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222-535: The New York Herald Tribune was a newspaper published between 1924 and 1966. It was created in 1924 when Ogden Mills Reid of the New York Tribune acquired the New York Herald . It was regarded as a "writer's newspaper" and competed with The New York Times in the daily morning market. The paper won twelve Pulitzer Prizes during its lifetime. A "Republican paper, a Protestant paper and

444-520: A Broadway reviewer at the Tribune in 1951. However, the paper's losses were continuing to mount. Whitelaw Reid was gradually replaced by his brother, Ogden R. Reid , nicknamed "Brown", to take charge of the paper. As president and publisher of the paper, Brown Reid tried to interject an energy his brother lacked and reach out to new audiences. In that spirit, the Tribune ran a promotion called "Tangle Towns", where readers were invited to unscramble

666-936: A strict constructionist view of the Constitution , while Clay, Calhoun, and Adams embraced federally funded internal improvements , high tariffs , and the Second Bank of the United States , which was also known as the national bank. Because the Federalist Party had all but collapsed after the War of 1812, all the major presidential candidates were members of the Democratic-Republican Party. Adams felt that his own election as president would vindicate his father, while also allowing him to pursue an ambitious domestic policy. Though he lacked

888-419: A " Corrupt bargain " whereby Adams promised Clay the position of Secretary of State in return for Clay's support. Adams was inaugurated on March 4, 1825, becoming the first son of a former United States president to himself become president, a feat only repeated 176 years later by George W. Bush , son of George H. W. Bush . As Adams took the oath of office , he departed from tradition by placing his hand on

1110-619: A Federalist Party leader whom Adams viewed as overly favorable to Britain. Unlike other New England Federalists, Adams supported the Jefferson administration's Louisiana Purchase and expansionist policies. Adams was the lone Federalist in Congress to vote for the Non-importation Act of 1806 that punished Britain for its attacks on American shipping during the ongoing Napoleonic Wars . Adams became increasingly frustrated with

1332-417: A badge of honor". Reid's hostility to labor led him to bankroll Ottmar Mergenthaler 's development of the linotype machine in 1886, which quickly spread throughout the industry. However, his day-to-day involvement in the operations of the Tribune declined after 1888, when he was appointed Minister to France and largely focused on his political career; Reid even missed a large-scale 50th anniversary party for

1554-621: A book of constitutional law instead of on a Bible . In his inaugural address, he adopted a post-partisan tone, promising to avoid party-building and politically motivated appointments. He also proposed an elaborate program of "internal improvements": roads, ports, and canals. Though some were worried about the constitutionality of such federal projects, Adams argued that the General Welfare Clause provided for broad constitutional authority. He promised that he would ask Congress to authorize many such projects. Adams presided over

1776-516: A clear, lively style, and pushed the Herald Tribune ' s local coverage "to a new kind of social journalism that aimed at capturing the temper and feel of the city, its moods and fancies, changes or premonitions of change in its manners, customs, taste, and thought—daily helpings of what amounted to urban anthropology". The Herald Tribune ' s editorials remained conservative—"a spokesman for and guardian of mainstream Republicanism"—but

1998-624: A day. If I say the feature is black beetles, black beetles it's going to be." In 1874, the Herald ran the infamous New York Zoo hoax , where the front page of the newspaper was devoted entirely to a fabricated story of animals getting loose at the Central Park Zoo . Whitelaw Reid, who won control of the Tribune in part due to the likely assistance of financier Jay Gould , turned the newspaper into an orthodox Republican organ, wearing "its stubborn editorial and typographical conservatism…as

2220-453: A detailed political platform in the same way that Adams did, his coalition united in opposition to Adams's reliance on government planning. Adams, meanwhile, clung to the hope of a non-partisan nation, and he refused to make full use of the power of patronage to build up his own party structure. During the first half of his administration, Adams avoided taking a strong stand on tariffs, partly because he wanted to avoid alienating his allies in

2442-569: A dozen correspondents in the field, the most famous of whom was Homer Bigart . Allowing wire services to write "big picture" stories, Bigart—who covered the Anzio Campaign , the Battle of Iwo Jima and the Battle of Okinawa —focused instead on writing about tactical operations conducted by small units and individual soldiers, in order to "bring a dimension of reality and understanding to readers back home". Frequently risking his life to get

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2664-435: A dwelling for his father. John Quincy Adams [REDACTED] John Quincy Adams ( / ˈ k w ɪ n z i / ; July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848) was the sixth president of the United States , serving from 1825 to 1829. He previously served as the eighth United States secretary of state from 1817 to 1825. During his long diplomatic and political career, Adams served as an ambassador and also as

2886-558: A harmonious and productive cabinet that he met with on a weekly basis. Like Monroe, Adams sought a geographically balanced cabinet that would represent the various party factions, and he asked the members of the Monroe cabinet to remain in place for his own administration. Samuel L. Southard of New Jersey stayed on as Secretary of the Navy , William Wirt kept his post of Attorney General , and John McLean of Ohio continued to serve as

3108-530: A long association with the Reids. Whitney, recently named ambassador to Great Britain, had chaired Dwight Eisenhower 's fundraising campaigns in 1952 and 1956 and was looking for something else to engage him beyond his largely ceremonial role in Great Britain. Whitney, who "did not want the Tribune to die", gave the newspaper $ 1.2 million over the objections of his investment advisors, who had doubts about

3330-594: A major role in the Reids' sale of the Herald Tribune in 1958. Seeking to cut costs during the Recession of 1937 , the newspaper's management decided to consolidate its foreign coverage under Laurence Hills, who had been appointed editor of the Paris Herald by Frank Munsey in 1920 and kept the paper profitable. But Hills had fascist sympathies—the Paris Herald was alone among American newspapers in having "ad columns sprout(ing) with swastikas and fasces —and

3552-520: A majority of the electoral votes for vice president. Adams nearly swept the electoral votes of New England and won a majority of the electoral votes in New York , but he won just six electoral votes from the slave states. Most of Jackson's support came from slave-holding states, but he also won New Jersey , Pennsylvania , and some electoral votes from the Northwest. As no candidate won a majority of

3774-590: A majority of the vote, the state legislature decided the election. Rather than seek election by the legislature, Adams withdrew his name from contention, and the legislature selected Davis. Adams was nearly elected to the Senate in 1835 by a coalition of Anti-Masons and National Republicans, but his support for Jackson in a minor foreign policy matter annoyed National Republican leaders enough that they dropped their support for his candidacy. After 1835, Adams never again sought higher office, focusing instead on his service in

3996-567: A member of the United States Congress representing Massachusetts in both chambers. He was the eldest son of John Adams , who served as the second president of the United States from 1797 to 1801, and First Lady Abigail Adams . Initially a Federalist like his father, he won election to the presidency as a member of the Democratic-Republican Party , and later, in the mid-1830s, became affiliated with

4218-530: A moral mission to uplift society, and frequently focused his energies on the newspaper's editorials—"weapons…in a ceaseless war to improve society"—and political coverage. While a lifelong opponent of slavery and, for time, a proponent of socialism , Greeley's attitudes were never exactly fixed: "The result was a potpourri of philosophical inconsistencies and contradictions that undermined Greeley's effectiveness as both logician and polemicist." However, his moralism appealed to rural America; with six months of beginning

4440-429: A more positive light during his post-presidency because of his vehement stance against slavery, as well as his fight for the rights of women and Native Americans. John Quincy Adams was born on July 11, 1767, to John and Abigail Adams (née Smith) in a part of Braintree , Massachusetts , that is now Quincy . He was named after his mother's maternal grandfather, Colonel John Quincy , after whom Quincy, Massachusetts,

4662-556: A new company called Whitney Communications Corporation, proved profitable, but executives chafed at subsidizing the Tribune. Thayer also looked for new leadership for the newspaper. In 1961—the same year Whitney returned to New York—the Tribune hired John Denson, a Newsweek editor and native of Louisiana who was "a critical mass of intensity and irascibility relieved by interludes of amiability." Denson had helped raise Newsweek's circulation by 50 percent during his tenure, in part through innovative layouts and graphics, and he brought

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4884-641: A paper more representative of the suburbs than the ethnic mix of the city", according to one later reporter, the Tribune generally did not match the comprehensiveness of The New York Times ' coverage. Its national, international and business coverage, however, was generally viewed as among the best in the industry, as was its overall style. At one time or another, the paper's writers included Dorothy Thompson , Red Smith , Roger Kahn , Richard Watts Jr. , Homer Bigart , Walter Kerr , Walter Lippmann , St. Clair McKelway , Judith Crist , Dick Schaap , Tom Wolfe , John Steinbeck , and Jimmy Breslin . Editorially,

5106-473: A par with Soviet Russia, where subsidized and rigorously controlled governmental organs publish only the favorable side of the picture. Every move in our country on the part of the Government in this direction has failed, and, I believe, will always fail. If ever it does not, then we have real cause for worry. If newspaper independence dies, honest and efficient government dies with it. In 1924, he purchased

5328-570: A productive working relationship with Russian official Nikolay Rumyantsev and eventually befriended Tsar Alexander I of Russia . Adams continued to favor American neutrality between France and Britain during the Napoleonic War . Louisa was initially distraught at the prospect of living in Russia, but she became a popular figure at the Russian court. From his diplomatic post, Adams observed

5550-469: A professor of logic at Brown University and as the Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard University . Adams's devotion to classical rhetoric shaped his response to public issues, and he would remain inspired by those rhetorical ideals long after the neo-classicalism and deferential politics of the founding generation were eclipsed by the commercial ethos and mass democracy of

5772-417: A prominent advocate of internal improvements and protective tariffs within the administration. Adams chose Henry Clay as Secretary of State , angering those who believed Clay had offered Adams his support in the 1824 election in exchange for the most prestigious position in the cabinet. Clay would later regret accepting the job since it reinforced the "Corrupt Bargain" accusation. However, Clay's strength in

5994-493: A public duty rather than developed as a profit-making opportunity". With its generally marginal profitability, the Herald Tribune had few opportunities to reinvest in its operations as the Times did, and the Reids' mortgage on the newspaper made it difficult to raise outside cash for needed capital improvements. After another profitable year in 1946, Bill Robinson, the Herald Tribune ' s business manager, decided to reinvest

