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115-625: Launched in March 2018, the Fitbit Ace is essentially a version of the Alta for children aged 8 and above. In March 2019, the Fitbit Ace 2 for kids aged 6 to 12 was announced. In March 2021, the Fitbit Ace 3 was released, adding a curvier appearance, also for ages 6–12. In July 2024, Fitbit has announced the new Fitbit Ace LTE. The Fitbit Charge 5 is a tracker released in September 2021. Fitbit Luxe

230-408: A hard disk to prevent a head crash and resulting data loss upon impact. This device is included in the many common computer and consumer electronic products that are produced by a variety of manufacturers. It is also used in some data loggers to monitor handling operations for shipping containers . The length of time in free fall is used to calculate the height of drop and to estimate the shock to

345-405: A subculture : blogs have been devoted to the emoticon, and URL shortening services have been named after it. In Taiwan, Orz is associated with the concept of nice guys . o7, or O7, is an emoticon that depicts a person saluting , with the o being the head and the 7 being its arm. A portmanteau of emotion and sound , an emotisound is a brief sound transmitted and played back during

460-492: A 1967 article in Reader's Digest , using a dash and right bracket to represent a tongue in one's cheek : — ). Prefiguring the modern "smiley" emoticon, writer Vladimir Nabokov told an interviewer from The New York Times in 1969, "I often think there should exist a special typographical sign for a smile—some sort of concave mark, a supine round bracket, which I would now like to trace in reply to your question." In

575-536: A U.S. trademark registration for the "frowny" emoticon :-( when used on "greeting cards, posters and art prints". In 2001, they issued a satirical press release, announcing that they would sue Internet users who typed the frowny; the company received protests when its mock release was posted on technology news website Slashdot . A number of patent applications have been filed on inventions that assist in communicating with emoticons. A few of these have been issued as US patents . US 6987991, for example, discloses

690-506: A built-in accelerometer. It incorporated many gesture-based interactions using this accelerometer, including page-turning, zoom-in and zoom-out of images, change of portrait to landscape mode, and many simple gesture-based games. As of January 2009, almost all new mobile phones and digital cameras contain at least a tilt sensor and sometimes an accelerometer for the purpose of auto image rotation, motion-sensitive mini-games, and correcting shake when taking photographs. Emoticon This

805-502: A colon or an equal sign is used for the eyes. One linguistic study has indicated that the use of a nose in an emoticon may be related to the user's age, with younger people less likely to use a nose. Some variants are also more common in certain countries due to keyboard layouts . For example, the smiley =) may occur in Scandinavia . Diacritical marks are sometimes used. The letters Ö and Ü can be seen as emoticons, as

920-654: A combination may have much lower misalignment error than three discrete models combined after packaging. Micromechanical accelerometers are available in a wide variety of measuring ranges, reaching up to thousands of g ' s. The designer must compromise between sensitivity and the maximum acceleration that can be measured. Accelerometers can be used to measure vehicle acceleration. Accelerometers can be used to measure vibration on cars, machines, buildings, process control systems and safety installations. They can also be used to measure seismic activity , inclination, machine vibration, dynamic distance and speed with or without

1035-529: A day and vibrates to indicate when the goal has been reached. The sync functions are similar to the Fitbit One and Zip. The Flex is a water-resistant tracker, though unlike its successor the Flex 2, cannot be worn while swimming. It includes a specialized USB charger; the battery lasts 5–7 days, and it takes 1–2 hours to charge. Released in 2016. It is waterproof and can track swimming. The tracker can be worn in

1150-506: A fluid. Many vertebrates, including humans, have these structures in their inner ears. Most invertebrates have similar organs, but not as part of their hearing organs. These are called statocysts . Mechanical accelerometers are often designed so that an electronic circuit senses a small amount of motion, then pushes on the proof mass with some type of linear motor to keep the proof mass from moving far. The motor might be an electromagnet or in very small accelerometers, electrostatic . Since

1265-480: A frown and (*) for a wink . An instance of text characters representing a sideways smiling and frowning face could be found in the New York Herald Tribune on March 10, 1953, promoting the film Lili starring Leslie Caron . The September 1962 issue of MAD magazine included an article titled "Typewri-toons". The piece, featuring typewriter-generated artwork credited to "Royal Portable",

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1380-465: A grin :D , :P for tongue out, and smug :-> ; they can be used to denote a flirting or joking tone, or may be implying a second meaning in the sentence preceding it. ;P , such as when blowing a raspberry . An often used combination is also <3 for a heart and </3 for a broken heart. :O is also sometimes used to depict shock. :/ is used to depict melancholy, disappointment or disapproval. :| may be used to depict

1495-486: A label for "attempted humor" to try to solve the difficulty of conveying humor or sarcasm in plain text. Fahlman sent the following message after an incident where a humorous warning about a mercury spill in an elevator was misunderstood as serious: Within a few months, the smiley had spread to the ARPANET and Usenet . Other suggestions on the forum included an asterisk * and an ampersand & ,

1610-413: A majority were susceptible to this attack. A number of 21st-century devices use accelerometers to align the screen depending on the direction the device is held (e.g., switching between portrait and landscape modes ). Such devices include many tablet PCs and some smartphones and digital cameras . The Amida Simputer , a handheld Linux device launched in 2004, was the first commercial handheld to have

1725-489: A message on the bulletin board system (BBS) of Carnegie Mellon University in 1982. In Western countries, emoticons are usually written at a right angle to the direction of the text. Users from Japan popularized a kind of emoticon called kaomoji , using Japanese's larger character sets . This style arose on ASCII NET of Japan in 1986. They are also known as verticons (from vertical icon ) due to their readability without rotations. As SMS mobile text messaging and

