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66-662: The FSWR was established by the Finnish People's Delegation , a government formed by members of the Social Democratic Party to rival the existing Government of Finland , with support of the Red Guards . The FSWR controlled the capital Helsinki , most of southern Finland, and the city of Oulu until March. Kullervo Manner served as its sole leader as Chairman of the Central Committee of

132-632: A socialist reform of Finland as per the policy of the labor movement with support from the armed Red Guards . The Chair of the Delegation was the former Speaker of the Parliament Kullervo Manner . The Central Workers' Council operated alongside the Delegation but its role in the Reds' administration was minor. Soviet Russia was the only nation to recognize the Delegation as the government of Finland and its main supporter in

198-410: A 53% increase in referrals from doctors. In Australia, Canada, the U.K., and the U.S., military veterans of all ages carry a substantially elevated suicide risk relative to the general population, particularly younger veterans. In Canada, Denmark, the U.K., and the U.S., deployment to a war zone (unless in a combat role) has not been associated with an increased risk of suicide. A study of

264-522: A draft for a constitution of Red Finland/FSWR, on the basis of the Finnish Social Democratic principles and mentality. The Marxist concept of dictatorship of the proletariat was absent from the program. Instead, it represented an idea of democratic socialism and it was influenced by the constitutions of Switzerland and United States , and French Revolution . The constitution model included most of democratic civil rights for

330-794: A norm in the Veteran's Administration hospitals during and after both World Wars. In its most basic form the playing of recordings on the Victrola in WW I, hospitals had measurable positive effects on the wounded and shell-shocked patients. This began the use of a somewhat primitive music therapy in all American military hospitals.” Veterans are at higher risk than the general population for several disorders, especially younger veterans (those younger than 25). Younger veterans are at increased risk for substance use disorders, including alcohol use disorder , and mental illnesses in general. Necessity has resulted in

396-477: A number of sources of help being made available for veterans. Many of these are independent, charitable organisations, and in some countries the aftercare and rehabilitation services provided by Governments have been inadequate. This may be because they do not wish to give attention to the negative effects of military service and the difficulties of readjustment to civilian life for it may have an adverse impact upon recruitment for their armed forces. Nevertheless, help

462-858: A session in Helsinki 89 times in all, and in Viipuri less than ten times. Members of the Delegation were not included in the amnesty of Red Guards issued by the Finnish government in late 1918. They could face treason charges if they returned to Finland and, as a result, lived in exile for the remainder of their lives. Delegation members in Russia were soon repurposed by the Bolsheviks for activities related to Finland and other Finnic peoples , particularly in Soviet Karelia . They were involved in

528-455: A significant economic impact, and with the aid of VA loans were able to buy housing and establish themselves as part of a growing American middle class. The explosion of the suburbs created sufficient housing for veterans and their families. Many veterans of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom have had to face challenges unique to warfare in the 21st century. One significant difference between OEF and OIF and previous wars

594-438: A significant number of veterans. Studies involving veterans with combat-related PTSD indicate that between 4-17% of United States veterans have been diagnosed with PTSD. Their United Kingdom counterparts, however, have significantly lower numbers of just 3-6%. New treatment programs are emerging to assist veterans suffering from post-combat mental health problems such as depression and PTSD. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT),

660-621: A true status and form of state and republic as the Reds lost the Civil War on 5 May 1918. The geographical area of Red Finland as well as the front line between White and Red Finland took shape approximately between 28 January and 3 February 1918, and it remained largely unchanged until the general offensive of the Whites in March 1918. The Finnish People's Delegation , mainly Otto Ville Kuusinen , formulated and set forth, on 23 February 1918,

726-646: A veteran for a parent; this decreased to 16% in 2014. In 2016, of the veterans who were born outside of the United States, Mexican and Filipino Americans made up the two largest populations, with 3% of all veterans having been born outside of the United States. As of 2017 there are some 21 million American veterans. According to the Pew Research Center, "Among men, only 4% of millennials [born 1981-96] are veterans, compared with 47%" of men in their 70s and 80s, "many of whom came of age during