6216-419: A republic that had been established through a slave revolt . Though the United States delegation finally won confirmation from the Senate, it never reached the Congress of Panama due to the Senate's delay. The Jacksonians formed an effective party apparatus that adopted many modern campaign techniques. Rather than focusing on issues, they emphasized Jackson's popularity and the supposed corruption of Adams and

6438-572: A result of the new technology. Publishers were willing to protect jobs and reduce the workforce through attrition, but balked at what they viewed as "tribute payments" to the unions. After nearly a five-month strike, the unions and the publishers reached an agreement in March, 1963—in which the unions won a weekly worker wage and benefit increase of $ 12.63 and largely forestalled automation—and the city's newspapers resumed publication on April 1, 1963. The strike added new costs to all newspapers, and increased

6660-500: A role in the election of New York City Mayor John Lindsay , a liberal Republican, in 1965. Whitney supported the changes at the Tribune but they did not help the newspaper's bottom line. A survey of readers of the newspaper in late 1963 found that readers "appreciated the Tribune ' s innovations, (but) the Times still plainly ranked as the prestige paper in the New York field, based mostly on its completeness." Whitney himself

6882-581: A series of pseudonymously published essays arguing that Britain provided a better governmental model than France. Two years later, he published another series of essays attacking Edmond-Charles Genêt , a French diplomat who sought to undermine President George Washington 's policy of neutrality in the French Revolutionary Wars . In 1794, Washington appointed Adams as the U.S. ambassador to the Netherlands . Adams considered declining

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7104-513: A similar stance was approached by the Sun and the World-Telegram , the latter of them also having an ardently liberal past as a Pulitzer newspaper. Financially, the paper continued to stay out of the red, but long-term trouble was on the horizon. After Elisabeth Mills Reid died in 1931—after having given the paper $ 15 million over her lifetime—it was discovered that the elder Reid had treated

7326-425: A target of Barry Goldwater partisans in the 1964 presidential campaign . The leadership of the Tribune , while agreeing with Goldwater's approach to national defense, believed he pushed it to an extreme, and strongly opposed Goldwater's voting record on civil rights. After some internal debate, the Tribune endorsed Democrat Lyndon Johnson for the presidency that fall. The newspaper's editorial support also played

7548-419: A year abroad as secretary to his father when he was the U.S. Ambassador to Great Britain . Upon his return to the U.S., he worked at the New York Tribune beginning in 1908 as a reporter. The paper was founded in 1841 by Horace Greeley . He was an employee there, working in all of the various departments as assistant to the city editor and assistant night editor, until 1912, when, on his father's death he

7770-427: A year between 1942 and 1945. In 1946, the Herald Tribune ' s Sunday circulation hit an all-time peak of 708,754. The Herald Tribune began a decline shortly after World War II that had several causes. The Reid family was long accustomed to resolve shortfalls at the newspaper with subsidies from their fortune, rather than improved business practices, seeing the paper "as a hereditary possession to be sustained as

7992-586: Is Mrs. Reid who often helps that independent mind make itself up". Editorially, the newspaper thrived, winning its first Pulitzer Prize for reporting in 1930 for Leland Stowe 's coverage of the Second Reparations Conference on German reparations for World War I , where the Young Plan was developed. Stanley Walker , who became the newspaper's city editor in 1928, pushed his staff (which briefly included Joseph Mitchell) to write in

8214-578: Is also named. Colonel Quincy died two days after his great-grandson's birth. Young Adams was educated by tutors – his cousin James Thaxter and his father's law clerk, Nathan Rice. He soon exhibited literary skills, and in 1779 he started a diary that he kept until just before he died in 1848. Until the age of ten, Adams grew up on the family farm in Braintree, largely in the care of his mother. Though frequently absent because of his participation in

8436-657: The New York Herald for $ 5,000,000 ($ 70,513,264 in 2023), combining them to create New York Herald Tribune . In 1932, the combined paper became profitable, and remained profitable until Reid's death in 1947. From 1930 to 1932, Reid served as Commodore of the St. Regis Yacht Club on the Upper St. Regis Lake . In 1911, Reid married Helen Miles Rogers at the Racine College Chapel in Racine, Wisconsin . She

8658-639: The New York Journal in 1895 and attempted to ape Pulitzer's methods in a more sensationalistic manner. The challenge of The World and the Journal spurred Bennett to revitalize the paper; the Herald competed keenly with both papers during coverage of the Spanish–American War , providing "the soundest, fairest coverage…(of) any American newspaper", sending circulation over 500,000. The Tribune largely relied on wire copy for its coverage of

8880-495: The 1828 presidential election , making Adams the second president to fail to win re-election (his father being the first). Rather than retiring from public service, Adams won election to the House of Representatives, where he would serve from 1831 until his death in 1848. He remains the only former president to be elected to the chamber. After narrowly losing his bids for Governor of Massachusetts and Senate re-election, Adams joined

9102-498: The American News Company , the controller of many commuter newsstands, to achieve prominent display. Tribune executives were not blind to the challenge, but the economy drive at the paper undercut efforts to adequately compete. The newspaper fell into the red in 1951. The Herald Tribune ' s losses reached $ 700,000 in 1953, and Robinson resigned late that year. The paper distinguished itself in its coverage of

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9324-560: The American Revolution , John Adams maintained a correspondence with his son, encouraging him to read works by authors such as Thucydides and Hugo Grotius . With his father's encouragement, Adams would also translate classical authors such as Virgil , Horace , Plutarch , and Aristotle . In 1778, Adams and his father departed for Europe, where John Adams would serve as part of American diplomatic missions in France and

9546-514: The American System , was designed to unite disparate regional interests in the promotion of a thriving national economy. Adams's programs faced opposition from various quarters. Many disagreed with his broad interpretation of the constitution and preferred that power be concentrated in state governments rather than the federal government. Others disliked interference from any level of government and were opposed to central planning. Some in

9768-770: The Anti-Masonic Party in the early 1830s before joining the Whig Party , which united those opposed to President Jackson. During his time in Congress, Adams became increasingly critical of slavery and of the Southern leaders whom he believed controlled the Democratic Party. He was particularly opposed to the annexation of Texas and the Mexican–American War , which he saw as a war to extend slavery and its political grip on Congress . He also led

9990-646: The Anti-Masonic Party , partly because the National Republican Party's leadership in Massachusetts included many of the former Federalists that Adams had clashed with earlier in his career. The Anti-Masonic Party originated as a movement against Freemasonry , but it developed into the country's first third party and embraced a general program of anti-elitism. Adams expected a light workload when he returned to Washington at 64 years old, but Speaker Andrew Stevenson selected Adams chair of

10212-853: The British West Indies , dealing a blow to Adams's prestige. The Adams administration negotiated extensively with the British to lift this ban, but the two sides could not reach an agreement. Despite the loss of trade with the British West Indies, the other commercial agreements secured by Adams helped expand the overall volume of United States exports. Aside from an unsuccessful attempt to purchase Texas from Mexico, President Adams did not seek to expand into Latin America or North America. Adams and Clay instead sought engagement with Latin America to prevent it from falling under

10434-651: The Committee on Commerce and Manufactures . Though he identified as a member of the Anti-Masonic Party, Congress was broadly polarized into allies of Jackson and opponents of Jackson, and Adams generally aligned with the latter camp. Stevenson, an ally of Jackson, expected that the committee chairmanship would keep Adams busy defending the tariff even while the Jacksonian majority on the committee would prevent Adams from accruing any real power. As chair of

10656-464: The Herald as a means of supporting his lifestyle, did not make serious moves to expand the newspaper's newsgathering operations, and allowed the paper's circulation to fall well below 100,000 by 1912. The Herald suffered a fatal blow in 1907. Bennett, his hatred for the Journal owner unabated, attacked Hearst's campaigns for Congress in 1902, and his run for governor of New York in 1906. The Herald ' s coverage of Hearst's gubernatorial campaign

10878-526: The Herald assigned a reporter to the conflict—the only newspaper in New York to do so—and used the telegraph , then a new technology, to not only beat competitors with news but provide Washington policymakers with the first reports from the conflict. During the American Civil War , Bennett kept at least 24 correspondents in the field, opened a Southern desk and had reporters comb the hospitals to develop lists of casualties and deliver messages from

11100-500: The Herald the most comprehensive source of news among the city's newspapers. Bennett also bankrolled Henry Morton Stanley 's trek through Africa to find David Livingstone , and scooped the competition on the Battle of Little Big Horn . However, Bennett ruled his paper with a heavy hand, telling his executives at one point that he was the "only reader of this paper": "I am the only one to be pleased. If I want it turned upside down, it must be turned upside down. I want one feature article

11322-420: The Herald . The elder Reid refused to sell, saying only that she would buy the Herald . The two sides negotiated through the winter and spring. Munsey approached Ogden Reid with a proposal to swap the profitable evening Sun with the Tribune , which Reid refused. The Reids countered with an offer of $ 5 million for the Herald and the Paris Herald , which Munsey agreed to on March 17, 1924. The move surprised

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11544-476: The Herald Tribune to surrender the edge in foreign reporting to its rival. The Herald Tribune strongly supported Wendell Willkie for the Republican nomination in the 1940 presidential election ; Willkie's managers made sure the newspaper's endorsement was placed in each delegate's seat at the 1940 Republican National Convention . The Herald Tribune continued to provide a strong voice for Willkie (who

11766-743: The Jacksonian Era . Many of Adams's idiosyncratic positions were rooted in his abiding devotion to the Ciceronian ideal of the citizen-orator "speaking well" to promote the welfare of the polis. He was also influenced by the classical republican ideal of civic eloquence espoused by British philosopher David Hume . Adams adapted these classical republican ideals of public oratory to the American debate, viewing its multilevel political structure as ripe for "the renaissance of Demosthenic eloquence". His Lectures on Rhetoric and Oratory (1810) looks at

11988-442: The Journal , led to Bennett's conviction on charges of sending obscene matter through the mails. The publisher was ordered to pay a $ 25,000 fine—Bennett paid it in $ 1,000 bills—and the Herald "suffered a blow in prestige and circulation from which it never really recovered". Whitelaw Reid died in 1912 and was succeeded as publisher by his son, Ogden Mills Reid . The younger Reid, an "affable but lackluster person," began working at

12210-461: The Korean War ; Bigart and Marguerite Higgins , who engaged in a fierce rivalry, shared a Pulitzer Prize with Chicago Daily News correspondent Keyes Beech and three other reporters in 1951. The Tribune ' s cultural criticism was also prominent: John Crosby's radio and television column was syndicated in 29 newspapers by 1949, and Walter Kerr began a successful three-decade career as