1840-506: A method developed in 2001 to send emoticons over a cell phone using a drop-down menu. The stated advantage was that it eases entering emoticons. The emoticon :-) was also filed in 2006 and registered in 2008 as a European Community Trademark (CTM). In Finland , the Supreme Administrative Court ruled in 2012 that the emoticon cannot be trademarked, thus repealing a 2006 administrative decision trademarking

1955-569: A monocle and ಥ to represent a tearing eye. They were picked up by 4chan and spread to other Western sites soon after. Some have become characters in their own right like Monā . In South Korea , emoticons use Korean Hangul letters, and the Western style is rarely used. The structures of Korean and Japanese emoticons are somewhat similar, but they have some differences. Korean style contains Korean jamo (letters) instead of other characters. The consonant jamos ㅅ , ㅁ or ㅂ can be used as

2070-582: A more sport-like appearance, and the release mechanism has been modified to make swapping out bands easier. It is also water-resistant, making it safe to wear when swimming. Many of the Blaze's clock faces return, as do several new clock faces. New to the Ionic is the ability to load apps onto the watch itself such as AccuWeather and Starbucks , as well as an NFC chip that allows the Ionic to be used for credit card purchases at places that allow contactless payment. As

2185-410: A moving object without the need for external references. Other terms used to refer to inertial navigation systems or closely related devices include inertial guidance system, inertial reference platform, and many other variations. An accelerometer alone is unsuitable to determine changes in altitude over distances where the vertical decrease of gravity is significant, such as for aircraft and rockets. In

2300-448: A neutral face. A broad grin is sometimes shown with crinkled eyes to express further amusement; XD and the addition of further "D" letters can suggest laughter or extreme amusement, e.g., XDDDD . The "3" in X3 and :3 represents an animal's mouth. An equal sign is often used for the eyes in place of the colon, seen as =) . It has become more acceptable to omit the hyphen, whether

2415-415: A parabolic "zero-g" arc, or any free-fall in a vacuum. Another example is free-fall at a sufficiently high altitude that atmospheric effects can be neglected. However, this does not include a (non-free) fall in which air resistance produces drag forces that reduce the acceleration until constant terminal velocity is reached. At terminal velocity, the accelerometer will indicate 1 g acceleration upwards. For

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2530-503: A range of responses, including "frustration, despair, sarcasm, or grudging respect". It was first used in late 2002 at the forum on Techside, a Japanese personal website. At the "Techside FAQ Forum" ( TECHSIDE教えて君BBS(教えてBBS) ), a poster asked about a cable cover, typing " _|￣|○ " to show a cable and its cover. Others commented that it looked like a kneeling person, and the symbol became popular. These comments were soon deleted as they were considered off-topic. By 2005, Orz spawned

2645-476: A result, the tactile buttons on the Ionic have some new functions. When not in workout mode, the right side buttons now function as shortcuts for the leftmost two apps loaded onto the watch, while a long press on the left side button brings up Fitbit Pay as well as music and quick settings. The Ionic is shipped in three color combinations of the wristband and watch case: Charcoal & Smoke Gray, Slate Blue & Burnt Orange, and Blue Gray & Silver Gray. In 2018,

2760-615: A shift in usage by younger users as a form of covert prestige : rejecting a standard usage in order to demonstrate in-group membership. Loufrani began to use the basic text designs and turned them into graphical representations. They are now known as graphical emoticons. His designs were registered at the United States Copyright Office in 1997 and appeared online as GIF files in 1998. For ASCII emoticons that did not exist to convert into graphical form, Loufrani also backward engineered new ASCII emoticons from

2875-455: A silicon micro-machined sensing element. They measure low frequencies well. Modern mechanical accelerometers are often small micro-electro-mechanical systems ( MEMS ), and are often very simple MEMS devices, consisting of little more than a cantilever beam with a proof mass (also known as seismic mass ). Damping results from the residual gas sealed in the device. As long as the Q-factor

2990-407: A small heater in a very small dome. This heats the air or other fluid inside the dome. The thermal bubble acts as the proof mass . An accompanying temperature sensor (like a thermistor ; or thermopile ) in the dome measures the temperature in one location of the dome. This measures the location of the heated bubble within the dome. When the dome is accelerated, the colder, higher density fluid pushes

3105-542: A smiley face. The Zip, however, could not track sleep. The Fitbit Zip was discontinued and replaced with the Fitbit Inspire clip accessory in March 2019. In May 2013, Fitbit released the Fitbit Flex, the first Fitbit tracker worn on the wrist. It tracks movement 24 hours a day, including sleep patterns. It has a simple display of 5 LED lights that indicate the progress toward the goal number of steps walked in

3220-572: A special edition of the Fitbit Charge 3 was released featuring "Fitbit Pay" as a special feature. First of the "Charge" line to be swimproof. The Fitbit Charge 4 is a tracker released in March 2020. It shares the same form factor as the Charge 3, but includes additional features such as in-built Spotify controls, Active Zone Minutes and Fitbit Pay Support. Charge 4 also has built in GPS, and many of

3335-464: A traditional watch instead of the snap-on band of the original Charge, as the band needs to fit tightly for the heart rate feature. The Fitbit Charge 3 was released in October 2018. It has a heart rate sensor as well as an oxygen saturation (SPO2) sensor - however, it shipped non-functional but Fitbit eventually enabled the feature. Sleep tracking has been improved from the Charge 2. In November 2018,

3450-505: A white smiling face and a black smiling face ("black" refers to a glyph which is filled, "white" refers to a glyph which is unfilled). The Emoticons block was introduced in Unicode Standard version 6.0 (published in October 2010) and extended by 7.0 . It covers Unicode range from U+1F600 to U+1F64F fully. After that block had been filled, Unicode 8.0 (2015), 9.0 (2016) and 10.0 (2017) added additional emoticons in

