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98-556: Archaeological research shows that Liang Bua cave in East Nusa Tenggara has been inhabited by humans since about 190,000 years ago. The site was home to early humans, including Homo floresiensis , who were found in the cave's archaeological layers. East Nusa Tenggara is known for its natural beauty such as Komodo National Park, Labuan Bajo, Lake Kelimutu, and exotic beaches. The province is rich in culture, with diverse tribes, languages, and traditions such as ikat weaving and

196-534: A Dutch missionary and archaeologist, was living in Flores in the 1950s and 60s. Verhoeven had been a keen student of archeology at the University of Utrecht. During this time, he worked at a Catholic seminary and in his free time would explore many archeological sites and perform many excavations in Flores. He discovered stone tools and suspected that Homo erectus from Java had made these. However, Verhoeven's work

294-555: A Japanese Navy Special Naval Landing Force (SNLF) landed at Reo. Japan occupied Flores until the end of the Pacific War . During that time, the Japanese administration and forces saw Christians as suspected Dutch sympathizers and were exceedingly heavy-handed towards them in general; but not so much on Flores, where Christians were treated notably less harshly than in the neighbouring islands of Timor and Sumba. Remarkably, in Flores

392-708: A consequence, Flores may be regarded as surrounded by a religious border . The prominence of Catholicism on the island resulted from its colonisation by Portugal in the east and early 20th-century support by the Dutch in the west. In other parts of Indonesia with significant Christian populations, such as the Maluku Islands and Sulawesi , the geographical divide is less rigid and Muslims and Christians sometimes live side by side. Flores thereby also has less religious violence than that which has sporadically occurred in other parts of Indonesia. There are several churches on

490-578: A deep rooted basal fault and many overlying imbricate thrust faults. The system is highly active, with more than 25 earthquakes of a magnitude 6 or above since 1960. In 2018, a large sequence of earthquakes (such as on the 5th of August and in July ) in Lombok ruptured sections of the Flores Thrust. The dip of the main thrust fault of approximately 2-3° compared to the 3-4° dip of the subducting plate on

588-454: A degree of their former textile culture and still use synthetic green only sparingly, compared to other places that are losing or have lost their textile culture, such as Manggarai and Ngada. In Sikka, it seems that chemical green has been frequently used since at least the 1960s and probably earlier. In the past, the whole Ilé Bura region was a major centre of weaving, which was an important contribution to family income. As of 2016, weaving

686-536: A dye is hardly used any longer in the Lesser Sunda Islands. In some regions of Flores such as East Flores and Ende, green is hardly found in any textile. Green warp stripes are most likely to be found in textiles produced in the area of Sikka Natar, and from Lamalera on Lembata island . It is produced almost exclusively by applying alternatively blue and yellow dyes, but in Lamalera region it

784-647: A general rebellion. After the war, Flores became part of independent Indonesia . On 12 December 1992, an earthquake measuring 7.8 on the Richter scale killed 2,500 people in and around Maumere, including islands off the north coast. In 2017 two men were killed in Flores due to land disputes between warrior clans; the Mbehel, a West Manggarai mountain tribe , and the Rangko from Sulawesi island who helped build Manggarai and were given land near Labuan Bajo by

882-417: A locally hired worker, was excavating a 2 by 2 meter square and found the first indication of a skull at a depth of 6 meters. At that point, many archeologists stepped in to help carefully remove sediment from the top of the skull. Rokus Due Awe, an Indonesian faunal expert, was called in to help inspect the excavated top portion of the skull. By looking at just the top of the skull, Awe believed it belonged to

980-498: A mainstay sector for coastal communities. Marine products such as fish, shrimp, and various other marine products are not only a source of food for local communities but also have great potential as export products. This fisheries activity makes a significant contribution to the local economy. Overall, the economy of East Nusa Tenggara is highly dependent on the use of natural resources traditionally managed by local communities. With agriculture, fisheries, forestry, and seaweed farming as

1078-415: A much higher density than rural areas spread across the outer islands, such as Alor, Rote, or Savu. East Nusa Tenggara Province is known for its very rich ethnic and cultural diversity. Ethnicity in East Nusa Tenggara consists of several main groups, including the Flores tribe, Sumba tribe, Timor tribe, Rote tribe, Alor tribe, and Sabu tribe. Each tribe in East Nusa Tenggara has its own regional language that

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1176-472: A plant (tree?) called "lobah" are used in N'Dona (east of Ende) to obtain bright reds. Yellow translates as kuma . In the Sikka area , turmeric was used for producing yellow monochrome warp stripes, as well as orange or green stripes by overdyeing with either morinda or indigo; sometimes mango bark was used for that purpose. At Doka in the ‘Iwang Geté or Krowé region, a more durable deep mustard yellow

