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99-450: The second of four children, Belaúnde was born in Lima into a wealthy aristocratic family of Spanish forebears: his father, Rafael Belaúnde Diez Canseco (1886–1972), a professor, served as Prime Minister under José Bustamante y Rivero ; his paternal grandfather, Mariano Andrés Belaunde, was a Finance Minister ; and one of his great-grandfathers, Pedro Diez Canseco , was also President of

198-543: A brief time, but returned to Peru in 1936 and started his professional career as an architect designing private homes. In 1937, he started a magazine called El Arquitecto Peruano ("Peruvian Architect"), which dealt with interior design, general urbanism and housing problems the country was facing. This also gave way to the Architects Association of Peru and the Urbanism Institute of Peru. As

297-530: A duel a Pradista congressman who refused to retract insulting statements in an open letter; the duel took place, with minor scratches on both sides. In 1959, the Prado government's refusal to authorize the permits for the Accion Popular annual convention led to another confrontation: Belaúnde led the opening of the convention in defiance of the prohibition, and the Prado government arrested and jailed him in

396-558: A high moral purpose and a sense of civic duty, who was perfectly at home in the conservative political milieu of 20th-century Peru, which for long occupied a time-warp, unusual even in Latin America, about a century behind the rest of the world". During the Falklands War , he supported the claims of Argentina. Lima Lima ( / ˈ l iː m ə / LEE -mə ; locally [ˈlima] ), founded in 1535 as

495-409: A main field azure , with three gold crowns of kings placed in a triangle and above them a gold star that touches the three crowns with its points, and in the orle some gold letters that say: Hoc signum vere regum est (This is the true sign of the kings). Outside the shield are the initials I and K (Ioana and Karolus), which are the names of Queen Joanna and her son Charles V. A star is placed above

594-442: A modern social democratic context, placing itself squarely between the pro-oligarchy right-wing and the radicalism of the left-wing APRA and communist parties. He would go on to travel extensively throughout the country, fleshing out the ideological principles of Acción Popular, while leading the opposition. During this period Belaúnde's traditionalism would manifest itself in dramatic flourishes, most notoriously when he challenged to

693-601: A more dramatic warm-to-cool weather transition in later May or/and earlier June. Situated onshore from the cold ocean waters, rainfall is extremely rare in Lima. The summers, December through April, are sunny, hot, and muggy. Daily temperatures oscillate between lows of 18 to 22 °C (64 to 72 °F) and highs of 25 to 30 °C (77 to 86 °F). Coastal fogs occur in some mornings and high clouds in some afternoons and evenings. Summer sunsets are colorful, known by locals as "cielo de brujas" (Spanish for "sky of witches"), since

792-518: A promising beginning, Belaúnde's popularity eroded under the stress of inflation, the War on Housing's continuation, economic hardship, and terrorism : per capita income declined, Peru's foreign debt burgeoned, and violence by leftist insurgents (notably Shining Path ) rose steadily during the internal conflict in Peru , which was launched the day before Belaúnde was elected in 1980. He was president during

891-480: A result, Belaúnde also became a government public-housing consultant throughout the country and abroad. In 1943, Belaúnde began teaching architecture and urban planning at Escuela Nacional de Ingenieros of Lima and later became the dean of the Civil Engineering and Architecture department. Belaúnde also directed the construction, along with other professors and students, of the faculty of architecture of

990-651: A suitable cool climate. Thus, on 6 January 1535, Lima was founded with the name "City of the Kings", named in this way in honor of the epiphany , on territories that had been of the kuraka Taulichusco . The explanation of this name is due to the fact that "around the same time in January, the Spaniards were looking for the place to lay the foundation for the new city, [...] not far from the Pachacámac sanctuary, near

1089-427: A thin layer of water that generally dries up by early afternoon. Winter temperatures vary little between day and night. They range from lows of 14 to 16 °C (57 to 61 °F) and highs of 16 to 19 °C (61 to 66 °F), rarely exceeding 20 °C (68 °F) except in the easternmost districts. Relative humidity is always very high, particularly in the mornings. High humidity produces brief morning fog in

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1188-399: A very large group of men. The scholar John Rowe suggested that the valley had a population of about 150,000 during Inca times. Whatever the case, each recorded hunu of Pachacamac had a head town, corresponding to some of the most populated settlements in the valley: Caraguayllo ( Carabayllo ), Maranga, and Surco (or Sulco, also known as the archaeological site Armatambo). ... this valley