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792-469: Is a greater dependence on reservists and repeat deployments. Up to 80% of troops deployed at the beginning of OEF were part of the National Guard and Reserve and about 40% of currently serving military members have been deployed more than once. This has meant that many deployed troops, not being as "steeped in military culture" have had more difficult transitions into military life, and for many

858-414: Is a person who has significant experience (and is usually adept and esteemed) and expertise in an occupation or field . A military veteran is a person who is no longer serving in the armed forces . A topic of interest for researchers has been the health of military personnel after leaving the military, particularly those who served in combat areas. This concern stems from veterans in countries like

924-567: Is also an effective and noninvasive, drug-free treatment for PTSD, although it has not been tested against specific military traumatic exposure for efficacy. Veterans under the age of 25 are at higher risk for PTSD than veterans older than 25. Younger veterans with severe PTSD are at higher risk for metabolic syndrome and suicide . Music therapy provides veterans with a way to express themselves, escape from anxiety, and helps them cope with their PTSD. In Mike Lawson “Music and Science Meet…Music Therapy”, Lawson explains “Modern music therapy became

990-479: Is available and veterans should feel able to make contact and ask for assistance or advice to the broad network of organizations , and to appropriate legislators , without feeling that this is a weakness. Military service can be a profoundly unnatural experience and it is likely that some help may be needed in debriefing and rehabilitation into the community, whether it be medical, psychological, practical or financial. There were an estimated 57,849 homeless veterans in

1056-745: Is becoming an important method for the treatment of mental health issues among veterans, and is currently considered the standard of care for depression and PTSD by the United States Department of Defense . CBT is a psychotherapeutic approach that aims to change the patterns of thinking or behavior that responsible for patient's negative emotions and in doing so change the way they feel. It has been proven to be an effective treatment for PTSD among war veterans. Recently, online programs that pair CBT with therapist interaction have also proven effective in treating mental health problems among veterans. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)

1122-462: Is held on November the 11th and is focused mostly on the veterans who died in service. A red or white Poppy is worn on the lapel (for remembrance or for peace, respectively) in the weeks up to the date, and wreaths and flowers laid at memorials to the dead. In Russia, a tradition was established after World War II where newly married couples would on their wedding day visit a military cemetery . In France, for instance, those wounded in war are given

1188-598: Is more than 8 percent. Women make up nearly 11.6 percent of OEF/OIF/OND Veterans. A tri-state (Washington, Idaho, Oregon) women veterans conference in Pendleton, Oregon , in April 2008, attracted 362 women veterans, according to the East Oregonian newspaper. A growing number of states are recognizing June 12 as Women Veterans Day , either through proclamation or legislative action. On August 5, 2011, Erica Borggren

1254-616: Is the increasingly common traumatic brain injury , or TBI, the effects of which can range from a mild concussion to amnesia and serious neurological damage. Women have served in the United States military for over two hundred years. Some female veterans perceive themselves as discriminated against by their male counterparts and, as such, women who have served in the armed forces have sometimes been known as "the invisible veterans". Women were not fully recognized as veterans until after WWII, and prior to this they were not eligible for VA benefits. The current percentage of U.S. Veterans who are women

1320-555: The First World War . In the years following, discontented veterans became a source of instability. They could quickly organize, had links to the army and often had arms themselves. The Bonus Army of unemployed veterans was one of the most important protest movements of the Great Depression , marching on Washington, D.C. to get a claimed bonus now that Congress had promised them decades in the future. Each state of

1386-699: The German Army , the victory of the White Guards in the Finnish civil war and the marked nationalism among the Finnish socialists stalled his plan. Lenin's "socialist" power policy followed that of the former Romanov empire; the geopolitical position of a country determined the way it was treated by the Russian leadership (e.g. Poland - Ukraine vs. Finland ). After the start of the Finnish Civil War, on January 28, 1918, Kullervo Manner

