71-687: The Export Administration Regulations ( EAR ) are a set of United States export guidelines and prohibitions. They are administered by the Bureau of Industry and Security , which regulates the export restrictions of sensitive goods. The EAR apply to most U.S. origin items, foreign-produced items that incorporate controlled U.S. items, and certain "foreign-produced direct products" of U.S. items or technology, (e.g., foreign-made integrated circuits designed with U.S. electronic design automation software or manufactured with U.S.-made manufacturing equipment). In general, there are three types of controls applied by
142-669: A criminal case to investigate the possible "subversion" of Ukraine's territorial integrity. On 20 February 2014, during a visit to Moscow , Chairman of the Supreme Council of Crimea Vladimir Konstantinov stated that the 1954 transfer of Crimea from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic had been a mistake. The Euromaidan protests came to
213-563: A union republic on its own). By that time, though, the dissolution of the Soviet Union was well underway. The Crimean ASSR was restored for less than a year as part of Ukrainian SSR before the restoration of Ukrainian independence . Newly independent Ukraine maintained Crimea's autonomous status , while the Supreme Council of Crimea affirmed the peninsula's "sovereignty" as a part of Ukraine. The confrontation between
284-633: A Russian citizen, as mayor. Under the law of Ukraine, it was not possible for Sevastopol to elect a mayor, as the Chairman of the Sevastopol City State Administration , appointed by the president of Ukraine , functions as its mayor. A thousand protesters present chanted "A Russian mayor for a Russian city". On 25 February, several hundred pro-Russian protesters blocked the Crimean parliament demanding non-recognition of
355-470: A Russian flag, a pro-Euromaidan rally of between 5,000 and 15,000 was held in support of the new government, and demanding the resignation of the Crimean parliament; attendees waved Ukrainian, Tatar, and European Union flags. Meanwhile, in Sevastopol, thousands protested against the new Ukrainian government, voted to establish a parallel administration, and created civil defence squads with the support of
426-892: A component of gross domestic product , along with domestic consumption , physical investment , and government spending . Foreign demand for a country's exports depends positively on income in foreign countries and negatively on the strength of the producing country's currency (i.e., on how expensive it is for foreign customers to buy the producing country's currency in the foreign exchange market ). 2014 Annexation of Crimea Based in Crimea, elements of Navy Deployed to Crimea, elements of Ground Forces (GRU command) Airborne Navy Special Operations Forces Armed forces Navy Paramilitary Interior troops Border guards Protesters Volunteer units Russian military forces Protesters Ukrainian military forces In February and March 2014, Russia invaded
497-493: A dialogue – we shall achieve much more than with standoffs". New Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) chief Valentyn Nalyvaichenko requested that the United Nations provide around-the-clock monitoring of the security situation in Crimea. Russian troops took control of the main route to Sevastopol on orders from Russian president Vladimir Putin . A military checkpoint, with a Russian flag and Russian military vehicles,
568-580: A head in late February 2014, and Yanukovych and many of his ministers fled the capital on 22 February. After his flight, opposition parties and defectors from the Party of Regions put together a parliamentary quorum in the Verkhovna Rada (the Ukrainian parliament), and voted on 22 February to remove Yanukovych from his post on the grounds that he was unable to fulfill his duties. Arseniy Yatsenyuk
639-441: A license or exception, re-export any item that meets the direct product test to a destination in the national security country group (D:1), designated terrorist supporting countries (E:1), or Cuba (E:2). Additionally, foreign-made military commodities that meet the direct product test cannot, without a license or exception, be re-exported or exported from abroad to a country in group D:1, the chemical and biological group (D:3),
710-638: A license: The terms or conditions of a license, exception, or order issued under the EAR cannot be violated. Items exported in a way that violates the EAR cannot be serviced. A license or exception that has been suspended or revoked cannot be relied upon. Besides exceptions, the EAR apply to the following categories: The EAR do not apply to the following: Since 2018, Congress and the executive branch have revised – through legislation, regulation, and licensing practices – the export control system that regulates dual-use exports. Much of
781-545: A list of ten general prohibitions, which are summarized as follows: Items subject to the EAR cannot be exported nor can items of US-origin be re-exported to another country without a license or exception, if the items are controlled for a reason indicated by its ECCN, and export to the country requires a license, based on its country group. A person cannot, without a license or exception, export or re-export foreign-made commodities, software, or technology that incorporates controlled US-origin commodities, software, or technology if
