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51-777: The Napoleonic wars (1803–1815) had crippled Spain's navy, and the French occupation had destroyed the logistical base of its dockyards, with the result of the loss of the majority of Spain's navy. Nevertheless, during the Patria Vieja (Old Fatherland) period, the Spaniards and the Royalists of Chile and Peru were able from Callao , the royalist stronghold in Perú, to blockade any Chilean revolutionary ports, to land in Talcahuano ,

102-563: A US-origin 18-gun brig, reached Valparaíso and was bought and renamed Araucano . As usual at the time all prizes and seized property was subject to rules defining shares and differences between property and ships captured afloat or in transit, or property on land. Note: $ 100,000 was equivalent to £20,000 The first task of the Águila was to bring home 72 patriots being held prisoner in the Juan Fernández Islands . This apparently simple task had an enormous importance: among

153-718: A hot-foot courier over the Andes with the information to warn the Government in Santiago de Chile . On 19 October 1818, under the rebellion of Spanish expeditionary forces, who goes to Buenos Aires and change the side, the first commander of the Chilean Squadron, Manuel Blanco Encalada , was ordered to set sail with San Martín , Lautaro , Chacabuco and Araucano in order to intercept the rest of Spanish convoy. Later Galvarino and Intrépido (an Argentine ship) joint

204-819: A loyal port, and support the advance of the royalist troops of Chile against Santiago de Chile , the main city of the revolutionary forces and crush the rebellion in Chile. Argentine historian Bartolomé Mitre gives the following list of armed Spanish ships in the west coast of South America, but it was never done simultaneously: frigates Venganza (44 guns) and Esmeralda (44), merchant corvettes Milagro (18), San Juan Bautista (18) and Begoña (18), second class frigates Governadora (16), Comercio (12), Presidente (12), Castilla (12) and Bigarrera (12), corvettes Resolución (34), Sebastiana (34) and Veloz (22), brigantine Pezuela (18), plus other 3 unnamed ships with 37 guns. All things considered 17 ships with 331 guns along

255-591: A pursuit of five months, he blockaded the Spanish ships in the port of Guayaquil . They surrendered to the authorities of the port. The O'Higgins and Valdivia anchored in Valparaiso on 2 June 1822. Cochrane left the service of the Chilean Navy on 29 November 1822. In 1825 a squadron commanded by Manuel Blanco Encalada landed 2,575 troops under the command of Ramón Freire on Chiloé and then blockaded

306-581: A week until, one by one, the Spanish transports Magdalena , Dolores , Carlota , Rosalia and Elena sailed innocently into their arms. Only four Spanish transports could disembark Captain Fausto del Hoyo and 500 men in Talcahuano and continue to Callao. The Reina Maria Isabel was renamed O'Higgins and added to the Chilean Squadron. With the loss of the Reina Maria Isabel , control of

357-756: The Araucano , O'Higgins , Valdivia , Independencia and the schooner Mercedes in order to scour the Pacific for the last remnants of the Spanish Navy, the frigates Venganza and Prueba . After a month in Guayaquil to refit and to reprovision the ships, the squadron searched the West Coast of the Americas as far north as Loreto, Baja California Sur , where the Araucano was lost to mutineers. After

408-541: The Battle of Chacabuco (1817), the beginning of the Patria Nueva (New Fatherland), Chilean patriots re-entered Santiago, but Talcahuano and Concepción (until 1819–20), Valdivia (until 1820) and Chiloé (until 1826) remained under Chilean royalist control. The Chilean patriots decided that they needed their own navy with trustworthy crews if they were to protect the long coasts of the state and to mobilize troops against

459-472: The Battle of Chacabuco , Bernardo O'Higgins remarked that "this triumph and a hundred more will be insignificant if we do not control the sea". Consequently, the Chilean government, led by O'Higgins, on 20 November 1817 authorized privateers to engage as commerce raiders , interrupting the Spanish trade off the west coast of South America. Although Spanish commerce along the whole coast from Chile to Panama

