656-431: The daughter of Marina and conqueror Juan Jaramillo, received income from her deceased father's encomiendas . Two of Moctezuma's daughters, Isabel Moctezuma and her younger sister, Leonor Moctezuma, were granted extensive encomiendas in perpetuity by Hernán Cortés. Leonor Moctezuma married in succession two Spaniards, and left the encomiendas to her daughter by her second husband. Vassal Inca rulers appointed after

6760-403: The end of a word. Stress shift can occur, shifting to the right or left to differentiate between nominal or verbal use (as in the following examples): Stress shift can also occur when one word is derived from another through affixation; again, stress can shift to the right or the left: In Kapampangan, the proto-Philippine schwa vowel *ə merged to /a/ in most dialects of Kapampangan; it

6864-441: The enslaved and breakup of communities and family units, but in New Spain , the encomienda ruled the free vassals of the crown through existing community hierarchies, and the natives remained in their settlements with their families. The meaning of encomienda and encomendero stems from the Spanish verb encomendar , "to entrust". The encomienda was based on the reconquista institution in which adelantados were given

6968-421: The ergative-case ning ; non-subject patients are marked with the accusative-case -ng , which is cliticized onto the preceding word. DIR:direct case morpheme S‹um›ulat   ‹ AT ›will.write yang ya =ng 3SG . DIR = ACC poesia   poem ing   DIR Encomienda The encomienda ( Spanish pronunciation: [eŋkoˈmjenda] )

7072-472: The feast of San Nicolas Tolentino. The cookies are believed to have a healing power and bestow good luck and are sometimes crumbled then thrown into rice fields before planting. Tourism is a growing industry in the province of Pampanga. Clark Freeport Zone is home to Clark International Airport , designated as the Philippines' future premier gateway. Other developing industries include semiconductor manufacturing for electronics and computers mostly located within

7176-411: The freeport. Within the Clark Special Economic Zone are well-established hotels and resorts. Popular tourist destinations include St. Peter Shrine in Apalit, Mt. Arayat National Park in San Juan Bano, Mount Arayat, the Paskuhan Village in the City of San Fernando, the Casino Filipino in Angeles and, for nature and wildlife, "Paradise Ranch and Zoocobia Fun Zoo" in Clark. Well-known annual events include

7280-494: The further awarding of private estates, but this decree was not fully enforced until 1620. In a report of Philippine encomiendas on June 20, 1591, Governor-General Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas reported to the Crown that La Pampanga's encomiendas were Bataan, Betis y Lubao, Macabebe, Candaba, Apalit, Calumpit, Malolos, Binto, Guiguinto, Caluya, Bulacan and Mecabayan . The encomiendas of La Pampanga at that time had eighteen thousand six hundred and eighty whole tributes. Pampanga, which

7384-488: The grant for two generations. When the Crown attempted to implement the policy in Peru, shortly after the 1535 Spanish conquest, Spanish recipients rebelled against the Crown, killing the viceroy, Blasco Núñez Vela . In Mexico, viceroy Antonio de Mendoza decided against implementing the reform, citing local circumstances and the potential for a similar conqueror rebellion. To the crown he said, "I obey crown authority but do not comply with this order." The encomienda system

7488-411: The hacienda owners ( hacendados ), arose because land ownership became more profitable than acquisition of forced labour. Raphael Lemkin (coiner of the term genocide ) considered Spain's abuses of the native population of the Americas to constitute cultural and even outright genocide, including the abuses of the encomienda system. He described slavery as "cultural genocide par excellence" noting "it

7592-403: The highly urbanized city of San Fernando. The eastern half is composed of the municipalities of Candaba, San Luis, Santo Tomas, San Simon, Minalin, Apalit, Macabebe, and Masantol. The population of Pampanga in the 2020 census was 2,437,709 people, with a density of 1,200 inhabitants per square kilometre or 3,100 inhabitants per square mile. If Angeles is included for geographical purposes,

7696-423: The jurisdiction of a military command called Comandancia Militar de Tarlac . However, in 1873, the four latter towns were returned to Pampanga and the other five became municipalities of the newly created Province of Tarlac. On December 8, 1941, Japanese planes bombed Clark Air Base marking the beginning of the invasion of Pampanga. Between 1941 and 1942, occupying Japanese forces began entering Pampanga. During

