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49-412: Flea market vending is distinguished from street vending in that the market alone, and not any other public attraction, brings in buyers. There are a variety of vendors: some part-time who consider their work at flea markets a hobby due to their possession of an alternative job; full-time vendors who dedicate all their time to their stalls and collection of merchandise and rely solely on the profits made at

98-676: A hawker centre . Across Asia, stalls have been set up with little to no government monitoring. Due to health concerns and other liability problems, the food culture has been seriously challenged in Indonesia , though without marked success. However, in Hong Kong, the lease versus licensed hawker restrictions have put a burden on this mobile food culture. The term Jau Gwei (literally: running from ghosts ) has been used to describe vendors often running away from local police. The costermongers of London , England were at their peak in

147-511: A pregón (announcement or street-seller's cry) is a type of song based on the hawking by street vendor of their goods ("canto de los vendedores ambulantes"). In Antigua , women, many from the Maya (including Kaqchikel people ) and Ladino ethnic groups, peddle handicrafts . Some sell textiles such a po't (blouses) and su't . The presence of street vendors in Mexico City dates to

196-421: A sports venue ; more commonly, this person is simply referred to as a stadium vendor . In the early 20th century, a street corner hawker of hot potatoes and pies could be referred to as an all-hot man . Jumble sale A jumble sale (UK), bring and buy sale (Australia, also UK) or rummage sale (US and Canada) is an event at which second hand goods are sold, usually by an institution such as

245-657: A blanket. They are, in their most part, illegal immigrants without documents and victims of human trafficking , subject to forced labor . They work at the sidewalks of locations with an important daily traffic, such as the Once railway station , the Retiro railway station , and the Florida Street . This commerce poses an illegal competition with the regular retail shops. The shops at the Avellaneda street estimated that

294-446: A comparative analysis of various socio-anthropological studies on street vendors, recurring and interconnected figures emerge, which can be categorized into distinct types: the recognized vendor, whose role is legitimate and/or institutionally accepted; the ephemeral vendor, whose activity is sporadic and often goes unrecognized; the clandestine trader, whose work lacks legitimacy. Furthermore, they can be classified based on their mobility:

343-535: A day, and remain impoverished. Though the prevalent license-permit raj in Indian bureaucracy ended for most retailing in the 1990s, it continues in this trade. Inappropriate license ceiling in most cities, like Mumbai which has a ceiling 14,000 licenses, means more vendors hawk their goods illegally, which also makes them prone to the bribery and extortion culture under local police and municipal authorities, besides harassment, heavy fines and sudden evictions. In Kolkata,

392-540: A day. The manteros are helped by retail shops at other locations, which store their products in the night, even if not allowed to work as warehouses. The government of Buenos Aires usually attempts to eradicate the manteros with police raids , removing them from the sidewalks and seizing their products. The police also made 35 successful search and seizures at illegal warehouses in January 2014. However, despite this operation, manteros return days, even hours, after

441-445: A given personal or collective situation of distress (real or perceived), whether it be social, legal, cultural, economic, or political. In many African metropolitan areas , hawkers, commonly referred to as "vendors", are seen everywhere. They sell a wide range of goods such as fish, fruits, vegetables, clothes and books. In suburban areas, they go door to door, and in more commercial areas, they usually have stands or lay their goods on

490-656: A huckster. Mayhew estimated the number of licensed pedlars in 1861 as 14,038 in England, 2,561 in Scotland, and 624 in Wales. Hawkers have been known since antiquity and possibly earlier. Claire Holleran has examined literary, legal and pictorial sources to provide evidence for the presence of hawkers in antiquity, especially ancient Rome. Her findings indicate that the Romans had no specific term for hawkers – rather they went by

539-457: A local Boys' Brigade Company , Scout group , Girlguiding group or church , as a fundraising or charitable effort. A rummage sale by a church is also sometimes called a church sale or white elephant sale . Garage sales usually differ from rummage sales in that they are not event-related and are often organised individually (rather than collectively). Organisers will usually ask local people to donate goods, which are set out on tables in

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588-511: A problem. Many vendors operate illegally. In order to avoid overwhelming tourists or shoppers, ambulantes are known to establish territories and limit their numbers. Thieves stealing their goods can be a problem. The street vendors in Argentina are known as manteros , after the Spanish word for blanket, manta . They sell varied products in an informal way, in most cases placing them over

637-655: A profit. In Peru , water cannon were used against the ambulantes in Arequipa, Peru . Many of the ambulantes come from rural areas to sell their goods including prickly pear cactus , bordados (embroideries) and polleras (embroidered skirts). In large cities across North America , hawkers are commonly known as street vendors , who sell snack items, such as deep-fried bananas, cotton candy, fried noodles, beverages like bubble tea, and ice cream, along with non-edible items, such as jewelry, clothes, books, and paintings. Hawkers are also found selling various items to fans at