1287-557: Is Cusco Quechua . The following table shows the results concerning the language learnt first in the Department of Cusco by province: Many of the toponyms of the Department of Cusco originate from Quechua and also Aymara . These names are overwhelmingly predominant throughout the region. Their Spanish-based orthography, however, is in conflict with the normalised alphabets of these languages. According to Article 20 of Decreto Supremo No 004-2016-MC (Supreme Decree) which approves

1386-528: Is a department and region in Peru and is the fourth largest department in the country, after Madre de Dios , Ucayali , and Loreto . It borders the departments of Ucayali on the north; Madre de Dios and Puno on the east; Arequipa on the south; and Apurímac , Ayacucho and Junín on the west. Its capital is Cusco , the historical capital of the Inca Empire . The plain of Anta contains some of

1485-530: Is because its original Inca name is "Talking River" (the Incas spoke a highland variety of Quechua, in which the word for "talker" was pronounced [ˈrimɑq] ). However, the original inhabitants of the valley were not Incas. This name is an innovation arising from an effort by the Cuzco nobility in colonial times to standardize the toponym so that it would conform to the phonology of Cuzco Quechua . Later, as

1584-619: Is high, rainfall is very low due to strong atmospheric stability. The severely low rainfall impacts the city's water supply, which originates from wells and from rivers that flow from the Andes . Inland districts receive anywhere between 10 and 60 mm (0.4 and 2.4 in) of rainfall per year, which accumulates mainly during the winter. Coastal districts receive only 10 to 30 mm (0.4 to 1.2 in). As previously mentioned, winter precipitation occurs as persistent morning drizzle. These are locally called 'garúa', 'llovizna' or ' camanchacas '. On

1683-576: Is historically known as "Banner of the City of the Kings of Peru". It is formed by a golden-colored silk canvas and in the center is the embroidered coat of arms of the city. The coat of arms of Lima was granted by the Spanish Crown on 7 December 1537, through a real cédula signed in Valladolid by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and his mother, Queen Joanna of Castile . It is formed by

1782-523: Is how Leaders are Born"). Belaúnde's 1956 candidacy was ultimately unsuccessful, as the dictatorship-favored right-wing candidacy of Manuel Prado took first place. Claiming irregularities, he prepared to lead the opposition, and in July 1956 in Chincheros, Cuzco , founded the center-right Acción Popular party, claiming the mantle of recapturing indigenous Inca traditions of community and cooperation in

1881-512: Is located 15 km (9.3 mi) inland at the shore of the Rímac River, a vital resource for the city, since it carries what will become drinking water for its inhabitants and fuels the hydroelectric dams that provide electricity to the area. While no official administrative definition for the city exists, it is usually considered to be composed of the central 30 of 43 districts of Lima Province , corresponding to an urban area centered around

1980-613: The Ciudad de los Reyes ( locally [sjuˈdat de los ˈreʝes] , Spanish for "City of Kings "), is the capital and largest city of Peru . It is located in the valleys of the Chillón , Rímac and Lurín Rivers , in the desert zone of the central coastal part of the country, overlooking the Pacific Ocean. The city is considered the political, cultural, financial and commercial center of Peru. Due to its geostrategic importance,

2079-624: The Globalization and World Cities Research Network has categorized it as a "beta" tier city. Jurisdictionally, the metropolis extends mainly within the province of Lima and in a smaller portion, to the west, within the Constitutional Province of Callao , where the seaport and the Jorge Chávez Airport are located. Both provinces have regional autonomy since 2002. The 2023 census projection indicates that

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2178-757: The Matsé genocide  [ es ] , the Belaúnde administration targeted the Matsés after two loggers were killed, with the Peruvian armed forces using USA-made fighter planes dropping napalm on the indigenous groups armed with bows and arrows, killing hundreds. He also advanced the ambitious Santiago Antunez de Mayolo and Chira Piura irrigation projects, and the Tinajones, Jequetepeque, Majes, Chavimochic, Olmos, Chinecas hydroelectric projects. Belaúnde also oversaw

2277-673: The Miss Universe 1982 contest. In November 2024, it hosted the APEC summit for the third time. According to early Spanish articles, the Lima area was once called Itchyma , after its original inhabitants. However, even before the Inca occupation of the area in the 15th century, a famous oracle in the Rímac Valley had come to be known by visitors as Limaq ( Limaq , pronounced [ˈli.mɑq] , which means "talker" or "speaker" in

2376-654: The National University of Engineering in 1955. Belaúnde's political career began in 1944 as cofounder of the National Democratic Front party which elected José Bustamante as president in 1945; he served in the Peruvian Congress until a coup by General Manuel Odría in 1948 interrupted democratic elections. Belaúnde returned to the political arena in 1956, when the outgoing Odría dictatorship called for elections and he led

