171-609: The FitzGerald dynasty is a Hiberno-Norman noble and aristocratic dynasty, originally of Cambro-Norman and Anglo-Norman origin. They have been peers of Ireland since at least the 13th century, and are described in the Annals of the Four Masters as having become " more Irish than the Irish themselves " or Gaels , due to assimilation with the native Gaelic aristocratic and popular culture. The dynasty has also been referred to as
342-872: A cadet house of the Plantagenets. The Tudor family rose to power and started the Tudor period in the wake of the Wars of the Roses (1455–1487), which left the main House of Lancaster (with which the Tudors were aligned) extinct in the male line. Henry VII (a descendant of Edward III , and the son of Edmund Tudor , a half-brother of Henry VI ) succeeded in presenting himself as a candidate not only for traditional Lancastrian supporters, but also for discontented supporters of their rival Plantagenet cadet House of York , and he took
513-635: A "sister" branch to the FitzGeralds of Desmond. However this technically makes them slightly closer to the FitzGeralds of Desmond than either are to the Offaly-Kildare-Leinster Geraldines, represented by the modern Dukes of Leinster , who descend from Gerald FitzMaurice, 1st Lord of Offaly , uncle of the 1st Baron Desmond. The House of Corsygedol ( Vaughans ) is a branch of the Lords of Desmond , now Earls of Desmond , and
684-574: A Cambro-Norman Marcher Lord named Maurice FitzGerald, Lord of Lanstephan , son of Gerald de Windsor and Princess Nest ferch Rhys , of the Welsh royal House of Dinefwr . Maurice married a daughter of the Norman magnate Arnulf de Montgomery : the Montgomeries , lords of 150 manors and 30 castles, were the most powerful magnates in both England and Normandy , and were of the same family as William
855-557: A Protestant, and former secretary to Lord Protector the Duke of Somerset and then to the Duke of Northumberland . Under Mary, he had been spared, and often visited Elizabeth, ostensibly to review her accounts and expenditure. Elizabeth also appointed her personal favourite, the son of the Duke of Northumberland Lord Robert Dudley , her Master of the Horse , giving him constant personal access to
1026-599: A certain sympathy and understanding for the difficult position of Roman Catholics, as Burke did in his parliamentary career. Others in the gentry such as the Viscounts Dillon and the Lords Dunsany belonged to Old English families who had originally undergone a religious conversion from Rome to Canterbury to save their lands and titles. Some members of the Old English who had thus gained membership in
1197-485: A companion than a king. He was tall, handsome and cultured and generous in his gifts and affection and was said to be easy to get along with. The Henry that many people picture when they hear his name is the Henry of his later years, when he became obese, volatile, and was known for his great cruelty. Catherine did not bear Henry the sons he was desperate for; her first child, a daughter, was stillborn, and her second child,
1368-443: A daughter, Elizabeth , named in honour of Henry's mother. Anne had two further pregnancies which ended in miscarriage. In 1536, Anne was arrested, along with six courtiers. Thomas Cromwell , Anne's former ally, stepped in again, claiming that she had taken lovers during her marriage to Henry, including her own brother, George Boleyn , and she was tried for high treason and incest . These charges were most likely fabricated, but she
1539-572: A few literary works as well. There is a large amount of parliamentary legislation, including the famous Statute of Kilkenny and municipal documents. The major literary text is The Song of Dermot and the Earl , a chanson de geste of 3,458 lines of verse concerning Dermot McMurrough and Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (known as "Strongbow"). Other texts include the Walling of New Ross composed about 1275, and early 14th century poems about
1710-517: A flattering portrait of her. She arrived in England in December 1539, and Henry rode to Rochester to meet her on 1 January 1540. Although the historian Gilbert Burnet claimed that Henry called her a Flanders Mare , there is no evidence that he said this; in truth, court ambassadors negotiating the marriage praised her beauty. Whatever the circumstances were, the marriage failed, and Anne agreed to
1881-453: A foreign match with a man that she had never seen before, so that also eliminated a large number of suitors. Despite the uncertainty of Elizabeth's – and therefore the Tudors' – hold on England, she never married. The closest she came to marriage was between 1579 and 1581, when she was courted by Francis, Duke of Anjou , the son of Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici . Despite Elizabeth's government constantly begging her to marry in
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#17327721291852052-431: A good relationship between her and Edward. Henry died on 28 January 1547. His will had reinstated his daughters by his annulled marriages to Catherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn to the line of succession . Edward, his nine-year-old son by Jane Seymour , succeeded as Edward VI of England . Unfortunately, the young King's kingdom was usually in turmoil between nobles who were trying to strengthen their own positions in
2223-423: A good relationship with his sister Elizabeth , who was a Protestant, albeit a moderate one, but this was strained when Elizabeth was accused of having an affair with the Duke of Somerset's brother, Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley , who had married Henry VIII's widow, Catherine Parr . Seymour had invaded Edward's apartments and had killed his dog in a scheme to forcefully gain control over him. Elizabeth
2394-522: A group of Earls led by Charles Neville , the sixth Earl of Westmorland , and Thomas Percy , the seventh Earl of Northumberland attempted to depose Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots . In 1571, the Protestant-turned-Catholic Thomas Howard , the fourth Duke of Norfolk , had plans to marry Mary, Queen of Scots, and then replace Elizabeth with Mary. The plot , masterminded by Roberto di Ridolfi ,
2565-532: A half-nephew of Emperor Napoleon III , a step-grandson of Queen Hortense Bonaparte , and a great-grandson of Talleyrand , connecting the family with the Houses of Beauharnais , Talleyrand , and Bonaparte . The Treaty of Paris (1783) , that gave the independence to the United States was drafted from William's home at Lansdowne House , and Henry was made a member of the prominent Brooks's Club , alongside
2736-606: A higher concentration of Gaelic surnames. The term Old English ( Irish : Seanghaill , meaning 'old foreigners') began to be applied by scholars for Norman-descended residents of The Pale and Irish towns after the mid-16th century, who became increasingly opposed to the New English who arrived in Ireland after the Tudor conquest of Ireland in the 16th and 17th centuries. Many of the Old English were dispossessed in
2907-543: A marriage to an unattractive, obese man over 30 years her senior, had never wanted to marry Henry, and allegedly conducted an affair with the King's favourite, Thomas Culpeper , while Henry and she were married. During her questioning, Catherine first denied everything but eventually she was broken down and told of her infidelity and her pre-nuptial relations with other men. Henry, first enraged, threatened to torture her to death but later became overcome with grief and self-pity. She
3078-646: A moderate Protestant; she was the daughter of Anne Boleyn , who played a key role in the English Reformation in the 1520s. She had been brought up by Blanche Herbert Lady Troy . At her coronation in January 1559, many of the bishops – Catholic, appointed by Mary, who had expelled many of the Protestant clergymen when she became queen in 1553 – refused to perform the service in English. Eventually,
3249-808: A name which captures the distinctive blended culture which this community created and within which it operated until the Tudor conquest. In an effort to halt the ongoing Gaelicisation of the Anglo-Irish community, the Irish Parliament passed the Statutes of Kilkenny in 1367, which among other things banned the use of the Irish language, the wearing of Irish clothes, as well as prohibiting the Gaelic Irish from living within walled towns. Despite these efforts, by 1515, one official lamented, that "all
3420-499: A new will repudiating the 1544 will of Henry VIII. This gave the throne to his cousin Lady Jane Grey , the granddaughter of Henry VIII's sister Mary Tudor , who, after the death of Louis XII of France in 1515 had married Henry VIII's favourite Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk . Edward VI died on 6 July 1553, at the age of 15. With his death, the direct male line of the House of Tudor ended. The dying Edward VI, under
3591-421: A new, Catholic Habsburg line was finished, and her popularity further declined when she lost Calais — the last English territory on French soil — to Francis, Duke of Guise , in January 1558. Mary's reign, however, introduced a new coining system that would be used until the 18th century, and her marriage to Philip II created new trade routes for England. Mary's government took a number of steps towards reversing