3565-586: A white or lilac band, marina blue, or mulberry. In April 2012, Fitbit released a weighing scale called the Fitbit Aria. It recognizes users and measures weight, body mass index ( BMI ) and percentage of body fat of the user. It can keep track of eight individual users and updates information to fitbit.com automatically via Wi-Fi network. The information is also updated to smartphone apps. Sweatproof wireless earphones by Fitbit. Has noise isolation. Note that no Fitbits have been launched yet in 2024, but Fitbit

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3680-539: A wristband or pendant or carried in a pocket. The LED lights function similarly to the original Flex, with the number of illuminated dots indicating progress toward the set goal. It features "reminder to move" alerts and vibrations when a call or text is received. It also features accessories such as bangles and pendants. Replaced by the Inspire line. The Fitbit Force was announced on October 10, 2013. It has an OLED display that shows time and daily activity. The Force tracks

3795-493: Is a weak effect and depends on the local density of the Earth, which is quite variable. A single-axis accelerometer measures acceleration along a specified axis. A multi-axis accelerometer detects both the magnitude and the direction of the proper acceleration, as a vector quantity, and is usually implemented as several single-axis accelerometers oriented along different axes. An accelerometer measures proper acceleration , which

3910-861: Is acceleration with respect to a given coordinate system , which may or may not be accelerating. For example, an accelerometer at rest on the surface of the Earth will measure an acceleration due to Earth's gravity straight upwards of about g ≈ 9.81 m/s . By contrast, an accelerometer that is in free fall will measure zero acceleration. Accelerometers have many uses in industry, consumer products, and science. Highly sensitive accelerometers are used in inertial navigation systems for aircraft and missiles. In unmanned aerial vehicles , accelerometers help to stabilize flight. Micromachined micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) accelerometers are used in handheld electronic devices such as smartphones , cameras and video-game controllers to detect movement and orientation of these devices. Vibration in industrial machinery

4025-598: Is an accepted version of this page An emoticon ( / ə ˈ m oʊ t ə k ɒ n / , ə- MOH -tə-kon , rarely / ɪ ˈ m ɒ t ɪ k ɒ n / , ih- MOTT -ih-kon ), short for emotion icon , is a pictorial representation of a facial expression using characters —usually punctuation marks , numbers and letters —to express a person's feelings, mood or reaction, without needing to describe it in detail. The first ASCII emoticons are generally credited to computer scientist Scott Fahlman , who proposed what came to be known as "smileys"— :-) and :-( —in

4140-468: Is an advanced "early Google-Fitbit" fitness band with smartphone notifications, released on 30 April 2021. The Fitbit Inspire 3, Announced in August 2022, was released on September 15, 2022. The Fitbit Charge 6 is a tracker released in September 2023. It supports Google Maps and Google Pay. The Fitbit Versa 2 was released in September 2019. The Fitbit Versa 3 was announced in August 2020 and released at

4255-458: Is currently available on iOS and Android devices such as the iPhone 4S and higher, iPad 3rd generation, iPod touch 5th generation, Samsung Galaxy Note II and higher, Samsung Galaxy S III and higher, LG G2, HTC One, Moto X, and Nexus 4 or higher. Fitbit One can record several daily activities, including but not limited to, the number of steps taken, distance travelled on foot, the number of floors climbed, calories burned, and sleep efficiency, and

4370-413: Is in airbag deployment systems for modern automobiles. In this case, the accelerometers are used to detect the rapid negative acceleration of the vehicle to determine when a collision has occurred and the severity of the collision. Another common automotive use is in electronic stability control systems, which use a lateral accelerometer to measure cornering forces. The widespread use of accelerometers in

4485-410: Is monitored by accelerometers. Seismometers are sensitive accelerometers for monitoring ground movement such as earthquakes. When two or more accelerometers are coordinated with one another, they can measure differences in proper acceleration, particularly gravity, over their separation in space—that is, the gradient of the gravitational field . Gravity gradiometry is useful because absolute gravity

4600-425: Is not too low, damping does not result in a lower sensitivity. Under the influence of external accelerations, the proof mass deflects from its neutral position. This deflection is measured in an analog or digital manner. Most commonly, the capacitance between a set of fixed beams and a set of beams attached to the proof mass is measured. This method is simple, reliable, and inexpensive. Integrating piezoresistors in

4715-468: Is planning the Luxe 2 and Charge 7. Accelerometer An accelerometer is a device that measures the proper acceleration of an object. Proper acceleration is the acceleration (the rate of change of velocity ) of the object relative to an observer who is in free fall (that is, relative to an inertial frame of reference ). Proper acceleration is different from coordinate acceleration, which

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4830-404: Is powered by a small lithium polymer battery . The Fitbit Ultra suffered from a small design flaw: the unit had a permanently curved shape in order to clip directly onto any piece of clothing. The plastic used in the unit was inappropriate for the strain experienced at the looped end, and with time would become brittle, and crack. While most users experienced only minor cracking with no effects on

4945-439: Is the acceleration it experiences relative to freefall and is the acceleration felt by people and objects. Put another way, at any point in spacetime the equivalence principle guarantees the existence of a local inertial frame , and an accelerometer measures the acceleration relative to that frame. Such accelerations are popularly denoted g-force ; i.e., in comparison to standard gravity . An accelerometer at rest relative to