2475-497: The Peruvian coastal plain , within the valleys of the Chillón , Rímac and Lurín rivers. The city slopes gently from the shores of the Pacific Ocean into valleys and mountain slopes located as high as 1,550 meters (5,090 ft) above sea level. Within the city are isolated hills that are not connected to the surrounding hill chains, such as El Agustino, San Cosme, El Pino, La Milla, Muleria and Pro hills. The San Cristobal hill in

2574-689: The Rímac river . However, as had happened with the region, initially called New Castile and later Peru , the City of the Kings soon lost its name in favor of "Lima". Pizarro, with the collaboration of Nicolás de Ribera , Diego de Agüero and Francisco Quintero personally traced the Plaza Mayor and the rest of the city grid, building the Viceroyalty Palace (today transformed into the Government Palace of Peru , which hence retains

2673-591: The Supreme Court of Peru . The Palace of Justice in Lima is seat of the Supreme Court of Justice the highest judicial court in Peru with jurisdiction over the entire territory of Peru. Lima is seat of two of the 28-second highest or Superior Courts of Justice . The first and oldest Superior Court in Lima is the Superior Court of Justice, belonging to the Judicial District and . Due to

2772-716: The United Kingdom , Belaúnde declared that Peru was ready to support Argentina with all the resources it needed. This included a number of fighter planes from the Peruvian Air Force , ships , and medical teams. Belaúnde's government proposed a peace settlement between the two countries, but the Argentine military junta rejected it and the British launched an attack on the Argentinian forces deployed around

2871-587: The United States , where he first attended the University of Miami (where his father was also teaching), and in 1935 transferred to the University of Texas at Austin , where he obtained his degree as an architect. He would later become pro-American and became very proficient in the English language, with some referring to him as "Fred Blundy". He later moved to Mexico and worked as an architect for

2970-675: The Wari Empire during the height of its imperial expansion. It is during this time that the ceremonial center of Cajamarquilla was built. As Wari importance declined, local cultures regained autonomy, highlighting the Chancay culture . Later, in the 15th century, these territories were incorporated into the Inca Empire . From this time we can find a great variety of huacas throughout the city, some of which are under investigation. The most important or well-known huacas are those of Huallamarca , Pucllana , and Mateo Salado, all located in

3069-583: The coastal Quechua that was the area's primary language before the Spanish arrival). This oracle was eventually destroyed by the Spanish and replaced with a church, but the name persisted: the chronicles show "Límac" replacing "Ychma" as the common name for the area. Modern scholars speculate that the word "Lima" originated as the Spanish pronunciation of the native name Limaq. Linguistic evidence seems to support this theory, as spoken Spanish consistently rejects stop consonants in word-final position. The city

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3168-652: The judicial organization of Peru , the highest concentration of courts is located in Lima despite the fact that its judicial district has jurisdiction over only 35 of the 43 districts . The Superior Court of the Cono Norte is the second Superior Court located in Lima and is part of the Judicial District of North Lima . This judicial district has jurisdiction over the remaining eight districts, all located in northern Lima. Cusco Region Cusco , also spelled Cuzco ( Spanish pronunciation: [ˈkusko] ; Quechua : Qusqu suyu [ˈqɔsqɔ ˈsʊjʊ] ),

3267-466: The 1940s, Lima started a period of rapid growth spurred by migration from the Andean region, as rural people sought opportunities for work and education. The population, estimated at 600,000 in 1940, reached 1.9 million by 1960 and 4.8 million by 1980. At the start of this period, the urban area was confined to a triangular area bounded by the city's historic center , Callao and Chorrillos ; in

3366-624: The Alcatraz-like island prison of El Frontón off the Lima coast. The imprisonment lasted 12 days, during which Belaúnde engaged in a failed attempt to escape by swimming to freedom; the Prado government, facing unrelenting public pressure, was forced to release him and drop all charges. Belaúnde ran for president once again in the general elections of 1962 , this time with his own party, Acción Popular . The results were very tight; he ended in second place, following Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre ( APRA ), by less than 14,000 votes. Since none of

3465-790: The Central Market, the General Slaughterhouse, the Mental Asylum, the Penitentiary and the Hospital Dos de Mayo. There were also improvements in communications; in 1850 a railway line between Lima and Callao was completed and in 1870 an iron bridge was inaugurated over the Rímac River, baptized as Puente Balta. In 1872 the colonial City Walls were demolished by the US engineer Henry Meiggs under contract with