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#17327721291853762-625: A peaceful annulment, assumed the title My Lady, the King's Sister , and received a large settlement, which included Richmond Palace , Hever Castle , and numerous other estates across the country. Although the marriage made sense in terms of foreign policy, Henry was still enraged and offended by the match. Henry chose to blame Cromwell for the failed marriage, and ordered him beheaded on 28 July 1540. Henry kept his word and took care of Anne in his last years alive; however, after his death Anne suffered from extreme financial hardship because Edward VI's councillors refused to give her any funds and confiscated
3933-444: A protracted legal battle followed. Wolsey fell from favour in 1529 as a result of his failure to procure the annulment, and Henry appointed Thomas Cromwell in his place as chief minister c. 1532 . Despite his failure to produce the results that Henry wanted, Wolsey actively pursued the annulment (divorce was synonymous with annulment at that time). However, Wolsey never planned that Henry would marry Anne Boleyn , with whom
4104-401: A son named Henry, Duke of Cornwall , died 52 days after birth. A further set of stillborn children followed, until a surviving daughter, Mary , was born in 1516. When it became clear to Henry that the Tudor line was at risk, he consulted his chief minister Cardinal Wolsey about the possibility of annulling his marriage to Catherine. Along with Henry's concern that he would not have an heir, it
4275-704: A string of revolts which culminated in the Desmond Rebellions (1569–1573 and 1579–1583). The term "Old English" was coined at this time, as the Pale community emphasised their English identity and loyalty to the Stuart Crown and refusing to co-operate with the wishes of the Elizabeth's Parliament as represented in Ireland by the Lord Deputy of Ireland . Originally, the conflict was a civil issue, as
4446-528: A toil. These three hereditary knighthoods were created for their kinsmen by the Earls of Desmond, acting as Earls Palatine . According to the 1890 Matheson report, Fitzgerald/FitzGerald was the 36th most common surname in Ireland. Fitzgerald/FitzGerald is the 692nd most frequent surname in the United Kingdom. The surname occurs most frequently in the following ten counties, in descending order, with
4617-509: A year. Mary married Philip at Winchester Cathedral , on 25 July 1554, and he thereby became king jure uxoris until her death. Philip found her unattractive, and only spent a minimal amount of time with her. Despite Mary believing she was pregnant numerous times during her five-year reign, she never bore children. Devastated that she rarely saw her husband, and anxious that she was not bearing an heir to Catholic England, Mary became bitter and resentful. In her determination to restore England to
4788-584: Is a patronymic of the Norman form, fitz meaning "son". "Fitz Gerald" thus means in Old Norman and in Old French "son of Gerald ". Gerald itself is a Germanic compound of ger , "spear", and waltan , "rule". Variant spellings include Fitz-Gerald and the modern Fitzgerald . The name can also appear as two separate words Fitz Gerald . The earliest recorded use of the patronymic FitzGerald
4959-480: Is a central reason for the Old English's later support of Roman Catholicism. There was no religious division in medieval Ireland, beyond the requirement that English-born prelates should run the Irish church. However, most of the pre-16th century inhabitants of Ireland continued their allegiance to Roman Catholicism , following the Henrician Reformation of the 1530s, even after the establishment of
5130-422: Is known by the description Old English , which only came into use in the late 16th century. Some contend it is ahistorical to trace a single Old English community back to 1169, for the concept of Ireland's "Old English" community only emerged in the sixteenth century Pale. The earliest known reference to the term "Old English" is in the 1580s. Up to that time the identity of such people had been much more fluid; it
5301-428: Is symbolised by the heraldic emblem of the Tudor rose , a combination of the white rose of York and the red rose of Lancaster. Henry VII and Elizabeth of York had seven children, four of whom survived early childhood: Henry VII's foreign policy had an objective of dynastic security: he formed an alliance with Scotland with the marriage in 1503 of his daughter Margaret to James IV of Scotland, and with Spain through
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5472-465: Is that of Raoul fitz Gerald le Chambellan, member of the Tancarville family . Raoul was a Norman baron, Chamberlain of Normandy, educator of the young William , future Conqueror of England, and father of William de Tancarville , Earl of Tankerville and chief chamberlain of Normandy and England after the Norman conquest . The eponymous ancestor of the various FitzGerald branches, as well as of
5643-586: The 8th Duke of Devonshire of Chatsworth House , Prime Minister Lord Rosebery of Mentmore Towers , and Baron Lionel de Rothschild , grandson of Mayer Amschel , founder of the House of Rothschild . The present-day seat of the Irish Parliament Dáil Éireann is housed in Leinster House , which was first built in 1745–48 by James FitzGerald, 1st Duke of Leinster as the ducal palace for
5814-764: The Anglican Catholic Church of Ireland . In contrast to previous English settlers, the New English , that wave of settlers who came to Ireland from England during the Elizabethan era onwards as a result of the Tudor conquest of Ireland, were more self-consciously English, and were largely (though not entirely) Protestant . To the New English, many of the Old Anglo-Irish were "degenerate", having "gone native" and adopted Irish customs as well as choosing to adhere to Roman Catholicism after
5985-783: The Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland in the 12th century, mainly from England and Wales . During the High Middle Ages and Late Middle Ages , the Hiberno-Normans constituted a feudal aristocracy and merchant oligarchy , known as the Lordship of Ireland . The Hiberno-Normans were also closely associated with the Gregorian Reform of the Catholic Church in Ireland and were responsible for
6156-691: The Dillons , merged with the New English elite after the Henrician Reformation . Following the Glorious Revolution , many of these Old English families promoted unity with the Gaels under the denominator of " Irish Catholic ", while others were assimilated into a new Irish Protestant identity, which also included later settler groups such as the Ulster Scots further English settlers and Huguenots . Historians use different terms to refer to
6327-662: The Geraldines and Ireland's largest landowners. They achieved power through colonisation and the conquest of large swathes of Irish territory by the sons and grandsons of Gerald de Windsor (c. 1075 – 1135). Gerald de Windsor ( Gerald FitzWalter ) was the first Castellan of Pembroke Castle in Wales, and became the male progenitor of the FitzMaurice and FitzGerald Dynasty ("fitz", from the Anglo-Norman fils indicating "sons of" Gerald). His father, Baron Walter FitzOther ,
6498-521: The House of Gherardini of Ireland, represented by the FitzGeralds, can be traced back in the year 1413 to the accounts of Lord Antonio d'Ottaviano di Rossellino Gherardini. A priest named Maurice Fitzgerald was of passage in Florence at that time, with a Bishop of the Order of Saint Augustine , and has been able to enter in contact with one of his fellow kinsman, who then introduced him to other members of
6669-465: The House of Lancaster , during the civil wars known as the Wars of the Roses . However the descent from the Beauforts did not necessarily render Henry Tudor (Henry VII) heir to the throne, nor did the fact that his paternal grandmother, Catherine of Valois , had been Queen of England due to her first marriage to Henry V (although, this did make Henry VII a nephew of Henry VI). The legitimate claim
6840-400: The House of Plantagenet . The most renowned of Gerald's and Nest's grandchildren, Gerald of Wales , gave an account of the Norman invasion, as well as lively and invaluable descriptions of Ireland and Wales in the late 12th century. He became Archdeacon of Brecon , serving Archbishop Baldwin of Forde , a past tutor of Pope Eugene III 's nephew, and worked with him at recruiting members for
7011-598: The Kingdom of Ireland ) for 118 years with five monarchs: Henry VII , Henry VIII , Edward VI , Mary I and Elizabeth I . The Tudors succeeded the House of Plantagenet as rulers of the Kingdom of England, and were succeeded by the Scottish House of Stuart . The first Tudor monarch, Henry VII, descended through his mother from the House of Beaufort , a legitimised branch of the English royal House of Lancaster ,
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7182-460: The Norman invasion of Ireland . Nest's son by her second marriage, Robert FitzStephen , was another participant, as was William de Hay, husband of one of Gerald's and Nest's granddaughters. Nest's grandson (through her son by Henry I of England , son of William the Conqueror ), named Meiler FitzHenry , was appointed Lord Justice of Ireland for his cousin, King Henry II of England , member of
7353-637: The Papacy 's most radical agents of the Counter-Reformation which, among other aims, sought to topple her from her thrones. Rebels such as James Fitzmaurice Fitzgerald portrayed their rebellion as a "Holy War", and indeed received money and troops from the papal coffers. In the Second Desmond Rebellion (1579–1583), a prominent Pale lord, James Eustace, Viscount of Baltinglass, joined the rebels from religious motivation. Before
