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68-609: State defense forces are authorized by the federal government under Title 32, Section 109 of the United States Code . Twenty-three states, as well as the territory of Puerto Rico, actively maintain these forces. Florida law also allows the creation of a state defense force, either as a full-sized force when any part of the National Guard is federally deployed, or as a reserve cadre of officers and non-commissioned officers regardless of National Guard deployment. Before

136-450: A § ) as their basic coherent units, and sections are numbered sequentially across the entire title without regard to the previously-mentioned divisions of titles. Sections are often divided into (from largest to smallest) subsections, paragraphs, subparagraphs, clauses, subclauses, items, and subitems. Congress, by convention, names a particular subdivision of a section according to its largest element. For example, "subsection (c)(3)(B)(iv)"

204-649: A budget which included $ 10 million for reactivating the Florida State Guard. The funding would allow for an enlistment of 400 enlisted troops and six full-time civilian employees. The newly reactivated organization began soliciting applications from prospective employees in May 2022. On July 1, 2023, the Florida legislature increased the size of the FSG to 1500 members. On June 14, 2022, Governor Ron DeSantis announced

272-656: A ceremony on April 23, 1961. The flag of the United States was presented to the City of Tallahassee by Captain Eddie Rickenbacker , World War I fighter ace and Chairman of the Board of Eastern Airlines . An aerial demonstration was performed by U.S. Army aircraft from Fort Rucker , Alabama. Tallahassee Municipal replaced the city's first airport, Dale Mabry Field , which closed that year. Eastern Airlines opened

340-596: A corrected version in 1878. The 1874 version of the Revised Statutes were enacted as positive law, but the 1878 version was not and subsequent enactments of Congress were not incorporated into the official code, so that over time researchers once again had to delve through many volumes of the Statutes at Large . According to the preface to the Code, "From 1897 to 1907 a commission was engaged in an effort to codify

408-603: A day-to-day basis, very few lawyers cross-reference the Code to the Statutes at Large . Attempting to capitalize on the possibility that the text of the United States Code can differ from the United States Statutes at Large , Bancroft-Whitney for many years published a series of volumes known as United States Code Service (USCS), which used the actual text of the United States Statutes at Large ;

476-477: A new Title 52 , which has not been enacted into positive law. When sections are repealed, their text is deleted and replaced by a note summarizing what used to be there. This is so that lawyers reading old cases can understand what the cases are talking about. As a result, some portions of the Code consist entirely of empty chapters full of historical notes. For example, Title 8, Chapter 7 is labeled "Exclusion of Chinese". This contains historical notes relating to

544-566: A section in the Code. To cite any particular section, it is enough to know its title and section numbers. According to one legal style manual, a sample citation would be " Privacy Act of 1974 , 5 U.S.C.   § 552a (2006)", read aloud as "Title five, United States Code, section five fifty-two A" or simply "five USC five fifty-two A". Some section numbers consist of awkward-sounding combinations of letters, hyphens, and numerals. They are especially prevalent in Title 42. A typical example

612-521: A series of paper volumes. The first edition of the Code was contained in a single bound volume; today, it spans several large volumes. Normally, a new edition of the Code is issued every six years, with annual cumulative supplements identifying the changes made by Congress since the last "main edition" was published. The official code was last printed in 2018. Both the LRC and the GPO offer electronic versions of

680-412: A single fiscal year . If these limited provisions are significant, however, they may be printed as "notes" underneath related sections of the Code. The codification is based on the content of the laws, however, not the vehicle by which they are adopted; so, for instance, if an appropriations act contains substantive, permanent provisions (as is sometimes the case), these provisions will be incorporated into

748-408: A technicality. From the airport's opening until the early 1980s, the airport's primary runway was Runway 18/36, a 6,076-foot runway with an ILS approach, enabling all-weather approaches, and a USAF certified High TACAN approach for practice by Air Force aircraft based at Tyndall AFB , near Panama City . Runway 09/27 was 4,000 feet long and supported general aviation operations. By the 1970s,

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816-429: A year, more than the next city, Pensacola, which handles around 6.8 million pounds. On January 27, 2021, the airport was struck by an EF1 tornado , causing minor damage and temporary closure to assess the damage. A small plane was flipped and minor damage was done to a hangar. No injuries were reported. The airport covers 2,485 acres (1,006  ha ) at an elevation of 81 feet (25 m). It has two runways : 09/27