3564-639: The Peruvian government, in anticipation of further urban growth in the future. However, this period of economic expansion also widened the gap between rich and poor, producing widespread social unrest. During the War of the Pacific (1879–1883), the Chilean army occupied Lima after defeating Peruvian troops and reserves in the battles of San Juan and Miraflores . The city suffered from the invaders, who looted museums, public libraries and educational institutions. At

3663-436: The Peruvian military to depose Prado and install a military junta, led by Ricardo Pérez Godoy . Pérez Godoy ran a short transitional government and held new elections in 1963, which were won by Belaúnde by a more comfortable but still narrow five percent margin. During Belaúnde's first term in office, he spurred numerous developmental projects. Belaúnde held a doctrine called " The Conquest of Peru by Peruvians ", which promoted

3762-637: The Regulations to Law 29735, published in the official newspaper El Peruano on July 22, 2016, adequate spellings of the toponyms in the normalised alphabets of the indigenous languages must progressively be proposed with the aim of standardising the naming used by the National Geographic Institute The National Geographic Institute realises the necessary changes in the official maps of Peru. The Ministry of Culture additionally proposes to

3861-562: The Republic . He attended the Sagrados Corazones Recoleta in Lima. During the dictatorship of Augusto B. Leguía , the persecution for the political activities of his father Rafael and his uncle Víctor Andrés Belaúnde prompted the family to move to France in 1924, where Fernando attended high school and received his initial University education in engineering. From 1930 to 1935, Belaúnde studied architecture in

3960-555: The Rímac District, which lies directly north of the downtown area, is the local extreme of an Andean hill outgrowth. Metropolitan Lima covers 2,672.28 km (1,031.77 sq mi), of which 825.88 km (318.87 sq mi) (31%) comprise the actual city and 1,846.40 km (712.90 sq mi) (69%) the city outskirts. The urban area extends around 60 km (37 mi) from north to south and around 30 km (19 mi) from west to east. The city center

4059-574: The South Pacific anticyclone. Lima's climate (like most of coastal Peru) gets severely disrupted in El Niño events. Coastal waters usually average around 17–19 °C (63–66 °F), but get much warmer (as in 1998 when the water reached 26 °C (79 °F)). Air temperatures rise accordingly. Lima is the capital city of the Republic of Peru and Lima Province . As such, it is home to

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4158-566: The Spanish conquered their empire . The Spanish Crown named Francisco Pizarro governor of the lands he had conquered. Pizarro decided to found the capital in the Rímac river valley, after a failed attempt to establish it in Jauja . He considered that Lima was strategically located, close to a favorable coast for the construction of a port but prudently far from it in order to prevent attacks by pirates and foreign powers, on fertile lands and with

4257-582: The Spanish. The army arrived personally led by Contarhuancho (Kuntur-Wanchu), a secondary wife of the deceased Emperor Wayna Qhapaq and now a respected kuraka of half the province of Huaylas, the Hanan Huaylas or Upper Huaylas moiety. Contarhuancho came to Lima after receiving a plea for help in a quipu message from her daughter, the Huaylas-Inca princess Doña Inés Huaylas Yupanqui . In the following years, Lima gained prestige by being designated

4356-439: The best communal cultivated lands of the Department of Cusco. It is located about 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) above sea level and is used to cultivate mainly high altitude crops such as potatoes , tarwi (edible lupin ), barley and quinoa . According to the 2007 Peru Census , the language learnt first by most of the residents was Quechua (51.40%), followed by Spanish (46.86%). The Quechua variety spoken in this department

4455-631: The candidates managed to get the constitutionally-established minimum of one third of the vote required to win outright, selection of the President would fall to Congress; the long-held antagonistic relationship between the military and APRA prompted Haya de la Torre to make a deal with former dictator Odría, who had come in third, which would result in Odría taking the Presidency in a coalition government. However, widespread allegations of fraud prompted

4554-526: The capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru and the seat of a Real Audiencia in 1543. Since the location of the coastal city was conditioned by the ease of communications with Spain , a close bond with the port of Callao was soon established. For the next century, it prospered as the center of an extensive trade network that integrated the viceroyalty with the Americas , Europe , and East Asia . But

4653-726: The cause of independence. The greatest political-economic impact that the city experienced at that time occurred with the creation of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata in 1776, which changed the course and orientations imposed by the new mercantile traffic. Among the buildings built during this period there is the Coliseo de Gallos, the Acho Bullring and the General Cemetery. The first two were erected to regulate these popular activities, centralizing them in one place, while