7524-544: The Protestant Ascendancy . The community of Norman descent prior to then used numerous epithets to describe themselves (such as "Englishmen born in Ireland" or " English-Irish "), but it was only as a result of the political cess crisis of the 1580s that a group identified as the Old English actually came to be distinguished from the rest of the Anglo-Irish who surrendered to Anglican Catholicism . Traditionally, London-based Anglo-Norman governments expected
7695-667: The Protestant Irish Nationalists through Old English families (and men of Gaelic origin such as William Conolly ) who chose to comply with the new realities by conforming to the Established Church . In the course of the eighteenth century under the Protestant Ascendancy, social divisions were defined almost solely in sectarian terms of Roman Catholic, Anglican Catholic and Protestant Nonconformist, rather than ethnic ones. Against
7866-756: The Third Crusade of Richard the Lionheart against Saladin . On many attempts Gerald tried to become the Bishop of St. Davids but failed, despite having met in Rome Pope Innocent III , who would later experienced the Sack of Constantinople . More than twenty works has been produced by Gerald of Wales, and his statue can be seen today in City Hall, Cardiff , in Wales. The earliest record of
8037-626: The Tower of London saved him from the public humiliation and inevitable execution he would have suffered upon his arrival at the Tower. In order to allow Henry to dissolve his marriage and marry Anne Boleyn, the English parliament enacted laws breaking ties with Rome, and declaring the king Supreme Head of the Church of England (from Elizabeth I the monarch is known as the Supreme Governor of
8208-467: The Tower of London . Her father was pardoned, but his participation in Wyatt's rebellion led to his execution shortly after. Jane and her husband Lord Guildford were sentenced to death and beheaded on 12 February 1554. Jane was only 17 years old, and the cruel way in which her life had been lost for a throne she never desired aroused much sympathy among the public. Mary soon announced her intention to marry
8379-422: The Treaty of Perpetual Peace , paving the way for the marriage of his daughter Margaret. One of the main concerns of Henry VII during his reign was the re-accumulation of the funds in the royal treasury. England had never been one of the wealthier European countries, and after the Wars of the Roses this was even more true. Through his strict monetary strategy, he was able to leave a considerable amount of money in
8550-624: The United States Navy is named for Lieutenant William Charles Fitzgerald , USN. The Fitzgerald family coat of arms (a white shield with a red saltire) provides the foundation for the coat of arms for USS Fitzgerald . A variety of people, places, and businesses bear the name FitzGerald or Fitzgerald, including the FitzGerald crater on the far side of the Moon , named for physicist George FitzGerald . Hiberno-Norman Hiberno-Normans , or Norman Irish ( Irish : Normánach ; Old Irish : Gall , 'foreigners'), refer to Irish families descended from Norman settlers who arrived during
8721-467: The War of the League of Cognac . Another notable rebel was Commander James FitzMaurice FitzGerald , who led the Desmond Rebellions against the Tudors, and negotiated with Catherine de' Medici with the ambition of making her son, Henry III of France , the new King of Ireland. Gerald FitzGerald, 14th Earl of Desmond led the Second Desmond Rebellion with the help of the King of Spain, Philip of Habsburg , and Pope Gregory XIII , in an attempt to put on
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#17327721291858892-415: The de Barry and FitzMaurice families, was Gerald FitzWalter of Windsor . Gerald was a Norman adventurer who took part in the 1093 invasion of South Wales upon the death in battle of Rhys ap Tewdwr , last king of South Wales. Gerald was the youngest son of another Norman adventurer, Walter fitz Otho , William the Conqueror 's Constable for the strategic military fortress of Windsor Castle , as well as
9063-399: The "Wizard Earl", went into exile in Italy, joined the Geraldine League , and became a member of the household of the Duke of Mantua, of the Gonzaga family , and Master of Horse to Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany . In Irish history, an example of the FitzGerald dynasty becoming " more Irish than the Irish themselves " is Gerald FitzGerald, 3rd Earl of Desmond (1335–1398), who
9234-402: The 'handmaiden of the Lord'. She never let anyone challenge her authority as queen, even though many people, who felt she was weak and should be married, tried to do so. The popularity of Elizabeth was extremely high, but her Privy Council , her Parliament and her subjects thought that the unmarried queen should take a husband; it was generally accepted that, once a queen regnant was married,
9405-440: The 1620s and 1630s, however, after they had agreed to pay the higher taxes to the Crown, they found that the Monarch or his Irish viceroy Thomas Wentworth chose instead to defer some of the agreed concessions. This was to prove culturally counterproductive for the cause of the English administration in Ireland, as it led to Old English writers, such as Geoffrey Keating to argue (as Keating did in Foras Feasa ar Éirinn (1634)), that
9576-400: The 18th century, their Corsygedol estates were inherited by the Mostyn baronets family through marriage. Its cadet branches are the House of Yale (Yale family) of Plas-yn- Yale , and the Hughes of Gwerclas of Gwerclas , native royal families of the Mathrafal dynasty . Their coat of arms are those of Osborn Fitzgerald ; viz. erm. on saltire gu. a crescent or. Crest is a wild boar in
9747-412: The Beauforts legitimate by way of a papal bull the same year, confirmed by an Act of Parliament in 1397. A subsequent proclamation by John of Gaunt's son by his first wife Blanche of Lancaster , King Henry IV , also recognised the Beauforts' legitimacy but declared the line ineligible for the throne. Nevertheless, the Beauforts remained closely allied with Gaunt's descendants from his first marriage,
9918-400: The Catholic faith and to secure her throne from Protestant threats, she had over 280 Protestants burnt at the stake in the Marian persecutions , between 1554 and 1558. Protestants came to hate her as "Bloody Mary." Charles Dickens stated that "as bloody Queen Mary this woman has become famous, and as Bloody Queen Mary she will ever be remembered with horror and detestation". Mary's dream of
10089-444: The Catholic religion in England. Henry called her his "rose without a thorn", but the marriage ended in failure. Henry's infatuation with Catherine started before the end of his marriage with Anne when she was still a member of Anne's court. Catherine was young and vivacious, but Henry's age made him less inclined to use Catherine in the bedroom; rather, he preferred to admire her, which Catherine soon grew tired of. Catherine, forced into
10260-417: The Church of England ( Supreme Head , the title used by her father and brother, was seen as inappropriate for a woman ruler). These acts, known collectively as the Elizabethan Religious Settlement , made it compulsory to attend church services every Sunday; and imposed an oath on clergymen and statesmen to recognise the Church of England , the independence of the Church of England from the Catholic Church, and
10431-482: The Church of England ), thus severing the ecclesiastical structure of England from the Catholic Church and the Pope. The newly appointed Archbishop of Canterbury , Thomas Cranmer , was then able to declare Henry's marriage to Catherine void . Catherine was banished from court, and she spent the last three years of her life in various English houses under "protectorship", similar to house arrest. This allowed Henry to marry Anne Boleyn. She gave birth on 7 September 1533 to
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#173277212918510602-403: The Conqueror. His wife's maternal grandfather was the High King of Ireland, Muirchertach Ua Briain (see Arnulf de Montgomery ) which may have influenced the important role Maurice played the 1169 Norman invasion of Ireland . The FitzGeralds claim kinship with the Tudors who descended from the same Welsh royal line as Princess Nest's father, Rhys ap Tewdwr , King of Deheubarth. Consequently,
10773-413: The Crown's official split with Rome. The poet Edmund Spenser was one of the chief advocates of this view. He argued in A View on the Present State of Ireland (1595) that a failure to conquer Ireland fully in the past had led the Old generations of English settlers to become corrupted by the native Irish culture. In the course of the 16th century, the religious division had the effect of alienating most of
10944-446: The Duke of Anjou away. Elizabeth knew that the continuation of the Tudor line was now impossible; she was forty-eight in 1581, and too old to bear children. By far the most dangerous threat to the Tudor line during Elizabeth's reign was the Spanish Armada of 1588, launched by Elizabeth's old suitor Philip II of Spain and commanded by Alonso de Guzmán El Bueno , the seventh Duke of Medina Sidonia . The Spanish invasion fleet outnumbered
11115-501: The Duke of Norfolk, had lost all their power and influence. Norfolk himself was still a committed Catholic, and he was nearly persuaded to arrest Catherine for preaching Lutheran doctrines to Henry while she attended his ill health. However, she managed to reconcile with the King after vowing that she had only argued about religion with him to take his mind off the suffering caused by his ulcerous leg. Her peacemaking also helped reconcile Henry with his daughters Mary and Elizabeth and fostered