7800-452: The language: Arte de la lengua Pampanga (first published in 1729) and Vocabulario de la lengua Pampanga (first published in 1732). Kapampangan produced two 19th-century literary giants; Anselmo Fajardo  [ pam ; tl ] was noted for Gonzalo de Córdova and Comedia Heróica de la Conquista de Granada , and playwright Juan Crisóstomo Soto  [ pam ; tl ; nl ] wrote Alang Dios in 1901. "Crissotan"

7904-617: The modern provinces of Tarlac , Bataan , Zambales , Nueva Ecija , Bulacan , Aurora , and Tondo; i.e. covered almost the entire Central Luzon. When the Spanish arrived at Luzon, they found Pampanga to be thickly populated with several towns and that there were 3 castles or forts protecting Pampanga. Pampanga was re-organized as a province by the Spaniards on December 11, 1571. La Provincia de La Pampanga included areas mentioned above except Tondo, along with modern provinces of Aurora and parts of Quezon (including Polillo Islands ) and Rizal (Pampanga also included portion of Metro Manila , which

8008-553: The most sought after by Filipinos including a growing number of tourists who enjoy authentic Kapampangan cuisine. The famous cookie in Mexico, Pampanga, Panecillos de San Nicolas , which is known as the mother of all Philippine cookies, is made here, famously made by Lillian Borromeo at her restaurant, Kusinang Matua . The cookies are made with arrowroot, sugar, coconut milk and butter and are blessed in Catholic parishes every year on

8112-518: The native population and deemed the indigenous to be "free vassals of the crown". Various versions of the Laws of the Indies from 1512 onwards attempted to regulate the interactions between the settlers and natives. Both natives and Spaniards appealed to the Real Audiencias for relief under the encomienda system. Encomiendas have often been characterized by the geographical displacement of

8216-460: The north, Nueva Ecija to the northeast, Bulacan to the east, Manila Bay to the central-south, Bataan to the southwest and Zambales to the west. Its capital is the City of San Fernando , the regional center of Central Luzon. Angeles City is the largest LGU, but while geographically within Pampanga, it is classified as a first-class, highly urbanized city and has been governed independently of

8320-607: The north, Nueva Ecija to the northeast, Bulacan to the east, Manila Bay to the central-south, Bataan to the southwest, and Zambales to the northwest. Its terrain is relatively flat with one distinct mountain, Mount Arayat and the notable Pampanga River . Among its municipalities, Porac has the largest area with 314 square kilometres (121 sq mi); Candaba comes in second with 176 square kilometres (68 sq mi); followed by Floridablanca with 175 square kilometres (68 sq mi). Santo Tomas , with an area of only 21 square kilometres (8.1 sq mi),

8424-472: The ousting of Christopher Columbus in 1500, the Spanish Crown had him replaced with Francisco de Bobadilla . Bobadilla was succeeded by a royal governor, Fray Nicolás de Ovando , who established the formal encomienda system. In many cases natives were forced to do hard labour and subjected to extreme punishment and death if they resisted. However, Queen Isabella I of Castile forbade slavery of

8528-505: The population is 2,900,637, with a density of 1,265/km (3,277/sq mi). The native inhabitants of Pampanga are generally referred to as the Kapampangans (alternatively Pampangos or Pampangueños ). Tagalogs live in areas on the boundaries with Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, & Bataan; they are mostly descendants of settlers arrived from those provinces, w/ others from Aurora . The whole population of Pampanga speak Kapampangan , which

8632-405: The prohibition of enslaving them even in the case of crime or war. These extra protections were an attempt to avoid the proliferation of irregular claims to slavery. The liberation of thousands of Native Americans held in bondage throughout the Spanish empire by the new viceroy, Blasco Núñez Vela , on his journey to Peru, led to his eventual murder and armed conflict between the encomenderos and

8736-459: The protest movement that grew out of the assassination of opposition leader Ninoy Aquino . Deheran managed to escape the ordeal alive and was taken to the hospital, but was stabbed by unknown assailants in his own hospital bed. Jennifer Cariño, the Palabay brothers, Macli-ing Dulag, Castro, Cabrera, and Deheran would later be honored by having their names inscribed on the wall of remembrance of

8840-431: The province of Nueva Ecija in 1848 during the term of Spanish Governor-General Narciso Claveria y Zaldua . The municipality of San Miguel de Mayumo of Pampanga was yielded to the province of Bulacan in the same provincial boundary configuration in 1848. In 1860, the northern towns of Bamban, Capas, Concepcion, Victoria, Tarlac, Mabalacat, Magalang, Porac and Floridablanca were separated from Pampanga and were placed under