884-740: Is 8,000 by 150 feet (2,438 by 46 m) and 18/36 is 7,000 by 150 ft. (2,134 by 46 m). Helicopter operations are generally confined to the Runway 18/36 area, or direct approaches to the Million Air FBO ramp area. The Million Air FBO at the airport provides contracted fuel services to U.S. Military and Department of Defense aircraft. TLH is regularly visited by U.S. Navy P-8 Poseidon aircraft, Lockheed Martin C-130 family aircraft, as well as Dornier C-146 and T-6 Texan II aircraft on training missions and practice approaches. The terminal building

952-527: Is a city-owned airport five miles southwest of downtown Tallahassee , in Leon County , Florida , United States. It serves the state capital of Florida, and its surrounding areas; it is one of the major airports in north Florida, the others being Pensacola , Destin–Fort Walton Beach , Northwest Florida Beaches , and Jacksonville . Despite its name, it does not service any international destinations. The airport began as Tallahassee Municipal Airport with

1020-414: Is common for lawyers to refer to a " Chapter 11 bankruptcy " or a "Subchapter S corporation " (often shortened to " S corporation "). In the context of federal statutes, the word "title" has two slightly different meanings. It can refer to the highest subdivision of the Code itself, but it can also refer to the highest subdivision of an Act of Congress which subsequently becomes part of an existing title of

1088-612: Is maintained by the Office of the Law Revision Counsel (LRC) of the U.S. House of Representatives. The LRC determines which statutes in the United States Statutes at Large should be codified, and which existing statutes are affected by amendments or repeals, or have simply expired by their own terms. The LRC updates the Code accordingly. Because of this codification approach, a single named statute (like

1156-564: Is not a convenient tool for legal research. It is arranged strictly in chronological order; statutes addressing related topics may be scattered across many volumes, and are not consolidated with later amendments. Statutes often repeal or amend earlier laws, and extensive cross-referencing is required to determine what laws are in force at any given time. The United States Code is the result of an effort to make finding relevant and effective statutes simpler by reorganizing them by subject matter, and eliminating expired and amended sections. The Code

1224-408: Is not a subsection but a clause, namely clause (iv) of subparagraph (B) of paragraph (3) of subsection (c); if the identity of the subsection and paragraph were clear from the context, one would refer to the clause as "subparagraph (B)(iv)". Not all titles use the same series of subdivisions above the section level, and they may arrange them in different order. For example, in Title 26 (the tax code),

1292-417: Is on the right chest of the uniform, the name of the unit “FL State Guard”, is worn on the left chest, and the guardsman's rank is worn on the center of the chest. The Guardsman's last name and rank can also be seen on their hats also known as covers. Florida State Guardsmen have also been seen wearing Tan T-shirts with black shorts . The T-shirts have either “State Guard” or “Florida State Guard” written on

1360-510: Is one that has been enacted and codified into law by the United States Congress . The title itself has been enacted. By contrast, a non-positive law title is a title that has not been codified into federal law, and is instead merely an editorial compilation of individually enacted federal statutes. By law, those titles of the United States Code that have not been enacted into positive law are " prima facie evidence" of

1428-523: Is that the original drafters of the Code in 1926 failed to foresee the explosive growth of federal legislation directed to "The Public Health and Welfare" (as Title 42 is literally titled) and did not fashion statutory classifications and section numbering schemes that could readily accommodate such expansion. Title 42 grew in size from 6 chapters and 106 sections in 1926 to over 160 chapters and 7,000 sections as of 1999. Titles that have been enacted into positive law are indicated by blue shading below with

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1496-577: Is the Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993 (RFRA), which is codified in Chapter 21B of Title 42 at 42 U.S.C.   § 2000bb through 42 U.S.C.   § 2000bb-4 . In the case of RFRA, Congress was trying to squeeze a new act into Title 42 between Chapter 21A (ending at 42 U.S.C.   § 2000aa-12 ) and Chapter 22 (beginning at 42 U.S.C.   § 2001 ). The underlying problem

1564-481: Is the official codification of the general and permanent federal statutes of the United States . It contains 53 titles, which are organized into numbered sections. The U.S. Code is published by the U.S. House of Representatives ' Office of the Law Revision Counsel . New editions are published every six years, with cumulative supplements issued each year. The official version of these laws appears in