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#1732766105781852-552: A person who is denied export privileges do not violate the order. Orders denying export privileges are legally binding documents that are published in the Federal Register . The BIS maintains a list of people denied export privileges and can, on an exceptional basis, authorize activity otherwise prohibited by a denial order. Items subject to the EAR cannot be exported or re-exported without a license to an end-user or end-use prohibited by 15 CFR section 744. Items subject to
923-663: A referendum of separation; the rally was organized by the Crimean Front . On 26 February, near the Verkhovna Rada of Crimea building, 4,000–5,000 Crimean Tatars and supporters of the Euromaidan -Crimea movement faced 600–700 supporters of pro-Russian organizations and the Russian Unity Party. Tatars leaders organised the demonstration in order to block the sitting of the Crimean parliament which
994-430: A similar effect to subsidies ; tariffs reduce the industry's incentives to produce goods quicker, cheaper, and more efficiently, becoming ever less competitive. The third basis for a tariff involves dumping . When a producer exports at a loss, its competitors may term this dumping . Another case is when the exporter prices a good lower in the export market than in its domestic market. The purpose and expected outcome of
1065-514: A similar effect, they are not usually regarded as trade barriers. The most common foreign trade barriers are government-imposed measures and policies that restrict, prevent, or impede the international exchange of goods and services. International agreements limit trade-in and the transfer of certain types of goods and information, e.g., goods associated with weapons of mass destruction, advanced telecommunications, arms and torture and also some art and archaeological artifacts . For example: Although
1136-544: A tariff is to encourage spending on domestic goods and services rather than their imported equivalents. Tariffs may create tension between countries, such as the United States steel tariff in 2002 , and when China placed a 14% tariff on imported auto parts. Such tariffs may lead to a complaint with the World Trade Organization (WTO) which sets rules and attempts to resolve trade disputes. If that
1207-402: A tax on a specific good or category of goods exported from or imported to a country, is an economic barrier to trade. A tariff increases the cost of imported or exported goods, and may be used when domestic producers are having difficulty competing with imports. Tariffs may also be used to protect an industry viewed as being of national security concern. Some industries receive protection that has
1278-505: A true military coup , because the Russian military seized Crimea's parliament and government buildings and instigated the replacement of its government with Russian proxies. The February 2014 revolution of Dignity that ousted Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych sparked a political crisis in Crimea, which initially manifested as demonstrations against the new interim Ukrainian government , but rapidly escalated. In January 2014,
1349-438: Is "doing everything to execute plans of separation of Crimea from Ukraine". Supreme Council Chairman Vladimir Konstantinov said that the Crimean parliament would not consider separation from Ukraine, and that earlier reports that parliament would hold a debate on the matter were provocations. Tatars created self-defence groups, encouraged collaboration with Russians, Ukrainians, and people of other nationalities, and called for
1420-467: Is a good produced in one country that is sold into another country or a service provided in one country for a national or resident of another country. The seller of such goods or the service provider is an exporter ; the foreign buyers is an importer . Services that figure in international trade include financial, accounting and other professional services, tourism, education as well as intellectual property rights. Exportation of goods often requires
1491-665: Is growing. In fact, the GDP growth is expected to hit 7% by the IMF. However, exporters, who export products and get paid mostly in dollars, suffer because of the depreciation of the dollar against the Armenian dram. Moreover, Armenia’s other exporting bright spot is the IT industry, since a lot of companies and individuals work for US-based companies and get paid in US dollars. Because of the drastic change in
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#17327661057811562-493: Is that trade barriers can make exporting uneconomical and risky. For small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) with fewer than 250 employees, export is generally more difficult than serving the domestic market. The lack of knowledge of trade regulations , cultural differences, different languages and foreign-exchange situations, as well as the strain of resources and staff, complicate the process. Two-thirds of SME exporters pursue only one foreign market. Another disadvantage
1633-502: Is the dependency on almost unpredictable exchange rates. The depreciation of foreign currency badly affects exporters. For example, Armenia exports different things - from foodstuff to software. In 2022, the country had an enormous number of Russian visitors and tourists because of the military situation in Russia. This resulted in a change in exchange rates and the appreciation of the Armenian dram. At first, it may seem that Armenia’s economy
1704-496: Is the effect of trade liberalization on aggregate productivity. Due to the increase of the number of international business activities through a multilateral trading system, RA Government Program, which was approved in February 2019, the government policy became the objective of economic growth. The period established for the program was 2019-2024. Export quality is developed by developing the export volumes and services. Tariffs ,