1274-489: A small child due to the small size of the cranium. However, after several days of excavating, more of the cranium and mandible became exposed. This allowed Awe to further analyze the age and condition of the skull. They discovered that its teeth were permanent, revealing that this skull actually belonged to an adult. The team had discovered most of this particular hominid's skeleton and many stone tools that they may have created and used. They were later coded LB1, LB2, etc., after

1372-579: A strict social hierarchy within villages. It is similar to that in Lembata, East Nusa Tenggara ; and is reflected in the spiderweb disposition of the rice fields around Cancar (16 km west of Ruteng): started as a pie centered on the point where buffaloes are sacrificed, the allotments originally shaped as pie slices were later divided transversally by the heirs. Religion in Flores (2023) The native peoples of Flores are mostly Roman Catholic Christians, whereas most other Indonesians are Muslim . As

1470-452: A tendency to link people and plants (and animals) in particular ways, and not as a totalizing form of analogical classification such as described by Lévi-Strauss. He notes that many clans ( woe ) in Flores are named after various trees, and said species of trees have become taboo ( pie ): they must not be burnt or used as fuel ( pie ‘uge ). Thus the Nage people in central Flores bear the name of

1568-476: Is a hiatus in the cave sedimentation, which resumes around 23,000 years ago. In the sediments above the hiatus bone deposition resumes, though Homo floresiensis, Stegodon , the giant stork and the vulture no longer occur, while there is clear evidence of modern human activity. Change in material used in creating stone tools suggests that stone tools made from 46,000 years ago onwards were produced by modern humans, and not H. floresiensis. These stone tools provide

1666-524: Is a limestone cave on the island of Flores , Indonesia , slightly north of the town of Ruteng in Manggarai Regency , East Nusa Tenggara . The cave demonstrated archaeological and paleontological potential in the 1950s and 1960s as described by the Dutch missionary and archaeologist Theodor L. Verhoeven . In September 2003, an Indonesian field team and its coordinator of the excavation team, Thomas Sutikna  [ id ] , uncovered

1764-412: Is at a fairly stable level, although variations in growth rates are seen in various districts and cities. Kupang City as the provincial capital is the city with the largest population, followed by other large regencys such as Sikka and Manggarai. The average population density in East Nusa Tenggara is around 110 people per km², but the population distribution is uneven. Urban areas such as Kupang City have

1862-457: Is confined to just three villages – Lewo Tobi, Lewouran and Riang Baring, the latter being the most active. People of the Iwan geté region produce a very distinctive ikat cloth: the widest bands (called ina geté ) bear such motifs as lizard ( teké ), a circular motif seen on some antique plates ( pigan uben ), spinning wheel ( jata selér ) and pineapple flower ( petan puhun ). Traditionally in

1960-527: Is different from each other, including Manggarai language, Ngada language, Sikka language, Sabu language, Rote language, and various other dialects. Indonesian is used as the official language in administration and education, but regional languages are still used in daily life in many local communities. East Nusa Tenggara Province is one of the provinces in Indonesia with a majority Christian population, both Catholic and Protestant. The influence of Christianity

2058-401: Is dominated by the agriculture, fisheries, and tourism sectors. Most of the East Nusa Tenggara population works in the agricultural sector, with main crops such as corn, rice, cassava, beans, and coconuts. The livestock sector also plays an important role, especially in areas such as Sumba and Timor, where many residents raise cattle, horses, and pigs. In addition, the fisheries sector is one of

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2156-468: Is endemic to Flores and surrounding islands and has been continuously present on Flores for at least 1.4 million years. Today, it is confined to a handful of small areas on Flores itself. The endemic fauna of Flores includes some rats (Murinae), some of which are now extinct, ranging from small-sized forms such as Rattus hainaldi , Paulamys , and the Polynesian rat (which possibly originated on

2254-488: Is exacerbated by poor health conditions, where many residents cannot access basic health services due to the lack of medical facilities, health workers, and remote access. The government and various organizations have made a number of efforts to alleviate poverty in NTT. Some of these include the development of infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and health facilities, which aim to open access and improve connectivity throughout

2352-619: Is hard to distinguish whether they are Portuguese or Indians. Their Language is Portuguese; and the religion they have, is Romish. They seem in Words to acknowledge the King of Portugal for their Sovereign yet they will not accept any Officers sent by him. They speak indifferently the Malayan and their native Languages, as well as Portuguese. In the western part of Flores, the Manggarai came under

2450-786: Is no evidence to indicate that and as of 2016 research was still being conducted to prove his hypothesis. In 2013, a 3D model of the cave created via laser scanning was made available online by the Smithsonian Institution . In 2016, scientists discovered a lower jaw and teeth from at least one adult and potentially two children in Mata Menge, about 70 km east of Liang Bua. These findings are dated to about 700,000 years BP and could possibly be an early form of Homo floresiensis. Additionally in 2016, Sutikna, Smithsonian researcher Matt Tocheri  [ cs ] and other researchers announced that they concluded that