686-767: A rule do not charge any entrance fee, but sometimes charge a fee, or reserve for paid members or donors access to "preview sales" before the general public is admitted. Sometimes the sponsoring organization excludes donations of certain items, such as furniture or exercise equipment, or have a sale restricted to a single type of goods, such as book sales or sports-equipment sales. Some larger churches or charities have permanent thrift stores where donated goods are offered either daily, weekly, or monthly, etc. The Salvation Army and Goodwill Industries are known for their daily-operated thrift stores, frequently located in donated space in major retail locations. Other thrift stores are either for-profit, or operated by corporations which are

735-421: A temporary pitch in a public place. Similarly, hawkers tend to be associated with the sale of non-perishable items such as brushes and cookware while costermongers are exclusively associated with the sale of fresh produce. When accompanied by a demonstration or detailed explanation of the product, the hawker is sometimes referred to as a demonstrator or pitchman . Social commentator Henry Mayhew wrote, "Among

784-473: A term also used in Italy. In Argentina they are known as manteros . In Brazil, they are also known as "camelôs". Some ambulantes set up in a fixed location while others are mobile. Some ambulantes sell their goods door-to-door . Puestos are market stalls or stands. Street vendors face various regulations and fees. There are sometimes disputes between established merchants and ambulantes. Bribes are also

833-427: A variety of labels including: ambulator (a person who walks around); circitor (to go around); circulator (a broad term which included itinerant entertainers) and institor (a business manager). She found that hawkers and street vendors were an important part of the distribution system. The vendors mainly sold everyday food at low prices and clustered around temples, theatres, bathhouses and forums where to take advantage of

882-515: Is a common English calque from the French marché aux puces , which literally translates to "market with fleas", labelled as such because the items sold were previously owned and worn, likely containing fleas. The first reference to this term appeared in two conflicting stories about a location in Paris in the 1860s which was known as the " marché aux puces" . The traditional and most-publicized story

931-410: Is due to have taken the idea from their United States counterpart. In Moroccan Darija , the term for "flea market" is جوطية juṭiyya , which either derives from French jeter or jetable (throwable), or is an older term derived from جوقة juqa meaning "gathering of people". An ancient village on the bank of Sebou River by the name جوطة "Juta" may have been a big medieval market. In

980-474: Is in the article "What Is a Flea Market?" by Albert LaFarge in the 1998 winter edition of Today's Flea Market magazine: There is a general agreement that the term 'Flea Market' is a literal translation of the French marché aux puces , an outdoor bazaar in Paris, France, named after those pesky little parasites of the order Siphonaptera (or "wingless bloodsucker") that infested the upholstery of old furniture brought out for sale. The second story appeared in

1029-678: The Bengal Hawkers Association and the Calcutta Hawkers' Men Union . In September, 2012, long-awaited Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending) Act was introduced in the Lok Sabha (Lower of Indian Parliament) aimed at providing social security and livelihood rights, and regulated the prevalent license system. The Bill was passed in the Lok Sabha on 6 September 2013 and by

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1078-500: The Philippines "Tiangges" or bazaar shopping is famous in spacious markets like Divisoria , Greenhills , and Baclaran . It features rows of stalls with displays for sale of variety items like clothes, accessories, gadgets at incredibly low prices. Hawker (trade) A hawker is a vendor of merchandise that can be easily transported; the term is roughly synonymous with costermonger or peddler . In most places where

1127-678: The Rajya Sabha (upper house) on 19 February 2014. The bill received the assent of the President of India on 4 March 2014. Only three states have implemented the bill as of April 2017. The bill handed governance over public space and vendors over to municipalities. Although, one of the main purposes of the Street Vendors Act was to allow the vendors to have a voice in governance, the bill made conditions more difficult for vendors as they have become more heavily scrutinized. In

1176-644: The 19th century. Organised, yet semi-obvious, they were ubiquitous, and their street cries could be heard everywhere. The soft drinks company, R. White's Lemonade , began in 1845 with Robert and Mary White selling their drinks around south London in a wheelbarrow . Muffin men, a type of hawker who would travel door to door selling English muffins as a snack bread, also became common in 19th century London. Street vendors in Latin America are known in local Spanish and Portuguese variously as vendedores ambulantes ("mobile vendors") or simply ambulantes ,