11286-445: The Dukes of Leinster. The White House in the United States, seat of the U.S. President , was based on Leinster House, and was designed by Irish architect James Hoban for George Washington , who also supervised the U.S. Capitol 's construction for Thomas Jefferson . The Dukes were related to the Royal houses of Bourbon , Medici , and Habsburg , among others, as the first Duke married the great-granddaughter of King Charles II of
11457-532: The Earls of Desmond has been extinct since the 17th century. Their branch of the dynasty continues only in their distant collateral kinsmen, Ireland's hereditary knights (for whom see section below). The closely related FitzMaurice Barons and later Earls of Kerry continue in the male line with the current Petty-FitzMaurice Marquesses of Lansdowne , but they descend from John FitzGerald, 1st Baron Desmond 's nephew, Thomas FitzMaurice, 1st Baron of Kerry, son of his brother Maurice FitzThomas. Thus in fact they represent
11628-436: The English language (though sometimes in arcane local dialects such as Yola and Fingallian ), used English law, and in some respects lived in a manner similar to that found in England. However, in the provinces, the Normans in Ireland ( Irish : Gaill meaning "foreigners") were at times indistinguishable from the surrounding Gaelic lords and chieftains. Dynasties such as the Fitzgeralds , Butlers, Burkes, and Walls adopted
11799-440: The FitzGerald Family as well as with the Kennedy family . According to the magazine, the three families have maintained relationship among them even in recent times or in the past (for example with American President John Fitzgerald Kennedy ). The link with the Kennedy family came from the Earl of Desmond branch, and can be seen on the coat of arms granted to John FitzGerald Kennedy by the Chief Herald of Ireland . The line of
11970-539: The FitzMaurices and FitzGeralds are cousins to the Tudors (Tewdwrs in Welsh) through Princess Nest and her Welsh family. In his poetry, Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey , a cousin of Anne Boleyn , also referred to Countess Elizabeth FitzGerald , (1527–89) as "Fair Geraldine", alluding to her family's Italian ancestry through the Gherardinis of Florence. The FitzGerald dynasty has played a major role in Irish history. Gearóid Mór, 8th Earl of Kildare and his son Gearóid Óg, 9th Earl of Kildare , were Lord Deputy of Ireland in
12141-418: The Geraldines of Ireland, the Earls of Kildare . Confirmed as well in 1507 by the Viceroy of Ireland , Gerald Fitzgerald , to Giovanni Manni, a Florentine merchant in passage to Ireland. Gerald Fitzgerald's letters were signed as "Gerald, Chief in Ireland of the family of the Gherardini". His son, the 9th Earl of Kildare , was also known as Lord Garrett, which translates as Signore Gherardini in Italian, and
12312-606: The Gherardinis. As being part of the Gherardini family that dwelt in the island of Ireland, further exchanges were eventually done by the family to meet again. A letter written in 1440 by the Chancellor of Florence , Leonardo Bruni , one of the associates of Cosimo de' Medici , stipulated that Giovanni Betti di Gherardini, a representative of the family, was sent to Ireland to become acquainted with his other kinsmen from
12483-577: The Hiberno-Normans declined during the 16th century after the Anglican " New English " elite settled in Ireland from the end of the Tudor period ; and they came to be known as Seanghaill ( Old English ) at this time. Many Roman Catholic Norman-Irish families spread throughout the world as part of the Irish diaspora ceasing, in most cases, to identify as Norman, whether originally Anglo-Norman, Cambro-Norman, or Scoto-Norman. Other Old English families, like
12654-642: The Irish Ascendancy even became adherents of the cause of Irish independence. Whereas the Old English FitzGerald Dukes of Leinster held the premier title in the Irish House of Lords when it was abolished in 1800, a scion of that Ascendancy family, the Irish nationalist Lord Edward Fitzgerald , was a brother of the second duke. The following is a list of Hiberno-Norman surnames, many of them unique to Ireland. For example,
12825-647: The Irish language. Many members of the Fitzmaurices also became notable over the centuries, such as William Petty Fitzmaurice, 1st Marquess of Lansdowne , the Prime Minister of Britain who negotiated with Benjamin Franklin and secured peace with America at the end of the American War of Independence , or Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne , Viceroy of Canada and India, who became
12996-513: The King's Keeper of the Forests of Berkshire. Domesday Book records Walter fitz Otho as tenant-in-chief of lands formerly held by conquered Englishmen in Berkshire , Buckinghamshire, Hampshire , and Middlesex . Walter's positions and most of his lands were inherited by Gerald's older brothers, Robert, Maurice, and William, the oldest, ancestor of the earls of Plymouth , while Gerald inherited
13167-548: The Normans in Ireland at different times in its existence, depending on how they define this community's sense of collective identity. In his book Surnames of Ireland , Irish historian Edward MacLysaght makes a distinction between Hiberno-Norman and Anglo-Norman surnames summing up fundamental differences between "English Rebels" (Hiberno-Norman) and "Loyal Lieges" (Anglo-Normans). The Geraldines of Desmond , for instance, could accurately be described as Old English, for that
13338-603: The Normans in the Lordship of Ireland to promote the interests of the Kingdom of England , through the use of the English language (despite the fact that they spoke Norman French rather than English), law, trade, currency, social customs, and farming methods. The Norman community in Ireland was, however, never monolithic. In some areas, especially in the Pale around Dublin , and in relatively urbanised communities in Kilkenny , Limerick , Cork and south Wexford , people spoke
13509-541: The Old Anglo-Irish community was forced to go over the heads of the New English in Dublin and appeal directly to their sovereign in his role as King of Ireland which further disgruntled them. First from James I , and then from his son and successor, Charles I , they sought a package of reforms known as The Graces , which included provisions for religious toleration and civil equality for Roman Catholics in return for their payment of increased taxes. On several occasions in
13680-537: The Old Anglo-Irish from the state, and bolstered by Jacobite reverts like the Dillons propelled them into making common cause with the Gaelic Irish under the Irish Catholic identity. The first confrontation between the Old English and the English government in Ireland came with the cess crisis of 1556–1583. During that period, the Pale community resisted paying for the English army sent to Ireland to put down
13851-587: The Pale and the rest of Ireland was therefore in reality not rigid or impermeable, but rather one of gradual cultural and economic differences across wide areas. Consequently, the English identity expressed by representatives of the Pale when writing in English to the English Crown often contrasted radically with their cultural affinities and kinship ties to the Gaelic world around them, and this difference between their cultural reality and their expressed identity
14022-628: The Palesmen objected to paying new taxes that had not first been approved by them in the Parliament of Ireland . The dispute, however, also soon took on a religious dimension, especially after 1570, when Elizabeth I of England was excommunicated by Pope Pius V 's papal bull Regnans in Excelsis . In response, Elizabeth banned the Jesuits from her realms as they were seen as being among
14193-657: The Roman Catholic cause and the almost wholesale dispossession of the Old English nobility leading to a revival of the cause before the Williamite war in Ireland (1689–1691) evolving into Jacobitism afterwards. Nevertheless, in the 1700s, Parliamentarians had become the dominant class in the country and with the end of the Jacobites in 1788, the Old Anglo-Irish cause evolved into the Irish Rebellion of 1798
14364-609: The Royal House of Stuart . Charles's mother, Queen Henrietta Maria de Bourbon , was the aunt of Louis XIV of Versailles , while his grandmother and great-grandmother were the Queens Marie de' Medici and Joanna of Habsburg . The current Duke is Maurice FitzGerald, 9th Duke of Leinster , who is also the 9th Marquess of Kildare , 28th Earl of Kildare , 9th Earl of Offaly , 9th Viscount Leinster of Taplow, 14th Baron Offaly , 6th Baron Kildare . The surname FitzGerald
14535-602: The Spanish prince, Philip , son of her cousin Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor . The prospect of a marriage alliance with Spain proved extremely unpopular with the English people, who were worried that Spain would use England as a satellite, involving England in wars without the popular support of the people. Popular discontent grew; a Protestant courtier, Thomas Wyatt the younger , led a rebellion against Mary aiming to depose and replace her with her half-sister Elizabeth . The plot
14706-583: The Treasury for his son and successor, Henry VIII . Although it is debated whether Henry VII was a great king, he certainly was a successful one if only because he restored the nation's finances, strengthened the judicial system and successfully denied all other claimants to the throne, thus further securing it for his heir. The new King Henry VIII succeeded to the throne on 22 April 1509. He married Catherine of Aragon on 11 June; they were crowned at Westminster Abbey on 24 June. Catherine had previously been