2548-491: Is obtained by crushing leaves and using the green juice thus produced - notably from Annona squamosa ( dolima ). At Nita Kloang in the region of Krowé (Sikka regency) a green dye is made from the edible leaves of the Indian Coral tree ( dadap ), which may include such species as Erythrina variegata , E. subumbrans , E. indica and E. fuspa ). The tree is used as a shade plant for cocoa and coffee plants. For

2646-434: Is part of the local economy. In addition, the forestry sector also plays an important role in supporting the provincial economy. Forests in East Nusa Tenggara provide important resources such as firewood, building materials, and other non-timber products used by local communities. Forestry managed with sustainable principles not only contributes to the economy, but also helps maintain ecosystems and environmental balance, which

2744-404: Is produced from turmeric, mango bark, Morinda citrifolia ( mengkudu ) tree bark (not root), jackfruit bark and powdered lime ( kapur sireh ). Dyers of that region also mix turmeric with mango bark. Another yellow was obtained from a combination of mango bark and morinda, without the addition of oil or loba. At Ile Mandiri (East Flores regency) and Loba Tobi a beautiful yellow dye

2842-407: Is reported in N'Dona (just east of Ende), where it is mixed with various mordants including candlenut ( kemiri , very oily nut). Barnes also reports its use in the villages of Ili Mandiri, East Flores - and describes at length the arduous process for its preparation and application. Close by, weavers from the village of Larantuka may use the tree called gemoli for red dye. Powdered leaves of

2940-427: Is spoken on the island with the same name off the north coast of Flores. Locals would probably also add So'a and Bajawa to this list, which anthropologists have labeled dialects of Ngadha. To the east, Sika and Lamaholot can be found. Djawanai (1983) precises that Ngadha somewhat deviates from Austronesian norms, in that words do not have clear cognates and the grammatical processes are different; for example,

3038-402: Is that they are executed as stick figures, by which they resemble some prehistoric cave drawings. This gives them a strikingly 'primitive' appearance and makes them highly sought-after items. Most of the ikat on Flores is produced in villages located in the temperate, middle elevation zones — where indigo can be cultivated. The best known are Jerebuu and Langa, in a valley on the east side of

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3136-453: Is the 1,639-metre-high (5,377-foot) Kelimutu volcano, containing three colored lakes, located in the district of Ende close to the town of Moni , although there is also the Inierie volcano near Bajawa . These crater lakes are in the caldera of a volcano, and fed by a volcanic gas source, resulting in highly acidic water. The colored lakes change colors on an irregular basis, depending on

3234-471: Is the main livelihood, is often hampered by less fertile soil and prolonged drought, resulting in low agricultural productivity. In addition, limited infrastructure worsens people's access to education, health, and markets. The low level of education in NTT is also one of the main causes of poverty. Limited access to education, especially in rural areas, means that many children cannot continue their education, thus hampering their ability to get better jobs. This

3332-484: Is the name of an unidentified tree with a bark resembling snake skin, but it can also mean "driftwood", or any sort of wood washed up in a flood. ) Forth says that “‘Nusa Nipa’ is a designation which at present is widely accepted on Flores as the indigenous name for the entire island. In spite of the argument of Sareng Orin Bao (1969) who adduces a variety of evidence favoring this interpretation, it remains uncertain whether this

3430-518: Is very important for communities that depend on natural resources. Seaweed farming is one of the fastest growing economic sectors in coastal and island areas. In the Alor Islands, for example, informal village-based seaweed farming has become an important source of additional income for the community. Much of this seaweed is exported in its raw form to countries such as Japan, indicating greater economic potential in this sector. Fisheries are also

3528-869: Is very strong in East Nusa Tenggara, especially in the Flores and Sumba regions, which were influenced by the arrival of European missionaries, especially from Portugal and the Netherlands, centuries ago. In Flores, around 85% of the population is Catholic, making it one of the areas with the largest Catholic population in Indonesia. However, East Nusa Tenggara also has a significant Muslim community, especially in Kupang City and certain regencies such as in coastal areas or on islands such as Alor and Timor. In addition, there are also Hindus, as well as local beliefs that are still adhered to by some people, especially in Sumba and Timor. The economy of East Nusa Tenggara Province

3626-647: The 10th biggest island of Indonesia . Until the arrival of modern humans, Flores was inhabited by Homo floresiensis , a small archaic human . Unlike most islands in the Indonesian archipelago, the modern name Flores was given by the Portuguese. According to Sareng Orin Bao (1969), the oral tradition of the Sika region gave the island the original name of Nusa Nipa, meaning ‘Dragon island’ or Snake island. ( Nipa nai means "ascending snakes"; kaju nipa nai

