Misplaced Pages

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50-591: The dialects from the north and the east (see below: 'Noordenvelds' and 'Veenkoloniaals') are somehow more related to Gronings (a Northern Low Saxon dialect), the dialects from the south-west are 'Stellingwerfs', and the dialects in a few villages along the southern border with the Grafschaft Bentheim ( Germany ) are considered to be Sallaans (because they have an umlaut in the diminutives). The Stichting Drentse Taol ( Drèents Language Foundation ) distinguishes seven main variants of Drèents within

100-485: A glottal stop , thus making the words ending in [ʔŋ] , [ʔn] or [ʔm] . The Groningen people speak quite fast compared to the Dutch people, with the result that a lot of words are pronounced together as one word. Gronings is also a dialect with many unique expressions. One third of the language consists of these expressions. In the example sentence n hail ìnde is an example of those expressions. Many of these are given in

150-520: A Dutch-based orthography. Several long vowel shifts happened in Veluws, Urkers, Sallaans, Stellingwarfs, Drèents and in some variants of Gronings; the change occurred as the Hollandic dialect rose in prestige during the 17th century. For example, the oe [uː] changed into uu [yː] . Tweants, Eastern Achterhooks and some variants of Gronings and Drents, by contrast, retained their old vowels. Compare

200-521: A Tweants song received more than €10,000 in the annual fundraising campaign Het Glazen Huis (The Glass House). As the song received more than €17,000, Veenstra kept his promise. An increasing number of local political parties have used Low Saxon in their 2014 electoral campaigns. In 2014, a Facebook page called "Tukkers be like" gained more than 18,000 followers within a week. The page uses Twents cultural concepts and expressions in Twents. The idea of

250-539: A large group of very differing varieties. Some linguists see it as a variety of Low German , also called Nedersaksisch in the Netherlands, but there is controversy surrounding whether all the dialects that have been called Low German are similar enough to be placed in one category. Other linguists, especially in Germany, see Gronings–East Frisian as a separate group of German dialects . The East Frisian influence,

300-525: A separate group of Northwest Low Saxon or Friso-Saxon dialects. The most important similarities are grammar features and the vocabulary. The most important differences are the writing system and the loanwords. The East Frisian writing system is based on High German while Gronings uses many Dutch features. For example, the word for “ice skate” is in Gronings “scheuvel” and in East Frisian “Schöfel”, while

350-472: A song about two bikers who died in an accident, took the charts by storm, and it is now regarded a true evergreen of Dutch music. It quickly garnered them a large fan base, even in non-Low Saxon areas, such as Friesland and Limburg . They inspired many other young rock 'n' roll artists to sing in Low Saxon, who now form a subgenre of their own in the Dutch music industry, which is gradually becoming aware of

400-467: A strictly synchronic point of view, however, some linguists classify Dutch Low Saxon as belonging to the Dutch language area. Also, as a practical matter, Dutch Low Saxon, since the 17th century, has been influenced by Standard Dutch, but the Low Saxon dialects in Germany are influenced by Standard German . Recent studies have, however, shown that mutual intelligibility is not necessarily impaired and that

450-510: A strong provincialism in the first half of the 19th century caused Gronings to develop itself in a significant way. The sounds that are used today were formed in this period. Today, according to an investigation among the listeners to the regional broadcasting station ( Radio Noord ), approximately 65% of them can speak and write Gronings. Perhaps, if the larger cities and villages of Groningen , Hoogezand-Sappemeer , Veendam , Stadskanaal , Delfzijl and Winschoten are excluded from this count,

500-463: Is increasingly being used in popular culture, marketing, and local politics. The Tweants municipality of Rijssen-Holten , for example, has officially adopted a bilingual status for their town hall desks, and customers may opt for Dutch or Low Saxon help. In 2012, a radio presenter for national broadcasting station 3FM , Michiel Veenstra from Almelo , promised to present in Tweants for an hour if

550-516: Is much more related to Gronings . In the easternmost part of the Frisian municipality of Noardeast-Fryslân , the western dialect called Westerkwartiers is also spoken, as well as a separate Groningen dialect called Kollumerpompsters . The latter is spoken in the Frisian village of Kollumerpomp and has more West Frisian influences, while most Groningen dialects have a strong influence from

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600-565: Is not unanimous. From a diachronic point of view, the Dutch Low Saxon dialects are merely the West Low German ( Northern Low Saxon and Friso-Saxon in the case of Gronings ) dialects native to areas in the Netherlands, as opposed to areas beyond the national border with Germany. Some Dutch Low Saxon dialects like Tweants show features of Westphalian , a West Low German dialect spoken in adjacent Northern Germany . From