4752-405: The cemetery put an end to the practice of burying the dead in churches, considered unhealthy by public authorities. A combined expedition of Argentine and Chilean independence fighters led by General Don José de San Martín landed in southern Lima in 1820, but did not attack the city. Faced with a naval blockade and guerrilla action on the mainland, Viceroy José de la Serna was forced to evacuate

4851-517: The city in July 1821 to save the Royalist army . Fearing a popular uprising and lacking the means to impose the order, the City Council invited San Martín to enter the city, signing a Declaration of Independence at his request. Proclaimed the independence of Peru in 1821 by General San Martín , Lima became the capital of the new Republic of Peru . Thus, it was the seat of the government of

4950-519: The city is articulated around its neighborhoods. Another threat was the presence of pirates and corsairs in the Pacific Ocean , which motivated the construction of the Walls of Lima between 1684 and 1687. The 1687 earthquake marked a turning point in the history of Lima , since it coincided with a recession in trade due to economic competition with other cities such as Buenos Aires . With

5049-414: The city of Lima has an estimated population of 10,092,000 inhabitants, making it the most populated city in the country, and the second most populous in the Americas after São Paulo. Together with the seaside city of Callao , it forms a contiguous urban area known as the Lima Metropolitan Area , which encompasses a total of 10,151,200 inhabitants. When considering the constitutional province of Callao ,

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5148-410: The city was not without its dangers; violent earthquakes destroyed a large part of it between 1586 and 1687, leading to a great deal of construction activity. It is then when aqueducts , starlings and retaining walls appear before the flooding of the rivers, the bridge over the Rímac is finished, the cathedral is built, and numerous hospitals, convents and monasteries are built. Then we can see that

5247-441: The colonial period. In addition to Aymara and Quechua, the inhabitants of the northern part of the valley, specifically in the hunu of Carabayllo, spoke an additional language believed to be Quingnam . Regarding the pre-Hispanic settlement of Lima, it is recorded that this part of the valley, near the Rimac river, was administered by a curaca, or local lord, named Taulichusco. He was a former yana , or servant, of Mama Vilo, one of

5346-402: The country's economic stagnation and political disorder paralyzed its urban development. This situation was reversed in the 1850s, when the growing public and private income derived from the export of guano allowed a rapid expansion of the city. In the following twenty years, the State financed the construction of large public buildings to replace the old viceregal establishments, among these are

5445-467: The creation of the Viceroyalty of New Granada in 1717, the political demarcations were reorganized, and Lima only lost some territories that actually already enjoyed their autonomy. In 1746 a strong earthquake severely damaged the city and destroyed Callao , forcing a massive reconstruction effort by Viceroy José Antonio Manso de Velasco . In the second half of the 18th century, Enlightenment ideas about public health and social control influenced

5544-419: The demonstrators and armed solely with a Peruvian flag, he crossed alone the gap separating the demonstrators from the police to deliver an ultimatum to the police chief that his candidacy be accepted. The government capitulated, and the striking image of Belaúnde walking by himself with the flag was featured by the news magazine Caretas the following day, in an article entitled "Así Nacen Los Líderes" ("This

5643-412: The development of the city. During this period, the Peruvian capital was affected by the Bourbon reforms as it lost its monopoly on foreign trade and its control over the important mining region of Upper Peru . This economic weakening led the elite of the city to depend on the positions granted by the viceregal government and the Church , which contributed to keeping them more linked to the Crown than to

5742-622: The early summer and a usually persistent low cloud deck during the winter (generally develops in late May and persists until mid-November or even early December). The predominantly onshore flow makes the Lima area one of the cloudiest among the entire Peruvian coast. Lima has only 1284 hours of sunshine a year, 27.9 hours in August and 183 hours in April, which is exceptionally little for its latitude. By comparison, London has an average of 1653 hours, and Moscow 1731. Winter cloudiness prompts locals to seek sunshine in Andean valleys above 500 meters (1,600 ft) above sea level . While relative humidity

5841-441: The establishment of the Peruvian National Bank (Banco de la Nación). To alleviate poverty, Belaúnde also promoted a program of "social interest" homes in Lima and other cities, which benefited dozen thousands of families. Legal recognition was also given to hundreds of indigenous Indian communities, the hospital network was expanded into uncovered areas, and improvements were made in social security coverage. However, his administration

5940-478: The exploitation of resources in the Amazon rainforest and other outlying areas of Peru through conquest , stating "only by turning our vision to the interior, and conquering our wilderness as the United States once did, will South America finally achieve true development". These included the Carretera Marginal de la Selva , a highway linking Chiclayo on the Pacific coast with then isolated northern regions of Amazonas and San Martín . In 1964 in an incident called