1632-715: The Statutes at Large for the year of enactment. Regulations promulgated by executive agencies through the rulemaking process set out in the Administrative Procedure Act are published chronologically in the Federal Register and then codified in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). Similarly, state statutes and regulations are often codified into state-specific codes. Tallahassee International Airport Tallahassee International Airport ( IATA : TLH , ICAO : KTLH , FAA LID : TLH )

1700-717: The United States Statutes at Large , a chronological, uncodified compilation. The official text of an Act of Congress is that of the "enrolled bill" (traditionally printed on parchment ) presented to the President for his signature or disapproval . Upon enactment of a law, the original bill is delivered to the Office of the Federal Register (OFR) within the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). After authorization from

1768-552: The Chinese Exclusion Act , which is no longer in effect. There are conflicting opinions on the number of federal crimes, but many have argued that there has been explosive growth and it has become overwhelming. In 1982, the U.S. Department of Justice could not come up with a number, but estimated 3,000 crimes in the United States Code. In 1998, the American Bar Association said that it

1836-559: The Taft–Hartley Act or the Embargo Act ) may or may not appear in a single place in the Code. Often, complex legislation bundles a series of provisions together as a means of addressing a social or governmental problem; those provisions often fall in different logical areas of the Code. For example, an Act providing relief for family farms might affect items in Title 7 (Agriculture), Title 26 (Tax), and Title 43 ( Public Lands ). When

1904-575: The United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs ) XML schema, and the OASIS LegalDocML technical committee standard will be based upon Akoma Ntoso. A number of other online versions are freely available, such as Cornell 's Legal Information Institute . Practicing lawyers who can afford them almost always use an annotated version of the Code from a private company. The two leading annotated versions are

1972-753: The United States Code Annotated , abbreviated as USCA, and the United States Code Service , abbreviated as USCS. The USCA is published by West (part of Thomson Reuters ), and USCS is published by LexisNexis (part of Reed Elsevier ), which purchased the publication from the Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Co. in 1997 as a result of an antitrust settlement when the parent of Lawyers Co-operative Publishing acquired West. These annotated versions contain notes following each section of

2040-505: The Act is codified, its various provisions might well be placed in different parts of those various Titles. Traces of this process are generally found in the Notes accompanying the "lead section" associated with the popular name, and in cross-reference tables that identify Code sections corresponding to particular Acts of Congress. Usually, the individual sections of a statute are incorporated into

2108-549: The City of Tallahassee and the FAA announced the name change. International passengers are allowed to exit the airport via Tallahassee International Airport due to the facility's full-service "service port" for U.S. Customs. The change allows international cargo and general aviation flights to directly come to Tallahassee, which is the leading cargo handler in the Panhandle area of Florida. Tallahassee handles 9.5 million pounds of cargo

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2176-549: The Code even though they were adopted as part of a non-permanent enactment. Early efforts at codifying the Acts of Congress were undertaken by private publishers; these were useful shortcuts for research purposes, but had no official status. Congress undertook an official codification called the Revised Statutes of the United States approved June 22, 1874, for the laws in effect as of December 1, 1873. Congress re-enacted

2244-457: The Code exactly as enacted; however, sometimes editorial changes are made by the LRC (for instance, the phrase "the date of enactment of this Act" is replaced by the actual date). Though authorized by statute, these changes do not constitute positive law . The authority for the material in the United States Code comes from its enactment through the legislative process and not from its presentation in

2312-529: The Code to the public. The LRC electronic version used to be as much as 18 months behind current legislation, but as of 2014 it is one of the most current versions available online. The United States Code is available from the LRC at uscode.house.gov in both HTML and XML bulk formats. The "United States Legislative Markup" (USLM) schema of the XML was designed to be consistent with the Akoma Ntoso project (from

2380-555: The Code, as well as updated secondary materials such as new court decisions on the subject. When an attorney is viewing an annotated code on an online service, such as Westlaw or LexisNexis, all the citations in the annotations are hyperlinked to the referenced court opinions and other documents. The Code is divided into 53 titles (listed below), which deal with broad, logically organized areas of legislation. Titles may optionally be divided into subtitles, parts, subparts, chapters, and subchapters. All titles have sections (represented by