5060-441: Is to be appended, with the full stop, to every jocular or ironical sentence". In a 1936 Harvard Lampoon article, writer Alan Gregg proposed combining brackets with various other punctuation marks to represent various moods. Brackets were used for the sides of the mouth or cheeks, with other punctuation used between the brackets to display various emotions: (-) for a smile, (--) (showing more "teeth") for laughter, (#) for

5175-419: Is very popular. The most basic emoticons are relatively consistent in form, but some can be rotated (making them tiny ambigrams ). There are also some variations to emoticons to get new definitions, like changing a character to express another feeling. For example, :( equals sad and :(( equals very sad. Weeping can be written as :'( . A blush can be expressed as :"> . Others include wink ;) ,

5290-483: The Internet became widespread in the late 1990s, emoticons became increasingly popular and were commonly used in texting , Internet forums and emails . Emoticons have played a significant role in communication through technology, and some devices and applications have provided stylized pictures that do not use text punctuation. They offer another range of "tone" through texting through facial gestures. Emoticons were

5405-781: The Nintendo 3DS system. Sleep phase alarm clocks use accelerometric sensors to detect movement of a sleeper, so that it can wake the person when he/she is not in REM phase, in order to awaken the person more easily. A microphone or eardrum is a membrane that responds to oscillations in air pressure. These oscillations cause acceleration, so accelerometers can be used to record sound. A 2012 study found that voices can be detected by smartphone accelerometers in 93% of typical daily situations. Conversely, carefully designed sounds can cause accelerometers to report false data. One study tested 20 models of (MEMS) smartphone accelerometers and found that

5520-567: The Spaceship operator <=> (a comparison), the Diamond operator <> (for type hinting) and the Elvis operator ?: (a shortened ternary operator ). Usually, emoticons in Western style have the eyes on the left, followed by the nose and the mouth. It is commonly placed at the end of a sentence, replacing the full stop. The two-character version :) , which omits the nose,

5635-560: The "godfather of the emoji" for his work in the field. On September 23, 2021, it was announced that Scott Fahlman was holding an auction for the original emoticons he created in 1982. The auction was held in Dallas , United States, and sold the two designs as non-fungible tokens (NFT) . The online auction ended later that month, with the originals selling for US$ 237,500. In some programming languages , certain operators are known informally by their emoticon-like appearance. This includes

5750-536: The "winking" face using a semicolon ;-) , XD , a representation of the Face with Tears of Joy emoji and the acronym LOL . In 1996, The Smiley Company was established by Nicolas Loufrani and his father Franklin as a way of commercializing the smiley trademark. As part of this, The Smiley Dictionary website focused on ASCII emoticons, where a catalogue was made of them. Many other people did similar to Loufrani from 1995 onwards, including David Sanderson creating

5865-532: The 1970s, the PLATO IV computer system was launched. It was one of the first computers used throughout educational and professional institutions, but rarely used in a residential setting. On the computer system, a student at the University of Illinois developed pictograms that resembled different smiling faces. Mary Kalantzis and Bill Cope stated this likely took place in 1972, and they claimed these to be

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5980-649: The 19th century. The National Telegraphic Review and Operators Guide in April 1857 documented the use of the number 73 in Morse code to express "love and kisses" (later reduced to the more formal " best regards "). Dodge's Manual in 1908 documented the reintroduction of "love and kisses" as the number 88. New Zealand academics Joan Gajadhar and John Green comment that both Morse code abbreviations are more succinct than modern abbreviations such as LOL . The transcript of one of Abraham Lincoln 's speeches in 1862 recorded

6095-688: The 4th generation. Along with orientation view adjustment, accelerometers in mobile devices can also be used as pedometers , in conjunction with specialized applications . Automatic Collision Notification (ACN) systems also use accelerometers in a system to call for help in event of a vehicle crash. Prominent ACN systems include OnStar AACN service, Ford Link's 911 Assist , Toyota's Safety Connect , Lexus Link , or BMW Assist . Many accelerometer-equipped smartphones also have ACN software available for download. ACN systems are activated by detecting crash-strength accelerations. Accelerometers are used in vehicle Electronic stability control systems to measure

6210-517: The Charge 3 clock faces return. The Fitbit Alta was released in February 2016. The wristband offers a full OLED screen that can be tapped for reminders, a clock and smartphone notifications. While not a touch screen, it is interacted with by tapping the band, similar to previous models. The Alta is also able to recognize the type of activity in progress: running, football, or walking. The Fitbit Alta and Fitbit Alta HR were discontinued and replaced by

6325-435: The Earth's surface will indicate approximately 1 g upwards because the Earth's surface exerts a normal force upwards relative to the local inertial frame (the frame of a freely falling object near the surface). To obtain the acceleration due to motion with respect to the Earth, this "gravity offset" must be subtracted and corrections made for effects caused by the Earth's rotation relative to the inertial frame. The reason for

6440-562: The Fitbit Blaze is a smartwatch made to compete with the Apple Watch , Pebble , and Android Wear . The Blaze comes with a coloured touchscreen, and an exchangeable strap and frame. It can auto-track exercises and has a heart-rate monitor. Blaze has connected GPS, meaning it tracks location using the connected smartphone's GPS. It can display notifications, including incoming calls, texts and calendar appointments. The Blaze introduces

6555-519: The Fitbit Inspire line. Announced in October 2014, the Surge was a smart watch and an activity tracker. It features a heart-rate monitor and the ability to track pace, distance, and elevation using the GPS on the device. The Surge also can send alerts of text and incoming calls from a connected smartphone. The Surge was discontinued in late 2017 and was replaced by the Ionic. Released in January 2016