14877-735: The Tudor era, as did the English Reformation in religion, impacting the future of the Crown. Elizabeth I was the longest serving Tudor monarch at 44 years, and her reign- known as the Elizabethan Era - provided a period of stability after the short, troubled reigns of her siblings. When Elizabeth I died childless, her cousin of the Scottish House of Stuart succeeded her, in the Union of the Crowns of 24 March 1603. The first Stuart to become King of England ( r. 1603–1625 ), James VI and I ,
15048-401: The Welsh form of Theodore , but Modern Welsh Tudur , Old Welsh Tutir is originally not a variant but a different and completely unrelated name, etymologically identical with Gaulish Toutorix , from Proto-Celtic *toutā "people, tribe" and *rīxs "king" (compare Modern Welsh tud "territory" and rhi "king" respectively), corresponding to Germanic Theodoric . Owen Tudor was one of
15219-583: The ancestral seat of the Geraldines in Florence in his poem Description and praise of his love . Since the 15th century, the FitzGeralds and the Gherardinis are known to be in touch and to acknowledge their kinship. A 2014 cover story published by "Sette", the Italian weekly magazine of Corriere della Sera , was an article dedicated to the Gherardini family of Montagliari and their relationship with
15390-425: The authority of Elizabeth as Supreme Governor. Elizabeth made it clear that if they refused the oath the first time, they would have a second opportunity, after which, if the oath was not sworn, the offenders would be deprived of their offices and estates. Even though Elizabeth was only twenty-five when she came to the throne, she was absolutely sure of her God-given place to be the queen and of her responsibilities as
15561-652: The backdrop of the Penal Laws which discriminated against them both, and a country becoming increasingly Parliamentarian , the old distinction between Old English and Gaelic Irish Roman Catholics gradually faded away, Changing religion, or rather conforming to the State Church , was always an option for any of the King of Ireland's subjects, and an open avenue to inclusion in the officially recognised "body politic", and, indeed, many Old English such as Edmund Burke were newly-conforming Anglican Catholics who retained
15732-424: The bodyguards for the queen dowager Catherine of Valois , whose husband, Henry V , had died in 1422. Evidence suggests that the two were secretly married in 1428. Two sons born of the marriage, Edmund and Jasper , were among the most loyal supporters of the House of Lancaster in its struggle against the House of York. Henry VI ennobled his half-brothers: Edmund became Earl of Richmond on 15 December 1449 and
15903-522: The cheers of both the ruling class and the common people. When Elizabeth came to the throne, there was much apprehension among members of the council appointed by Mary, because many of them (as noted by the Spanish ambassador) had participated in several plots against Elizabeth, such as her imprisonment in the Tower, trying to force her to marry a foreign prince and thereby sending her out of the realm, and even pushing for her death. In response to their fear, she chose as her chief minister Sir William Cecil ,
16074-720: The common people of the said half counties [of The Pale] that obeyeth the King's laws, for the most part be of Irish birth, of Irish habit, and of Irish language." English administrators such as Fynes Moryson , writing in the last years of the sixteenth century, shared the latter view of the Anglo-Irish: "the English Irish and the very citizens (excepting those of Dublin where the lord deputy resides) though they could speak English as well as we, yet commonly speak Irish among themselves, and were hardly induced by our familiar conversation to speak English with us". Moryson's views on
16245-540: The constituencies of the Irish Parliament were changed so that the New English would have a slight majority in the Irish House of Commons . Thirdly, in the 1630s, many members of the Old English landowning class were forced to confirm the ancient title to their land-holdings often in the absence of title deeds, which resulted in some having to pay substantial fines to retain their property, while others ended up losing some or all of their land in this complex legal process (see Plantations of Ireland ). The political response of
16416-498: The council, led by his chief rival, John Dudley, Earl of Warwick , who created himself Duke of Northumberland shortly after his rise. Northumberland effectively became Lord Protector, but he did not use this title, learning from the mistakes his predecessor made. Northumberland was furiously ambitious, and aimed to secure Protestant uniformity while making himself rich with land and money in the process. He ordered churches to be stripped of all traditional Catholic symbolism, resulting in
16587-560: The cultural fluidity of the so-called English Pale were echoed by other commentators such as Richard Stanihurst who, while protesting the Englishness of the Palesmen in 1577, opined that "Irish was universally gaggled in the English Pale". Beyond the Pale, the term 'English', if and when it was applied, referred to a thin layer of landowners and nobility, who ruled over Gaelic Irish freeholders and tenants. The division between
16758-455: The customs of Waterford . Normans elsewhere Tudors The House of Tudor ( / ˈ tj uː d ər / TEW -dər ) was an English and Welsh dynasty that held the throne of England from 1485 to 1603. They descended from the Tudors of Penmynydd , a Welsh noble family, and Catherine of Valois . The Tudor monarchs ruled the Kingdom of England and the Lordship of Ireland (later
16929-515: The decision to execute an anointed queen. Finally, she was persuaded of Mary's (treasonous) complicity in the plotting against her, and she signed the death warrant in 1586. Mary was executed at Fotheringhay Castle on 8 February 1587, to the outrage of Catholic Europe. There are many reasons debated as to why Elizabeth never married. It was rumoured that she was in love with Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester , and that on one of her summer progresses she had birthed his illegitimate child. This rumour
17100-529: The early years of her reign, it was now persuading Elizabeth not to marry the French prince, for his mother, Catherine de' Medici, was suspected of ordering the St Bartholomew's Day massacre of tens of thousands of French Protestant Huguenots in 1572. Elizabeth bowed to public feeling against the marriage, learning from the mistake her sister, Mary I , made when she married Philip II of Spain , and sent
17271-536: The emergence of Hiberno-English . Some of the most prominent Hiberno-Norman families were the Burkes (de Burghs), Butlers , and FitzGeralds who over time were said to have become " more Irish than the Irish themselves " by merging culturally and intermarrying with the Gaels . One of the most common Irish surnames , Walsh , derives from Welsh Normans who arrived in Ireland as part of this group. The dominance of
17442-484: The estate of Moulsford , now in Oxfordshire , near to Wallingford , where his father owned a fortified house adjacent to those of other powerful Norman authorities. Nest ferch Rhys ap Tewdwr was the daughter of the last king of South Wales by his wife, Gwladys ferch Rhiwallon ap Cynfyn of Powys . Their grandchildren, Maurice FitzGerald, Lord of Lanstephan , Raymond le Gros and Philip de Barry were leaders in
17613-612: The famous poet Dante Alighieri , that the descendants of Tommaso, Gherardo, and Maurizio Gherardini were the ancestors of the Earls of Kildare and Earls of Desmonds , and went on to Conquer Ireland with the King of England . The Divine Comedy was first launch at the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence. The English poet Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey , user of the sonnet form that would later be used by William Shakespeare , also referred to
17784-425: The first time. Had she lived a little longer, Catholicism, which she worked so hard to restore into the realm, might have taken deeper roots than it did. However, her actions in pursuit of this goal arguably spurred on the Protestant cause, through the many people she killed. Mary died on 17 November 1558 at the age of 42. Elizabeth I, who was staying at Hatfield House at the time of her accession, rode to London to
17955-630: The full union of England and the Principality of Wales in 1542 ( Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 ), and successfully asserting English authority over the Kingdom of Ireland (proclaimed by the Crown of Ireland Act 1542 ). They also maintained the nominal English claim to the Kingdom of France ; although none of them made substance of it, Henry VIII fought wars with France primarily as a matter of international alliances but also asserting claim to
18126-676: The growing unpopularity of Richard III (King of England from 1483), she was able to forge an alliance with discontented Yorkists in support of her son. Two years after Richard III was crowned, Henry and Jasper sailed from the mouth of the Seine to the Milford Haven Waterway and defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485. Upon this victory, Henry Tudor proclaimed himself King Henry VII. Upon becoming king in 1485, Henry VII moved rapidly to secure his hold on
18297-500: The home of Lord Herbert , a leading Yorkist. Following the murder of Henry VI and death of his son, Edward , at the Battle of Tewkesbury in 1471, Henry became the person upon whom the Lancastrian cause rested. Concerned for his young nephew's life, Jasper Tudor took Henry to Brittany for safety. Lady Margaret remained in England and remarried, living quietly while advancing the Lancastrian (and her son's) cause. Capitalizing on