12432-514: The Log Cabin , which advocated for the election of William Henry Harrison in the 1840 presidential election , attained a circulation of 80,000 and turned a small profit. With Whigs in power, Greeley saw the opportunity to launch a daily penny newspaper for their constituency. The New-York Tribune launched on April 10, 1841. Unlike the Herald or the Sun , it generally shied about from graphic crime coverage; Greeley saw his newspaper as having

12654-518: The Netherlands . During this period, Adams studied law , French , Greek , and Latin , and attended several schools, including Leiden University . In 1781, Adams traveled to Saint Petersburg , Russia, where he served as the secretary to the American diplomat, Francis Dana . He returned to the Netherlands in 1783 and accompanied his father to Great Britain in 1784. Though Adams enjoyed Europe, he and his family decided he needed to return to

12876-649: The Peninsular War . In addition to his foreign policy role, Adams held several domestic duties, including overseeing the 1820 United States census and writing an extensive report on weights and measures . The weights and measures report, a particular passion of Adams', provided an extensive historical perspective on the topic and advocated for adoption of the metric system . Monroe and Adams agreed on most major foreign policy issues: both favored neutrality in Latin American independence wars , peace with

13098-739: The Postmaster General , an important position that was not part of the cabinet at that time. Adams's first choices for Secretary of War and Secretary of the Treasury were Andrew Jackson and William Crawford, but each declined to serve in the administration. Adams instead selected James Barbour of Virginia , a prominent supporter of Crawford, to lead the War Department . Leadership of the Treasury Department went to Richard Rush of Pennsylvania , who would become

13320-647: The Republican Party , had called for reconciliation of North and South following the war and criticized Radical Reconstruction . Gradually becoming disenchanted with Ulysses S. Grant , Greeley became the surprise nominee of the Liberal Republican faction of the party (and the Democrats) in the 1872 presidential election . The editor had left daily operations of the Tribune to his protege, Whitelaw Reid ; he attempted to resume his job after

13542-567: The Tariff of 1828 , which became known as the "Tariff of Abominations" by opponents. Adams was denounced in the South, and he received little credit for the tariff in the North. Adams sought the gradual assimilation of Native Americans via consensual agreements, a priority shared by few whites in the 1820s. Yet Adams was also deeply committed to the westward expansion of the United States. Settlers on

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13764-596: The Tariff of 1832 , which lowered rates, but not enough to mollify the South Carolina nullifiers. The crisis ended when Clay and Calhoun agreed to another tariff bill, the Tariff of 1833 , that furthered lower tariff rates. Adams was appalled by the Nullification Crisis's outcome, as he felt that the Southern states had unfairly benefited from challenging federal law. After the crisis, Adams was convinced that Southerners exercised undue influence over

13986-429: The Times outdistanced its rival in circulation and ad lineage, the Tribune continued to draw a sizeable amount of advertising, due to its wealthy readership. The Times management watched the Tribune ' s changes with "uneasy contempt for their debasement of classic Tribune craftmanship but also with grudging admiration for their catchiness and shrewdness." Times managing editor Turner Catledge began visiting

14208-409: The Times picked up 220,000 readers during the 1950s, its profits declined to $ 348,000 by 1960 due to the costs of an international edition and investments into the newspaper. A western edition of the newspaper, launched in 1961 by new publisher Orvil Dryfoos in an attempt to build the paper's national audience, also proved to be a drain and the Times profits fell to $ 59,802 by the end of 1961. While

14430-464: The Times . Denson's approaches to the front page often required expensive work stoppages to redo the front page, which increased expenses and drew concern from Whitney and Thayer. Denson also had a heavy-handed approach to the newsroom that led some to question his stability, and led him to clash with Thayer. Denson left the Tribune in October 1962 after Thayer attempted to move the nightly lockup of

14652-479: The Tribune ' s losses to $ 4.2 million while slashing its circulation to 282,000. Dryfoos died of a heart ailment shortly after the strike and was replaced as Times publisher by Arthur Ochs Sulzberger , who ended merger talks with the Tribune because "it just didn't make any long-term sense to me." The paper also lost long-established talent, including Marguerite Higgins, Earl Mazo and Washington bureau chief Robert Donovan. Whitney, however, remained committed to

14874-541: The Tribune ' s new Sunday magazine, New York , edited by Clay Felker . Bellows also prominently featured Jimmy Breslin in the columns of the Tribune, as well as writer Gail Sheehy . Editorially, the newspaper remained in the liberal Republican camp, both strongly anti-communist, pro-business, and supportive of civil rights. In April 1963, the Tribune published the " Letter from Birmingham Jail ", written by Martin Luther King Jr. . The Tribune became

15096-423: The Tribune ' s readership. In her first two years on the job, the Tribune ' s annual advertising revenues jumped from $ 1.7 million to $ 4.3 million, "with circulation responsible for no more than 10 percent of the increase". Reid's efforts helped cut the newspaper's dependence on subsidies from the family fortune and pushed it toward a paying track. Reid also encouraged the development of women's features at

15318-703: The Tribune in 1891. Despite this, the paper remained profitable due to an educated and wealthy readership that attracted advertisers. The Herald was the largest circulation newspaper in New York City until 1884. Joseph Pulitzer , who came from St. Louis and purchased the New York World in 1882, aggressively marketed a mix of crime stories and social reform editorials to a predominantly immigrant audience, and saw his circulation quickly surpass those of more established publishers. Bennett, who had moved permanently to Paris in 1877 after publicly urinating in

15540-504: The Tribune in 1908 as a reporter and won the loyalty of the staff with his good nature and eagerness to learn. Quickly moved through the ranks—he became managing editor in 1912—Reid oversaw the Tribune ' s thorough coverage of the sinking of the Titanic , ushering a revival of the newspaper's fortunes. While the paper continued to lose money, and was saved from bankruptcy only by the generosity of Elisabeth Mills Reid, Ogden's mother.,

15762-770: The Tribune , Greeley combined The New-Yorker and The Log Cabin into a new publication, the Weekly Tribune . The weekly version circulated nationwide, serving as a digest of news melded with agriculture tips. Offering prizes like strawberry plants and gold pens to salesmen, the Weekly Tribune reached a circulation of 50,000 within 10 years, outpacing the Herald ' s weekly edition. The Tribune's ranks included Henry Raymond , who later founded The New York Times , and Charles Dana , who would later edit and partly own The Sun for nearly three decades. Dana served as second-in-command to Greeley, but Greeley abruptly fired him in 1862, after years of personality conflicts between

15984-513: The Tribune , and promoted James Bellows to editor of the newspaper. Bellows kept Denson's format but "eliminated features that lacked substance or sparkle" while promoting new talent, including movie critic Judith Crist and Washington columnists Robert Novak and Rowland Evans . From 1963 until its demise, the Tribune published a weekly magazine supplement titled Book Week ; Susan Sontag published two early essays there. The Tribune also began experimenting with an approach to news that later

16206-591: The Tribune , and these readers stayed with The Times after the war into the Nineteen-fifties and Sixties". Although The New York Times had the most comprehensive coverage of any American newspaper—the newspaper put 55 correspondents in the field, including drama critic Brooks Atkinson —its news budget fell from $ 3.8 million in 1940 to $ 3.7 million in 1944; the paper did not significantly expand its number of newsroom employees between 1937 and 1945 and its ad space, far from declining, actually increased during

16428-806: The U.S. ambassador to Portugal . Later that year, John Adams defeated Jefferson in the 1796 presidential election . When the elder Adams became president, he appointed his son as the U.S. ambassador to Prussia . Though concerned that his appointment would be criticized as nepotistic , Adams accepted the position and traveled to the Prussian capital of Berlin with his wife and his younger brother, Thomas Boylston Adams . The State Department tasked Adams with developing commercial relations with Prussia and Sweden, but President Adams also asked his son to write to him frequently about affairs in Europe. His advice that he regularly gave to his father based on his experiences on

16650-624: The United States Army Corps of Engineers conducted surveys for a bevy of potential roads, canals, railroads, and improvements in river navigation. Adams presided over major repairs and further construction on the National Road, and shortly after he left office the National Road extended from Cumberland, Maryland , to Zanesville, Ohio . The Adams administration also saw the beginning of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal ;

16872-797: The War of 1812 . In 1817, President James Monroe selected Adams as his secretary of state. In that role, Adams negotiated the Adams–Onís Treaty , which provided for the American acquisition of Florida. He also helped formulate the Monroe Doctrine , which became a key tenet of U.S. foreign policy . In 1818, Adams was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia. Adams, Andrew Jackson , William H. Crawford , and Henry Clay —all members of

17094-626: The Whig Party . Born in Braintree, Massachusetts , Adams spent much of his youth in Europe, where his father served as a diplomat. After returning to the United States, Adams established a successful legal practice in Boston . In 1794, President George Washington appointed Adams as the U.S. ambassador to the Netherlands , and Adams would serve in high-ranking diplomatic posts until 1801, when Thomas Jefferson took office as president. Federalist leaders in Massachusetts arranged for Adams's election to

17316-575: The "IHT", ceased publication in 2013. The New York Herald was founded on May 6, 1835, by James Gordon Bennett , a Scottish immigrant who came to the United States aged 24. Bennett, a firm Democrat , had established a name in the newspaper business in the 1820s with dispatches sent from Washington, D.C., to the New York Enquirer , most sharply critical of President John Quincy Adams and Secretary of State Henry Clay ; one historian called Bennett "the first real Washington reporter". Bennett

17538-694: The 50th Secretary of the Treasury . He attended the Browning School in New York, the University of Bonn in Germany, and graduated from Yale University with a bachelor's degree in 1904 and a law degree in 1907. Reid was an early member of the Yale swim team , perhaps "Yale's first great swimmer." For a time after graduation, he supported the team financially and even helped coach the team. Following his graduation from Yale Law School , he spent

17760-512: The Adams administration. By the end of the first session of the 19th United States Congress , an anti-Adams congressional coalition consisting of Jacksonians (led by Benton and Hugh Lawson White ), Crawfordites (led by Martin Van Buren and Nathaniel Macon ), and Calhounites (led by Robert Y. Hayne and George McDuffie ) had emerged. Aside from Clay, Adams lacked strong supporters outside of