510-928: The Chilean Constitution of 1833 ), Joaquín Larraín and José Ignacio Cienfuegos , churchmen of the insurgents; Luis de la Cruz , Manuel Blanco Encalada and Pedro Victoriano , eminent military men. Later, the Aguila joined Lautaro to break the blockade of Valparaíso by the Spanish vessel Esmeralda . The end of the Napoleonic Wars in Europe encouraged the Fernando VII 's restored (in 1814) autocracy to make every effort to retain their American colonies. They planned in October 1817 to send 12,000 men to Buenos Aires and 2,000 to Chile to repress

561-609: The Esmeralda which he regarded as the responsibility of the Chilean government. Cochrane was furious and, when the Peruvian Treasury and the contents of the mint were loaded onto the schooner Sacramento to avoid an advance by the Spanish army from the interior, Cochrane seized the ship on 14 September and took the money. The amount seized was, according to Peruvian sources, £80,000 or $ 400,000. Now in violent conflict with San Martin, on 6 October 1821 Cochrane sailed with

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612-646: The First Chilean Navy Squadron , under the command of Admiral Lord Thomas Alexander Cochrane to the first blockade of Callao, later Pueyrredón , Galvarino and Araucano under the command of Blanco Encalada. In June were all the Chilean ships back in Valparaíso. On 12 September 1819, Pueyrredón sailed Cochrane and Blanco Encalada again to the second blockade of Callao with a squadron composed of O'Higgins , San Martín , Lautaro , Independencia , Galvarino , and Araucano . Pueyrredón

663-534: The Reglamento General de Marina , a legal framework for the new institution. José Antonio Álvarez Condarco and Manuel Hermanegildo Aguirre were sent to respectively to London and New York City to recruit men and to acquire warships. A few days after the Battle of Chacabuco, Chilean revolutionaries commissioned their first ship, the old US-smuggler ship Eagle , once captured by the Spaniards and now in

714-617: The San Telmo was lost in a severe storm rounding Cape Horn with 644 men. Only the transport Mariana (on 9 October) and the frigate Prueba (on 2 October) reached Callao but, the frigate fled to Guayaquil under pursuit by the Chileans. After failing to capture the Spanish fortress of Real Felipe in Callao, in defiance of his orders and without even telling the Chilean authorities what he intended to do, Thomas Cochrane decided to assault

765-638: The British Regulations and the Chileans by the Spain Ordinances. The majority of commanders were of British origin so, in practice, British regulations on the ship under a British captain. The organization of the squadron was complete in January 1819, and the government was able to recruit 1,400 of the 1,610 officers and men it needed. Two-thirds of the seamen and almost all the officers were British or North-Americans. On 14 January 1819

816-675: The Cantabria Regiment, three cavalry squadrons, two artillery and combat engineer companies, for a total of 2,080 men under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Fausto del Hoyo, actually a member of the constitutionalist party in Spain. The naval force was under command of Captain Manuel del Castillo, but suffering from a paralytic stroke, he had to disembark in Tenerife and the command was transferred to Lieutenant Dionisio Capaz . During

867-459: The Chilean hands: 50 tons gunpowder, 10,000 cannon shot, 170,000 musket balls, small arms, 128 pieces of artillery, and the Dolores . The Chilean Intrépido was lost. The emancipation of Perú was to have been a common enterprise by Chile and Argentina. Argentina, then a loose alliance of provinces, distracted by internal strife and another threat of invasion from Spain was unable to contribute for

918-502: The Expedition. However, undefeated Spanish troops still occupied the highlands. Cochrane clashed with the cautious San Martín because of the unrealistic hope for a national rising in support of Peruvian independence and San Martín's commanders were disenchanted about his inaction. Although San Martín set about raising the bonuses he had promised the fleet after the fall of Lima, he refused to pay its routine expenses or prize money for

969-687: The Navy and, in later years, became the first President of Chile and Francisco de la Lastra later Intendant of Santiago and Privy Councillor. As such, he became temporary Supreme Director. On 14 July 1818 she had been renamed Pueyrredón to honour the Argentine Juan Martín de Pueyrredón , Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata who strongly supported the independence of Chile. She captured on 8 October 1818

1020-696: The Spanish corvette Perla (Ex- US-Pearl ). On 9 October 1818, Pueyrredón sailed from Valparaíso with others ships to deter a Spanish expedition from Cadiz made up of eleven transports and the-then Spanish frigate María Isabel . It carried 2000 soldiers as well as weapons, ammunition, and supplies to reinforce the Viceroyalty of Perú. The Chilean squadron under commander Blanco Encalada captured María Isabel on 28 October in Talcahuano . On 11 November 1818 they captured Dolores , Magdalena , Elena , Jerezana and Carlota at Santa Maria Island. On 16 January 1819, Pueyrredón sailed from Valparaíso with