3724-673: The Austronesian family. In the west Manggarai is spoken; Riung , often classified as a dialect of Manggarai, is spoken in the north-central part of the island. In the centre of the island in the districts of Ngada , Nagekeo , and Ende , there is what is variously called the Central Flores dialect chain or linkage . Within this area, there are slight linguistic differences in almost every village. At least six separate languages are identifiable. These are from west to east: Ngadha , Nage , Keo , Ende , Lio , and Palu'e , which

3822-806: The Indian Ocean in the south and the Flores Sea in the north. This province borders East Timor ( Timor-Leste ) in the western part of Timor island , and is also close to the province of West Nusa Tenggara ( Nusa Tenggara Barat ) and the province of Maluku . The province consists of about 566 islands, the largest and most dominant are Flores , Sumba , and the western part of Timor . The smaller islands include Adonara , Alor , Komodo , Lembata (formerly called Lomblen), Menipo , Raijua , Rincah , Rote Island (the southernmost island in Indonesia), Savu , Semau , and Solor . The highest point in

3920-511: The Inierie volcano, and Lopijo and Toni, tucked behind the rim of mountains that surrounds Bajawa , north of the same volcano. The latter are still very isolated and conservative, still using indigenous cotton and indigo only. The cloths from these localities are admired throughout the Ngadha region - and nowadays in New York and Singapore as well. The most famous tourist attraction in Flores

4018-546: The Lesser Sunda Islands : Bali , West Nusa Tenggara and East Nusa Tenggara. The area of East Nusa Tenggara province included the western part of Timor island, Flores, Sumba and many smaller islands in the region. The province was originally (from 1958) sub-divided into twelve regencies , but on 11 April 1996, the City of Kupang , was separated from Kupang Regency and given regency-level status. Then, following

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4116-542: The Solor Archipelago to the east of Flores), the land area is 14,731.67 km , and the population was 1,878,875 in the 2020 Census (including various offshore islands); the official estimate as of mid-2023 was 1,962,405. The largest towns are Maumere and Ende . The name Flores is of Portuguese origin, meaning "Flowers". Flores is located east of Sumbawa and the Komodo Islands, and west of

4214-593: The Solor Islands and the Alor Archipelago . To the southeast is Timor . To the south, across the Sumba Strait , is Sumba Island, and to the north, beyond the Flores Sea , is Sulawesi . Among all islands containing Indonesian territory, Flores is the 10th most populous after Java , Sumatra , Borneo ( Kalimantan ), Sulawesi , New Guinea , Bali , Madura , Lombok , and Timor and also

4312-595: The State of East Indonesia . The state was further included in the United States of Indonesia as part of the agreement with the Dutch contained in the transfer of sovereignty to Indonesia in 1949. In 1950, United States of Indonesia dissolved itself into a unitary state and began to divide its component area into provinces. In 1958, by Indonesian law ( Undang-Undang ) No. 64/1958, three provinces were established in

4410-471: The Austronesian family of languages makes an abundant use of prefixes or suffixes (which form new words by adding extensions either before or after root-words, such as [per-]form or child[-hood]), whereas the Ngadha and Keo languages use no prefixes or suffixes. The traditional social structure is based on complex extended family ties, where patrilinear and matrilinear lineages are at play and determine

4508-577: The Dutch knew them, the 'Black Portuguese' (Zwarte Portugezen). The Larantuqueiros or Topasses became the dominant sandalwood trading people of the region for the next 200 years. This group was observed by William Dampier , an English privateer visiting the Island in 1699: These [the Topasses] have no Forts, but depend on their Alliance with the Natives: And indeed they are already so mixt, that it

4606-483: The East Nusa Tenggara provincial population as of 2023 , and is the largest of all islands in the province, with the second-largest population (Timor has slightly more people). The eight regencies are listed below from east to west, with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census and the 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. Notes: (a) only the eight districts of this regency actually on Flores Island are included in these figures;

4704-479: The European priests and nuns were neither interned nor evicted throughout the occupation. According to Paul Webb (1986), this is because Florenese Christians were "too many to ignore": nearly half the population of Flores was catholic and the Japanese, who could not afford to increase the size of their small occupation forces on the island, allowed European priests and sisters to stay at their posts rather than risking

4802-540: The Manggarai king. Flores is part of the East Nusa Tenggara province. The island along with smaller minor islands is split into eight regencies (local government divisions); from west to east these are Manggarai Barat (West Manggarai), Manggarai (Central Manggarai), Manggarai Timur (East Manggarai), Ngada , Nagekeo , Ende , Sikka and part of Flores Timur (East Flores). Flores has 35.24% of