17982-580: The British Empire's economic influence. As part of this goal, the administration favored sending a United States delegation to the Congress of Panama , an 1826 conference of New World republics organized by Simón Bolívar . Clay and Adams hoped that the conference would inaugurate a " Good Neighborhood Policy " among the independent states of the Americas. However, the funding for a delegation and

18204-588: The Democratic-Republican Party—competed in the 1824 presidential election . Because no candidate won a majority of electoral votes , the House of Representatives held a contingent election , which Adams won with the support of Speaker of the House Henry Clay, whom Adams would controversially appoint as his secretary of state. As president, Adams called for an ambitious agenda that included federally funded infrastructure projects ,

18426-518: The Federalist minority in Congress. Like his Federalist colleagues, he opposed the impeachment of Associate Justice Samuel Chase , an outspoken supporter of the Federalist Party. Adams had strongly opposed Jefferson's 1800 presidential candidacy, but he gradually became alienated from the Federalist Party. His disaffection was driven by the party's declining popularity, disagreements over foreign policy, and Adams's hostility to Timothy Pickering ,

18648-620: The French Emperor Napoleon 's invasion of Russia , which ended in defeat for the French. In February 1811, President Madison nominated Adams as an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court . The nomination was unanimously confirmed by the Senate, but Adams declined the seat, preferring a career in politics and diplomacy, so Joseph Story took the seat instead. Adams had long feared that

18870-658: The French government with the rank of Officer in the Legion of Honour , and by the Belgian government with the honor of Commander of the Order of Leopold II of Belgium . In 1931, when King Prajadhipok of Siam came to the United States for an operation, he stayed at Ophir Hall , Reid's Renaissance Revival residence in Purchase, New York , designed by Stanford White , with landscaping by Frederick Law Olmsted , and built in 1892 as

19092-498: The Guild's leadership and thrust ITU to the fore. New technology was also a concern for management and labor. Teletypesetting (TTS), introduced in the 1950s, was used by The Wall Street Journal and promised to be far more efficient than the linotype machines still used by the Tribune and most other New York newspapers. TTS required less skill than the complex linotype machines, and publishers wanted to automate to save money. ITU

19314-555: The House Henry Clay . Adams, the nominal head of the delegation, got along well with Gallatin, Bayard, and Russell, but he occasionally clashed with Clay. The British delegation initially treated the United States as a defeated power, demanding the creation of an Indian barrier state from American territory near the Great Lakes . The American delegation unanimously rejected this offer, and their negotiating position

19536-524: The House of Representatives. In the mid-1830s, the Anti-Masonic Party, the National Republicans, and other groups opposed to Jackson coalesced into the Whig Party . In the 1836 presidential election Democrats put forward Martin Van Buren , while the Whigs fielded multiple presidential candidates. Because he disdained all the major party contenders for president, Adams did not take part in

19758-576: The House of Representatives. Though they were quite different in temperament and had clashed in the past, Adams and Clay shared similar views on national issues. By contrast, Clay viewed Jackson as a dangerous demagogue , and he was unwilling to support Crawford due to the latter's health issues. Adams and Clay met before the contingent election, and Clay agreed to support Adams in the election. Adams also met with Federalists such as Daniel Webster , promising that he would not deny governmental positions to members of their party. On February 9, 1825, Adams won

19980-629: The Monroe Doctrine, which was largely built upon Adams's ideas. In issuing the Monroe Doctrine, the United States displayed a new level of assertiveness in international relations, as the doctrine represented the country's first claim to a sphere of influence . It also marked the country's shift in psychological orientation away from Europe and towards the Americas. Debates over foreign policy would no longer center on relations with Britain and France, but instead focus on western expansion and relations with Native Americans. The doctrine became one of

20202-468: The Monroe administration to pair the acquisition of Florida, which was chiefly sought by Southerners, with territorial gains favored primarily by those in the North. After extended negotiations, Spain and the United States agreed to the Adams–Onís Treaty , which was ratified in February 1821. Adams was deeply proud of the treaty, though he privately was concerned by the potential expansion of slavery into

20424-636: The Muscogee. A showdown between Georgia and the federal government was only averted after the Muscogee agreed to a third treaty. Though many saw Troup as unreasonable in his dealings with the federal government and the Native Americans, the administration's handling of the incident alienated those in the Deep South who favored immediate Indian removal . Adams famously said "America goes not abroad, in search of monsters to destroy". One of

20646-399: The North, and Edward Everett , John Taylor , and Daniel Webster served as his strongest advocates in Congress. Supporters of Adams began calling themselves National Republicans , while supporters of Jackson began calling themselves Democrats . In the press, they were often described as "Adams Men" and "Jackson Men". In the 1826 elections , Adams's opponents picked up seats throughout

20868-810: The Prussian region of Silesia were published in a book titled Letters on Silesia . During his time in Prussia, Adams befriended the German diplomat and writer Friedrich von Gentz , whose work, The Origins and Principles of the American Revolution, Compared with the Origins and Principles of the French Revolution, Adams would translate into English in 1800. In the 1800 presidential election , Jefferson defeated John Adams, and both Adams and his son left office in early 1801. On his return to

21090-468: The Reid family was once again forced to subsidize the newspaper. By 1933, the Herald Tribune turned a profit of $ 300,000, and would stay in the black for the next 20 years, without ever making enough money for significant growth or reinvestment. Through the 1930s Ogden Reid often stayed late at Bleeck's, a popular hangout for Herald Tribune reporters.; by 1945, Tribune historian Richard Kluger wrote, Reid

21312-722: The Senate, Adams was ostracized by Massachusetts Federalist leaders, but he declined Democratic-Republican entreaties to seek office. In 1809, he argued before the Supreme Court of the United States in Fletcher v. Peck , and the Supreme Court ultimately agreed with Adams's argument that the Constitution's Contract Clause prevented the state of Georgia from invalidating a land sale to out-of-state companies. Later that year, President James Madison appointed Adams as

21534-432: The South and New England. After Jacksonians took power in 1827, they devised a tariff bill designed to appeal to Western states while instituting high rates on imported materials important to the economy of New England. It is unclear whether Van Buren, who shepherded the bill through Congress, meant for the bill to pass, or if he had deliberately designed it to force Adams and his allies to oppose it. Regardless, Adams signed

21756-413: The South feared that Adams was secretly an abolitionist and that he sought to subordinate the states to the federal government. Most of the president's proposals were defeated in Congress. Adams's ideas for a national university, a national observatory, and the establishment of a uniform system of weights and measures never received congressional votes. His proposal for the creation of a naval academy won

21978-481: The Southern United States, and many of those settlers owned slaves despite an 1829 Mexican law that abolished slavery. Many in the United States and Texas thus favored the admission of Texas into the union as a slave state . Adams considered the issue of Texas to be "a question of far deeper root and more overshadowing branches than any or all others that agitate the country", and he emerged as one of

22200-529: The Spanish cabinet to recognize the weakness of its own hand". Apart from the Monroe doctrine, his last four years as Secretary of State were less successful because he was preoccupied with his presidential campaign and refused to make compromises with other countries that might have weakened his candidacy; the result was a small-scale trade war but a successful election to the White House. Taking office in

22422-623: The Spanish minister to the United States, for the purchase of Florida and the settlement of a border between the United States and New Spain. The negotiations were interrupted by an escalation of the Seminole War , and in December 1818, Monroe ordered General Andrew Jackson to enter Florida and retaliate against Seminoles that had raided Georgia. Exceeding his orders, Jackson captured the Spanish outposts of St. Marks and Pensacola and executed two Englishmen. While Jackson's actions outraged

22644-481: The Sunday edition began to slide again and the paper fell into the red in 1957. Through the decade, the Tribune was the only newspaper in the city to see its share of ad lineage drop, and longtime veterans of the paper, including Bigart, began departing. The Reids, who had by now turned their mortgage into stock, began seeking buyers to infuse the Tribune with cash, turning to John Hay "Jock" Whitney , whose family had

22866-743: The Treasury Albert Gallatin , and Federalist Senator James A. Bayard to a delegation charged with negotiating an end to the war. Gallatin and Bayard arrived in St. Petersburg in July 1813, but the British declined Tsar Alexander's offer of mediation. Hoping to start negotiations at another venue, Adams left Russia in April 1814. Negotiations finally began in mid-1814 in Ghent , where Adams, Gallatin, and Bayard were joined by two additional American delegates, Jonathan Russell and former Speaker of

23088-560: The Treasury William H. Crawford , Secretary of War John C. Calhoun , Secretary of the Navy Benjamin Crowninshield , and Attorney General William Wirt . Adams developed a strong respect for Calhoun but believed that Crawford was unduly focused on succeeding Monroe in 1824. During his time as ambassador to Britain, Adams had begun negotiations over several contentious issues that had not been solved by

23310-487: The Treasury Richard Rush as his running mate. The 1828 election thus marked the first time in United States history that a presidential ticket composed of two Northerners faced off against a presidential ticket composed of two Southerners. In the election, Jackson won 178 of the 261 electoral votes and just under 56% of the popular vote. Jackson won 50.3% of the popular vote in the free states, but 72.6% of

23532-596: The U.S. had long sought to purchase. Spain struggled to control the Indian tribes active in Florida, and some of those tribes raided United States territory. To the west, New Spain bordered the territory acquired by the United States in the Louisiana Purchase, but no clear boundary had been established between United States and Spanish territory. After taking office, Adams began negotiations with Luis de Onís ,

23754-482: The United Kingdom at the time. Under his leadership, the Tribune experimented with new layouts and new approaches to reporting the news and made important contributions to the body of New Journalism that developed in the 1960s. The paper steadily revived under Whitney, but a 114-day newspaper strike stopped the Herald Tribune ' s gains and ushered in four years of strife with labor unions, particularly

23976-514: The United Kingdom, rejection of a trade agreement with the French, and peaceful expansion into the Spanish Empire 's North American territories. The president and his secretary of state developed a strong working relationship, and while Adams often influenced Monroe's policies, he respected that Monroe made the final decisions on major issues. Monroe met regularly with his five-person cabinet , which initially consisted of Adams, Secretary of

24198-489: The United States Senate in 1802, but Adams broke with the Federalist Party over foreign policy and was denied re-election. In 1809, President James Madison , a member of the Democratic-Republican Party, appointed Adams as the U.S. ambassador to Russia . Multilingual , Adams held diplomatic posts for the duration of Madison's presidency, and he served as part of the American delegation that negotiated an end to