6039-406: The exponential growth of the capital's population and the consequent urban expansion. The new populations were settling on land near the center which was used as an agricultural area. The current districts of Lince , La Victoria to the south were populated; Breña and Pueblo Libre to the west; El Agustino , Ate and San Juan de Lurigancho to the east and San Martín de Porres and Comas to

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6138-426: The following decades settlements spread to the north, beyond the Rímac River, to the east, along the Central Highway and to the south. The new migrants, at first confined to slums in downtown Lima, led this expansion through large-scale land invasions, which evolved into shanty towns, known as pueblos jóvenes . The urban area covers about 800 km (310 sq mi). It is located on mostly flat terrain in

6237-410: The historic Cercado de Lima district. The city is the core of the Lima Metro Area , one of the ten largest metro areas in the Americas . Lima is the world's third largest desert city, after Karachi , Pakistan, and Cairo , Egypt. Lima has a mild climate, despite its location in the tropics and in a desert . Lima's proximity to the waters of the Pacific Ocean leads to intense maritime moderation of

6336-432: The installation to Peru forced his cabinet to resign on October 1. A further cause of anger was the fact that the document of agreement was given by Belaúnde to the press with the final page (page 11) missing and signatures were squeezed at the bottom of page 10. The missing page became a cause célèbre and was later shown on television containing the contribution that Belaúnde had promised to pay. The military's ideology at

6435-447: The islands. In response to Chile's support of Britain, Belaúnde called for Latin American unity. In domestic policy, he continued with many of the projects that were planned during his first term, including the completion of what is considered his most important legacy, the Carretera Marginal de la Selva , a much-needed roadway linking Chiclayo on the Pacific coast with then isolated northern regions of Amazonas and San Martín . After

6534-410: The letters and two crowned sabre -faced eagles embracing them, which hold the coat of arms. The anthem of Lima was heard for the first time on 18 January 2008, in a solemn session that was attended by the then President of Peru Alan García , the mayor of the city Luis Castañeda Lossio and various authorities. Those in charge of creating the anthem were the councillors Luis Enrique Tord (author of

6633-420: The liberator and also the seat of the first Constituent Congress that the country had. The war lasted for two more years, during which the city changed hands many times and suffered abuses from both sides. By the time the war was decided, on 9 December 1824, at the Battle of Ayacucho , Lima had been considerably impoverished. After the War of Independence, Lima became the capital of the Republic of Peru , but

6732-409: The lyrics), Euding Maeshiro (composer of the melody) and the musical producer Ricardo Núñez (arranger). Although the history of the city of Lima began with its Spanish foundation in 1535, the territory formed by the valleys of the Rímac , Chillón and Lurín rivers was occupied by pre-Inca settlements, which were grouped under the Lordship of Ichma . The Maranga culture and the Lima culture were

6831-420: The middle of Lima districts with very high urban growth, so they are surrounded by business and residential buildings; however, that does not prevent its perfect state of conservation. During the time of the Incas, the valley of Lima was highly populated and organized into an Inca province, or huamani (wamani), called Pachacamac. The colonial Spanish historian Bernabé Cobo mentions that the huamani of Pachacamac

6930-481: The national elections of 1985, Belaúnde's party, Acción Popular , was defeated by APRA candidate Alan García . However, as established in the 1979 Constitution, he would go on to serve in the Peruvian Senate as Senador Vitalicio (" senator for life "), a privilege for former Presidents abolished by the 1993 Constitution. Belaúnde’s political outlook was centre-right , pro-American , and conservative . The Guardian described him as "a 19th century politician, with

7029-417: The north. As an emblematic point of this expansion, in 1973 the self-managed community of Villa El Salvador (current district of Villa El Salvador ) was created, located 30 km south of the city center and currently integrated into the metropolitan area . In the 1980s, terrorist violence added to the disorderly growth of the city the increase of settlers who arrived as internally displaced persons. In

7128-400: The oil industry and the redistribution of land from owners of large holdings to the campesinos of Peru. In April 1980, with Peru's economy in deep depression, the military administration permitted an election for the restoration of constitutional rule. Belaúnde won a five-year term, polling an impressive 45 percent of the vote in a 15-man contest. One of his first actions as president was

7227-515: The ones that established and forged an identity in these territories. During those times, the sanctuaries of Lati (current Puruchuco ) and Pachacámac (the main pilgrimage sanctuary during the time of the Incas) were built, it was built from 3rd century to 15th century by several civilizations, and which was used even until the time the Spanish conquistadors arrived. These cultures were conquered by