4900-605: The Netherland East Indies and the United States imposed on Japan an embargo on rubber and oil and froze Japan overseas funds. This was a strong incentive for Japan to get hold of the rich colonies of South East Asia, and its Operation "S" targeted the Lesser Sunda Islands — including Flores. On 14 May 1942 Labuan Bajo was the theatre of an amphibious landing by the Japanese Army landing force; and

4998-403: The Ngadha region, everyday clothing is a plain, stark indigo sarong. But there is also a type of ikat, often called Bajawa ikat after its capital, that is decorated with primitive-type designs and using only indigo dye. One characteristic of this ikat is the very intense blue, seen nowhere else in the archipelago; this comes from the high concentration of indigo due to long and repeated steepings of

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5096-489: The Pasola ceremony in Sumba. East Nusa Tenggara also has a strong missionary history, seen from the majority Catholic population and one of two Indonesian provinces where Roman Catholicism is the predominant religion, alongside South Papua . In addition, its marine ecosystem is very rich, making it a popular destination for divers. After the declaration of Indonesian independence in 1945, the eastern part of Indonesia declared

5194-622: The People's Representative Council. The East Nusa Tenggara II Electoral District consists of the 7 regencies in the Southeastern (Timor) group and the 4 regencies in the Southwestern (Sumba) group, together with the city of Kupang, and elects 7 members to the People's Representative Council. Below is a list of governors who have held office in the East Nusa Tenggara. Located in the east of Lesser Sunda Islands, East Nusa Tenggara faces

5292-471: The Sunda Trench leads some to believe that the fault could someday be the site of a subduction polarity reversal and begin subducting. A volcanic eruption in southeast Flores triggered earthquakes that killed at least 10 people as of 4 November 2024. Authorities warned of the possibility of more earthquakes in coming days. Many languages are spoken on the island of Flores, all of them belonging to

5390-542: The Sunda islands. The Dominican order played an important role on this island, as well as on the neighbouring islands of Timor and Solor . When the Dutch attacked the fortress of Solor in 1613, the population of the fort, led by the Dominicans, moved to the harbor town of Larantuka on the eastern coast of Flores. This population was mixed, of Portuguese and local islander descent and Larantuqueiros, Topasses , or, as

5488-628: The backbone of the economy, the province continues to develop its potential while preserving the environment and local cultural richness. Through sustainable management of natural resources, East Nusa Tenggara seeks to improve the welfare of its people and strengthen its contribution to the national economy. Poverty and Alleviation in East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) NTT is known as one of the poorest provinces in Indonesia, with various factors causing chronic poverty in this region. The arid geographical conditions and consisting of remote islands make access to basic resources and services difficult. Agriculture, which

5586-422: The cave that did not come from Homo floresiensis . According to Sutikna, the teeth date to around 46,000 BP and Sutkina and his team speculate that the teeth are likely to have come from Homo sapiens . Sutikna proposed that Homo sapiens could have coexisted with the "hobbits" for thousands of years and he also proposed that Homo sapiens could have led to the extinction of Homo floresiensis. However, there

5684-509: The cloth into the tincture. It also means that the motifs, made by ties on the warp, should have come out white but are more often of a very pale blue because the pigment bath has had time to seep into the yarn beyond the resist of the ties. The other characteristic of Ngadha ikat is in the motifs. Horses ( jara ) are a frequent one, as they are a sign of high social rank; this ties up with the fact that decorated cloths were traditionally worn only by respected clan members. The particularity here

5782-505: The complexity of the problem. However, with a sustainable approach and active community participation, there is hope that poverty in NTT can be reduced significantly, bringing prosperity to its residents. Although infrastructure development in East Nusa Tenggara continues to grow, the province still faces challenges in terms of inter-island connectivity. Land, sea, and air transportation continue to be improved to connect remote areas, but some areas are still difficult to reach, especially during

5880-645: The construction of new health facilities, national health programs, and interventions from non-governmental organizations, although geographic and logistical challenges remain major obstacles. East Nusa Tenggara is a province rich in diverse and fascinating tourist attractions, and the provincial government is actively working to promote tourism. Although the basic infrastructure for the sector, such as transport, accommodation, and information services, still needs strengthening, there are several unique and appealing destinations for visitors to explore: Many local community groups continue to strive to further develop and promote

5978-550: The control of the Sultanate of Bima , in eastern Sumbawa. The Dutch effectively established their administration over western Flores in 1907. In 1929, the Bimanese sultanate ceded any control over Manggarai. In 1846, the Dutch and Portuguese initiated negotiations towards delimiting the territories but these negotiations led nowhere. In 1851 Lima Lopes, the new governor of Timor, Solor and Flores, agreed to sell eastern Flores and