1071-499: The area of La Frontera . Valdivia was isolated from the rest of Chile by native Mapuche territory, and the only entrance to Valdivia was via the mouth of Valdivia River ; Corral Bay . The bay was fortified with several forts built to prevent pirate raids or any attack from a foreign nation. The forts of Valdivia were captured on 3 and 4 February 1820, and their fall effectively ended the last vestiges of Spanish power in mainland Chile and put large amounts of military materiel in

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1122-511: The circumstances he mistrusted Captain Goñi and his crew. Moreover, he learned that the real destination of the ship was Panama City . Consequently, he ordered the commandants of the ports of Guayaquil and Paita to replace Goñi with a trustworthy captain, to man the ship with at least 2/3 Spaniards (in Spanish europeos ) and to send the ship immediately to Callao on its return from Panama. The Spanish author Gaspar Pérez Turrado supposes that Goñi

1173-455: The city of Valdivia, the most fortified place in southern Chile at the time. Valdivia was a threat to Chilean independence as it was a stronghold and supply base for Spanish troops and was the first landing site for ships coming from Spain after the voyage round Cape Horn . Valdivia provided a safe landing site for sending reinforcements to the loyalist guerrilla fighting the Guerra a muerte in

1224-615: The corvette Independencia (Captain Robert Forster), the brigs Galvarino (Captain John Tooker Spry), Araucano (Captain Thomas Carter), and Pueyrredón (Lieutenant William Prunier) and the schooner Moctezuma (Lieutenant George Young). Every expeditionary ship got a painted number so that it could be identified at a distance. There are discrepancies between authors about the names and number and some names of

1275-460: The element of surprise had been lost, he was convinced that further attacks would be doomed to failure. A successful campaign was frustrated, in part due to the death of Colonel Charles and the failure of the Congreve rockets. But the Spanish reinforcements sent from Cádiz had shrunk to a fraction of its original size. The Alejandro I had to turn back to Spain because of its leaky condition and

1326-680: The enemy. Without a proper naval force, Chile was vulnerable to enemy landings. The major concern of the British and US governments was the colonial dispute and preservation of their trade. During the Napoleonic wars Britain became committed to defending the status quo in the peninsular Spain in order to ensure Spain's alliance against France. In 1817, Castlereagh secured an order forbidding British subjects from serving in Spanish American armies. Although, in practice, strict neutrality

1377-790: The expedition and ordered José de San Martín back to Argentina. San Martín choose to disobey (see Acta de Rancagua ) and O'Higgins decided that Chile would assume the costs of the Freedom Expedition of Perú. On 20 August 1820 the expedition sailed from Valparaíso for Paracas, near Pisco in Perú. The escort was provided by the squadron and comprised the flagship O'Higgins (under Captain Thomas Sackville Crosbie), frigate San Martín (Captain William Wilkinson), frigate Lautaro (Captain Martin Guise),

1428-604: The first Chilean squadron officially governed by the English language, to the point that an officer of the British Royal Navy said that "even the uniform is very similar to ours." Cochrane was the first vice admiral of Chile. He reorganized the Chilean navy, introducing British naval customs and English language officially. Once Cochrane took command of the squadron, there emerged a new difficulty: what regulation or standard to use on ships. The British were governed by

1479-493: The flotilla off Talcahuano. On 28 October they found the Reina María Isabel at anchor in Talcahuano . The crew of the Reina María Isabel ran their vessel aground to render her useless to the Chileans, but they were able to take the frigate in a brisk action and to repair the damage. With the Spanish prize the squadron sailed to Santa María Island , approximately 30 km south of Talcahuano, where they stayed for

1530-693: The hand of the Chileans. Eagle was first renamed Águila and then later Pueyrredón . The regular Chilean navy began to grow steadily and soon was able to man the East Indiaman Windham , which arrived at Valparaíso in March 1818, and Cumberland , which arrived at Valparaíso in May 1818. The Chileans had bought both in England and renamed and Lautaro and San Martín . In July 1818 the Columbus ,