7326-462: The original inhabitants died out and the local Quechua became extinct, the Cuzco pronunciation prevailed. Nowadays, Spanish-speaking locals do not see the connection between the name of their city and the name of the river that runs through it. They often assume that the valley is named after the river; however, Spanish documents from the colonial period show the opposite to be true. The Flag of Lima

7425-448: The other hand, summer rain is infrequent and occurs in the form of isolated light and brief showers. These generally occur during afternoons and evenings when leftovers from Andean storms arrive from the east. The lack of heavy rainfall arises from high atmospheric stability caused, in turn, by the combination of cool waters from semi-permanent coastal upwelling and the presence of the cold Humboldt Current and warm air aloft associated with

7524-470: The peak of the Lost Decade , in which unemployment rose above 50% and homelessness rose above 30%. Regarding Shining Path, Belaúnde personally did not pay too much attention to this: insurgent movements were already active during his first term, but without much support. In addition, some government officials and insurgents were subsequently accused of human rights violations , and a state of emergency

7623-462: The poor. Lima was named by natives in the agricultural region known by native Peruvians as Limaq . It became the capital and most important city in the Viceroyalty of Peru . Following the Peruvian War of Independence , it became the capital of the Republic of Peru (República del Perú). Around one-third of the national population now lives in its metropolitan area . In October 2013, Lima

7722-609: The return of several newspapers to their respective owners. In this way, freedom of speech once again played an important part in Peruvian politics. Gradually, he attempted to undo some of the most radical effects of the agrarian reform initiated by Velasco, and reversed the independent stance that the Military Government of Velasco had with the United States. At the outbreak of the 1982 Falklands War ( Spanish : Guerra de las Malvinas ) between Argentina and

7821-465: The same time, angry mobs attacked wealthy citizens and the Asian colony, looting their properties and businesses. At the beginning of the 20th century, the construction of avenues that would serve as a matrix for the development of the city began. The avenues Paseo de la República , Leguía (today called Arequipa), Brasil and the landscaping Salaverry that headed south and Venezuela and Colonial avenues to

7920-425: The same year when, after the national election board refused to accept his candidacy filing, he led a massive protest that became known as the "manguerazo" or "hosedown" from the powerful water cannons used by the police to repress the demonstrators. When it seemed that the confrontation was going to turn violent, Belaúnde showed the gift for symbolism that would serve him well throughout his political life; calming down

8019-703: The seat of the Superior Court of Justice of Lima ), the Ministry of Health , the Ministry of Labor and the Hospitals of the Workers' Insurance and of the Employee as well as the National Stadium and several large housing units. Also in those years a phenomenon began that changed the configuration of the city, which was the massive immigration of inhabitants from the interior of the country, producing

8118-530: The site where the Cathedral of Lima is now, and the Municipal Theatre of Lima is situated where a pre-Columbian structure, referred to as Huaca El Cabildo by the Spaniards, once stood. These buildings were centered around a plaza, which was later expanded to become the Plaza Mayor . The Huaca de Aliaga and Huaca Riquelme were other major buildings near the plaza. Other nearby constructions included

8217-409: The sky commonly turns shades of orange, pink, and red around 7 pm. During winter, June through October, the weather is dramatically different. Grey skies, breezy conditions, higher humidity, and cooler temperatures prevail. Long 10 to 15-day stretches of dark overcast skies are not uncommon. Persistent morning drizzle ( garúa ) frequently occurs from June through September, coating the streets with

8316-523: The slate submitted by the " National Front of Democratic Youth ", an organization formed by reform-minded university students, some of which had studied under him; his principled support for the La Prensa newspaper, which had been closed down by the dictatorship in early 1956, had prompted the leadership of the National Front to approach him as to lead its slate. He gained notoriety on June 1 of

8415-495: The temperatures, thereby making the climate much milder than those to be expected for a tropical desert, and thus Lima can be classified as a desert climate ( Köppen : BWh ) with subtropical temperature ranges. Temperatures rarely fall below 12 °C (54 °F) or rise above 30 °C (86 °F). Two distinct seasons can be identified: summer, December through April, and winter from June through September/October. May and October/November are generally transition months, with

8514-529: The temple-oracle of Rímac, one of the main places of worship in the valley, also known as the so-called "huaca grande" that once stood in Barrios Altos . In 1532, the Spanish and their indigenous allies (from the ethnic groups subdued by the Incas) under the command of Francisco Pizarro took monarch Atahualpa prisoner in the city of Cajamarca . Although a ransom was paid, he was sentenced to death for political and strategic reasons. After some battles,