6670-636: The Fitbit Versa 2. The Fitbit Versa 4 was released on September 23, 2022. The Fitbit Sense 2 was released on September 23, 2022. The Fitbit Aria Air smart scale was released in 2019. The Fitbit Classic was a small black and teal device that could be clipped and worn 24/7. It uses a three-dimensional accelerometer to sense user movement. The Tracker measures steps taken as well as user data to calculate distance walked, calories burned, floors climbed, and activity duration and intensity. It uses an OLED display to display this and other information such as

6785-530: The Ionic units due to a burn hazard risk. Released in April 2018, it has a square design with round edges, similar to the Apple Watch and Pebble watches. It retains most of the Ionic's features and interface. It is capable of tracking women's menstrual cycles. It does not have built-in GPS like the Ionic, instead using connected GPS like the Blaze. There are three variants of the Versa; the standard edition,

6900-411: The Ionic was updated to Fitbit OS 2.0 alongside the release of the Versa. The most notable change from OS 1.0 is the addition of a new app called Fitbit Today, a dashboard displaying the user's health and fitness data. In July 2018, Fitbit announced the 15+ Best Fitbit OS Apps for Travel, which can be downloaded in Ionic and some are also available in Versa. On March 2, 2022, Fitbit announced a recall for

7015-541: The Sleep Stages feature. The Fitbit Blaze also integrates with Fitstar, Fitbit's website for customized workouts. These workouts can be displayed on the Blaze's screen. The Blaze was discontinued in early 2018 and was replaced by the Versa. The Fitbit Ionic was released in late September 2017. Designed to compete with the Apple Watch Series 3 , it is the successor to both the Blaze and the Surge. Like

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7130-635: The Special Edition, and the Lite Edition. The standard Versa comes in three colors: black, rose gold, or silver. The Special Edition comes in rose gold with a lavender band, or graphite with a charcoal band. The Special Edition also includes woven wristbands. In the United States, the Special Edition of the Versa is the only version of the watch to ship with Fitbit Pay. The Lite Edition has a more limited feature set and comes in silver with

7245-488: The Surge, the Ionic uses built-in GPS, using GLONASS to tap into global satellites and provide better accuracy when recording exercises, with the antenna being integrated into the watch case for a stronger connection. The Ionic also features SmartTrack, which auto-recognizes user activity and records it in the Fitbit app. The Ionic has interchangeable bands, including classic Fitbit bands, leather bands, and perforated bands for

7360-439: The acceleration of objects with respect to the Earth, such as for use in an inertial navigation system , a knowledge of local gravity is required. This can be obtained either by calibrating the device at rest, or from a known model of gravity at the approximate current position. A basic mechanical accelerometer is a damped proof mass on a spring . When the accelerometer experiences an acceleration, Newton's third law causes

7475-522: The appearance of a gravitational offset is Einstein's equivalence principle , which states that the effects of gravity on an object are indistinguishable from acceleration. When held fixed in a gravitational field by, for example, applying a ground reaction force or an equivalent upward thrust, the reference frame for an accelerometer (its own casing) accelerates upwards with respect to a free-falling reference frame. The effects of this acceleration are indistinguishable from any other acceleration experienced by

7590-595: The audience's reaction as: "(applause and laughter ;)". There has been some debate whether the glyph in Lincoln's speech was a typo , a legitimate punctuation construct or the first emoticon. Linguist Philip Seargeant argues that it was a simple typesetting error. Before March 1881, the examples of "typographical art" appeared in at least three newspaper articles, including Kurjer warszawski (published in Warsaw ) from March 5, 1881, using punctuation to represent

7705-438: The automotive industry has pushed their cost down dramatically. Another automotive application is the monitoring of noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH), conditions that cause discomfort for drivers and passengers and may also be indicators of mechanical faults. Tilting trains use accelerometers and gyroscopes to calculate the required tilt. Modern electronic accelerometers are used in remote sensing devices intended for

7820-590: The battery level. It also measures sleep quality by tracking periods of restlessness, how long it takes the wearer to fall asleep and how long they are actually asleep. A wireless base station is included to receive data from the Classic and to charge its battery. When connected to a computer, the base station will upload data to the Fitbit website, where a number of features are available: seeing an overview of physical activity, setting and tracking goals, keeping food and activity logs and interacting with friends. Use of

7935-416: The book Smileys in 1997. James Marshall also hosted an online collection of ASCII emoticons that he completed in 2008. A researcher at Stanford University surveyed the emoticons used in four million Twitter messages and found that the smiling emoticon without a hyphen "nose" :) was much more common than the original version with the hyphen :-) . Linguist Vyvyan Evans argues that this represents

8050-478: The brackets, such as owo , uwu and TwT , popularised in internet subcultures such as the anime and furry communities . Users of the Japanese discussion board 2channel , in particular, have developed a variety emoticons using characters from various scripts, such as Kannada , as in ಠ_ಠ (for a look of disapproval, disbelief or confusion). Similarly, the letter ರೃ was used in emoticons to represent

8165-732: The circuit's electronic behavior can be carefully designed, and the proof mass does not move far, these designs can be very stable (i.e. they do not oscillate ), very linear with a controlled frequency response. (This is called servo mode design.) In mechanical accelerometers, measurement is often electrical, piezoelectric , piezoresistive or capacitive . Piezoelectric accelerometers use piezoceramic sensors (e.g. lead zirconate titanate ) or single crystals (e.g. quartz , tourmaline ). They are unmatched in high frequency measurements, low packaged weight, and resistance to high temperatures. Piezoresistive accelerometers resist shock (very high accelerations) better. Capacitive accelerometers typically use

8280-662: The company consulted with medical professionals whose assessments are that these irritations are most likely allergic reactions to nickel , a component of the surgical-grade steel or the adhesives used to assemble the Fitbit Force. Fitbit, working with the Consumer Protection Safety Commission, recalled the Fitbit Force on February 20, 2014. On March 12, 2014 the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) made