18468-580: The homes she had been given. She pleaded to her brother to let her return home, but he only sent a few agents who tried to assist in helping her situation and refused to let her return home. Anne died on 16 July 1557 in Chelsea Manor . The fifth marriage was to the young Catherine Howard , niece of the Catholic Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk . Catherine was promoted by Norfolk in the hope that she would persuade Henry to restore
18639-411: The husband would relieve the woman of the burdens of head of state . Also, without an heir, the Tudor line would end; the risk of civil war between rival claimants was a possibility if Elizabeth died childless. Numerous suitors from nearly all European nations sent ambassadors to English court to put forward their suit. Risk of death came dangerously close in 1564 when Elizabeth caught smallpox ; when she
18810-416: The illegitimate children of the 14th century English prince John of Gaunt , the third surviving son of Edward III. Beaufort's mother was Gaunt's long-term mistress, Katherine Swynford . The descendants of an illegitimate child of English royalty would normally have no claim on the throne, although Gaunt and Swynford eventually married in 1396, when John Beaufort was 25. The church then retroactively declared
18981-471: The inflation, budgetary deficits, poverty, and trade crisis of her kingdom. She explored the commercial potential of Russian, African, and Baltic markets, revised the customs system, worked to counter the currency debasements of her predecessors, amalgamated several revenue courts, and strengthened the governing authority of the middling and larger towns. Mary also welcomed the first Russian ambassador to England , creating relations between England and Russia for
19152-637: The king had become enamoured while she served as a lady-in-waiting in Queen Catherine's household. It is unclear how far Wolsey was actually responsible for the English Reformation , but it is very clear that Henry's desire to marry Anne Boleyn precipitated the schism with Rome. Henry's concern about having an heir to secure his family line and to increase his security while alive would have prompted him to ask for an annulment sooner or later, whether Anne had precipitated it or not. Only Wolsey's sudden death at Leicester on 29 November 1530 on his journey to
19323-593: The king's favour when he designed and pushed through the Laws in Wales Acts , uniting England and Wales. In 1540, Henry married for the fourth time to the daughter of a Protestant German duke, Anne of Cleves , thus forming an alliance with the Protestant German states. Henry was reluctant to marry again, especially to a Protestant, but he was persuaded when the court painter Hans Holbein the Younger showed him
19494-559: The kingdom by using the Regency in their favour. Although Henry had specified a group of men to act as regents during Edward's minority, Edward Seymour , the young king's uncle, quickly seized control and created himself Duke of Somerset on 15 February 1547. His domination of the Privy Council , the king's most senior body of advisers, was unchallenged. Somerset aimed to unite England and Scotland by marrying Edward to his cousin,
19665-482: The last attempt a female made at ruling in her own right had resulted in disaster when Henry II's mother, Empress Matilda , and her cousin, Stephen of Blois , fought bitterly for the throne in the 12th century. Dukes (except Aquitaine ) and Princes of Wales are noted, as are the monarchs' reigns. † =Killed in action; [REDACTED] =Executed See also Family tree of English monarchs Sources: Henry Tudor had, however, something that
19836-650: The late-fifteenth and early-sixteenth centuries respectively. Both married to cousins of Henry Tudor , first monarch of the House of Tudor . During the Italian War of 1521–1526 , James FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Desmond , conspired with the Venetians and King Francis I of France , of Château de Chambord , against the Habsburgs , Tudors and Medicis . After the war, he sided once again against England, and allied himself with Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor during
20007-443: The manner of [Roman] Catholic martyrs, proclaiming they were suffering for their religious beliefs". This episode marked an important break between the Pale and the English regime in Ireland, and between the Old English and the New English. In the subsequent Nine Years' War (1594–1603), the Pale and the Old English towns remained loyal being in favour of outward loyalty to the English Crown during another rebellion. However, it
20178-539: The marriage of his son Arthur to Catherine of Aragon , cementing an alliance with the Spanish monarchs, Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile . The newlyweds spent their honeymoon at Ludlow Castle , the traditional seat of the Prince of Wales . However, four months after the marriage, Arthur died, leaving his younger brother Henry as heir apparent. Henry VII acquired a papal dispensation allowing prince Henry to marry Arthur's widow; however, Henry VII delayed
20349-748: The marriage. Henry VII limited his involvement in European politics. He went to war only twice: once in 1489 during the French–Breton War and the invasion of Brittany, and in 1496–1497 in revenge for Scottish support of Perkin Warbeck and for the Scottish invasion of northern England. Henry VII made peace with France in 1492 and the war against Scotland was abandoned because of the Cornish rebellion of 1497 . Henry VII made peace with James IV in 1502 with
20520-551: The mayor. The rebellion worried Somerset, now Lord Protector , and he sent an army to impose a military solution to the rebellion. The rebellion hardened the Crown against Catholics. Fear of Catholicism focused on Edward's elder half-sister, Mary , who was a pious and devout Catholic. Although called before the Privy Council several times to renounce her faith and stop hearing the Catholic Mass, she refused. Edward had
20691-409: The nationalist Young Ireland movement. The ill-fated romance of Thomas FitzGerald, 5th Earl of Desmond with Catherine MacCormac was the subject of the air "Desmond's Song" by the Irish poet Thomas Moore . Saint Patrick's Saltire , sometimes used to represent Ireland in modern flags, may have derived from the arms of the Geraldines. The Arleigh Burke -class destroyer USS Fitzgerald in
20862-489: The native language, legal system , and other customs such as fostering and intermarriage with the Gaelic Irish and the patronage of Irish poetry and music. Such people became regarded as " more Irish than the Irish themselves " as a result of this process (see also History of Ireland (1169–1536) ). The most accurate name for the Gaelicised Anglo-Irish throughout the late medieval period was Hiberno-Norman,
21033-519: The news, was made queen on 10 July. However, despite the efforts of the Duke of Northumberland and Jane's father, the Duke of Suffolk, the public's support was with Lady Mary, the rightful heir according to Henry VIII's will. On 19 July Suffolk persuaded his daughter to relinquish the throne, which she had never wanted, to Mary. Mary's supporters joined her in a triumphal procession to London, accompanied by her younger sister Elizabeth . Lady Jane and her father were arrested for high treason and imprisoned in
21204-460: The number of occurrences in parentheses: "1. Greater London, (500), Greater Manchester (191), West Midlands (176), Lancashire (130), Kent (118), Essex (117), West Yorkshire (113), Merseyside (108), Hampshire (84), and Surrey (76)." "Fitzgerald" (including "FitzGerald," as the survey was not case-sensitive), was the 390th most common surname in the 2000 United States census . 73,522 Fitzgeralds were counted, with 27.25 Fitzgeralds per 100,000 members of
21375-789: The others did not. He had an army which defeated the last Yorkist king, Richard III , in the field of battle and the support of powerful nobles to take the crown by right of conquest . Richard III's accession to the throne had proved controversial, even among the Yorkists. Henry Tudor, as Henry VII, and his son by Elizabeth of York, Henry VIII eliminated other claimants to the throne, including his first cousin once removed, Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury , and her son Henry Pole, 1st Baron Montagu , as well as Henry Courtenay, 1st Marquess of Exeter . On 1 November 1455, John Beaufort's granddaughter, Margaret Beaufort , married Henry VI 's maternal half-brother Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond . It
21546-557: The poetry books of the Uí Bhroin of Wicklow, as a sign of unity between Gaeil and Gaill; he viewed it as a sign of an emerging Irish nationalism . Breandán Ó Buachalla essentially agreed with him, Tom Dunne and Tom Bartlett were less sure. It was noted in 2011 that Irish nationalist politicians elected between 1918 and 2011 could often be distinguished by surname. Fine Gael parliamentarians were more likely to bear surnames of Norman origin than those from Fianna Fáil , who had
21717-498: The poets referred to hibernicised people of Norman stock as Dubhghaill in order to grant them a longer vintage in Ireland than the Fionnghaill (meaning 'fair-haired foreigners', i.e. Norwegian Vikings as opposed to Dubhghaill meaning 'black-haired foreigners', i.e. Danish Vikings). This follows on from his earlier arguments that the term Éireannaigh (Irish people) as we currently know it also emerged during this period in