1581-753: The independent movements in South America. But the Manila Galleons and tax revenues from the Spanish Empire had been interrupted. Spain was all but bankrupt and its government was unstable. On 21 May 1818 eleven Spanish ships set sail from Cádiz escorted by the Spanish frigate Reina María Isabel bound for Talcahuano , a Chilean port still in possession of Spanish King. One of the ships remained in Tenerife . According to Antonio García Reyes in Memoria sobre la Primera Escuadra Nacional

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1632-576: The island. The Royalists on the island, the last bastion of Spain in South America, surrendered on 12 January 1826. Napoleonic wars Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.133 via cp1102 cp1102, Varnish XID 548002921 Upstream caches: cp1102 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 05:45:19 GMT Chilean Brigantine %C3%81guila (1796) Águila

1683-437: The line San Telmo (74 guns) and Alejandro I (74 guns, formerly a Russian ship), the frigate Prueba (34 guns) and the transport Mariana sailed from Cádiz bound to Callao. On 12 December 1819, the squadron set sails to renew the attack on the Viceroyalty of Perú. The orders were: The cost of the expedition for the Chilean state was no less than £80,000. As Cochrane found that the forts of Callao had been reinforced and

1734-650: The new crew sailed to then Spanish Valparaíso and refitted as a 50-gun ship and was put under the command of Spanish Captain José Anacleto Goñi and manned with 50 Chileans (in Spanish originarios ). The next time the ship was seen in Paita in November 1816 and few days later sailed, allegedly, to the port of destination Galápagos . The Spanish commandant of Callao , Antonio Vacaro , was informed from Paita about this new ship in his naval division, but due to

1785-530: The recently created Chilean Navy. Cochrane arrived in Valparaiso in December 1818, became a Chilean citizen of unrecognized state, was appointed vice admiral , and took command with pay and allowances of £1200 a year. O'Higgins founded the first Squadron of Chile on November 20, 1817. Indeed, one of the characteristics of the first squad was the heterogeneity of its crew, consisting mainly of two large groups: those who spoke English and those who spoke Spanish. It

1836-453: The refusal of their warships to come out of Callao and fight frustrated further success. On 1 June the squadron arrived at Valparaíso from the first expedition to Callao. On 11 May 1819 the King of Spain had dispatched a new expedition to the West Coast of America under the command of Rosendo Porlier , who was to replace the naval chief of Callao Antonio Vacaro . Two poorly provisioned ships of

1887-480: The rescued were Juan Enrique Rosales , Agustín de Eyzaguirre , Ignacio Carrera , Martín Calvo Encalada , Francisco Antonio Pérez , Francisco de la Lastra , José Santiago Portales , members of the first revolutionary governments; Manuel de Salas , (author of the Freedom of wombs law that banned Slavery in Chile in 1811), Juan Egaña , co-author of the first constitution of Chile, Mariano Egaña (main writer of

1938-494: The sea passed to the insurgents, making the invasion of Peru itself an imminent danger. Under command of Lord Cochrane, the majority of the officers and sailors in the new Chilean Navy were from Britain. In the middle of 1818, Bernardo O'Higgins, through his agent in London, had recruited Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald , a daring and successful captain of the Napoleonic Wars with well-known radical views to take command of

1989-658: The ship entered Valparaíso and the Chilean Authority assumed command over the ship. Some sources assert that the ship was captured by the Chileans. Anyway, she came under the command of Raymond Morris an Irish mercenary and former lieutenant in the British Royal Navy . The ship sailed on 17 March 1817 to rescue a group of 78 Chilean patriots being held prisoners in the Juan Fernández Islands and came back to Valparaíso fourteen days later. The group included Manuel Blanco Encalada , who subsequently led

2040-436: The squadron O'Higgins , Lautaro , Chacabuco , and San Martín set sails for the first blockade of Callao. The orders were specific and detailed: to blockade the port of Callao, to cut off the maritime forces of the enemy, and 17 other missions. A second Flotilla Galvarino (Cap. Spry), Aguila (Cap.Prunier) and the Araucano (Cap.Ramsay) followed in March under the command of Manuel Blanco Encalada. The Real Felipe Fortress