24420-541: The United States and Britain should work together to preserve the independence of these fledgling republics. The cabinet debated whether to accept the offer, but Adams opposed it. Instead, Adams urged Monroe to publicly declare the United States' opposition to any European attempt to colonize or re-take control of territory in the Americas, while also committing the United States to neutrality in European affairs. In his December 1823 annual message to Congress , Monroe laid out

24642-533: The United States to complete his education and eventually launch a political career. Adams returned to the United States in 1785 and earned admission as a member of the junior class of Harvard College the following year. He joined Phi Beta Kappa and excelled academically, graduating second in his class in 1787. After graduating from Harvard, he studied law with Theophilus Parsons in Newburyport, Massachusetts , from 1787 to 1789. Adams initially opposed

24864-450: The United States would enter a war it could not win against Britain, and by early 1812, he saw such a war as inevitable due to the constant British attacks on American shipping and the British practice of impressment . In mid-1812, the United States declared war against Britain, beginning the War of 1812 . Tsar Alexander attempted to mediate the conflict between Britain and the United States, and President Madison appointed Adams, Secretary of

25086-616: The United States, Adams re-established a legal practice in Boston , and in April 1802 he was elected to the Massachusetts Senate . In November of that year, he ran unsuccessfully for the United States House of Representatives . In February 1803, the Massachusetts legislature elected Adams to the United States Senate . Though somewhat reluctant to affiliate with any political party, Adams joined

25308-528: The United States, and did not make a major diplomatic issue out of Jackson's execution of two British nationals. Negotiations between Spain and the United States continued, and Spain agreed to cede Florida. The determination of the western boundary of the United States proved more difficult. American expansionists favored setting the border at the Rio Grande , but Spain, intent on protecting its colony of Mexico from American encroachment, insisted on setting

25530-475: The United States, but they married in All Hallows-by-the-Tower on July 26, 1797. Shortly after the wedding, Joshua Johnson fled England to escape his creditors, and Adams did not receive the dowry that Johnson had promised him, much to the embarrassment of Louisa. Adams noted in his own diary that he had no regrets about his decision to marry Louisa. In 1796, Washington appointed Adams as

25752-751: The War of 1812 or the Treaty of Ghent. In 1817, the two countries agreed to the Rush–Bagot Treaty , which limited naval armaments on the Great Lakes . Negotiations between the two powers continued, resulting in the Treaty of 1818 , which defined the Canada–United States border west of the Great Lakes. The boundary was set at the 49th parallel to the Rocky Mountains , while the territory to

25974-509: The West and interest in foreign policy made him a natural choice for the position. In his 1825 annual message to Congress, Adams presented a comprehensive and ambitious agenda. He called for major investments in internal improvements as well as the creation of a national university, a naval academy, and a national astronomical observatory. Noting the healthy status of the treasury and the possibility for more revenue via land sales, Adams argued for

26196-537: The aftermath of the War of 1812, Adams thought that the country had been fortunate in avoiding territorial losses, and he prioritized avoiding another war with a European power, particularly Britain. He also sought to avoid exacerbating sectional tensions, which had been a major issue for the country during the War of 1812. One of the major challenges confronting Adams was how to respond to the power vacuum in Latin America that arose from Spain's weakness following

26418-399: The aid of Clay and Gallatin, Adams negotiated a limited trade agreement with Britain. Following the conclusion of the trade agreement, much of Adams's time as ambassador was spent helping stranded American sailors and prisoners of war. In pursuit of national unity, newly elected president James Monroe decided a Northerner would be optimal for the position of Secretary of State , and he chose

26640-458: The approval of the Senate but was defeated in the House; opponents objected to the naval academy's cost and worried that the establishment of such an institution would "produce degeneracy and corruption of the public morality". Adams's proposal to establish a national bankruptcy law was also defeated. Unlike other aspects of his domestic agenda, Adams won congressional approval for several ambitious infrastructure projects. Between 1824 and 1828,

26862-599: The boundary at the Sabine River . At Monroe's direction, Adams agreed to the Sabine River boundary, but he insisted that Spain cede its claims on Oregon Country. Adams was deeply interested in establishing American control over the Oregon Country, partly because he believed that control of that region would spur trade with Asia. The acquisition of Spanish claims to the Pacific Northwest also allowed

27084-467: The business side of the paper, combined with an increasing reputation as a "newspaperman's newspaper", led the Herald Tribune to post a profit of nearly $ 1.5 million in 1929, as circulation climbed over the 300,000 mark. The onset of the Great Depression , however, wiped out the profits. In 1931, the Herald Tribune lost $ 650,000 (equivalent to approximately $ 14,515,610 in 2023 dollars), and

27306-571: The campaign turned increasingly nasty. The Jacksonian press portrayed Adams as an out-of-touch elitist, while pro-Adams newspapers attacked Jackson's past involvement in various duels and scuffles, portraying him as too emotional and impetuous for the presidency. Though Adams and Clay had hoped that the campaign would focus on the American System, it was instead dominated by the personalities of Jackson and Adams. Vice President Calhoun joined Jackson's ticket, while Adams turned to Secretary of

27528-530: The campaign; Van Buren won the election. Nonetheless, Adams became aligned with the Whig Party in Congress. Adams generally opposed the initiatives of President Van Buren, long a political adversary, though they maintained a cordial public relationship. The Republic of Texas won its independence from Mexico in the Texas Revolution of 1835–1836. Texas had largely been settled by Americans from

27750-485: The charisma of his competitors, Adams was widely respected and benefited from the lack of other prominent Northern political leaders. Adams's top choice for the role of vice president was General Andrew Jackson; Adams noted that "the Vice-Presidency was a station in which [Jackson] could hang no one, and in which he would need to quarrel with no one". However, as the 1824 election approached, Jackson jumped into

27972-449: The circulation in 1872—saw the Tribune's readership jump to about 130,000 by 1924. Reid's wife, Helen Rogers Reid , took charge of the newspaper's advertising department in 1919. Helen Reid, "who believed in the newspaper the way a religious person believes in God", reorganized the faltering department, aggressively pursuing advertisers and selling them on the "wealth, position and power" of

28194-464: The city but, like other newspaper unions, had taken a backseat to the Newspaper Guild (which had the largest membership among the unions) in contract negotiations. This arrangement began to fray in the 1950s, as the craft unions felt the Guild was too inclined to accept publishers' offers without concern for those who did the manual work of printing. Powers wanted to call a strike to challenge

28416-401: The city room of his newspaper to read the early edition of the Tribune and sometimes responded with changes, though he ultimately decided Denson's approach would be unsuccessful. But the financial challenges both papers faced led Dryfoos, Thayer, and previous Times publisher Arthur Hays Sulzberger to discuss a possible merger of the Times and the Tribune, a project codenamed "Canada" at

28638-406: The committee charged with writing tariff laws, Adams became an important player in the nullification crisis , which stemmed largely from Southern objections to the high rates imposed by the Tariff of 1828 . South Carolina leaders argued that states could nullify federal laws , and they announced that they would bar the federal government from enforcing the tariff in their state. Adams helped pass

28860-551: The completion of several projects that were in various stages of construction or planning, including a road from Washington, D.C. to New Orleans . He also proposed the establishment of a Department of the Interior as a new cabinet-level department that would preside over these internal improvements. Adams hoped to fund these measures primarily through Western land sales, rather than increased taxes or public debt. The domestic agenda of Adams and Clay, which would come to be known as

29082-493: The confirmation of delegation nominees became entangled in a political battle over Adams's domestic policies, with opponents such as Van Buren impeding the confirmation of a delegation. While Van Buren saw the Panama Congress as an unwelcome deviation from the more isolationist foreign policy established by President Washington, many Southerners opposed involvement with any conference attended by delegates from Haiti ,

29304-405: The conflict and was consistently ahead of the Herald Tribune ' s. Between 1941 and 1945, advertising space in the Times increased from 42.58 percent of the paper to 49.68 percent, while the Tribune saw its ad space increase from 37.58 percent to 49.32 percent. In 1943 and 1944, more than half the Times ' went to advertising, a percentage the Herald Tribune did not meet until after

29526-404: The conflict. Reid, who helped negotiate the treaty that ended the war had by 1901 become completely disengaged from the Tribune ' s daily operations. The paper was no longer profitable, and the Reids largely viewed the paper as a "private charity case". By 1908, the Tribune was losing $ 2,000 a week. In an article about New York City's daily newspapers that year, The Atlantic Monthly found

29748-857: The construction of the Chesapeake & Delaware Canal and the Louisville and Portland Canal around the Falls of the Ohio ; the connection of the Great Lakes to the Ohio River system in Ohio and Indiana ; and the enlargement and rebuilding of the Dismal Swamp Canal in North Carolina . Additionally, the first passenger railroad in the United States, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad ,

29970-445: The contingent election on the first ballot, taking 13 of the 24 state delegations. Adams won the House delegations of all the states in which he or Clay had won a majority of the electoral votes, as well as the delegations of Illinois , Louisiana , and Maryland . Adams's victory made him the first child of a president to serve as president himself. After the election, many of Jackson's supporters claimed that Adams and Clay had reached

30192-517: The country, as allies of Adams failed to coordinate among themselves. Andrew Stevenson , a Jackson supporter, replaced John Taylor, an Adams supporter, as Speaker of the House. As Adams himself noted, the United States had never seen a Congress that was firmly under the control of political opponents of the president. After the elections, Van Buren and Calhoun agreed to throw their support behind Jackson in 1828, with Van Buren bringing along many of Crawford's supporters. Though Jackson did not articulate

30414-413: The election, but was badly hurt by a piece (intended humorously) that said Greeley's defeat would chase political office seekers from the Tribune and allow the staff to "manage our own newspaper without being called aside every hour to help lazy people whom we don't know and…benefit people who don't deserve assistance". The piece was widely (and incorrectly) attributed to Greeley as a sign of bitterness at

30636-441: The electoral votes, the House was required to hold a contingent election under the terms of the Twelfth Amendment . The House would decide among the top three electoral vote winners, with each state's delegation having one vote; thus, unlike his three rivals, Clay was not eligible to be elected by the House. Adams knew that his own victory in the contingent election would require the support of Clay, who wielded immense influence in