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6076-423: The country. The stunning natural beauty such as exotic beaches, volcanoes, and underwater biodiversity are the main attractions for tourists. East Nusa Tenggara Province has a diverse economy with agriculture, fisheries, forestry, and cultivation as its main pillars. Subsistence farming dominates economic activity, with corn and smallholder plantation crops such as coffee being the main products. Local plants such as

6174-432: The dye, the leaves are crushed with turmeric root and powdered lime . The earliest aniline dyes may have reached Indonesia in the 1880s, and brought to Flores by the Dutch steamers that serviced Ende and Larantuka . Up to the 1920s, they were likely only blue, red and magenta rather than green. It is impossible to say how quickly synthetic greens were incorporated into Lesser Sunda Island weavings. Any green that

6272-542: The earliest evidence for modern human arrival on Flores. After 8°32′03″S 120°27′37″E  /  8.53417°S 120.46028°E  / -8.53417; 120.46028 Flores Flores is one of the Lesser Sunda Islands , a group of islands in the eastern half of Indonesia . Administratively, it forms the largest island in the East Nusa Tenggara Province. Including Komodo and Rinca islands off its west coast (but excluding

6370-508: The eastern part of Flores Island. (c) West Manggarai Regency includes Komodo and Rinca islands off the west coast of Flores. The province comprises two of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to the People's Representative Council . The East Nusa Tenggara I Electoral District consists of the 10 regencies jn the Northern (Flores) group, and elects 6 members to

6468-463: The fall of the Suharto regime in 1998 and the passage of a new regional autonomy law, there was a dramatic subdividing (known as pemekaran ) of regional governments across Indonesia, at both provincial and regency level. Between 1999 and 2012, nine new regencies were created in East Nusa Tenggara by the division of existing regencies: Therefore, as from early 2013, there are twenty-one regencies plus

6566-427: The first indications of a skull. Initially, the archeologists only analyzed the top of the cranium and due to the small size believed that the skull belonged to a small child. However, Sutikna and his colleagues soon discovered that its teeth were permanent and mature, revealing that it actually belonged to a fully grown adult. After a few weeks, the team had discovered most of this particular hominid's skeleton and later

6664-520: The government has launched social assistance programs such as the Family Hope Program (PKH) and Non-Cash Food Assistance (BPNT) to support poor families in meeting their basic needs. Although various programs have been implemented, challenges still exist. Corruption, slow bureaucracy, and lack of community involvement in development often hinder the effectiveness of the program. In addition, the impact of climate change on agriculture adds to

6762-471: The humerus and femur were very similar to the proportions in Australopithecus and Homo habilis .  The characteristics of this skeleton appeared more similar to those of early hominins like Australopithecus afarensis than to those of modern humans. This skeleton later became the holotype specimen of Homo floresiensis. The key specimens that many researchers focus on are LB1 and LB6. LB1

6860-407: The island), medium-sized such as Komodomys , and Hooijeromys , and giant such as Spelaeomys and Papagomys , the largest species of which, the still-living Papagomys armandvillei (Flores giant rat) is approximately the size of a rabbit, with a weight of up to 2.5 kilograms. Flores was also the habitat of several extinct dwarf forms of the proboscidean (elephant-relative) Stegodon ,

6958-510: The island. On 26 May 2019, Flores' St. Paul Catholic University of Indonesia was formally inaugurated by Indonesian Education Minister Mohamad Nasir , becoming the first Catholic University in Flores. Aside from Catholicism, Islam also has a presence on the island, especially in some coastal communities. Totemism is still present, despite the best efforts of Lévi-Strauss (who declared it an illusion in 1962 ) and historian Robert Jones (2005 ). Forth (2009a) precises that it manifests itself as

7056-573: The lontar palm (Borassus flabellifer) and the sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) also play an important role in the local economy. On Sumba Island, palm trees play a major role in providing wood, roofing materials, and producing food in the form of fruits and palm sugar obtained from tapping the fruit stems. In other areas such as West Manggarai, palm trees are also a source of raw materials and processed products that are useful for local communities. Products from palm and palm trees can even be processed into alcoholic beverages through traditional fermentation, which

7154-451: The main sources of livelihood for people in coastal areas and small islands. Fish, seaweed, and other marine products are important commodities developed by local communities. On the other hand, the tourism sector in East Nusa Tenggara has experienced rapid development in recent years, especially with the increasing popularity of tourist destinations such as Labuan Bajo and Komodo National Park which attract tourists from within and outside

7252-612: The most recent ( Stegodon florensis insularis ) disappearing approximately 50,000 years ago. The island before modern human arrival was also inhabited by the giant stork Leptoptilos robustus and the vulture Trigonoceps . Flores Island is bounded by active tectonic regions, with the Sunda Trench to the south and the Flores back-arc thrust fault to the north. As a result, the island experiences many earthquakes each year and on occasion, tsunamis. The largest recorded earthquake in