650-479: Is often dismissed, but a 2012 study indicates it may be a useful addition in international trade communications. As of 2015, language enthusiasts attempt to start up courses for the language and culture, especially in the Tweante region. They are mostly studies aimed at the elderly but still prove to be very popular. There still is no professional attempt to promote the language into the school curriculum. Probably

700-570: Is pronounced like a in the British English word “water” ([ɔː]). In Gronings this sound is written like oa. The word water would be written like “woatah” in Gronings. The pronunciation of the word “quaad” is similar to the Gronings word “kwoad”, which means “angry”. The East Frisian combination ee and eei (for example in neet ) are pronounced like the y in the English word “fly” ([aɪ]) ( [naɪt] ; Gronings: nyt )*. After Limburgish , Gronings

750-463: Is seen as an essential factor contrasting with the greater influence of High German languages found in the dialects on the other side of the national border. These influences concern especially the vocabulary: for example the Dutch word "voorbeeld" is "veurbeeld" in Gronings, while the East Frisian dialects use "biespööl" , related to the High German word "beispiel" . From this point of view

800-555: Is spoken, are interested in the language and are willing to take courses. There are two types of courses. The first one is understanding and the second one is understanding and speaking. Every year around March Het Huis van de Groninger Cultuur ( English : House of the Groningen Culture) organises a writing contest in every municipality in Groningen. Everyone can participate and send in a poem or some prose. The winners of

850-402: Is the dialect with the farthest distance from Standard Dutch. Reasons for this are vocabulary and pronunciation. The Gronings vocabulary is quite different from Dutch, for example: The pronunciation differs from the writing system. The -en ending of many words is pronounced like (ə or ən) in most varieties of Dutch . In Gronings and many other Low Saxon dialects these words are pronounced with

900-409: Is titled Gezondhaid en Groutnis (sanity and greetings). Although Gronings, as part of Low Saxon, is an official language, it is not a mandatory subject in schools. Still, many primary schools in Groningen choose to give attention to the regional language. This attention varies from inviting storytellers to teaching about the language. In secondary schools Gronings does not receive much attention. At

950-654: Is used less, but the weather forecast is always presented in Gronings. The news is always presented in Dutch, since not all viewers understand Gronings. In the second half of 2007, the local television broadcast a series in Gronings called Boven Wotter  [ nds-nl ] . Another program that is in and about Gronings is Grunnegers , which is actually some kind of education in Gronings. Examples of Gronings magazines are Toal en Taiken  [ nds-nl ] (language and signs) and Krödde  [ nds-nl ] , which actually means cannabis . There are many Gronings dictionaries as well. The first official dictionary

1000-602: The East Frisian language . Gronings can be subdivided into eight dialects: Though there are several differences between the dialects, they form a single dialect group. Most words are written the same way, but the pronunciation can differ. The examples, all using the sentence "The only thing we're not doing is giving out sweets", show the pronunciation. There are many uncertainties about the classification and categorization of Gronings. Words used in classifying it are often more political than linguistic, because it encompasses

1050-493: The Low German language that are spoken in the northeastern Netherlands and are mostly, but not exclusively, written with local, unstandardised orthographies based on Standard Dutch orthography . The UNESCO Atlas of endangered languages lists the language as vulnerable. The percentage of speakers among parents dropped from 34% in 1995 to 15% in 2011. The percentage of speakers among their children dropped from 8% to 2% in

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1100-458: The University of Groningen it is possible to study the language. In October 2007 Gronings became an official study within the faculty of letteren (language and literature). Another possible way to learn Gronings is taking classes. In the last few years the trend of people taking courses has risen. More and more people, also people from outside who come to live in the area in which Gronings

1150-400: The rock 'n' roll band Normaal boldly shook all perceptions of Low Saxon and its speakers. Until then, Low Saxon was mostly restricted to traditional folklore music. Normaal openly denounced all Dutch disdain, praised farmers and local farm life and boldly used Achterhooks Low Saxon, voicing the opinion and feelings of many Dutchmen of non-Dutch-speaking origin. Their hit song "Oerend Hard",

1200-459: The 'Nieuwe Groninger Woordenboek' by K. ter Laan published in 1977, (1280pp). Because of this far distance from Standard Dutch and the official status of the neighbouring West Frisian , Gronings is considered as a separate language by some of its native speakers, while linguists consider it part of Dutch Low Saxon . Lord’s Prayer The Gronings vocabulary is strongly related to East Frisian Low Saxon, Saterfrisian and West Frisian. However, today

1250-457: The Dutch word is much easier. An example of the latter is the word for sock, which is "Hozevörrel" in Gronings. The Dutch word "sok" is much easier, so it is more often used than hozevörrel. Some often used Gronings words are listed below: Dutch Low Saxon Dutch Low Saxon ( Nederlaands Leegsaksies [ˈneːdərlaːnts ˈleːxsɑksis] or Nederlaands Nedersaksies ; Dutch : Nederlands Nedersaksisch ) are Low Saxon dialects from