30858-400: The end of the conflict had pulled close to the Times in ad revenue. A series of disastrous business decisions, combined with aggressive competition from the Times and poor leadership from the Reid family, left the Herald Tribune far behind its rival. In 1958, the Reids sold the Herald Tribune to John Hay Whitney , a multimillionaire Wall Street investor who was serving as ambassador to

31080-465: The endorsement of the New England legislatures. The regional strength of each candidate played an important role in the election; Adams was popular in New England , Clay and Jackson were strong in the West, and Jackson and Crawford competed for the South. In the 1824 presidential election, Jackson won a plurality in the Electoral College , taking 99 of the 261 electoral votes, while Adams won 84, Crawford won 41, and Clay took 37. Calhoun, meanwhile, won

31302-487: The establishment of a national university, and engagement with the countries of Latin America, but Congress refused to pass many of his initiatives. During Adams's presidency , the Democratic-Republican Party split into two major camps: the National Republican Party , which supported Adams, and Andrew Jackson's Democratic Party . The Democrats proved to be more effective political organizers than Adams and his National Republican supporters, and Jackson soundly defeated Adams in

31524-409: The expense of its advertising, while the Herald Tribune chose to run more ads, trading short-term profit for long-term difficulties. In The Kingdom and the Power , Talese's 1969 book about the Times , Talese wrote "the additional space that The Times was able to devote to war coverage instead of advertising was, in the long run, a very profitable decision: The Times lured many readers away from

31746-435: The extreme". His promotions included printing the sports section on green newsprint and a pocket-sized magazine for television listings that initially stopped the Sunday paper's circulation skid, but proved an empty product. The Tribune turned a profit in 1956, but the Times was rapidly outpacing it in news content, circulation, and ad revenue. The promotions largely failed to hold on to the Tribune ' s new audiences;

31968-414: The fate of ancient oratory, the necessity of liberty for it to flourish, and its importance as a unifying element for a new nation of diverse cultures and beliefs. Just as civic eloquence failed to gain popularity in Britain, in the United States interest faded in the second decade of the 19th century, as the "public spheres of heated oratory" disappeared in favor of the private sphere. After resigning from

32190-450: The federal government through their control of Jackson's Democratic Party. In the 1833 Massachusetts gubernatorial election , the Anti-Masonic Party nominated Adams in a four-way race between Adams, the National Republican candidate, the Democratic candidate, and a candidate of the Working Men's Party. The National Republican candidate, John Davis , won 40% of the vote, while Adams finished in second place with 29%. Because no candidate won

32412-503: The federal government. Jackson himself described the campaign as a "struggle between the virtue of the people and executive patronage". Adams, meanwhile, refused to adapt to the new reality of political campaigns, and he avoided public functions and refused to invest in pro-administration tools such as newspapers. In early 1827, Jackson was publicly accused of having encouraged his wife, Rachel , to desert her first husband. In response, followers of Jackson attacked Adams's personal life, and

32634-449: The fireplace or piano of his fiancée's parents (the exact location differed in witnesses' memories) spent the Herald ' s still sizable profits on his own lifestyle, and the Herald's circulation stagnated. Bennett respected Pulitzer, and even ran an editorial praising the publisher of The World after health problems forced him to relinquish the editorship of the paper in 1890. However, he despised William Randolph Hearst , who purchased

32856-473: The first United States Minister to Russia in 1809. Though Adams had only recently broken with the Federalist Party, his support of Jefferson's foreign policy had earned him goodwill with the Madison Administration. Adams was well-qualified for the role after his experiences in Europe generally and Russia specifically. After a difficult passage through the Baltic Sea , Adams arrived in the Russian capital of St. Petersburg in October 1809. He quickly established

33078-467: The first American newspaper to use the Bodoni font for headlines. The font gave a "decided elegance" to the Tribune and was soon adopted by magazines and other newspapers, including The Washington Post , The Boston Globe and the Miami Herald . The Tribune developed a reputation for typographical excellence it would maintain for more than four decades. Reid, who inherited a newspaper whose circulation may have fallen to 25,000 daily—no higher than

33300-463: The foundational principles of U.S. foreign policy . Immediately upon becoming Secretary of State, Adams emerged as one of Monroe's most likely successors, as the last three presidents had all served in the role before taking office. As the 1824 election approached, Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun (who later dropped out of the race), and William H. Crawford appeared to be Adams's primary competition to succeed Monroe. Crawford favored state sovereignty and

33522-522: The frontier, constantly seeking to move westward, cried for a more expansionist policy that disregarded the concerns of Native Americans. Early in his term, Adams suspended the Treaty of Indian Springs after learning that the Governor of Georgia, George Troup , had forced the treaty on the Muscogee . Adams signed a new treaty with the Muscogee in January 1826 that allowed the Muscogee to stay but ceded most of their land to Georgia. Troup refused to accept its terms and authorized all Georgian citizens to evict

33744-436: The ground in Europe proved particularly valuable during the Quasi-War with France, although President Adams also relied heavily on his official staff for such advice and not primarily on his son. In 1799, Adams negotiated a new trade agreement between the United States and Prussia , though he could never complete an agreement with Sweden. He frequently wrote to family members in the United States, and in 1801 his letters about

33966-429: The journalism community, which had expected Munsey to purchase the Tribune . The Herald management informed its staff of the sale in a brief note posted on a bulletin board; reading it, one reporter remarked "Jonah just swallowed the whale". The merged paper, which published its first edition on March 19, was named the New York Herald New York Tribune until May 31, 1926, when the more familiar New York Herald Tribune

34188-453: The leading congressional opponents of annexation. When he served as secretary of state, Adams had sought to acquire Texas, but he argued that, because Mexico had abolished slavery, the acquisition of Texas would transform the region from a free territory into a slave state. He also feared that the annexation of Texas would encourage Southern expansionists to pursue other potential slave states, including Cuba . Adams's firm stance may have played

34410-522: The local chapter of the International Typographical Union . Faced with mounting losses, Whitney attempted to merge the Herald Tribune with the New York World-Telegram and the New York Journal-American in the spring of 1966; the proposed merger led to another lengthy strike, and on August 15, 1966, Whitney announced the closure of the Herald Tribune . Combined with investments in the World Journal Tribune , Whitney spent $ 39.5 million (equivalent to $ 370,710,006 in 2023 dollars) in his attempts to keep

34632-448: The major foreign policy goals of the Adams administration was the expansion of American trade. His administration reached reciprocity treaties with a number of nations, including Denmark, Prussia , and the Federal Republic of Central America . The administration also reached commercial agreements with the Kingdom of Hawaii and the Kingdom of Tahiti . Agreements with Denmark and Sweden opened their colonies to American trade, but Adams

34854-407: The morning Sun (which he had purchased in 1916) into the Herald and attempted to revive the newspaper through his financial resources, hoping to establish the Herald as the pre-eminent Republican newspaper within the city. To achieve that end, he approached Elisabeth Mills Reid in early 1924 with a proposal to purchase the Tribune —the only other Republican newspaper in New York—and merge it with

35076-399: The most authentic and thorough list of market prices published anywhere; for these alone it commanded attention in financial circles". Bennett, who wrote much of the newspaper himself, "perfected the fresh, pointed prose practiced in the French press at its best". The publisher's coverage of the 1836 murder of Helen Jewett —which, for the first time in the American press, included excerpts from

35298-443: The murder victim's correspondence—made Bennett "the best known, if most notorious…journalist in the country". Bennett put his profits back into his newspaper, establishing a Washington bureau and recruiting correspondents in Europe to provide the "first systematic foreign coverage" in an American newspaper. By 1839, the Herald ' s circulation exceeded that of The London Times . When the Mexican–American War broke out in 1846,

35520-409: The names of jumbled up town and city names in exchange for prizes. Reid also gave more prominent play to crime and entertainment stories. Much of the staff, including Whitelaw Reid, felt there was too much focus on circulation at the expense of the paper's editorial standards, but the promotions initially worked, boosting its weekday circulation to over 400,000. Reid's ideas, however, "were prosaic in

35742-463: The new front page "all overblown pictures (and) klaxon headlines"—but the newspaper's circulation jumped in 1961 and those within the Tribune said "the alternative seemed to be the death of the newspaper." The Tribune also launched an ad campaign targeting the Times with the slogan "Who says a good newspaper has to be dull?" The Tribune ' s revival came as the Times was bringing on new leadership and facing financial trouble of its own. While

35964-485: The newly acquired territories. In 1824, the Monroe administration would strengthen US claims to Oregon by ratifying the Russo-American Treaty of 1824 , which established Russian Alaska 's southern border at 54°40′ north. As the Spanish Empire continued to fracture during Monroe's second term, Adams, Monroe and Clay became increasingly concerned that the " Holy Alliance " of Prussia , Austria, and Russia would seek to bring Spain's erstwhile colonies under their control, to

36186-414: The newly independent republics of Latin America to avoid the risk of war with Spain and its European allies. However, Andrew Jackson's military campaign in Florida and Henry Clay's threats in Congress forced Spain to cut a deal, which Adams negotiated successfully. Biographer James Lewis says, "He managed to play the cards that he had been dealt – cards that he very clearly had not wanted – in ways that forced

36408-559: The news side, reducing its foreign and crime coverage. Robinson was dismissive of the circulation lead of the Times , saying in a 1948 memo that 75,000 of its rival's readers were "transients" who only read the wanted ads. The Times also began to push the Tribune hard in suburbs, where the Tribune had previously enjoyed a commanding lead. At the urging of Goldstein, Times editors added features to appeal to commuters, expanded (and in some cases subsidized) home delivery, and paid retail display allowances—"kickbacks, in common parlance"—to

36630-401: The newspaper alive. After the New York Herald Tribune closed, the Times and The Washington Post , joined by Whitney, entered an agreement to operate the International Herald Tribune , the paper's former Paris publication. By 1967, the paper was owned jointly by Whitney Communications, The Washington Post and The New York Times . The International Herald Tribune , also known as

36852-435: The newspaper also hired columnist Walter Lippmann , seen at the time as a liberal, after The World closed its doors in 1931. Unlike other pro-Republican papers, such as Hearst's New York Journal-American or the Chicago Tribune -owned New York Daily News , which held an isolationist and pro-German stance, the Herald Tribune was more supportive of the British and the French as the specter of World War II developed,