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1452-806: The Karelian Isthmus . In April, the Delegation fled from Helsinki to Viipuri , the fourth-largest city in Finland which was located close to the border with Russia. However, the Whites were descending on Viipuri and an attack on the city was imminent. On 23 April, the Delegation was effectively dissolved when almost all of its members fled to Russia. Oskari Tokoi fled to the United Kingdom and from there to United States . The Red Guards that stayed to defend Viipuri, now without political leadership, branded them as traitors. The Delegation assembled for

1518-704: The Korean War and its aftermath." President Abraham Lincoln , in his second inaugural address in 1865 towards the end of the American Civil War , famously called for good treatment of veterans: "[T]o care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan". The American Civil War produced veterans' organizations, such as the Grand Army of the Republic and United Confederate Veterans . The treatment of veterans changed after

1584-619: The Pritzker Military Library on January 24, 2013, to discuss important issues facing female veterans in today's military. African Americans have participated in every war fought by or within the United States. Black veterans from World War I experienced racial persecution on returning to the U.S. from overseas, particularly in Southern cities. Black veterans from World War II continued to be denied equality at home despite President Harry S. Truman 's desegregation of

1650-491: The 19th century. It did set up two small hospitals for them in the 1680s. In London and other cities the streets teemed with disabled or disfigured veterans begging for alms. The First World War focused national attention on veterans, especially those who had been partly or wholly disabled. The King's National Roll Scheme (KNRS) was an employment program for disabled veterans of the First World War. Kowalsky says it

1716-729: The Belgian commitment of the Congolese to World War II live in communities throughout the Congo. Though they received compensation from the government during the rule of the dictator Mobutu Sese Seko , after his overthrow they no longer receive pensions. Ex-service is British terminology for veterans, which refers to those who have served in the British Empire or Commonwealth Armed Forces . Britain, with its historic distrust of standing armies, did little for its veterans before

1782-792: The Bolsheviks as they carried out peace negotiations with the German Empire . In the end, the fate of the Finnish Reds and FSWR was determined through the power political decisions made between Russia and Germany . Edvard Gylling was the prime mover at the start of the Finnish-Russian talks for the Red Treaty; among other things he aimed to work for peace talks between the Finnish Whites and Reds, by diminishing

1848-494: The Civil War. The Delegation moved from Helsinki to Viipuri in April, from where its members fled to Petrograd after the defeat of the Red Guards. The decision to start an armed revolution in Finland was initially made by Red Guards ' leadership and by a branch split from Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP) party committee on 23 January 1918, called "Finland's workers' executive committee", whose members represented

1914-417: The Delegation was later forced to confess that it could barely control the actions of the Red Guards, and reduced the number of military affairs cases it handled. The relationship between the Red Guards and the Delegation remained problematic throughout the war, as the Delegation regarded the Red Guards' actions to be arbitrary, and many guardsmen in turn saw the delegates as " parasites " who were estranged from

1980-528: The Finnish citizens , including an extensive use of referendum in political decision making, but private property rights were excluded and given to state and local administration. The draft was never finally formulated and approved in Red Finland, before the defeat of FSWR in the 1918 war. The political situation after the January Revolution in Finland raised a major question in terms of

2046-662: The Finnish People's Delegation. The FSWR collapsed when the Red Guards were defeated by the White Finns and Germany , with Manner and most of the Finnish People's Delegation fleeing to Soviet Russia . The name "Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic" ( Finnish : Suomen sosialistinen työväentasavalta ) appeared only in the Treaty between Finnish People's Delegation and Russian Council of People's Commissars , signed on 1 March 1918. The People's Delegation had earlier used

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2112-784: The German invasion of Finland and the consequent defeat of the Finnish Red Guards and the FSWR on 5 May 1918. After the war, the initially powerful and well-organized Finnish Social Democrats, who were born and bred in the relatively free and nationalistic social atmosphere, within the Scandinavian and Russian cultures and affected primarily by socialist ideas of Germany , Austria and Czechoslovakia (pre-World War I Austria-Hungary ), were split into two. The moderate socialists continued their pre-1918 political culture, adhered to