1300-422: The Gronings vocabulary is in decline. More and more Gronings words are being replaced by Dutch words that have been "Groningized". For example, the word "stevel" (boot, German "Stiefel") is sometimes replaced by the word "leers" (Dutch "laars"). Although most people do know the Gronings words, they are less and less used, for example because people think others will not understand them or because they are too long and

1350-482: The Language). Many of them were mainly interested in preserving rather than promoting the language. The prevailing tone was one of melancholy and nostalgia. Their focus was often on preserving cultural traits considered typical to speakers of the language, such as rural life and traditional practices, crafts and costumes. That merely confirmed many of the existing stereotypes about speakers of the language. Another tone

1400-537: The Tweants and Sallaans equivalents: hoes : huus ("house"). In many dialects, the oe sound was preserved in some words but changed to uu in others. As a result, in Sallaans house is huus , but mouse is moes (as in Tweants). Dutch has lost the word doe "thou" and replaced it with jij , equivalent to English " ye ", originally the second person plural. In many Low Saxon dialects in

1450-435: The basis remains the same. Shortly after Second World War , linguists claimed that speaking a dialect other than the standard language would impair children's (language) learning abilities. In combination with a generally condescending attitude by the upper classes of Dutch society and the media towards speakers of Low Saxon varieties (or in fact anything different from Standard Dutch), that goaded many parents to stop passing

1500-567: The city of Groningen ), while the city, the surrounding rural area called Gorecht  [ nds-nl ] and the eastern lordship of Westerwolde were Low Saxon. When the city of Groningen developed an important position in the Ommelanden, a switch from East Frisian to Saxon occurred, although it was not a complete switch because there are many East Frisian influences in the "new" Groningen language. Many East Frisian words and grammatic features are still in use today. In less than one century,

1550-580: The different ages succeed to the provincial round. Notable Groningen musical artists include Wia Buze, Alje van Bolhuis, Alex Vissering, Eltje Doddema, Pé Daalemmer & Rooie Rinus, Burdy, Wat Aans!, Hail Gewoon, Erwin de Vries, and Ede Staal (†). Every year the supply of successful artists in regional languages in the Netherlands is rising. Some linguists classify Gronings to North Low Saxon, to which also East Frisian Low Saxon belongs. Both related dialects are characterized by an East Frisian influence. Hence other linguists classify Gronings-East Frisian as

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1600-470: The genre's commercial potential. In 1996, Dutch Low Saxon was added to the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages . Dutch provinces now receive minor funds for preserving and promoting the use of Low Saxon. A general rise in regional pride and appreciation for the Low Saxon identity made the earlier openly disdainful attitude towards Low Saxon seem to have subsided somewhat. Low Saxon

1650-404: The job market. The result was a string of Dutch dialects with Low Saxon features, which were also looked down upon. As of 2014, Low Saxon is still not a part of the Dutch school curriculum. It is neither a subject nor a mode of communication. This causes a general lack of knowledge about, and appreciation for the language. Its possible role as a language of trade between the Netherlands and Germany

1700-567: The language on to their children. It also brought about a general opinion among speakers of Low Saxon that having the slightest accent, in Dutch, would reduce job opportunities and social status. Throughout the 1960s, the language decline inspired many to form dialect preservation circles and groups, such as the Tweants Kreenk vuur de Twentse Sproake (Circle for the Twents language) or the Drèents Huus van de Taol (House of

1750-409: The languages made Low Saxon be regarded a dialect of Dutch, and shifting from Low Saxon to Dutch would be relatively easy. Instead of adapting the school curriculum and guiding the children into learning Dutch as a second language and embracing the potential of the Low Saxon language, non-Dutch speaking parents were advised to speak Dutch with their children instead to increase their chances of success on

1800-626: The largest single body of work ever produced in Dutch Low Saxon is the Dutch Low Saxon Misplaced Pages , begun in 2006 as a separate project from the German Low Saxon Misplaced Pages, which preceded it by three years. A lot of the dialects have been affected by the Hollandic expansion of the 17th century. All of them are lexically dependent on Dutch rather than German for neologisms. When written down, they use

1850-406: The long open or open-mid back rounded vowel (pronounced [ɒː] or [ɔː] , depending on the dialect) should be written as either ⟨oa⟩ or ⟨ao⟩ . That resulted in little co-operation and no nationwide coordination. Other attempts to unite the different dialect circles were met with cynicism. The conception prevailed that the dialects were too different to unite. In 1975,