1225-483: The Global South, the practice of street vending has, in recent decades, extended its reach to even the most developed nations, taking on various forms. While not strictly confined to the informal economy, since street entrepreneurs can theoretically position themselves along a continuum ranging from entirely formal to entirely illegal, contemporary societies are unmistakably trending towards the informal extreme. From

1274-468: The Southern part of Andalusia, due to the influence of Gibraltar English, they are known as "piojito", which means "little louse". In Chile they can be called persas or mercados persa ("persian market") and ferias libres , if mostly selling fruit and vegetables. In Argentina they are most likely called "feria artesanal" (artisan's or street fair) or "feria americana" (American fair), the latter name

1323-674: The United Kingdom, they are known as car boot sales if the event takes place in a field or car park, as the vendors will sell goods from the boot (or 'trunk' in American English ) of their car. If the event is held indoors, such as a school or church hall, then it is usually known as either a jumble sale , or a bring and buy sale . In Quebec and France, they are often called Marché aux puces (literally "flea market"), while in French-speaking areas of Belgium ,

1372-478: The United States, an outdoor swap meet is the equivalent of a flea market. However, an indoor swap meet is the equivalent of a bazaar , a permanent, indoor shopping center open during normal retail hours, with fixed booths or storefronts for the vendors. Different English-speaking countries use various names for flea markets. In Australian English , they are also called 'trash and treasure markets', while

1421-439: The alleys and slums were demolished. These dislodged merchants were, however, allowed to continue selling their wares undisturbed right in the north of Paris, just outside the former fort, in front of the gate Porte de Clignancourt . The first stalls were erected in about 1860. The gathering together of all these exiles from the slums of Paris was soon given the name " marché aux puces ", meaning "flea market", later translation. In

1470-539: The book Flea Markets , published in Europe by Chartwell Books, reading in its introduction: In the time of the Emperor Napoleon III , the imperial architect Haussmann made plans for the broad, straight boulevards with rows of square houses in the center of Paris, along which army divisions could march with much pompous noise. The plans forced many dealers in second-hand goods to flee their old dwellings;

1519-468: The capital city of Dhaka, street vendors such as small tea stalls, and popular food stalls (fuchka, chotpoti) along the public spaces (university campuses, bus terminals, market places) have a significant role to cater to the urban population. Street vendors are a source of food security, especially to the poorer section of the urban population. Street vending is significant portion of Dhaka's informal economy, an employment opportunity for better livelihoods of

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1568-687: The concept has existed for millennia, the origins of the term flea market are disputed. According to one hypothesis, the Fly Market in 18th-century New York City, located at Maiden Lane near the East River in Manhattan , began the association. The land on which the market took place was originally a salt marsh with a brook , and by the early 1800s the Fly Market was the city's principal market. A second hypothesis maintains that flea market

1617-648: The ground. In the afternoon, many of them sell commercial goods in the more crowded parts of the cities, and at night, they sell juices, tea and snacks. The prices are lower than in shops and so attract people on low incomes. According to the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation , there are 10 million street vendors in India , with Mumbai accounting for 250,000, Delhi has 200,000, Kolkata , more than 150,000, and Ahmedabad, 100,000. Most of them are immigrants or laid-off workers, work for an average 10–12 hours

1666-499: The market. Vendors require skill in following retro and vintage trends, as well as selecting merchandise which connects with the culture and identity of their customers. In the United States, the National Association of Flea Markets was established in 1998, which provides various resources for sellers, suppliers and buyers and also provides a means for suppliers and sellers to communicate and form affiliations. While

1715-433: The medieval period are relatively rare. Hawkers, hucksters and peddlers occupied a different social position to merchants and were regarded as marginal in society. However, English narratives from the 12th and 13th centuries suggest that hardworking hawkers could advance to positions as packmen and ultimately wealthy wholesalers or merchants. Traditionally deeply rooted in the social and economic fabric of many countries in

1764-405: The more ancient of the trades, then carried on in England, is that of the hawker or pedlar", and he notes, "the hawker dealt, in the old times, more in textile fabrics than in anything else." In several passages of his work, Mayhew categorises hawkers, hucksters , and peddlers as a single group of itinerant salesman, and claims that he is unable to say what distinction was drawn between a hawker and

1813-418: The name brocante or vide-grenier is normally used. In German, there are many words in use but the most common word is "Flohmarkt", meaning literally "flea market". The same applies to Dutch "vlooienmarkt", Swedish "loppmarknad" and Finnish "kirpputori". In the predominantly Cuban/Hispanic areas of South Florida, they are called [el] pulguero ("[the] flea store") from pulga , the Spanish word for fleas. In