21888-507: The political and religious conflicts of the 16th and 17th centuries, largely due to their continued adherence to the Roman Catholic religion. Following the Glorious Revolution the Jacobites attempted to replace the distinction between "Norman" and "Gaelic Irish" under the new denominator of Irish Catholic by 1700, as they were both barred from positions of wealth and power by the so-called New English settlers, who became known as
22059-422: The population. Respondents surnamed Fitzgerald had self-reported ethnicities of 88.03% non-Hispanic white only, 8.44% non-Hispanic black only, 0.32% non-Hispanic Asian or Pacific Islander only, 1.28% non-Hispanic Asian only, 1.43% of two or more non-Hispanic races, and 1.43% Hispanic. The FitzGerald dynasty was the subject of a poem called "The Geraldines" by Thomas Osborne Davis , the chief organizer and poet of
22230-469: The prefix Fitz meaning "son of", in surnames like FitzGerald appears most frequently in Hiberno-Norman surnames (cf. modern French fils de with the same meaning). However, a few names with the prefix "Fitz-" sound Norman but are actually of native Gaelic origin; Fitzpatrick was the surname Brian Mac Giolla Phádraig had to take as part of his submission to Henry VIII in 1537, and FitzDermot
22401-489: The pressure of John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland, named his cousin and Northumberland's daughter-in-law, Lady Jane Grey , as his successor due to her Protestant beliefs. Edward's reluctance to follow the line of succession, which named his half-sister Mary as next in line, stemmed from his knowledge that Mary, firmly Catholic, would restore England to the Vatican. Lady Jane Grey was consistently at court after her father
22572-497: The queen. Elizabeth had a long, turbulent path to the throne. She had a number of problems during her childhood, the main one being after the execution of her mother, Anne Boleyn . When Anne was beheaded, Henry declared Elizabeth illegitimate and she would, therefore, not be able to inherit the throne. Henry returned her to the line of succession in the Third Succession Act of 1543. After the death of her father, she
22743-431: The rebellion was over, several hundred Old English Palesmen had been arrested and sentenced to death, either for outright rebellion, or because they were suspected rebels because of their religious views. Most were eventually pardoned after paying fines of up to 100 pounds, a very large sum for the time. However, twenty landed gentlemen from some of the Pale's leading Old English families were executed; some of them "died in
22914-472: The rebels and fear of government reprisals against all Roman Catholics. The main long-term reason was, however, a desire to reverse the anti-Roman Catholic policies that had been pursued by the English authorities over the previous 40 years in carrying out their administration of Ireland. Nevertheless, despite their formation of an Irish government in Confederate Ireland , the Old English identity
23085-546: The relatively minor Bishop of Carlisle , Owen Oglethorpe , performed the ceremony; but when Oglethorpe attempted to perform traditional Catholic parts of the coronation, Elizabeth got up and left. Following the coronation, two important acts were passed through Parliament: the Act of Uniformity 1558 and the Act of Supremacy 1558 , establishing the Protestant Church of England and creating Elizabeth Supreme Governor of
23256-596: The simplicity often seen in Church of England churches today. A revision of the Book of Common Prayer was published in 1552. When Edward VI became ill in 1553, his advisers looked to the possible imminent accession of the Catholic Lady Mary, and feared that she would overturn all the reforms made during Edward's reign. Perhaps surprisingly, it was the dying Edward himself who feared a return to Catholicism, and wrote
23427-414: The throne Duke Giacomo Boncompagni . Thomas FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Kildare (died 1537), known as "Silken Thomas," also led an unsuccessful insurrection in Ireland, while Lord Edward FitzGerald (1763–1798), the fifth son of the first duke of Leinster, was a leading figure in the 1798 Irish Rebellion against King George III of the House of Hanover . Thomas's half-brother, the 11th Earl , nicknamed
23598-534: The throne by right of conquest . Following his victory at the Battle of Bosworth Field (22 August 1485), he reinforced his position in 1486 by fulfilling his 1483 vow to marry Elizabeth of York , daughter of King Edward IV and the heiress of the Yorkist claim to the throne, thus symbolically uniting the former warring factions of Lancaster and York under the new dynasty (represented by the Tudor rose ). The Tudors extended their power beyond modern England, achieving
23769-430: The throne, he had very little interest in actually ruling; rather, he preferred to indulge in luxuries and to partake in sports. He let others control the kingdom for the first two years of his reign, and then when he became more interested in military strategy, he took more interest in ruling his own realm. In his younger years, Henry was described as a man of gentle friendliness, gentle in debate, and who acted as more of
23940-423: The throne. On 18 January 1486 at Westminster Abbey , he honoured a pledge made three years earlier and married Elizabeth of York , daughter of King Edward IV. They were third cousins, as both were great-great-grandchildren of John of Gaunt. The marriage unified the warring houses of Lancaster and York and gave the couple's children a strong claim to the throne. The unification of the two houses through this marriage
24111-554: The title. After him, his daughter Mary I lost control of all territory in France permanently with the Siege of Calais in 1558. In total, the Tudor monarchs ruled their domains for 118 years. Henry VIII ( r. 1509–1547 ) was the only son of Henry VII to live to the age of maturity, and he proved a dominant ruler. Issues around royal succession (including marriage and the succession rights of women) became major political themes during
24282-422: The true identity of the Old English was now Roman Catholic and Irish, rather than English. English policy thus hastened the assimilation of the Old English with the Gaels. In 1641, many of the Old English community made a decisive break with their past as loyal subjects by joining the Irish Rebellion of 1641 . Many factors influenced the decision of the Old English to join in the rebellion; among these were fear of
24453-458: The wife of Henry's older brother Arthur (died 1502); this fact made the course of their marriage a rocky one from the start. A papal dispensation had to be granted for Henry to be able to marry Catherine, and the negotiations took some time. Despite the fact that Henry's father died before he was married to Catherine, he was determined to marry her anyway and to make sure that everyone knew he intended on being his own master. When Henry first came to
24624-403: The young Mary, Queen of Scots , and aimed to forcibly impose the English Reformation on the Church of Scotland . Somerset led a large and well equipped army to Scotland, where he and the Scottish regent James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran , commanded their armies at the Battle of Pinkie on 10 September 1547. The English won the battle, and after this Queen Mary was smuggled to France, where she
24795-448: Was Mac Gilla Mo-Cholmóc of the Uí Dúnchada sept of the Uí Dúnlainge based at Lyons Hill , County Dublin). The annals of Ireland make a distinction between Gaill and Sasanaigh . The former were split into Fionnghaill or Dubhghaill , depending upon how much the poet wished to flatter his patron. There are a number of texts in Hiberno-Norman French, most of them administrative (including commercial) or legal, although there are
24966-460: Was a great-grandson of Henry VII's daughter Margaret Tudor , who in 1503 had married James IV of Scotland in accordance with the 1502 Treaty of Perpetual Peace . A connection persists to the present 21st century, as Charles III is a ninth-generation descendant of George I , who in turn was James VI and I's great-grandson. The Tudors descended from King Edward III on Henry VII 's mother's side from John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset , one of
25137-402: Was a talented writer. She was supposedly a very skilled musician as well, in both singing and playing the lute. After the rebellion of Thomas Wyatt the Younger in 1554, Elizabeth was imprisoned in the Tower of London . No proof could be found that Elizabeth was involved and she was released and retired to the countryside until the death of her half-sister, Mary I of England . Elizabeth was
25308-410: Was accused of treason and was executed on 13 February 1542, destroying the English Catholic holdouts' hopes of a national reconciliation with the Catholic Church. Her execution also marked the end of the Howard family's power and influence within the English court. By the time Henry conducted another marriage with his final wife Catherine Parr in July 1543, the old Roman Catholic advisers, including
25479-413: Was also known by the Irish Gaelic Gearóid Iarla (Earl Gerald). Although made Lord Chief Justice of Ireland in 1367, Gerald wrote poetry in the Irish language , most famously the poem Mairg adeir olc ris na mnáibh ("Speak not ill of womenkind"). Indeed, although an accomplished poet in Norman French, Gerald was instrumental in the move by the Fitzmaurices and Fitzgeralds of Desmond toward greater use of
25650-418: Was also obvious to his court that he was becoming tired of his aging wife, who was six years older than he was. Wolsey visited Rome, where he hoped to get the Pope's consent for an annulment. However, the Holy See was reluctant to rescind the earlier papal dispensation and felt heavy pressure from Catherine's nephew, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor , in support of his aunt. Catherine contested the proceedings, and