37074-536: The newspaper and done creditable work covering the London Blitz , but had not been trained for the duties of his position and was unable to provide forceful leadership for the newspaper. The Tribune also failed to keep pace with the Times in its facilities: While both papers had about the same level of profits between 1947 and 1950, the Times was heavily reinvesting money in its plant and hiring new employees. The Tribune , meanwhile, with Helen Reid's approval, cut $ 1 million from its budgets and fired 25 employees on

37296-398: The newspaper could no longer survive on its own. Ogden Mills Reid Reid was born on May 16, 1882, in Manhattan. He was the son of Elisabeth ( née Mills) Reid (1857–1931) and Whitelaw Reid (1837–1912), the U.S. Ambassador to Great Britain and France and 1892 Republican vice presidential candidate. His sister was Jean Templeton Reid , who married Sir John Hubert Ward ,

37518-445: The newspaper since the 1924 merger initially attempted to keep editorial control of the paper, but Whitney made it clear he would not invest additional money in the Tribune if the Reids remained at the helm. The family yielded, and Helen, Whitie and Brown Reid announced Whitney's takeover of the newspaper on August 28, 1958. The Reids retained a substantial stake in the Tribune until its demise, but Whitney and his advisors controlled

37740-549: The newspaper to managing editor James Bellows . But Denson's approach would continue at the paper. Daily circulation at the Tribune reached an all-time high of 412,000 in November, 1962. The New York newspaper industry came to an abrupt halt on December 8, 1962, when the local of the International Typographical Union , led by Bert Powers, walked off the job, leading to the 114-day 1962–63 New York City newspaper strike . The ITU, known as "Big Six", represented 3,800 printers, as well as workers at 600 printshops and 28 publications in

37962-451: The newspaper was the voice for eastern Republicans, later referred to as Rockefeller Republicans , and espoused a pro-business, internationalist viewpoint. The paper, first owned by the Reid family, struggled financially for most of its life and rarely generated enough profit for growth or capital improvements; the Reids subsidized the Herald Tribune through the paper's early years. However, it enjoyed prosperity during World War II and by

38184-456: The newspaper's "financial pages … execrable, its news columns readable but utterly commonplace, and its rubber-stamping of Republican policies (making) it the last sheet in town operated as a servant of party machinery". The Herald also saw its reputation for comprehensiveness challenged by the Times , purchased by Chattanooga Times publisher Adolph Ochs in 1896, a few weeks before the paper would have likely closed its doors. Ochs, turning

38406-423: The newspaper's viability. The loan came with the option to take controlling interest of the newspaper if he made a second loan of $ 1.3 million. Brown Reid expected the $ 1.2 million to cover a deficit that would last through the end of 1958, but by that year the newspaper's loss was projected at $ 3 million, and Whitney and his advisors decided to exercise their option. The Reids, claiming to have put $ 20 million into

38628-427: The newspaper, the hiring of female writers, and helped establish a "home institute" that tested recipes and household products. The Herald ' s decline continued in the new decade. With the outbreak of World War I, Bennett devoted most of his attention to the Paris Herald , doing his first newspaper reporting at the age of 73 and keeping the publication alive despite wartime censorship. The New York paper, however,

38850-415: The once-Republican Times into an independent Democratic newspaper, refocused the newspaper's coverage on commerce, quickly developing a reputation as the "businessman's bible". When the Times began turning a profit in 1899, Ochs began reinvesting the profits make into the newspaper toward news coverage, quickly giving the Times the reputation as the most complete newspaper in the city. Bennett, who viewed

39072-403: The outcome; Reid refused to print Greeley's furious disclaimer of the story, and by the end of the month, Greeley had died. Both newspapers went into gradual decline under their new proprietors. James Gordon Bennett Jr.—"a swaggering, precociously dissolute lout who rarely stifled an impulse"—had a mercurial reign. He launched the New York Telegram , an evening paper, in the late 1860s and kept

39294-511: The overall percentage of advertising for the paper was higher than it was in 1947, the Times was still higher: 58 percent of the average space in The New York Times in 1947 was devoted to advertising, versus a little over 50 percent of the Tribune . The Times would not raise its price until 1950. Ogden Reid died early in 1947, making Helen Reid leader of the Tribune in name as well as in fact. Reid chose her son, Whitelaw Reid , known as "Whitie", as editor. The younger Reid had written for

39516-517: The paper. Whitney initially left management of the newspaper to Walter Thayer, a longtime advisor. Thayer did not believe the Tribune was a financial investment—"it was a matter of 'let's set it up so that (Whitney) can do it if this is what he wants"—but moved to build a "hen house" of media properties to protect Whitney's investment and provide money for the Tribune . Over the next two years, Whitney's firm acquired Parade , five television stations and four radio stations. The properties, merged into

39738-526: The point of even contemplating a Holy Alliance of their own to defend democracy. In his 1821 Fourth of July address, Adams addressed this issue, noting a shared "chain of sympathy" between the U.S. and Latin America, but arguing for neutrality rather than a Holy Alliance. In 1822, following the conclusion of the Adams–Onís Treaty, the Monroe administration recognized the independence of several Latin American countries, including Argentina and Mexico. In 1823, British Foreign Secretary George Canning suggested that

39960-532: The presidential nomination of the Tennessee legislature for the 1828 election. Though he had been close to Adams during Monroe's presidency, Vice President Calhoun was also politically alienated from the president by the appointment of Clay, since that appointment established Clay as the natural heir to Adams. Adams's ambitious December 1825 annual message to Congress further galvanized the opposition, with important figures such as Francis Preston Blair of Kentucky and Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri breaking with

40182-415: The profits to make needed upgrades to the newspaper's pressroom. The investment squeezed the paper's resources, and Robinson decided to make up the difference at the end of the year by raising the Tribune ' s price from three cents to a nickel , expecting the Times , which also needed to upgrade its facilities, to do the same. However, the Times , concerned by the Tribune ' s performance during

40404-585: The race for president, and Calhoun ended up receiving the Vice-presidential support of Adams supporters. While the other candidates based their candidacies on their long tenure as congressmen, ambassadors, or members of the cabinet, Jackson's appeal rested on his military service, especially in the Battle of New Orleans . The congressional nominating caucus had decided upon previous Democratic-Republican presidential nominees, but it had become largely discredited by 1824. Candidates were instead nominated by state legislatures or nominating conventions, and Adams received

40626-491: The ratification of the United States Constitution , but he ultimately came to accept the document, and in 1789 his father was elected as the first vice president of the United States . In 1790, Adams opened his own legal practice in Boston . Despite some early struggles, he was successful as an attorney and established financial independence from his parents. Adams initially avoided becoming involved in politics, instead focusing on building his legal career. In 1791, he wrote

40848-400: The repeal of the " gag rule ", which had prevented the House of Representatives from debating petitions to abolish slavery . Historians concur that Adams was one of the greatest diplomats and secretaries of state in American history; they typically rank him as an average president, as he had an ambitious agenda but could not get it passed by Congress. By contrast, historians also view Adams in

41070-506: The respected and experienced Adams for the role. Having spent several years in Europe, Adams returned to the United States in August 1817. Adams served as Secretary of State during Monroe's eight-year presidency, from 1817 to 1825. Many of his successes as secretary, such as the convention of 1818 with the United Kingdom, the Transcontinental Treaty with Spain, and the Monroe Doctrine, were not preplanned strategies but responses to unexpected events. Adams wanted to delay American recognition of

41292-420: The rest of the cabinet, Adams defended them as necessary to the country's self-defense, and he eventually convinced Monroe and most of the cabinet to support Jackson. Adams informed Spain that its failure to police its own territory had compelled Jackson to act, and he advised Spain to either secure the region or sell it to the United States. The British, meanwhile, declined to risk their recent rapprochement with

41514-410: The role, but ultimately took the position on the advice of his father. While abroad, Adams continued to urge neutrality, arguing that the United States would benefit economically by staying out of the ongoing French Revolutionary Wars. His chief duty as the ambassador to the Netherlands was to secure and maintain loans essential to U.S. finances. On his way to the Netherlands, he met with John Jay , who

41736-437: The same approach to the Tribune . Denson "swept away the old front-page architecture, essentially vertical in structure" and laid out stories horizontally, with unorthodox and sometimes cryptic headlines; large photos and information boxes. The "Densonized" front page sparked a mixed reaction from media professionals and within the newspaper— Tribune copy editor John Price called it "silly but expert silliness" and Time called

41958-512: The son of William Ward, 1st Earl of Dudley , in 1908. His maternal grandfather was Darius Ogden Mills , at one time the richest man in California, and his uncle was Ogden Mills , a prominent New York Society man. Through his uncle, he was a cousin of twins Gladys Livingston Mills , the thoroughbred racehorse owner and breeder who married Henry Carnegie Phipps and Beatrice Forbes, Countess of Granard , who married Bernard Forbes, 8th Earl of Granard , as well as Ogden Livingston Mills ,

42180-481: The stories, Bigart was highly valued by his peers and the military, and won the 1945 Pulitzer Prize. By the end of the conflict, the Herald Tribune had enjoyed some of its best financial years in its history. While the newspaper had just 63 percent of its rival's daily circulation (and 70 percent of the Sunday circulation of The Times ), its high-income readership gave the paper nearly 85 percent of The New York Times ' overall ad revenue, and had made $ 2 million

42402-436: The subsidies as loans, not capital investments. The notes on the paper were willed to Ogden Reid and his sister, Lady Jean Templeton Reid Ward. The notes amounted to a mortgage on the Herald Tribune , which prevented the newspaper from acquiring bank loans or securing public financing. Financial advisors at the newspaper advised the Reids to convert the notes into equity , which the family resisted. This decision would play

42624-479: The suicide of his son, George Washington Adams , in 1829. He was appalled by many of the Jackson administration's actions, including its embrace of the spoils system and the prosecution of his close friend, Treasury Auditor Tobias Watkins , for embezzlement. Though they had once maintained a cordial relationship, Adams and Jackson each came to loathe the other in the decades after the 1828 election. Adams grew bored with his retirement and still felt that his career

42846-418: The trial itself. Bennett founded the New York Globe in 1832 to promote the re-election of Andrew Jackson to the White House , but the paper quickly folded after the election. After a few years of journalistic piecework, he founded the Herald in 1835 as a penny newspaper , similar in some respects to Benjamin Day's Sun but with a strong emphasis on crime and financial coverage; the Herald "carried