7350-406: The name of the cave. Peter Brown, an expert on cranial, mandibular, and dental anatomy of early and modern humans, was asked to help identify and analyze this new discovery. The skeletal evidence indicates that the adults of these species weighed around 66 to 86 pounds, had an average height of 106 cm (3'6") tall, and had very small brains (400 ml). Brown concluded that the proportions between

7448-482: The nearby islands to the Dutch in return for a payment of 200,000 Florins to support his impoverished administration. Lima Lopes did so without the consent of Lisbon and was dismissed in disgrace, but his agreement was not rescinded and in 1854 Portugal ceded all its historical claims on Flores. After this, Flores became part of the territory of the Dutch East Indies . During World War II , Great Britain,

7546-422: The one autonomous city ( Kupang ) in the province. The province is divided into twenty-one regencies and one independent city (Kupang). These are listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census and the 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. Notes: (a) includes Alor and Pantar islands. (b) East Flores Regency includes Adonara and Solor islands as well as

7644-407: The other hand their neighbours on the west side, the Ngadha people, have 14 animals taboos for 16 plants taboos. Weaving on Flores makes use of cotton grown in the low-lying zones of the island. Each ethnic group on Flores has its own tradition of dyeing), weaving and trading in textiles. The dyes used are essentially indigo , turmeric and morinda. Lamaholot people use maize starch to size

7742-436: The oxidation state of the lake from bright red to green and blue. There are snorkeling and diving locations along the north coast of Flores, most notably Maumere and Riung . However, due to the destructive practice of local fishermen using bombs to fish, and locals selling shells to tourists, combined with the after-effects of a devastating tsunami in 1992, the reefs have slowly been destroyed. Labuan Bajo , located on

7840-584: The province is Mount Mutis in the South Central Timor Regency , 2,427 meters above sea level. Religion in East Nusa Tenggara (December 2023) The Census population of the province was 4,683,827 in 2010 and 5,325,566 in 2020, Based on the latest data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), the population of East Nusa Tenggara Province has reached around 5.5 million people. Population growth in East Nusa Tenggara

7938-592: The rainy season when road conditions become less good. On the other hand, the construction of roads, bridges, ports, and airports has been carried out in stages to improve mobility and accessibility, as well as support economic and tourism development in the province. Education in East Nusa Tenggara continues to improve despite various challenges. Accessibility to education is still difficult, especially in remote areas and islands, where many schools lack basic facilities such as proper buildings, laboratories, and libraries. The quality of teaching also needs to be improved due to

8036-543: The region was the 1992 Flores earthquake and tsunami , a magnitude 7.8 event that caused Severe shaking on the Mercalli intensity scale. The Flores back-arc thrust is of particular interest to researchers as it is believed to accommodate the transition between the Sunda Trench in the west and the subduction of the Australian Plate in the east. The Flores Thrust is approximately 450 km long and consists of

8134-458: The region. Programs to improve the quality of education such as building schools and sending teachers to remote areas are also being implemented to increase school participation rates. Efforts to empower the community's economy include skills training and access to micro-credit to encourage small and medium enterprises. The tourism sector, which has great potential in NTT, has also begun to be developed as an alternative source of income. In addition,

8232-416: The skeletal remains at Liang Bua became extinct around 50,000 years ago, much earlier than many researchers had originally thought. In addition, archaeologists discovered stone tools in the cave that were used from 190,000 to 50,000 years BP. Stone tools at the cave span back to around 190,000 years ago, while bone remains span from around 100,000 to 50,000 years ago. Beginning around 46,000 years ago, there

8330-685: The tamarind tree, Tamarindus indica . A few clans are not named after plants but also taboo particular trees. For example, the Wa or Ana Wa people, whose name means "wind" or "wind people, children", claim the nage or tamarind tree as taboo; the Dhuge people bear the name of a former village and taboo the zita tree ( Alstonia scholaris ); so do the Saga ‘Enge people, whose name origin is not known. The Nage people have plant totems but no animal totems (and therefore no taboo on killing and eating any animal). On

8428-424: The three districts comprising Solor Island and the eight districts on Adonara Island are excluded. (b) West Manggarai Regency includes Komodo and Rinca islands off the west coast of Flores; these islands are part of a National Park and thus poorly inhabited. The main towns on Flores are Maumere , Ende , Ruteng , Larantuka , and Bajawa , listed with their populations as of mid-2023. The Komodo dragon

8526-597: The time of modern human arrival to the archipelago. Flores was most likely first inhabited by Melanesians at least since 30,000 BC. Portuguese traders and missionaries came to Flores in the 16th century, mainly to Larantuka and Sikka . Their influence is still discernible in Sikka's language, culture, and religion. The first Portuguese visit took place in 1511, through the expedition of António de Abreu and his vice-captain Francisco Serrão , en route through