1775-401: Is unsatisfactory, the exporting country may choose to put a tariff of its own on imports from the other country. Exporting avoids the cost of establishing manufacturing operations in the target country. Exporting may help a company achieve experience curve effects and location economies in their home country. Ownership advantages include the firm's assets , international experience, and
1846-539: The Arabat Spit , which is geographically a part of Crimea. Whilst the " little green men " were occupying the Crimean parliament building, the parliament held an emergency session. It voted to terminate the Crimean government, and replace Prime Minister Anatolii Mohyliov with Sergey Aksyonov . Aksyonov belonged to the Russian Unity party, which received 4% of the vote in the last election. According to
1917-1118: The Crimean Peninsula , part of Ukraine , and then annexed it. This took place in the relative power vacuum immediately following the Revolution of Dignity . It marked the beginning of the Russo-Ukrainian War . The events in Kyiv that ousted Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych on 22 February 2014 sparked pro-Russian and anti-separatism demonstrations in Crimea . At the same time, Russian president Vladimir Putin discussed Ukrainian events with security chiefs, remarking that "we must start working on returning Crimea to Russia". On 27 February, Russian special forces without insignia seized strategic sites across Crimea. Although Russia at first denied its military involvement, Putin later admitted that troops were deployed to "stand behind Crimea's self-defence forces". As Russian troops occupied Crimea's parliament , it dismissed
1988-569: The Crimean government , installed the pro-Russian Aksyonov government, and announced a referendum on Crimea's status . The referendum was held under Russian occupation and, according to the Russian-installed authorities, the result was overwhelmingly in favor of joining Russia. The next day, 17 March 2014, Crimea's authorities declared independence and requested to join Russia. Russia formally incorporated Crimea on 18 March 2014 as
2059-675: The Party of Regions , failed to sign the Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement . Yanukovych won the 2010 presidential election with strong support from voters in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and southern and eastern Ukraine . The Crimean autonomous government strongly supported Yanukovych and condemned the protests, saying they were "threatening political stability in the country". The Crimean autonomous parliament said that it supported
2130-462: The Republic of Crimea and federal city of Sevastopol . Following the annexation, Russia built up its military presence on the peninsula and warned against any outside intervention. Ukraine and many other countries condemned the annexation and consider it to be a violation of international law and Russian agreements safeguarding the territorial integrity of Ukraine. The annexation led to
2201-426: The Russian Unity party flags. Mayor Oleh Osadchy attempted to disperse the crowd and police eventually arrived to defend the flag. The mayor said "This is the territory of Ukraine, Crimea. Here's a flag of Crimea," but was accused of treason and a fight ensued over the flagpole. On 24 February, more rallied outside the Sevastopol city state administration. Pro-Russian demonstrators accompanied by neo-Cossacks demanded
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2272-559: The Sevastopol city council had already called for formation of "people's militia" units to "ensure firm defence" of the city from "extremism". On February 20 several buses with Crimean license plates were stopped at a pro-Maidan checkpoint in a town in Cherkasy oblast . Their passengers were violently intimidated and some buses were burned. This incident was subsequently used by Russian propaganda which made unsubstantiated claims that
2343-519: The eclectic paradigm , companies with meager ownership advantages do not enter foreign markets. If the company and its products are equipped with ownership advantage and internalization advantage, they enter through low-risk modes such as exporting. Exporting requires significantly less investment than other modes, such as direct investment . Export's lower risk typically reduces the rate of return on sales versus other modes. Exporting allows managers to exercise production control, but does not provide them
2414-538: The government 's decision to suspend negotiations on the pending association agreement and urged Crimeans to "strengthen friendly ties with Russian regions". On 4 February 2014, the Presidium of the Supreme Council "promised" to consider holding a referendum on the peninsula's status. Speaker Vladimir Klychnikov asked to appeal to the Russian government to "guarantee the preservation of Crimean autonomy". The Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) responded by opening
2485-603: The illegal occupation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea , the fall of Crimea , and the invasion of Crimea . In the Russian Federation, it is also known as the accession of Crimea to the Russian Federation ( Russian : присоединение Крыма к Российской Федерации , romanized : prisoyedineniye Kryma k Rossiyskoy Federatsii ), the return of Crimea ( Russian : возвращение Крыма , romanized : vozvrashcheniye Kryma ), and