2178-604: The London Metro on 28 January 2010, 'Veterans prone to suicide' , cited a report by the Mental Health Foundation saying that more needed to be done to care for UK veterans of the Afghanistan War . Many had "plunged into alcohol problems, crime and suicide" upon their return. In the U.S., the suicide rate among veterans is 300% the national average. They account for 30% of the suicides in

2244-545: The Russian influence in Finland. The Finnish Bolsheviks, few in number, but influential and active in the Finnish Red Guards supported Lenin's Russian federalism. The Finns got Petsamo, but the question of Aunus and Viena remained open. Lenin aimed to halt a complete collapse of Russia after the revolutionary year 1917. While in political opposition prior to the October Revolution , Lenin emphasized

2310-674: The Supreme Workers' Council were allocated by the People's Delegation as follows: The People's Delegation drew up a new Constitution, taking influences from the American and Swiss Constitution and ideas from the French Revolution . A referendum on the proposal was planned. From March, a string of defeats had caused the Red Guards (and by extension the Delegation and Red Finland) to be increasingly pushed southeast into

2376-504: The U.S. army found that the career stage carrying the greatest risk was initial military training . Research in several countries has found that the personnel most at risk include those who: had a troubled childhood ; are of low rank ; have close-combat roles in war; and/or leave service soon after joining. Other risk factors common to military life include depression , posttraumatic stress disorder , alcohol misuse , bullying and sexual harassment . An article in

2442-618: The UK homelessness charity CRISIS (1994) and the Ex-Services Action Group (1997) both found that a quarter of homeless people had previously served in the armed forces. The Times newspaper reported on 25 September 2009 that in England and Wales the number of "military veterans in jail has more than doubled in six years". Another Times article of the same date quoted the veterans mental health charity Combat Stress as reporting

2508-802: The US and Australia, being disproportionately over-represented in psychological and substance abuse disorders relative to the general population. In Australia, the Department of Veterans' Affairs provides a proactive service to address 'real life' health care problems in the veteran community. Military veterans often receive special treatment in their respective countries. War veterans are generally treated with great respect and honour, although negative feelings towards veterans may be held in certain situations: veterans of unpopular or lost conflicts may be discriminated against. In some countries (e.g., Germany after 1945), veterans are neither honoured in any special way by

2574-543: The US annually. According to a 2015 report by the Japanese Ministry of Defense , 56 Japan Self Defense Force members had committed suicide after serving in overseas missions to Iraq and the Indian Ocean . Defense officials stated that 14 deaths were due to mental illness, 13 to family or financial problems and three to official duties. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a condition that affects

2640-440: The United States sets specific criteria for state-specific veterans' benefits. For federal medical benefits from the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) hospitals, prior to 7 September 1980 the veteran must have served at least 180 days of active duty, after the above-mentioned date the veteran must have served at least 24 months. However, if the veteran was medically discharged and receives a VA service-connected disability stipend,

2706-536: The constitution draft, among the Finnish (moderate) socialists . The question arose if the power gained via revolution would allow democracy a true chance in Finnish society . The relation between democracy and revolution was contradictory for the socialists, as the February Revolution empowered the lamed Finnish Parliament, until July 1917; restoration of the socialists' power in the Parliament

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2772-650: The establishment of the Communist Party of Finland (SKP), which was banned in Finland and operated underground. Delegation members served as the leadership of the SKP and controlled its activities in Finland from their exile in Russia. In the late 1930s, many surviving members were condemned and executed by the Soviets in the Great Purge . Veterans A veteran (from Latin vetus  'old')

2838-440: The first claim on any seat on public transit . Most countries have a holiday such as Veterans Day to honour their veterans, along with the war dead . In Zimbabwe , the term veteran is used for political purpose and may not actually refer to someone that participated in a war, but rather to someone who feels entitled to some benefit because of association with a cause for which there had been an actual war. Some veterans from

2904-541: The general public, nor have their dedicated Veterans Day , although events are sometimes orchestrated by minority groups. The way veterans are portrayed in the media is likely to contribute to public attitudes. A small scale survey in 2020 indicated several ways in which veterans themselves feel that their representation in the media could be improved, by avoiding certain stereotypes . Many countries have longstanding traditions, ceremonies, and holidays to honour their veterans. In Commonwealth member states, Remembrance Day