1862-414: The optimal commercial opportunities. Their street cries were part of the fabric of street life yet were largely viewed as an unwelcome disturbance. In Roman society, hawkers experienced the same disdain that Romans held for retail generally; hawkers were low in social status, with privileged groups often referring to them in pejorative terms. Literary references and images of hawkers and peddlers during

1911-443: The pre-Hispanic era and the government has struggled to control it, with the most recent clearing of downtown streets of vendors occurring in 2007. Still, there is a persistent presence of many thousands illegally. In 2003 it was estimated that there were 199,328 street vendors in Mexico City. In Oaxaca, Mexico there are many tortilla vendors. In Oaxaca the term regatones (hagglers) is used for those who buy goods to resell for

1960-674: The presence of manteros would make them lose 200 million pesos in the Christmas and holiday season . According to the Confederación Argentina de la Mediana Empresa (CAME), as of December 2013 there were 463 manteros working in Once, 16.8% of the total in Buenos Aires. The daily sales of manteros are worth 300 million pesos in Buenos Aires, and 52 million in Once. A single mantero may earn between 2,000 and 3,500 in

2009-494: The profession was a cognisable and non-bailable offense. Over the years the street vendors have organized themselves into trade unions and associations, and numerous NGO 's have started working for them. In fact, The National Association of Street Vendors of India (NASVI) based in Delhi, is a federation of 715 street vendor organizations, trade unions and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Kolkata has two such unions, namely

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2058-528: The raids. Still, the government attempts to weaken the organizations that back the manteros with constant raids. The manteros reacts to the raids with common demonstrations. Camelô is a Brazilian Portuguese name given to street vendors in major Brazilian cities . Law enforcement often enters into conflict – sometimes physical – with camelôs, for selling low-quality products (often imported from Asia ), making improper use of public space (blocking sidewalks and pedestrian traffic), and for not paying

2107-479: The same taxes that licensed retailers pay. Their presence is considered to be a result of the alarming rise in unemployment , although their lifestyle might be better referred to as "subemployment." Many people who work as camelôs sell their products knowing that they are of low quality, and charge high prices nonetheless. The word is borrowed from the French camelot , meaning "merchant of low-quality goods", and

2156-642: The same manner as at car boot sales , and sold to members of the general public, who may have to pay a fee to enter the sale. Typically in the UK the entry fee is a few pence or pounds. Jumble sales may be becoming less popular in the UK, as car boot sales and the World Wide Web enable people to sell their unwanted goods rather than donate them to charity. Rummage sales in the United States and Canada as

2205-442: The stationary vendor, conducting business in a fixed location; the semi-stationary vendor, operating in makeshift structures; and the mobile vendor, conducting business by moving to different locations. According to M. Meneghetti, informal street vending in global society often represents a complex and highly flexible form of agency that allows for the adaptation and functional development of the social actor practicing it in relation to

2254-944: The term marreteiro is also sometimes used. The difference between camelôs and so-called "ambulantes" is that camelôs have fixed "storefronts" on a particular sidewalk, whereas "ambulantes" sell their wares throughout an area. In the English-speaking Caribbean, hawkers are commonly referred to as haggler s or informal commercial importers. They sell items in small roadside stands, public transit hubs, or other places where consumers would want items such as snacks, cigarettes, phone cards, or other less expensive items. Higglers often break larger items into small individual consumable portions for re-sale and use. Buying these items from more traditional vendors, farmers, or merchants for re-sale via their informal network in communities. In Cuban music and Latin American music ,

2303-492: The term 'swap meet' is used for a market held primarily to sell car- and motorcycle parts and automobilia . In Philippine English , the word is tianggê from the word tianguis via Mexican Spanish coming from Nahuatl . Despite common misconception, it is not derived from Hokkien . The word supplants the indigenous term talipapâ . In India, it is known as gurjari or shrukawadi bazaar or even as juna bazaar in Pune . In

2352-621: The term is used, a hawker sells inexpensive goods, handicrafts , or food items. Whether stationary or mobile, hawkers often advertise by loud street cries or chants, and conduct banter with customers, to attract attention and enhance sales. A hawker is a type of street vendor; "a person who travels from place-to-place selling goods." Synonyms include huckster , peddler , chapman or in Britain, costermonger . However, hawkers are distinguished from other types of street vendors in that they are mobile. In contrast, peddlers, for example, may take up

2401-553: The urban poor. Balut is a popular dish sold by hawkers in the Philippines , Laos , Cambodia , and Vietnam . Another common food you will see in Southeast Asia is taho , which is soft tofu served with syrup. In both China and Hong Kong , hawkers' inventories often include fish ball , beef ball , butzaigo , roasted chestnuts , and stinky tofu . In Singapore and Malaysia, these stands have become so successful that many have chosen to set up shop more permanently in

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