1900-541: The map below. This is especially true for the northern part of Drenthe (number 8 on that map). Drents , spoken in the north of the province of Drenthe ( Noordenveld ) is somewhat related with the Groninger language, but the core linguistics is Drents . For the dialects in the southeast, called Veenkoloniaals , it is a bit different on both sides of the Groningen-Drenthe border, as the dialect spoken there

1950-615: The page was based on the Internet meme "Bitches be like", which gained enormous popularity in 2013, and inspired many to create their own versions. The meme presents an image of a certain situation, to which a certain group would respond in a typical way. Dutch Low Saxon has long been stigmatised and kept out of schools. People of older generations may relate numerous accounts of their childhood in which contemporaries were afraid to go to school for fear of being reprimanded, or purposely ignored, for not speaking Dutch. The similarities between

2000-482: The percentage would rise to about 80%. Of course, this is not a representative picture of the linguistic capacity of the inhabitants of Groningen province. Most of the older people use Gronings as their main language. Until the second half of the 20th century, Gronings was more important in Groningen than Dutch. Younger people also speak the language, however in a regiolectical mixed way, because many pure Gronings words are lost. The youngest generation passed to Dutch. Since

2050-578: The pronunciation is almost alike. Here are a few examples of words compared to West Frisian, East Frisian Low Saxon, German, Dutch and English. The East Frisian combination oo (for example in Bloot/Blood = blood) is pronounced like ow in the English word “now” ([aʊ]) ( [blaʊt] ; Gronings: blowd ). In some parts of the Rheiderland they say blyowt , which is a leftover of Frisian in this area. The East Frisian combination aa (for example in quaad )

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2100-524: The province of Groningen and around the Groningen border in Drenthe and Friesland . Gronings and the strongly related varieties in East Frisia have a strong East Frisian influence and take a remarkable position within West Low German . Its typical accent and vocabulary differ strongly from the other Low Saxon dialects. The name Gronings can almost be defined geographically, as can be seen on

2150-543: The province, based on the research done by G.H. Kocks, the main editor of the Woordenboek der Drentse Dialecten (Dictionary of the Drèents Dialects): It also can be divided into Midden-Drents and Zuid-Drents. Gronings Gronings ( Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɣroːnɪŋs] ; Gronings : Grunnegs or Grönnegs ), is a collective name for some Low Saxon dialects spoken in

2200-486: The same period. According to a 2005 study 53% indicated to speak Low Saxon or Low Saxon and Dutch at home and 71% they could speak Low Saxon in the researched area, accounting for a total of 1.6 million speakers at home and 2.15 million total, ranging from "reasonably" to "very well" in terms of proficiency. The Netherlands recognizes Dutch Low Saxon as a regional language under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages . The classification of Dutch Low Saxon

2250-476: The same process also started in East Frisia , from the city of Emden, which was influenced by the Hanseatic League . This explains the strong relation between both varieties. In the second half of the 16th century Gronings started to evolve towards Middle Dutch because of the strong influence of the new standard language. But because of the political, geographical and cultural isolation of Groningen,

2300-416: The second half of the 20th century, the usage of the language is declining. Because of globalization, other languages like Dutch and English are becoming more important. Parents today choose to raise their children in the Dutch language. In the media Gronings is used frequently. For example, on the local radio station Radio Noord , Gronings is used by the presenters and listeners. On local television Gronings

2350-474: The separation is not between Westphalian and Groningen–East Frisian (or North Low Saxon), but rather between Groningen on one side and East Frisian on the other, with the national border also functioning as the linguistic border. The Gronings dialects are a kind of mix between two languages: Old Frisian ( East Frisian ) and Middle Low German. East Frisian was spoken in the Ommelanden (surrounding lands of

2400-400: The sounds ou , ai and ui and the typical accent are part of that distinction. Other linguists categorize all Gronings–East Frisian dialects as part of North Low German. When that is the case, all the other Low German varieties in the Netherlands are categorized as Westphalian . Dutch linguists in particular have classified Gronings as Dutch Low Saxon . In this case the Dutch influence

2450-435: Was rather literary in nature. Though well-intended, it caused even more estrangement with younger generations. At the same time, knowledge of and appreciation for related varieties was poor, which stifled cooperation between most of the dialect preservation groups. Instead of forming an organisation to stand together and help one another to improve the status for all the different varieties, fiery discussions arose about whether

2500-431: Was the "Nieuw Groninger Woordenboek" and was put together by Kornelis ter Laan . This dictionary and the writing system used in the book became the basics of each dictionary and writing system ever since. More recent is "Zakwoordenboek Gronings – Nederlands / Nederlands – Gronings" by Siemon Reker  [ nl ] , which is a little less specific. K. G. Pieterman wrote a dictionary of Gronings alliterations which

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