8395-409: The damping causes accelerometers to have a frequency response . Many animals have sensory organs to detect acceleration, especially gravity. In these, the proof mass is usually one or more crystals of calcium carbonate otoliths (Latin for "ear stone") or statoconia , acting against a bed of hairs connected to neurons. The hairs form the springs, with the neurons as sensors. The damping is usually by

8510-628: The device's function, in a few cases the cracking led to total failure. Fitbit offered replacement or repair of affected units that were under warranty. Announced on September 17, 2012, the Fitbit One is an update to the Fitbit Ultra that has a more vivid digital display, a separate clip and a separate charging cable and wireless sync dongle . The Fitbit One and the Fitbit Zip were the first wireless activity trackers to sync using Bluetooth 4.0 or Bluetooth Low Energy technology. Wireless syncing

8625-555: The distance travelled. It tracks steps using a 3-axis accelerometer by tracking forward movement along with upward movements. Announced in October 2014 and released in early January 2015, the Charge HR is similar to the Charge, with an additional heart-rate monitor. With this addition, the 7-day battery life is reduced to 5 days. The Charge HR has the same textured band as the Charge and comes in black, plum, blue, tangerine, pink, and teal colors. The Charge HR band clasp resembles that of

8740-465: The emoticons :-) , =) , =( , :) and :( . In 2005, a Russian court rejected a legal claim against Siemens by a man who claimed to hold a trademark on the ;-) emoticon. In 2008, Russian entrepreneur Oleg Teterin claimed to have been granted the trademark on the ;-) emoticon. A license would not "cost that much—tens of thousands of dollars" for companies but would be free of charge for individuals. A different, but related, use of

8855-412: The emotions of joy, melancholy, indifference and astonishment. In a 1912 essay titled "For Brevity and Clarity", American author Ambrose Bierce suggested facetiously that a bracket could be used to represent a smiling face, proposing "an improvement in punctuation" with which writers could convey cachinnation , loud or immoderate laughter: "it is written thus ‿ and presents a smiling mouth. It

8970-409: The end of September 2020. The Fitbit Sense was released at the end of September 2020. The Sense received FDA-approval for its electrocardiogram function. This function was available in select regions only at launch. This model features stress tracking, as well as blood oxygen measurements. Similar to the Fitbit Versa 3, this Fitbit also removes the ability to store music on the device, as available in

9085-421: The first emoticons. Carnegie Mellon computer scientist Scott Fahlman is generally credited with the invention of the digital text-based emoticon in 1982. The use of ASCII symbols, a standard set of codes representing typographical marks, was essential to allow the symbols to be displayed on any computer. In Carnegie Mellon's bulletin board system , Fahlman proposed colon– hyphen –right bracket :-) as

9200-500: The glyph ツ from the Japanese katakana writing system. Kaomoji are often seen as the Japanese development of emoticons that is separate to the Scott Fahlman movement, which started in 1982. In 1986, a designer began to use brackets and other ASCII text characters to form faces. Over time, they became more often differentiated from each other, although both use ASCII characters. However, more westernised Kaomojis have dropped

9315-422: The graphical versions he created. These were the first graphical representations of ASCII emoticons. He published his Smiley icons as well as emoticons created by others, along with their ASCII versions, in an online Smiley Dictionary in 2001. This dictionary included 640 different smiley icons and was published as a book called Dico Smileys in 2002. In 2017, British magazine The Drum referred to Loufrani as

9430-445: The heated bubble. The measured temperature changes. The temperature measurement is interpreted as acceleration. The fluid provides the damping. Gravity acting on the fluid provides the spring. Since the proof mass is very lightweight gas, and not held by a beam or lever, thermal accelerometers can survive high shocks . Another variation uses a wire to both heat the gas and detect the change in temperature. The change of temperature changes

9545-428: The impact of head collisions. Accelerometers have been used to calculate gait parameters , such as stance and swing phase. This kind of sensor can be used to measure or monitor people. An inertial navigation system is a navigation aid that uses a computer and motion sensors (accelerometers) to continuously calculate via dead reckoning the position, orientation, and velocity (direction and speed of movement) of

9660-471: The influence of gravity. Applications for accelerometers that measure gravity, wherein an accelerometer is specifically configured for use in gravimetry , are called gravimeters . Accelerometers are also increasingly used in the biological sciences. High frequency recordings of bi-axial or tri-axial acceleration allows the discrimination of behavioral patterns while animals are out of sight. Furthermore, recordings of acceleration allow researchers to quantify

9775-420: The instrument so that an accelerometer cannot detect the difference between sitting in a rocket on the launch pad, and being in the same rocket in deep space while it uses its engines to accelerate at 1 g. For similar reasons, an accelerometer will read zero during any type of free fall . This includes use in a coasting spaceship in deep space far from any mass, a spaceship orbiting the Earth, an airplane in

9890-543: The last several years, several companies have produced and marketed sports watches for runners that include footpods , containing accelerometers to help determine the speed and distance for the runner wearing the unit. In Belgium, accelerometer-based step counters are promoted by the government to encourage people to walk a few thousand steps each day. Herman Digital Trainer uses accelerometers to measure strike force in physical training. It has been suggested to build football helmets with accelerometers in order to measure

10005-399: The latter meant to represent a person doubled over in laughter, as well as a percent sign % and a pound sign # . Scott Fahlman suggested that not only could his emoticon communicate emotion , but also replace language. Since the 1990s, emoticons (colon, hyphen and bracket) have become integral to digital communications, and have inspired a variety of other emoticons, including