43068-514: The two men. Raymond, who felt he was "overused and underpaid" as a reporter on the Tribune staff, later served in the New York State Assembly and, with the backing of bankers in Albany, founded the Times in 1851, which quickly became a rival for the Whig readership that Greeley cultivated. After the Civil War , Bennett turned over daily operations of the Herald to his son James Gordon Bennett Jr. , and lived in seclusion until his death in 1872. That year, Greeley, who had been an early supporter of

43290-418: The unwillingness of other Federalists to condemn British actions, including impressment , and he moved closer to the Jefferson administration. After Adams supported the Embargo Act of 1807 , the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature elected Adams's successor several months before the end of his term, and Adams resigned from the Senate shortly thereafter. While a member of the Senate, Adams served as

43512-416: The vote in the slave states. No future presidential candidate would match Jackson's proportion of the popular vote until Theodore Roosevelt 's 1904 campaign, while Adams's loss made him the second one-term president, after his own father. By 1828, only two states did not hold a popular vote for president, and the number of votes in the 1828 election was triple that in the 1824 election. This increase in votes

43734-476: The war, refused to go along. "We didn't want to give them any quarter," Times circulation manager Nathan Goldstein said. "Our numbers were on the rise, and we didn't want to do anything to jeopardize them. 'No free rides for the competition' was the way we looked at it." The move proved disastrous: In 1947, the Tribune ' s daily circulation fell nine percent, from 348,626 to 319,867. Its Sunday circulation fell four percent, from 708,754 to 680,691. Although

43956-476: The war. However, because the Tribune was generally a smaller paper than the Times and saw its ad space jump more, "the proportionate increase in the Tribune seemed greater than it was in absolute terms. The evidence that this disproportionate increase in the Tribune ' s advertising content left its readers feeling deprived of war news coverage and sent them in droves to the Times is, at best, highly ambiguous." The Herald Tribune always had at least

44178-443: The west of the mountains, known as Oregon Country , would be jointly occupied. The agreement marked a watershed moment in United Kingdom–United States relations, as the United States focused on its southern and western borders and British concerns about American expansionism subsided. When Adams took office, Spanish possessions bordered the United States to the south and west. To the south, Spain retained control of Florida , which

44400-432: The winter of 1795–1796 in London , where he met Louisa Catherine Johnson , the second daughter of American merchant Joshua Johnson. In April 1796, Louisa accepted Adams's proposal of marriage. Adams's parents disapproved of his decision to marry a woman who had grown up in England, but he informed his parents that he would not reconsider his decision. Adams initially wanted to delay his wedding to Louisa until he returned to

44622-467: The wounded to their families. The New-York Tribune was founded by Horace Greeley in 1841. Greeley, a native of New Hampshire , had begun publishing a weekly paper called The New-Yorker (unrelated to the magazine of the same name ) in 1834, which won attention for its political reporting and editorials. Joining the Whig Party , Greeley published The Jeffersonian , which helped elect William H. Seward Governor of New York State in 1838, and then

44844-399: The younger Reid encouraged light touches at the previously somber Tribune , creating an environment where "the windows were opened and the suffocating solemnity of the place was aired out". Under Reid's tenure the Tribune lobbied for legal protection for journalists culminating in the U.S. Supreme Court case Burdick v. United States . In 1917, the Tribune redesigned its layout and became

45066-414: Was also a pioneer in crime reporting; while writing about a murder trial in 1830, the attorney general of Massachusetts attempted to restrict the coverage of the newspapers: Bennett criticized the move as an "old, worm-eaten, Gothic dogma of the Court...to consider the publicity given to every event by the Press, as destructive to the interests of law and justice". The fight over access eventually overshadowed

45288-399: Was bolstered by the American victory in the Battle of Plattsburgh . By November 1814, the government of Lord Liverpool decided to seek an end to hostilities with the U.S. on the basis of status quo ante bellum . Even though a return to the status quo would mean the continuation of the British practice of impressment, Adams and his fellow commissioners had hoped for similar terms. The treaty

45510-427: Was constructed during Adams's presidency. Though many of these projects were undertaken by private actors, the government often provided money or land to aid the completion of such projects. In the immediate aftermath of the 1825 contingent election, Jackson was gracious to Adams. Nevertheless, Adams's appointment of Clay rankled Jackson, who received a flood of letters encouraging him to run. In 1825, Jackson accepted

45732-406: Was due not only to the recent wave of democratization, but also because of increased interest in elections and the growing ability of the parties to mobilize voters. Adams did not attend Jackson's inauguration, making him one of only four presidents who finished their terms but skipped the event. Adams considered permanently retiring from public life after his 1828 defeat, and he was deeply hurt by

45954-511: Was especially focused on opening trade with the British West Indies . The United States had reached a commercial agreement with Britain in 1815, but that agreement excluded British possessions in the Western Hemisphere. In response to United States pressure, the British had begun to allow a limited amount of American imports to the West Indies in 1823, but United States leaders continued to seek an end to Britain's protective Imperial Preference system. In 1825, Britain banned United States trade with

46176-436: Was having an affair with literary editor Irita Van Doren ) through the election. Dorothy Thompson , then a columnist at the paper, openly supported Franklin Roosevelt 's re-election and was eventually forced to resign. Historians of The New York Times —including Gay Talese , Susan Tifft and Alex S. Jones—have argued that the Times , faced with newsprint rationing during World War II, decided to increase its news coverage at

46398-399: Was held at St. Thomas Church in New York and he was buried at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Tarrytown, New York . Following his death, his widow took over as president of the New-York Tribune . His estate was valued at $ 9,478,112 ($ 101,567,814 in 2023), of which $ 5,780,702 ($ 61,946,226 in 2023) was given to the Reid Foundation, a non-taxable charitable foundation. Reid was honored by

46620-407: Was in freefall, and posted a loss in 1917. The next year, Bennett died, having taken some $ 30 million out of the lifetime profits of the Herald . Two years later, the Herald newspapers were sold to Frank Munsey for $ 3 million. Munsey had won the enmity of many journalists with his buying, selling and consolidation of newspapers, and the Herald became part of Munsey's moves. The publisher merged

46842-434: Was more interested in cutting costs than producing journalism. "It is no longer the desire even to attempt to run parallel with The New York Times in special dispatches from Europe," Hills wrote in a memo to the Herald Tribune ' s foreign bureaus in late 1937. "Crisp cables of human interest or humorous type cables are greatly appreciated. Big beats in Europe these days are not very likely." The policy effectively led

47064-427: Was named editor. Reid was a zealous defender of the freedom of the press , and was quoted in 1931 at a commencement address at Miami University at Oxford, Ohio , as saying: There is a much more serious side to the problem of newspapers striving honestly to print all the news. It is the occasional forces to muzzle sources of information. This strikes at the freedom of the press without which our country would fall to

47286-446: Was not necessarily opposed to TTS—it trained its members on the new equipment—but wanted to control the rate at which automation occurred; assurances that TTS operators would be paid at the same rates as linotype workers; that at least a portion of the savings from publishers would go toward union pension plans (to allow funding to continue as the workforce and union membership declined) and guarantees that no printer would lose their job as

47508-439: Was particularly vicious, as Bennett ordered his reporters to publish every negative item about Hearst's past that they could. Hearst, seeking revenge, sent a reporter to investigate the Herald ' s personal columns, which ran in the front of the paper and, in veiled language, advertised the service of prostitutes; reporters referred to it as "The Whores' Daily Guide and Handy Compendium." The resulting investigation, published in

47730-415: Was popular with the staff—Breslin called him "the only millionaire I ever rooted for"—and once burst out of his office wondering why the Tribune failed to sell more copies when "there's compelling reading on every page." But a second strike in 1965—which led the Tribune to leave the publishers' association in a desperate attempt to survive—pushed the Tribune's losses to $ 5 million and led Thayer to conclude

47952-454: Was referred to as the New Journalism . National editor Dick Wald wrote in one memo "there is no mold for a newspaper story," and Bellows encouraged his reporters to work "in whatever style made them comfortable." Tom Wolfe , who joined the paper after working at The Washington Post , wrote lengthy features about city life; asking an editor how long his pieces should be, he received the reply "until it gets boring." Bellows soon moved Wolfe to

48174-432: Was signed on December 24, 1814. The United States did not gain any concessions from the treaty but could boast that it had survived a war against the strongest power in the world. Following the signing of the treaty, Adams traveled to Paris, where he witnessed first-hand the Hundred Days of Napoleon's restoration. In May 1815, Adams learned that President Madison had appointed him as the U.S. ambassador to Britain . With

48396-409: Was struggling with alcoholism . The staff considered the Herald Tribune ' s owner "kindly and likable, if deficient in intelligence and enterprise". Helen Reid increasingly took on the major leadership responsibilities at the newspaper—a fact Time noted in a 1934 cover story. Reid, angered, called her husband "the most independent-minded man I have ever met", to which Time replied that "it

48618-406: Was substituted. Apart from the Herald ' s radio magazine, weather listings and other features, "the merged paper was, with very few changes, the Tribune intact". Only 25 Herald reporters were hired after the merger; 600 people lost their jobs. Within a year, the new paper's circulation reached 275,000. The newly merged paper was not immediately profitable, but Helen Reid's reorganization of

48840-456: Was the daughter of Benjamin Talbot Rogers, a prominent Wisconsin merchant, and his wife Sarah Louise Johnson. Helen graduated from Barnard College in 1903 and was social secretary for Reid's mother. Together, they were the parents of: Upon his mother's death in 1931, Reid inherited Camp Wild Air and a three-million-dollar trust fund. Reid died in the Harkness Pavilion at Columbia Presbyterian Hospital in New York City. His funeral

49062-422: Was then negotiating the Jay Treaty with Great Britain. Adams supported the Jay Treaty, but it proved unpopular with many in the United States, contributing to a growing partisan split between the Federalist Party of Alexander Hamilton and the Democratic-Republican Party of Thomas Jefferson . In 1794 he supported John Skey Eustace who wanted to return to the United States via the Netherlands. Adams spent

49284-501: Was unfinished, so he ran for and won a seat in the United States House of Representatives in the 1830 elections . His election went against the generally held opinion, shared by his own wife and youngest son, that former presidents should not run for public office. Nonetheless, he would win election to nine terms, serving from 1831 until his death in 1848. Adams and Andrew Johnson are the only former presidents to serve in Congress . After winning election, Adams became affiliated with

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