2556-429: The missile technology group (D:4), D:5, E:1, or E:2. Actions cannot be taken that are prohibited by a denial order issued under 15 CFR section 766. Denial orders prohibit many actions in addition to direct exports by the person denied export privileges, including some transfers within a single country, either in the US or abroad, by other people. Any such person is responsible for ensuring that transactions which involve
2627-736: The reunification of Crimea . Crimea was part of the Crimean Khanate from 1441 until it was annexed by the Russian Empire in 1783 by a decree of Catherine the Great . After the downfall of Russian empire in 1917 during the first stages of the Russian Civil War there were a series of short-lived independent governments ( Crimean People's Republic , Crimean Regional Government , Crimean SSR ). They were followed by White Russian governments ( General Command of
2698-826: The Armed Forces of South Russia and later South Russian Government ). In October 1921, the Bolshevik Russian SFSR gained control of the peninsula and instituted the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic as a member of Russian Federation. In the following year Crimea joined the Soviet Union as a part of Russia (the RSFSR ). After the Second World War and the 1944 deportation of all of
2769-738: The Black Sea Fleet, Russia should question Ukrainian control over Crimea. In 1998 the Partition Treaty divided the fleet and gave Russia a naval base in Sevastopol, and the Treaty of Friendship recognized the inviolability of existing borders. However, in 2003 Tuzla Island conflict issues over maritime border resurfaced. In September 2008, the Ukrainian Foreign Minister Volodymyr Ohryzko accused Russia of giving Russian passports to
2840-535: The Crimea and the port of Sevastopol – as seen by public opinion in Russia, statements by politicians, including members of the ruling United Russia party, experts and journalists". In 2011, William Varettoni wrote that "Russia wants to annex Crimea and is merely waiting for the right opportunity, most likely under the pretense of defending Russian brethren abroad". The Euromaidan protest movement began in Kyiv in late November 2013 after President Viktor Yanukovych , of
2911-403: The Crimean city of Sevastopol. Crimean prime minister Anatolii Mohyliov said that his government recognised the new provisional government in Kyiv, and that the Crimean autonomous government would carry out all laws passed by the Ukrainian parliament. In Simferopol , following a pro-Russian demonstration the previous day where protesters had replaced the Ukrainian flag over the parliament with
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2982-633: The Crimean parliament (80 of 100), the Party of Regions of Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych , did not discuss Crimean secession, and were supportive of an agreement between President Yanukovych and Euromaidan activists to end the unrest that was struck on the same day in Kyiv . Russia was concerned that the new government avowedly committed to closer relations with the West put its strategic positions in Crimea at risk. On 22–23 February , Russian president Vladimir Putin convened an all-night meeting with security services chiefs to discuss extrication of
3053-423: The EAR cannot be exported or re-exported to Cuba, North Korea, Russia (with respect to Russian oil and gas industries), Crimea , Iran, or Syria without a license or exception. US persons cannot perform certain activities related to nuclear explosive devices, missiles, chemical or biological weapons, or semiconductor equipment. Exported or re-exported items cannot pass through any of the following countries without
3124-553: The EAR: The Commerce Control List (CCL) identifies specific items and technologies subject to export licensing requirements. Each item listed on the CCL is assigned an alphanumeric Export Control Classification Number (ECCN), such as 3A001, that describes it and indicates its licensing requirements. The CCL is divided into ten categories, each subdivided into five product groups. The EAR99 designation covers
3195-529: The Russian Night Wolves motorcycle club. Protesters waved Russian flags, chanted "Putin is our president!" and said they would refuse to further pay taxes to the Ukrainian state. Russian military convoys were also alleged to be seen in the area. In Kerch , pro-Russian protesters attempted to remove the Ukrainian flag from atop city hall and replace it with the flag of Russia. Over 200 attended, waving Russian, orange-and-black St. George , and
3266-790: The Supreme Soviet declared that the deportation of the Crimean Tatars under Stalin had been illegal and the mostly Muslim ethnic group was allowed to return to Crimea. In 1990, the Soviet of the Crimean Oblast proposed the restoration of the Crimean ASSR. The oblast conducted a referendum in 1991, which asked whether Crimea should be elevated into a signatory of the New Union Treaty (that is, become
3337-400: The ability to develop either low-cost or differentiated products . The locational advantages of a particular market are a combination of costs, market potential and investment risk . Internationalization advantages are the benefits of retaining a core competence within the company and threading it though the value chain rather than to license , outsource , or sell it. In relation to
3408-499: The central government of Ukraine and a referendum on Crimea's status. On the same day, crowds gathered again outside Sevastopol's city hall on Tuesday as rumours spread that security forces could arrest Chaly, but police chief Alexander Goncharov said that his officers would refuse to carry out "criminal orders" issued by Kyiv. Viktor Neganov, a Sevastopol-based adviser to the Internal Affairs Minister, condemned