10120-399: The monitoring of active volcanoes to detect the motion of magma . Accelerometers are increasingly being incorporated into personal electronic devices to detect the orientation of the device, for example, a display screen. A free-fall sensor (FFS) is an accelerometer used to detect if a system has been dropped and is falling. It can then apply safety measures such as parking the head of

10235-744: The mouth or nose component and ㅇ , ㅎ or ㅍ for the eyes. Using quotation marks " and apostrophes ' are also commonly used combinations. Vowel jamos such as ㅜ and ㅠ can depict a crying face. Example: ㅜㅜ , (same function as T in Western style). Sometimes ㅡ (not an em-dash "—", but a vowel jamo), a comma ( , ) or an underscore ( _ ) is added, and the two character sets can be mixed together, as in ㅠ.ㅡ , ㅡ^ㅜ and ㅜㅇㅡ . Also, semicolons and carets are commonly used in Korean emoticons; semicolons can mean sweating, examples of it are -;/ , --^ and -_-;; . The character 囧 (U+56E7), which means ' bright ' , may be combined with

10350-501: The number of statistics in real-time, including steps taken, distance travelled, calories burned, stairs climbed and active minutes throughout the day. At night, the Force tracks sleep and can wake a user silently with a vibrating alarm. On January 13, 2014, it was reported that an unconfirmed number of Fitbit customers had complained about skin irritation after wearing the Force for extended periods of time. Fitbit stated on its website that

10465-498: The number of steps taken and distance traveled than a mechanical sensor can provide. Nintendo's Wii video game console uses a controller called a Wii Remote that contains a three-axis accelerometer and was designed primarily for motion input. Users also have the option of buying an additional motion-sensitive attachment, the Nunchuk , so that motion input could be recorded from both of the user's hands independently. Is also used on

10580-416: The package. Some smartphones , digital audio players and personal digital assistants contain accelerometers for user interface control; often the accelerometer is used to present landscape or portrait views of the device's screen, based on the way the device is being held. Apple has included an accelerometer in every generation of iPhone , iPad , and iPod touch , as well as in every iPod nano since

10695-528: The posture emoticon Orz, such as 囧rz. The character existed in Oracle bone script but was rarely used until its use as an emoticon, documented as early as January 20, 2005. Other variants of 囧 include 崮 (king 囧), 莔 (queen 囧), 商 (囧 with a hat), 囧興 (turtle) and 卣 ( Bomberman ). The character 槑 (U+69D1), a variant of 梅 ' plum ' , is used to represent a double of 呆 ' dull ' or further magnitude of dullness. In Chinese, normally full characters (as opposed to

10810-436: The precursors to modern emojis . In 1648, poet Robert Herrick wrote, "Tumble me down, and I will sit Upon my ruins, (smiling yet:)." Herrick's work predated any other recorded use of brackets as a smiling face by around 200 years. However, experts doubted the inclusion of the colon in the poem was deliberate and if it was meant to represent a smiling face. English professor Alan Jacobs argued that "punctuation, in general,

10925-487: The presence of a gravitational gradient, the calibration and data reduction process is numerically unstable. Accelerometers are used to detect apogee in both professional and in amateur rocketry. Accelerometers are also being used in Intelligent Compaction rollers. Accelerometers are used alongside gyroscopes in inertial navigation systems. One of the most common uses for MEMS accelerometers

11040-756: The range from U+1F910 to U+1F9FF. Currently, U+1F90C – U+1F90F, U+1F93F, U+1F94D – U+1F94F, U+1F96C – U+1F97F, U+1F998 – U+1F9CF (excluding U+1F9C0 which contains the 🧀 emoji) and U+1F9E7 – U+1F9FF do not contain any emoticons since Unicode 10.0. For historic and compatibility reasons, some other heads and figures, which mostly represent different aspects like genders, activities, and professions instead of emotions, are also found in Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs (especially U+1F466 – U+1F487) and Transport and Map Symbols . Body parts, mostly hands, are also encoded in

11155-803: The rate at which an animal is expending energy in the wild, by either determination of limb-stroke frequency or measures such as overall dynamic body acceleration Such approaches have mostly been adopted by marine scientists due to an inability to study animals in the wild using visual observations, however an increasing number of terrestrial biologists are adopting similar approaches. For example, accelerometers have been used to study flight energy expenditure of Harris's Hawk ( Parabuteo unicinctus ). Researchers are also using smartphone accelerometers to collect and extract mechano-biological descriptors of resistance exercise. Increasingly, researchers are deploying accelerometers with additional technology, such as cameras or microphones, to better understand animal behaviour in

11270-497: The recall official. At that time it was revealed that The Fitbit Force had caused about 9,900 injuries. It is no longer for sale on Fitbit's website. Announced in October 2014, the Fitbit Charge is intended as a replacement for the recalled Fitbit Force. It was released in November 2014 for US$ 130 retail. The Charge's wristband is textured. The Charge automatically tracks users' steps, sleep, flights of stairs, and an approximation of

11385-465: The resistance of the wire. A two dimensional accelerometer can be economically constructed with one dome, one bubble and two measurement devices. Most micromechanical accelerometers operate in-plane , that is, they are designed to be sensitive only to a direction in the plane of the die . By integrating two devices perpendicularly on a single die a two-axis accelerometer can be made. By adding another out-of-plane device, three axes can be measured. Such

11500-496: The safety and viability of a structure. This type of monitoring is called Health Monitoring, which usually involves other types of instruments, such as displacement sensors -Potentiometers, LVDTs, etc.- deformation sensors -Strain Gauges, Extensometers-, load sensors -Load Cells, Piezo-Electric Sensors- among others. Zoll's AED Plus uses CPR-D•padz which contain an accelerometer to measure the depth of CPR chest compressions. Within