2091-453: The transporter were: Rosalía ( Escorpión ), Trinidad , Especulación , Dolores , Javiera ( Jerezana ), Magdalena , Carlota , San Fernando , Mocha ( Atocha ) and Elena (in brackets the names given by Diego Barros Arana in his Historia General de Chile ). This expedition was called "Expedición de la Mar del Sur" in Spain. The eleven transport carried food supplies, ammunition, guns and, more importantly, two infantry battalions of

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2142-430: The transports. Notes On 8 September 1820 the liberating army disembarked 100 miles southeast of Lima : 4118 soldiers, 4000 of them were Chileans. On the night of 5 November Cochrane and 240 volunteers wearing white with blue armbands captured the Spanish frigate Esmeralda (1791) within the port of Callao. She was renamed Valdivia and commissioned to the Chilean Navy. Perú was not seen as an enemy territory but

2193-455: The voyage the crew of one transport was severely weakened by sickness and at 5°N latitude the soldiers disembarked in Trinidad where they mutinied, executed their officers, deserted the fleet and sailed to Buenos Aires where they surrendered to the revolutionary authorities on 16 August 1818 and handed over orders, signals and rendezvous points of the expedition. The Argentine Government sent

2244-530: The war. In 1819 came the frigate Prueba and 1824 came the 74 guns Asia and the Aquiles . Naval capacity played almost no role for the revolutionary forces in the time from the first declaration of independence 1810 to the Spanish "reconquest" of Chile 1814. Two ships bought by the patriots were defeated in a short fight off Valparaíso in May 1813. After the Argentinians and Chilean insurgency won

2295-635: Was a striking fort built to protect the city against pirate attacks. Only the Baluarte del Rey had 24 iron and 8 bronze guns. The expedition freed 29 Chilean soldiers imprisoned in the San Lorenzo Island , seized ships (best prizes were Moctezuma and Victoria ), property, money, gold and silver, but the massive batteries and Spanish passive system of defence (see map: a Baluarte de la Reina, b Baluarte del Rey, c Baluarte del Príncipe, d Baluarte de San José, e Baluarte de San Felipe) and

2346-497: Was a supporter of the Chilean Independence and that as he learned about the triumph of the Chileans he sailed to Valparaíso in order to hand the ship over to the revolutionaries. Meanwhile, after the defeat in the Battle of Chacabuco (12 February 1817) the Spaniards lost the control of Valparaíso albeit they were able to blockade the port temporarily with the ships Esmeralda and Pezuela . On 26 February 1817

2397-406: Was interrupted, the military and naval achievements of the privateers were insignificant. But they also violated the rights of neutral vessels. They drew to their crews navy deserters, so that O'Higgins was eventually forced to put a limit to their excesses. O'Higgins set out to create a navy out of nothing. José Ignacio Zenteno was nominated as Minister of Marine and promulgated in November 1817

2448-520: Was not always observed. Still, British and US public opinion welcomed the end of Spanish autocratic government in South America. In England, the end of the Napoleonic wars permitted the government to reduce the number of ships in the Royal Navy from 700 to 134 and the number of sailors from 140,000 to 23,000, thus lessening the presence of the Royal Navy off the coasts of South America. After

2499-468: Was occupied by Spanish military forces. The commander of the expeditionary troops José de San Martín understand that the task was to neutralise the Spanish army so that the population could liberate themselves and he followed a slow and relentless course. In July 1821 the liberation troops entered Lima, declared Perú's independence, and San Martín was acclaimed as Protector of the new state, and Cochrane considered him (San Martín) relieved as Commander of

2550-434: Was stipulated that each ship should be governed by the language of its commander. As of November 1818, being commanded by Lord Thomas Cochrane, which meant that approximately 500 British, including sailors and officers, were integrated with him. Cochrane distrusted the Chilean officiality, so that upon his arrival he removed all the Chilean commanders and replaced them by British officers or Americans. In this way, in practice,

2601-583: Was the first naval vessel of the Chilean Navy . She was later renamed Pueyrredón . She was the old US-smuggler Eagle , a 220-ton brig with sixteen guns, launched in England in 1796. Coming from Buenos Aires without documents or license with a contraband of lingerie the ship was captured by the Spaniards in Coquimbo but this capture was not informed to the Spanish Navy in Callao . The ship with

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