8624-418: The tourism industry. However, more support and investment are needed to fully unlock the province's tourism potential and ensure that these destinations reach a wider audience. With enhanced infrastructure and sustained promotion, East Nusa Tenggara has the potential to become one of Indonesia's premier tourist hotspots. Well-known figures from the province include the following: Liang Bua Liang Bua

8722-864: The uneven distribution of teachers and the lack of qualified teaching staff in rural areas. Efforts to improve this sector continue to be carried out through government programs such as scholarships and the construction of new schools, although infrastructure and teaching staff challenges remain major issues. The health sector in East Nusa Tenggara sees major challenges in terms of access to and quality of health services. Many remote areas are difficult to reach, and health facilities are often inadequate with limited equipment and medicines. The shortage of medical personnel, especially in rural areas, further exacerbates this situation. Major health problems in NTT (East Nusa Tenggara) include malnutrition, high maternal and infant mortality rates, and infectious diseases such as malaria and tuberculosis. Efforts to improve are being made through

8820-418: The yarn before dying. indigo grows in the temperate zones at middle elevations; It is the most commonly used plant base for blues and black dyes. Bar a few exceptions, it is always used in ikat. Morinda citrifolia ( mengkudu , keloré in Lamalera ), extensively used in the archipelago as a source of red dye, does not grow well on Flores and, according to Hoopen, is scarcely used here. But its use

8918-515: Was coded LB1, LB2, etc., after the name of the cave. This skeleton later became the holotype specimen of Homo floresiensis, also known as the "hobbit." Despite the small stature and brain size, Homo floresiensis was capable of using stone tools, hunting animals such as small elephants and rodents, and dealing with many predators such as large komodo dragons. As of 2022, excavations are still being conducted and additional findings such as teeth are being discovered and analyzed. Theodor L. Verhoeven,

9016-470: Was discovered unfossilized in September 2003 and consisted of an almost complete skull and partial skeleton. Scientists assume that LB1 was a female of about 30 years old, about one metre tall, had a brain volume of about 380 to 420 ml, and weighed approximately 55 pounds.  On the other hand, LB6 consisted of a partial skeleton that appeared shorter than LB1 and its jaw was significantly different as it

9114-409: Was in a fact a traditional usage, or at any rate one that was known throughout Flores.” The names Tandjoeng Bunga or Tanjung Bunga and Pulau Bunga are also mentioned. The eastern part of the island, originally called Kopondai, was called Cabo das Flores (Cape of Flowers) because of the flowering flamboyant trees found there. That name remained. Before the arrival of modern humans, Flores

9212-468: Was included in early weavings from around the turn of the century is likely to have faded to blue or brown by now (Brackman 2009, 61). Certainly by the 1950s and 1960s more modern lightfast synthetic greens were being used in the stripes in Sikkanese sarongs. They continue to be used in this way today without undermining the regions traditional textile culture. As of 2016, most areas of Flores still retain

9310-556: Was more V-shaped. Scientists assume that LB6 was a child and was approximately five years old. In 2004 Kira Westaway, a paleoanthropologist at the University of Wollongong, analyzed a thick blanket of sediment that the fossils were found in and discovered that these bones ranged from 18,000 to 38,000 years old. This suggests that these species at Liang Bua were alive during modern times and could have possibly shared this island with modern humans for approximately 30,000 years. In 2010 and 2011, archaeologists discovered two hominin teeth in

9408-585: Was not acknowledged by many paleoanthropologists at this time. After 30 years, an Indonesian-Dutch excavation team discovered new evidence that suggest that Verhoeven's predictions were correct. In 2001, an Indonesian-Australian team began excavations in Liang Bua. Their goal was to excavate deeper into the cave hoping to see if modern or pre-modern humans were using Liang Bua. They were led by Indonesian field coordinator, Thomas Sutikna. In 2003, Benyamin Tarus,

9506-433: Was obtained by boiling the wood chips of the 'yellowwood' tree, known locally as kajo kuma . Manggarai used to export Arcangelisia flava ( kayu kuning ) to Java for the yellows in batik. Another export (from Flores and Adonara ) in the same domain was a hardwood tree called kajo kuma , literally ‘yellow wood’, which gives a yellow dye. In the 1980s it was still brought to Lembata for that purpose. laban as

9604-469: Was occupied by Homo floresiensis , a small archaic human . The ancestors of Homo floresiensis arrived on the island between 1.3 and 1 million years ago. As of 2015, partial remains of fifteen individuals have been found, and the dominant consensus is that these remains do represent a distinct species due to anatomical differences from modern humans. The most recent evidence shows that Homo floresiensis likely became extinct 50,000 years ago, around

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