2970-661: The highest densities of veterans in a major country, with 13 million in 2000, or 219 per 1,000 population. In the United States, a veteran is a person who has served in the armed forces (including the Reserve and certain members of the United States National Guard ) and was discharged under conditions other than dishonorable. A common misconception is that only those who have served in combat or those who have retired from active duty can be called military veterans. In 1990, 40% of young Americans had

3036-501: The increased redeployment rate has meant more transitions, more uncertainty, longer terms, and shorter dwell times, all of which contribute to greater stress. Due to medical advances, warfare in the 21st century tends to yield more survivors with severe injuries which soldiers in previous wars would have died from. This means that, though fewer service members die, more return from war with injuries more serious, and in turn more emotionally devastating, than ever before. Among these injuries

3102-485: The legacy of Scandinavian-Finnish culture, socialist ideas originating from Central Europe , including plans to expand the Finnish territory. Their political visions included principles of democracy, but as Red Finland was primarily the formation of revolution and civil war, the acts of violence and warfare were emphasized in the policy. The Red Guards included a minor faction of Finnish Bolsheviks who supported association of FSWR to Soviet Russia. FSWR/Red Finland never gained

3168-461: The legislation produced by the Paris Commune of 1871 and also the October Revolution in neighboring Soviet Russia , but mostly after Finland's labor movement's previous programmes. The laws passed by the Delegation were announced in the newspaper Suomen Kansanvaltuuskunnan Tiedonantoja . The delegation members were elected and given similar roles as ministers in a government: Seats on

3234-433: The loss of many strategically important sites, such as Tampere , to the Whites. Therefore, the formation of the local Red civil administration remained unfinished and waited for the result of the Civil War. The top and middle-rank civil servants of the pre-civil war administration refused to co-operate with the Reds, and new leadership had to be chosen and trained from the lower rank servants. The Finnish Civil War ended with

3300-717: The military after World War II. Black veterans went on to play a central role in the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. The National Association for Black Veterans is an organization that provides advocacy and support for African American and other minority veterans. The effect of active military service can be profound and lasting, and some veterans have found it difficult to adjust to normal life again. Figures from 2009 showed that twice as many veterans were in prison than there were British troops currently in Afghanistan. Homelessness, street-sleeping and relationship breakdown are also commonly reported. Research done by

3366-473: The most radical wing of the labor movement . On the night of 27 January, the executive committee ordered the Red Guards to arrest members of the Senate led by Pehr Evind Svinhufvud , and a host of other leading capitalist politicians, including 33 members of Parliament . However, this failed completely, and the Red Guards' Supreme military staff postponed the coup by a day because of unfinished preparations, so

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3432-468: The name Republic of Finland ( Suomen tasavalta ), but Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin proposed adding "Socialist Workers' Republic" into the name during negotiations. The People's Delegation later blamed its delegates for succumbing to Lenin's demand, since the official name of the state should have been decided by the Finns themselves. Red Finland/FSWR was an attempt to establish a socialist state, based on

3498-691: The newspaper Työmies in a declaration that also named the delegates, and in which the fundamental objectives of the Red government were briefly explained. The Delegation already on its first day occupied the Senate House in Helsinki and established itself as the government of the Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic (Red Finland), an alternative socialist state to the pre-existing Finnish state. The Red administration's first action

3564-603: The papers of the Social Democratic Party and the Christian labor movement. The Whites ' Senate discontinued all social democratic papers correspondingly. In March, the Delegation's Postal and Announcement Department placed preventive censorship on the remaining papers' reporting on the military and foreign affairs. On 2 February, the Delegation ordered the Red Guards to be maintained by the government, essentially placing them under its authority. In practice,