8944-467: The province of Pampanga. Pampanga comprises 19 municipalities and three cities (two highly urbanized and one component). The province is divided into three parts. The western portion includes the municipalities of Porac and Floridablanca, the component city of Mabalacat, and the highly urbanized city of Angeles. The central part consists of the municipalities of Magalang, Arayat, Mexico, Santa Ana, Bacolor, Santa Rita, Guagua, Lubao, Sasmuan, and

9048-576: The province since it received its charter in 1964. The name La Pampanga was given by the Spaniards, who encountered natives living along the banks ( pampáng ) of the Pampanga River . Its creation in 1571 makes it the first Spanish province on Luzon Island ( Cebu in Visayas is older as it was founded by the Spaniards in 1565). The town of Villa de Bacolor in the province briefly served as

9152-618: The province suffered severe damage due to 6.1 magnitude earthquake which originated from Zambales and was the most affected area by the earthquake due to province sitting on soft sediment and alluvial soil. Several structures in the province were damaged by the quake, including a 4-story supermarket in Porac, the Bataan -Pampanga boundary arch and the main terminal of Clark International Airport , as well as old churches in Lubao and Porac , where

9256-568: The right to extract tribute from Muslims or other peasants in areas that they had conquered and resettled. The encomienda system traveled to America with the implantation of Castilian law in Spanish territories. The system was created in the Middle Ages and was pivotal to allow for the repopulation and protection of frontier land during the reconquista . This system originated in the Catholic south of Spain to extract labour and tribute from Muslims (Moors) before they were exiled in 1492 after

9360-813: The same time', Mikakapapagsisiluguranan , 'everyone loves each other', Makapagkapampangan , 'can speak Kapampangan', and Mengapangaibuganan , 'until to fall in love'. Long words frequently occur in normal Kapampangan. Kapampangan nouns are not inflected , but are usually preceded by case markers . There are three types of case markers: absolutive ( nominative ), ergative ( genitive ), and oblique . Unlike English and Spanish (which are nominative–accusative languages ) and Inuit and Basque (which are ergative–absolutive languages ), Kapampangan has Austronesian alignment (in common with most Philippine languages). Austronesian alignment may work with nominative (and absolutive) or ergative (and absolutive) markers and pronouns. Absolutive or nominative markers mark

9464-555: The seriousness of the Taíno revolt, changed the laws governing the treatment of people labouring in the encomiendas . Conceding to Las Casas's viewpoint, the peace treaty between the Taínos and the audiencia was eventually disrupted in four to five years. The crown also actively prosecuted abuses of the encomienda system, through the Laws of Burgos (1512–13) and the New Laws of the Indies (1542). The priest of Hispaniola and former encomendero Bartolomé de las Casas underwent

9568-895: The sisters Joanna and Josefina Cariño, the brothers Romulo and Armando Palabay , and Mariano Giner Jr of Abra. About 50 Kalinga and Bontoc leaders, including Butbut tribe leader Macli-ing Dulag , were also brought to Camp Olivas from their detainment center in Tabuk, Kalinga, arrested for their opposition to the Chico River Dam Project . Others were killed without being arrested, such as close friends Pepito Deheran, Rolando Castro and Lito Cabrera were sleeping in Cabrera's property in Sapang Bato, Angeles when they were attacked, captured, and tortured by Marcos' Civilian Home Defense Force militia forces after they participated in

9672-410: The stone bell tower of the 19th-century Santa Catalina de Alejandria Church collapsed. Pampanga covers a total area of 2,002.20 square kilometres (773.05 sq mi) occupying the south-central section of the Central Luzon region. When Angeles is included for geographical purposes, the province's area is 2,062.47 square kilometres (796.32 sq mi). The province is bordered by Tarlac to

9776-430: The two main industries. Major products include rice, corn, sugarcane, and tilapia. Pampanga is the tilapia capital of the country because of its high production reaching 214,210.12 metric tons in 2015. In addition to farming and fishing, the province supports thriving cottage industries that specialize in wood carving, furniture making, guitars and handicrafts. Every Christmas season, the province of Pampanga, especially in