11615-468: The same reason a skydiver , upon reaching terminal velocity, does not feel as though he or she were in "free-fall", but rather experiences a feeling similar to being supported (at 1 g) on a "bed" of uprushing air. Acceleration is quantified in the SI unit metres per second per second (m/s ), in the cgs unit gal (Gal), or popularly in terms of standard gravity ( g ). For the practical purpose of finding

11730-457: The spring's compression to adjust to exert an equivalent force on the mass to counteract the acceleration. Since the spring's force scales linearly with amount of compression (according to Hooke's law ) and because the spring constant and mass are known constants, a measurement of the spring's compression is also a measurement of acceleration. The system is damped to prevent oscillations of the mass and spring interfering with measurements. However,

11845-445: The springs to detect spring deformation, and thus deflection, is a good alternative, although a few more process steps are needed during the fabrication sequence. For very high sensitivities quantum tunnelling is also used; this requires a dedicated process making it very expensive. Optical measurement has been demonstrated in laboratory devices. Another MEMS-based accelerometer is a thermal (or convective ) accelerometer. It contains

11960-493: The stylistic use of 槑) might be duplicated to express emphasis. Orz (other forms include: Or2 , on_ , OTZ , OTL , STO , JTO , _no , _冂○ and 囧 ​rz ) is an emoticon representing a kneeling or bowing person (the Japanese version of which is called dogeza ), with the "o" being the head, the "r" being the arms and part of the body, and the "z" being part of the body and the legs. This stick figure can represent respect or kowtowing , but commonly appears along

12075-530: The term "emoticon" is found in the Unicode Standard , referring to a subset of emoji that display facial expressions. The standard explains this usage with reference to existing systems, which provided functionality for substituting certain textual emoticons with images or emoji of the expressions in question. Some smiley faces were present in Unicode since 1.1 , including a white frowning face,

12190-438: The time. Announced on September 17, 2012, the Fitbit Zip is about the size of a United States quarter and tracks steps taken, distance traveled and calories burned. It is able to sync its data wirelessly to supported mobile devices. Notably, it showed faces based on how much activity the wearer was showing. If the wearer had little to no activity, it would stick its tongue out, but if they had sufficient activity, it would show

12305-508: The upright versions of :O (meaning that one is surprised) and :D (meaning that one is very happy), respectively. In countries where the Cyrillic alphabet is used, the right parenthesis ) is used as a smiley. Multiple parentheses )))) are used to express greater happiness, amusement or laughter. The colon is omitted due to being in a lesser-known position on the ЙЦУКЕН keyboard layout . The ' shrug ' emoticon, ¯\_(ツ)_/¯ , uses

12420-408: The user to monitor machines and detect these faults before the rotating equipment fails completely. Accelerometers are used to measure the motion and vibration of a structure that is exposed to dynamic loads. Dynamic loads originate from a variety of sources including: Under structural applications, measuring and recording how a structure dynamically responds to these inputs is critical for assessing

12535-439: The vehicle's actual movement. A computer compares the vehicle's actual movement to the driver's steering and throttle input. The stability control computer can selectively brake individual wheels and/or reduce engine power to minimize the difference between driver input and the vehicle's actual movement. This can help prevent the vehicle from spinning or rolling over. Some pedometers use an accelerometer to more accurately measure

12650-455: The viewing of a message, typically an IM message or email message. The sound is intended to communicate an emotional subtext . Some services, such as MuzIcons, combine emoticons and music players in an Adobe Flash -based widget. In 2004, the Trillian chat application introduced a feature called "emotiblips", which allows Trillian users to stream files to their instant message recipients "as

12765-586: The voice and video equivalent of an emoticon". In 2007, MTV and Paramount Home Entertainment promoted the "emoticlip" as a form of viral marketing for the second season of the show The Hills . The emoticlips were twelve short snippets of dialogue from the show, uploaded to YouTube. The emoticlip concept is credited to the Bradley & Montgomery advertising firm, which wrote that they hoped it would be widely adopted as "greeting cards that just happen to be selling something". In 2000, Despair, Inc. obtained

12880-535: The website is free. The Fitbit Classic tracked only steps taken, distance traveled, calories burned and sleep. At the TechCrunch50 during the "Mobile" session on September 9, 2008, Fitbit received positive reactions during its panel from experts like Rafe Needleman , Tim O'Reilly , and Evan Williams who cited its wearability, price, and lack of subscription fees. The Fitbit Ultra was announced on October 3, 2011. The new features included: The Fitbit Ultra

12995-399: The wild (for example, hunting behaviour of Canada lynx ). Accelerometers are also used for machinery health monitoring to report the vibration and its changes in time of shafts at the bearings of rotating equipment such as turbines, pumps , fans, rollers, compressors , or bearing fault which, if not attended to promptly, can lead to costly repairs. Accelerometer vibration data allows

13110-422: Was entirely made up of repurposed typography, including a capital letter P having a bigger 'bust' than a capital I, a lowercase b and d discussing their pregnancies, an asterisk on top of a letter to indicate the letter had just come inside from snowfall, and a classroom of lowercase n's interrupted by a lowercase h "raising its hand". A further example attributed to a Baltimore Sunday Sun columnist appeared in

13225-602: Was unsettled in the seventeenth century ... Herrick was unlikely to have consistent punctuational practices himself, and even if he did he couldn't expect either his printers or his readers to share them." 17th century typography practice often placed colons and semicolons within parentheses, including 14 instances of " :) " in Richard Baxter 's 1653 Plain Scripture Proof of Infants Church-membership and Baptism . Precursors to modern emoticons have existed since

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