25821-444: Was betrothed to the Dauphin , the future King Francis II of France . Despite Somerset's disappointment that no Scottish marriage would take place, his victory at Pinkie made his position appear unassailable. Edward VI was taught that he had to lead religious reform. In 1549, the Crown ordered the publication of the Book of Common Prayer , containing the forms of worship for daily and Sunday church services. The controversial new book
25992-407: Was declared illegitimate after her parents' marriage was annulled , Mary was the strongest legitimate claimant. Despite this, Elizabeth would not name Mary her heir; as she had experienced during the reign of her predecessor Mary I, the opposition could flock around the heir if they were disheartened with Elizabeth's rule. Numerous threats to the Tudor line occurred during Elizabeth's reign. In 1569,
26163-675: Was discovered and Howard was beheaded . The next major uprising was in 1601, when Robert Devereux , the second Earl of Essex , attempted to raise the city of London against Elizabeth's government. The city of London proved unwilling to rebel; Essex and most of his co-rebels were executed. Threats also came from abroad. In 1570, Pope Pius V issued a Papal bull , Regnans in Excelsis , excommunicating Elizabeth, and releasing her subjects from their allegiance to her. Elizabeth came under pressure from Parliament to execute Mary, Queen of Scots, to prevent any further attempts to replace her; though faced with several official requests, she vacillated over
26334-417: Was discovered, and Wyatt's supporters were hunted down and killed. Wyatt himself was tortured, in the hope that he would give evidence that Elizabeth was involved so that Mary could have her executed for treason. Wyatt refused to implicate Elizabeth, and he was beheaded in April 1554. Elizabeth spent two months imprisoned at the Tower of London , and then was placed under house arrest at Woodstock Palace for
26505-457: Was found guilty and executed in May 1536. Henry married again, for a third time, to Jane Seymour , the daughter of a Wiltshire knight, and with whom he had become enamoured while she was still a lady-in-waiting to Queen Anne. Jane became pregnant, and in 1537 produced a son, who became King Edward VI following Henry's death in 1547. Jane died of puerperal fever only a few days after the birth, leaving Henry devastated. Cromwell continued to gain
26676-411: Was founded by Osborn Wyddel (Fitzgerald-Osbourne), a descendant of Gerald de Windsor . Wyddel, c. 13th century arrived in Wales ( Kingdom of Gwynedd ) from Ireland with Prince Llywelyn the Great and was granted estates and arms, he married a ward of Llywelyn, who was also an heiress of the Corsygedol and Plas Hen estates in Gwynedd . They flourished in North Wales for centuries, by
26847-400: Was his father, Owen Tudor ( Welsh : Owain ap Maredudd ap Tudur ap Goronwy ap Tudur ap Goronwy ap Ednyfed Fychan ), who abandoned the Welsh patronymic naming practice and adopted a fixed surname. When he did, he did not choose, as was generally the custom, his father's name, Maredudd, but chose that of his grandfather, Tudur ap Goronwy , instead. This name is sometimes given as Tewdwr ,
27018-417: Was interviewed by one of Edward's advisers, and she was eventually found not to be guilty, despite forced confessions from her servants Kat Ashley and Sir Thomas Parry . Thomas Seymour was beheaded on 20 March 1549. Lord Protector Somerset was also losing favour. After forcibly removing Edward VI to Windsor Castle , with the intention of keeping him hostage, Somerset was removed from power by members of
27189-507: Was just one of many that swirled around the two's long-standing friendship. However, more important to focus on were the disasters that many women, such as her mother Anne Boleyn , suffered due to being married into the royal family. Her sister Mary's marriage to Philip brought great contempt to the country, for many of her subjects despised Spain and Philip and feared that he would try to take complete control. Recalling her father's disdain for Anne of Cleves , Elizabeth also refused to enter into
27360-447: Was made Duke of Suffolk in October 1551. Her mother, Frances Grey, Duchess of Suffolk , was the daughter of Mary Tudor , the sister of Henry VIII. On 21 May 1553, Jane was married to Northumberland's son, Lord Guildford Dudley . This was a political move organised by the Duke to ensure that Protestantism stayed the national religion if Jane were to become queen. Edward died on 6 July 1553 and 16-year-old Jane, who fainted when she heard
27531-422: Was married to Elizabeth Grey of the Royal House of Grey , a granddaughter of Queen Elizabeth Woodville . A letter written in 1566 by Girolamo Fortini, who was married to a daughter of Antonio Gherardini from Florence, to his brother in London, also stated that the Earl of Kildare was of the same family. Cristoforo Landino , tutor of Lorenzo de' Medici , stated in his preface of the Divine Comedy (Comedia) of
27702-449: Was married to Lady Margaret Beaufort , the great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt, the progenitor of the house of Lancaster; Jasper became Earl of Pembroke on 23 November 1452. Edmund died on 3 November 1456. On 28 January 1457, his widow Margaret, who was only 13 at the time, gave birth to a son, Henry Tudor, at her brother-in-law's residence at Pembroke Castle . Henry Tudor, the future Henry VII, spent his childhood at Raglan Castle ,
27873-485: Was most at risk, she named Robert Dudley as Lord Protector in the event of her death. After her recovery, she appointed Dudley to the Privy Council and created him Earl of Leicester , in the hope that he would marry Mary, Queen of Scots . Mary rejected him, and instead married Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley , a descendant of Henry VII , giving Mary a stronger claim to the English throne. Although many Catholics were loyal to Elizabeth, many also believed that, because Elizabeth
28044-442: Was not welcomed by either reformers or Catholic conservatives; it was especially condemned in Devon and Cornwall , where traditional Catholic loyalty was at its strongest. In Cornwall at the time, many of the people could only speak the Cornish language , so the uniform English Bibles and church services were not understood by many. This caused the Prayer Book Rebellion , in which groups of Cornish non-conformists gathered round
28215-477: Was raised by his widow, Catherine Parr and her new husband Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley . Seymour may have groomed and sexually abused her, but their relationship was seen instead as an affair and caused scandal. During the interrogations, she answered truthfully and boldly and all charges were dropped. Seymour, however, was executed on 20 March 1549. Elizabeth was an excellent student, well-schooled in Latin, French, Italian, and somewhat in Greek, and
28386-412: Was still an important division within the Irish Roman Catholic community. During the Irish Confederate Wars (1641–1653), the Old English were often accused by the Gaelic Irish of having been too hasty to sign a treaty with Charles I of England at the expense of the interests of Irish landowners and the Roman Catholic religion. The ensuing Cromwellian conquest of Ireland (1649–1653), saw further defeat of
28557-409: Was that of Henry Tudor's wife, Elizabeth of York , as daughter to Edward IV, and descendant of the second son of Edward III, Lionel, Duke of Clarence , and also his fourth son, Edmund, Duke of York . As she had no surviving brothers , Elizabeth had the strongest claim to the crown as de facto heiress of the House of York , but while she became queen consort , she did not rule as queen regnant ; for
28728-420: Was the English Government's administration in Ireland along loyalist lines particularly following the failure of the Gunpowder Plot in 1605 that would lead to severing the main political ties between the Old English and England itself. First, in 1609, Roman Catholics were banned from holding public office in Ireland forcing many Old English like the Dillons to outwardly adopt Anglican Catholicism. Then, in 1613,
28899-446: Was the Loyalist administration's policies which created an oppositional and clearly defined Old English community. Brendan Bradshaw , in his study of the poetry of late-16th century Tír Chónaill , points out that the Normans were not referred to there as Seanghaill ("Old Foreigners") but rather as Fionnghaill and Dubhghaill . He argued in a lecture to the Mícheál Ó Cléirigh Institute in University College Dublin that
29070-401: Was the first Constable and Governor of Windsor Castle for William the Conqueror , and was the Lord of 38 manors in England, making the FitzGeralds one of the "service families" on whom the King relied for his survival. Some of its members became the Black Knights , Green Knights and White Knights . The main branches of the family are: The progenitor of the Irish FitzGerald dynasty was
29241-460: Was their political and cultural world. Likewise Butlers of Ormond , could accurately be described as Hiberno-Norman in their political outlook and alliances even after they married into the royal family . Some historians refer to them as Cambro-Normans – Seán Duffy of Trinity College Dublin , invariably uses that term. After many centuries in Ireland following just a century in Wales or England it appears odd that their entire history since 1169
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