3479-419: The deposed Ukrainian president, Viktor Yanukovych, and at the end of that meeting Putin had remarked that "we must start working on returning Crimea to Russia". After that GRU and FSB began negotiating deals with local sympathizers to ensure that when the operation began there would be well‑armed "local self‑defense groups" on the streets for support. On 23 February pro-Russian demonstrations were held in
3550-594: The development, production, use, operation, installation, maintenance, repair, overhaul, or refurbishing (or other terms specified in ECCNs on the CCL that cover technology) of an item. Technology may be tangible or intangible , and includes written or oral communications, blueprints, drawings, photographs, plans, diagrams, models, formulas, tables, engineering designs and specifications, computer-aided design files, manuals or documentation, and electronic media or information revealed through visual inspection. The EAR include
3621-655: The election of a Russian citizen as mayor and hoisted Russian flags around the city administration; they also handed out leaflets to sign up for a self-defence militia, warning that the " Blue - Brown Europlague is knocking". Volodymyr Yatsuba , head of Sevastopol administration, announced his resignation, citing the "decision of the city's inhabitants" made at a pro-Russian rally, and while caretaker city administration initially leaned towards recognition of new Ukrainian government, continued pressure from pro-Russian activists forced local authorities to concede. Consequently, Sevastopol City Council illegally elected Alexei Chaly ,
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#17327661057813692-596: The events in the city as a coup. "Chaly represents the interests of the Kremlin which likely gave its tacit approval," he said. Sevastopol City State Administration chairman Vladimir Yatsuba was booed and heckled on 23 February, when he told a pro-Russian rally that Crimea was part of Ukraine. He resigned the next day. In Simferopol, the Regional State Administration building was blockaded with hundreds of protesters, including neo-Cossacks, demanding
3763-556: The exchange rates, these people and companies who export their service to the US or other countries and get paid in US dollars, make around 25% less revenue. Exports could also devalue a local currency to lower export prices. It could also lead to imposition of tariffs on imported goods. The variety of export motivators can lead to selection bias. Size, knowledge of foreign markets, and unsolicited orders motivate firms to along specific dimensions (research, external, reactive). In macroeconomics , net exports (exports minus imports) are
3834-436: The government of Ukraine and Crimea deteriorated between 1992 and 1995. In May 1992 the regional parliament declared an independent "Crimean republic." In June 1992, the parties reached a compromise, that Crimea would have considerable autonomy but remain part of Ukraine. Yuri Meshkov , a leader of the Russian movement was elected President of Crimea in 1994 and his party won a majority in the regional parliamentary elections in
3905-752: The indigenous Crimean Tatars by the Soviet government, the Crimean ASSR was stripped of its autonomy in 1946 and downgraded to the status of an oblast of the Russian SFSR. In 1954, the Crimean Oblast was transferred from the Russian SFSR to the Ukrainian SSR by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union to commemorate the 300th anniversary of Ukraine's union with Russia . In 1989, under Gorbachev 's perestroika ,
3976-609: The involvement of customs authorities. For any firm, Global expansion strategies may include: Exporting is mostly a strategy used by product based companies. Many manufacturing firms begin their global expansion as exporters and only later switch to another mode for serving a foreign market. There are four main types of export barriers: motivational, informational, operational/resource-based, and knowledge. Trade barriers are laws, regulations , policy , or practices that protect domestically made products from foreign competition. While restrictive business practices sometimes have
4047-565: The items require a license and incorporate or are combined with more than a minimal amount of controlled US content, as defined in Title 15 of the Code of Federal Regulations (15 CFR) section 734.4. This prohibition applies to certain items that are produced outside of the US and that are the direct product of US technology or software, or they are developed from a plant that is the direct product of US technology or software. A person may not, without
4118-412: The majority of items that fall under the regulations but are not listed in the CCL. These items are generally low-technology consumer goods not requiring a license, with some exceptions such as items sent to an embargoed country or an end-user of concern, or to be used for a prohibited end-use. With a few exceptions, the EAR define export as: The EAR define technology as information necessary for
4189-685: The option to exercise as much marketing control. An exporter enlists various intermediaries to manage marketing management and marketing activities . Exports also has effect on the Economy. Businesses export goods and services where they have a competitive advantage. This means they are better than any other country at providing that product or have a natural ability to produce either due to their climate or geographical location etc. Exporting may not be viable unless appropriate locations can be found abroad. High transport costs can make exporting uneconomical, particularly for bulk products. Another drawback