9880-553: The unfamiliar, but both languages are distantly related, as Tagalog is a Central Philippine language . Kapampangan is derived from the root word pampáng ('riverbank'). The language was historically spoken in the Kingdom of Tondo , ruled by the Lakans . A number of Kapampangan dictionaries and grammar books were written during the Spanish colonial period . Diego Bergaño  [ pam ] wrote two 18th-century books about

9984-401: The verbs change according to triggers in the sentence (better known as voices). Kapampangan has five voices: agent, patient, goal, locative, and cirumstantial. The circumstantial voice prefix is used for instrument and benefactee subjects. The direct case morphemes in Kapampangan are ing (which marks singular subjects) and reng , for plural subjects. Non-subject agents are marked with

10088-811: The word order can be very flexible and change to VOS ( Verb-Object-Subject ) and SVO ( Subject-Verb-Object ). Just like other Austronesian languages, Kapampangan is also an agglutinative language where new words are formed by adding affixes onto a root word (affixation) and the repetition of words, or portions of words (reduplication), (for example: anak ('child') to ának-ának ('children')). Root words are frequently derived from other words by means of prefixes, infixes, suffixes and circumfixes. (For example: kan ('food') to kanan ('to eat') to ' kakanan ('eating') to kakananan ('being eaten')). Kapampangan can form long words through extensive use of affixes, for example: Mikakapapagbabalabalangingiananangananan , 'a group of people having their noses bleed at

10192-401: The word they modify. Oblique pronouns can replace the genitive pronoun, but precede the word they modify. The dual pronoun ikata and the inclusive pronoun ikatamu refer to the first and second person. The exclusive pronoun ikamí refers to the first and third persons. Kapampangan differs from many Philippine languages in requiring the pronoun even if the noun it represents, or

10296-473: Was a Spanish labour system that rewarded conquerors with the labour of conquered non-Christian peoples. In theory, the conquerors provided the labourers with benefits, including military protection and education. The encomienda was first established in Spain following the Christian Reconquista , and it was applied on a much larger scale during the Spanish colonization of the Americas and

10400-447: Was active from 1935 to 1946. The Philippine Constabulary was active from 1935 to 1942 and 1944 to 1946 in the province of Pampanga. During the military engagements of the anti-Japanese Imperial military operations in central Luzon from 1942 to 1945 in the province of Bataan, Bulacan, Northern Tayabas (now Aurora), Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Tarlac, and Zambales, the local guerrilla resistance fighters and Hukbalahap Communist guerrillas, helped

10504-402: Was ended legally in 1720, when the crown attempted to abolish the institution. The encomenderos were then required to pay remaining encomienda labourers for their work. The encomiendas became very corrupt and harsh. In the neighborhood of La Concepción, north of Santo Domingo, the adelantado of Santiago heard rumors of a 15,000-man army planning to stage a rebellion. Upon hearing this,

10608-698: Was formally protected by the crown of Castile because the rights of administration in the New World belonged to this crown and not to the Catholic monarchs as a whole. The first grantees of the encomienda system, called encomenderos , were usually conquerors who received these grants of labour by virtue of participation in a successful conquest. Later, some receiving encomiendas in New Spain (Mexico) were not conquerors themselves but were sufficiently well connected that they received grants. In his study of

10712-498: Was the warship of the Kapampangan from the classical eras (before 15th century) up to the 16th century. The production of the karakoa and its usage were stopped by the Spanish colonialists to establish the galleon ship-making tradition instead, as a sign of Spanish dominance over the Kapampangan. Kapampangan language Kapampangan is assigned the ISO 639-2 three-letter code pam , but not an ISO 639-1 two-letter code. Kapampangan

10816-705: Was written by Amado Yuzon , Soto's 1950s contemporary and Nobel Prize nominee for peace and literature, to immortalize his contribution to Kapampangan literature. Kapampangan is predominantly spoken in the province of Pampanga and southern Tarlac ( Bamban , Capas , Concepcion , San Jose , Gerona , La Paz , Victoria and Tarlac City ). It is also spoken in border communities of the provinces of Bataan ( Dinalupihan , Hermosa and Orani ), Bulacan ( Baliuag , San Miguel , San Ildefonso , Hagonoy , Plaridel , Pulilan and Calumpit ), Nueva Ecija ( Cabiao , San Antonio , San Isidro , Gapan and Cabanatuan ) and Zambales ( Olongapo City and Subic ). In Mindanao,

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