8613-632: The three branches of the Government of Peru . The executive branch is headquartered in the Government Palace , located in the Plaza Mayor . All ministries are located in the city. The legislative branch is headquartered in the Legislative Palace and is home to the Congress of the Republic of Peru . The Judicial branch is headquartered in the Palace of Justice and is home to

8712-545: The time had also distanced itself from the wealthy elite, with the Center of High Military Studies promoting studies of Manuel González Prada and José Carlos Mariátegui for about a decade, creating officers that believed the elite were sacrificing Peru's sovereignty in exchange for foreign capital and that such practices resulted with an undeveloped, reliant nation. Several days after the Standard Oil controversy, Belaúnde

8811-430: The total agglomeration reaches a population of 11,342,100 inhabitants, one of the thirty most populated urban agglomerations in the world . The city is marked by severe urban segregation between the poor pueblos jóvenes , populated in large part by immigrants from the Andean highlands, and wealthy neighbourhoods. From 1985 onwards, barriers known as "walls of shame" run across much of the city separating rich areas from

8910-526: The traditional name of Casa de Pizarro ) and the Cathedral , whose first stone Pizarro laid with his own hands. In August 1536, the flourishing city was besieged by the troops of the Inca general Quizu Yupanqui under orders from the monarch Manco Inca Yupanqui who was in Cusco, but the Spanish and their indigenous allies managed to defeat them. The Huaylas (Wayllas) army's assistance was of special importance to

9009-529: The west joining the port of Callao . In the 1930s the great constructions began with the remodeling of the Government Palace of Peru and the Palacio Municipal . These constructions reached their peak in the 1950s, during the government of Manuel A. Odría , when the great buildings of the Ministry of Economy and the Ministry of Education were built ( Javier Alzamora Valdez Building , currently

9108-403: The wives of Emperor Huayna Capac. Lima was awarded to Taulichusco in recognition of his services to the Inca royalty. Some of Peru's most important buildings were erected on the sites of major constructions of the pre-Hispanic settlement. For example, the residential palace of Taulichusco was located where the modern Palacio de Gobierno of Peru stands today. A temple called Puma Inti once occupied

9207-409: Was removed from office by a military coup led by general Juan Velasco Alvarado , who would go on to become dictator of Peru for seven years. Belaúnde spent the next decade in the United States, teaching at Harvard , Johns Hopkins and George Washington University . Meanwhile the military regime established by General Velasco instituted sweeping but ill-fated reforms, primarily the nationalization of

9306-495: Was also blamed for making bad economic decisions, and by 1967 the sol had become seriously devalued . In August 1968, the Belaúnde Administration announced the settlement of a long-standing dispute with a subsidiary of Standard Oil of New Jersey over claims to the rich La Brea and Pariñas oil fields. However, widespread anger about Belaúnde's decision to pay the Standard Oil compensation for handing over

9405-931: Was chosen to host the 2019 Pan American Games ; these games were held at venues in and around Lima, and were the largest sporting event ever hosted by the country. It also hosted the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Meetings of 2008 and 2016, the Annual Meetings of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group in October 2015, the United Nations Climate Change Conference in December 2014, and

9504-448: Was divided, according to the government of the Inca kings, into three 'unos' or governorships of ten thousand families each; the town of Caraguayllo was the head of the first; that of Maranga, which is situated in the middle of the valley, of the second, and the third, that of Surco; this last town was the largest of all ... The inhabitants of the pre-Columbian town of Surco were relocated to the modern district of Santiago de Surco early in

9603-499: Was founded in 1535 under the name City of Kings (Spanish: Ciudad de los Reyes ), because its foundation was decided on January 6, date of the feast of the Epiphany . This name quickly fell into disuse, and Lima became the city's name of choice; on the oldest Spanish maps of Peru, both Lima and Ciudad de los Reyes can be seen together. The river that feeds Lima is called Rímac , and many people erroneously assume that this

9702-475: Was promulgated in the Ayacucho and Apurímac regions. During the next years, the economic problems left over from the military government persisted, worsened by an occurrence of the "El Niño" weather phenomenon in 1982–83, which caused widespread flooding in some parts of the country, severe droughts in others, and sharply reduced the schools of ocean fish that are one of the country's major resources. During

9801-502: Was subdivided into three hunu of tributary men, rather than the conventional four hunu. It has also been argued that a fourth hunu may have existed but was not recorded. The primary meaning of the word hunu in Quechua is 10,000, leading to the assumption that 30,000 families lived in the valley. This assumption has been criticized, including by the historian Åke Wedin, because hunu can also mean countless, and therefore could simply refer to

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