3630-641: The policy of nations' right to self-determination for the former parts of the Russian Empire . After the successful seizure of power in October 1917 and in January 1918, the Bolsheviks' power political strategy shifted gradually toward federalism . As for Finland , Lenin plotted its annexation by Russia, but the Russian Civil War , German-Russian Treaty of Brest-Litovsk , Finland-operation of

3696-446: The realities of the battlefront. In its set of decrees, it published 45 statutes in all, and favoured concised and scant language. Most of the Delegation's time went into producing new legislation. It has been estimated that about two thirds of its written laws were reactions to acute administerial issues, and the rest aimed at ideological goals or increasing support. Particularly the laws passed on ideological grounds were modeled after

3762-411: The senators were informed of the arrest warrant through a prematurely issued public handout, and had time to hide. The assembling of Parliament on 28 January was blocked and a few members that turned up were arrested. The Finnish People's Delegation was established on 28 January 1918 and it set to lead the revolt started on the same morning. The founding of the Delegation was announced on 29 January in

3828-420: The society and political system of Finland , and the far-left faction formed the Communist Party of Finland in August 1918 in Moscow , with its main leaders living in exile in Russia and being many of the supporters living in Finland. Bibliography Finnish People%27s Delegation The Finnish People's Delegation ( Finnish : Suomen kansanvaltuuskunta , Swedish : Finska folkdelegationen )

3894-474: The time limits are not applicable. After the Second World War, in part due to the experience of the First World War, most of the participating states set up elaborate veterans' administrations. Within the United States, it was veterans groups, like the American Legion and Veterans of Foreign Wars organization, that pushed for and got the G.I. Bill enacted. These gave veterans access to free or subsidized education and health care. The newly educated GIs created

3960-406: Was among the main goals of the January Revolution 1918. The Finnish Red-White conflict of 1918 has been described as Class War , Rebellion , (Red) Revolt and Abortive (Red) Revolution by the Finnish Red veterans . Although the Finnish Socialist Worker's Republic was supported by the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), led by Vladimir Lenin , and the 1 March 1918 Red Treaty

4026-410: Was appointed Director of the Illinois Department of Veterans Affairs and has been "creating a new Women Veterans Program to help address the issue that women veterans often do not self-identify as veterans and do not take advantage of veterans’ benefits to the same extent as their male peers." She gathered in a webcast panel moderated by Stacey Baca with Dr. Rebecca J. Hannagan and Kimberly Mitchell at

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4092-420: Was appointed chairman of the People's Delegation , the Red Government. On April 10 of the same year, the Reds reformed their entire administration and Manner was appointed leader of the Red Finland and the Supreme Commander of the Red Guard under the authority of the dictator . The warfare between the Reds and Whites took major attention and energy of the Red leadership, and the situation was not alleviated by

4158-401: Was practical, innovative, and ahead of its time and was the most important piece of legislation enacted for disabled veterans in interwar Britain. In addition to direct aid, it stimulated a national discussion regarding the need for employment programs for disabled veterans and the responsibility of the state, setting up a future demand for more benefits. In the 21st century, Britain has one of

4224-456: Was signed between these two unstable socialist states , an ideal level of co-operation and co-ordination was never achieved, due to both states being preoccupied with their own respective civil wars. The goal of the Finnish Reds' majority was a neutral and independent Finland, and some of them demanded annexation of Aunus , Viena Karelia and Petsamo areas of Russian Karelia to Finland. The Russian-Finnish Red treaty had only minor importance for

4290-461: Was the government of the Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic (Red Finland) created by a group of members in the Social Democratic Party of Finland during the Finnish Civil War from January to May 1918. The Delegation was established as a rival to the Government of Finland and seized power in Helsinki at the start of the Civil War by supplanting Pehr Evind Svinhufvud's first senate and Parliament . It passed laws and enactments aspiring to

4356-419: Was to discontinue all capitalist newspapers , already on 28 January in the capital, and over the next few days in other cities in Finland. On 2 February, the Delegation confirmed the " counterrevolutionary " press to be suspended "indefinitely". The suspension even applied to the right wing social democratic Työn Valta and Itä-Suomen Työmies newspapers. After this the only papers allowed to be published were

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