4260-488: The other members of the G8 suspending Russia from the group and introducing sanctions . The United Nations General Assembly also rejected the referendum and annexation, adopting a resolution affirming the "territorial integrity of Ukraine within its internationally recognised borders", and referring to the Russian action as a "temporary occupation". The Russian government opposes the "annexation" label, with Putin defending
4331-426: The outbreak of COVID-19 sufficiently changed the world economy, people started doing business, so international trade is a key for economic growth. Armenia's economy is dependent on international flows, tourism, and inner production. Competitive export Industries were established which helped the growth of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to generate financial resources. The market shifted to more efficient exporters, which
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#17327661057814402-480: The passengers were killed in gruesome ways. The Verkhovna Rada of Crimea members called for an extraordinary meeting on 21 February. In response to Russian separatist sentiment, the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) said that it would "use severe measures to prevent any action taken against diminishing the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Ukraine". The party with the largest number of seats in
4473-465: The population in Crimea, and described it as a "real problem", given Russia's declared policy of military intervention abroad to protect Russian citizens. On 24 August 2009, anti-Ukrainian demonstrations were held in Crimea by ethnic Russian residents. Sergei Tsekov (of the Russian Bloc and then deputy speaker of the Crimean parliament ) said then that he hoped that Russia would treat Crimea
4544-547: The pro-Russian movement, Kyiv's policy of avoiding escalation and the lack of active support from Russia. During the 1990s, the dispute over control of the Black Sea Fleet and Crimean naval facilities were source of tensions between Russia and Ukraine. In 1992, Vladimir Lukin , then chairman of the Russian Duma 's Committee on Foreign Affairs, suggested that in order to pressure Ukraine to give up its claim to
4615-499: The protection of churches, mosques, synagogues, and other important sites. By nightfall the Crimean Tatars had left; several hundred Russian Unity supporters rallied on. The new Ukrainian government 's acting Internal Affairs Minister Arsen Avakov tasked Crimean law enforcement agencies not to provoke conflicts and to do whatever necessary to prevent clashes with pro-Russian forces; and he added "I think, that way – through
4686-446: The referendum as complying with the principle of the self-determination of peoples. The names of the Crimean annexation vary. In Ukraine, the annexation is known as the temporary occupation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol by Russia ( Ukrainian : тимчасова окупація Автономної Республіки Крим і Севастополя Росією , romanized : tymchasova okupatsiia Avtonomnoi Respubliky Krym i Sevastopolia Rosiieiu ),
4757-550: The reform has focused on controlling emerging and foundational technologies, strengthening other technology controls and licensing practices, engaging multilaterally to ensure US controls are effective, and considering the impact of controls on the economy, including the foreign availability of US products subject to control. Export control covers the whole territory of the People's Republic of China, including Hong Kong and Macau . Export An export in international trade
4828-486: The same way as it had treated South Ossetia and Abkhazia . Crimea is populated by an ethnic Russian majority and a minority of both ethnic Ukrainians and Crimean Tatars, and thus demographically possessed one of Ukraine's largest ethnically Russian populations. As early as in 2010, some analysts already speculated that the Russian government had irredentist plans. Taras Kuzio said that "Russia has an even more impossible time recognizing Ukraine's sovereignty over
4899-501: The same year. The pro-Russian movement was then weakened by internal disagreements and in March 1995 the Ukrainian government gained the upper hand. The office of the elected President of Crimea was abolished and a loyal head of region was installed instead of Meshkov; the 1992 constitution and a number of local laws were repealed. According to Gwendolyn Sasse the conflict was defused due to Crimea's multi-ethnic population, fractures within
4970-462: Was appointed by the Rada to serve as the head of a caretaker government until new presidential and parliament elections could be held. This new government was recognised internationally. Russian government and propaganda have described these events as a " coup d'état " and have said that the caretaker government was illegitimate, while researchers consider the subsequent annexation of Crimea to be
5041-723: Was set up on the main highway between the city and Simferopol . On 27 February, unmarked Russian forces in cooperation with local nationalist paramilitaries took over the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol , with Russian special forces seizing the building of the Supreme Council of Crimea and the building of the Council of Ministers in Simferopol . Russian flags were raised over these buildings and barricades were erected outside them. Pro-Russian forces also occupied several localities in Kherson Oblast on
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