2448-533: The Code. For example, when Americans refer to Title VII, they are usually referring to the seventh title of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . That Act is actually codified in Title 42 of the United States Code , not Title 7 . The intermediate subdivisions between title and section are helpful for reading the Code (since Congress uses them to group together related sections), but they are not needed to cite

2516-469: The Code. For example, the United States Code omitted 12 U.S.C.   § 92 for decades, apparently because it was thought to have been repealed. In its 1993 ruling in U.S. National Bank of Oregon v. Independent Insurance Agents of America , the Supreme Court ruled that § 92 was still valid law. A positive law title is a title that is itself a federal statute, that is to say that it

2584-503: The Florida State Guard numbered 2,100 Florida men in 36 units. Each county was able to organize its own unit so long as it could recruit at minimum fifty Florida men who met the qualifications required by the state. By 1943, there were 63 separate units of state guardsmen organized. The FSG also maintained a separate air squadron, known as the First Air Squadron. Uniforms, surplus weapons, and other equipment were provided by

2652-510: The Florida State Guard was deployed in response to Hurricane Idalia and provided assistance by delivering aid at resource pods across North Florida — its first deployment since its deactivation following World War II. On December 18, 2023, Flagler County approved the construction of a $ 10 million site designed for the training of the Florida State Guard and other governmental services known as "The Florida State Guard Regional Training Facility". On February 1, 2024, Governor Ron DeSantis announced

2720-474: The Florida State Guard would take part in their State's response to the events in Haiti along with other government forces, being deployed to Florida's Southern Coast. August 30, 2024 was marked as Florida State Guard Day, per Florida House Resolution 8027. On the 19th of September it was reported that the Florida State Guard plans to create a permanent air-base at Tallahassee International Airport . The plan for

2788-567: The OFR, copies are distributed as " slip laws " (as unbound, individually paginated pamphlets ) by the Government Publishing Office (GPO). The OFR assembles annual volumes of the enacted laws and publishes them as the United States Statutes at Large . By law, the text of the Statutes at Large is "legal evidence" of the laws enacted by Congress. Slip laws are also competent evidence. The Statutes at Large , however,

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2856-546: The State Force consists the construction of two hangers, an office, and accompanying military infrastructure. Florida State Guardsmen currently wear Universal Camouflage Patterned Army Combat Uniforms (UCP-ACUs) as their primary working uniform. The Flag of Florida is worn on the right shoulder of the ACU, and the current Florida State Guard logo is worn as a patch on the left shoulder. The guardsman's surname or last name

2924-589: The State Guard Act signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on October 21, 1940. In 1941, the Florida Legislature and Governor Holland created Florida Defense Force, later to be rebranded as the Florida State Guard. The purpose of the state defense forces, including the FSG, was to fulfil the National Guard's state obligations. This included guarding infrastructure, protecting against sabotage, calming riots, or aiding law enforcement. Although

2992-598: The Tallahassee-Leon County Chamber of Commerce. In June 1961, less than two months after it opened, the airport was the site of Freedom Rider protests. The airport restaurant, Savarin, was designated "Whites Only", and closed rather than serve a racially-mixed group of clergy and activists. The protestors were arrested and removed, and later served prison sentences after the Supreme Court rejected their case in Dresner vs City of Tallahassee on

3060-470: The USC and two of these unofficial codes, United States Compiled Statutes Annotated by West Publishing Co. and Federal Statutes Annotated by Edward Thompson Co. During the 1920s, some members of Congress revived the codification project, resulting in the approval of the United States Code by Congress in 1926. The official version of the Code is published by the LRC ( Office of the Law Revision Counsel ) as

3128-429: The United States entered World War II, President Franklin D. Roosevelt instituted a peacetime draft, and federalized various National Guard units, including Florida's National Guard. As a result, states which had previously counted on their National Guard to maintain peace, quell riots, protect against sabotage, or repel a potential invasion were given the alternative of creating their own state-level military forces under

3196-430: The airport by ferrying city, state and chamber of commerce officials. Aboard the flight were Tallahassee Mayor Joe Cordell, State Comptroller Ray Green, Tallahassee City Commissioners Davis Atkinson, George Taff, Hugh Williams, Tallahassee City Manager Arvah Hopkins, Tallahassee City Clerk-Auditor George White, Airport Manager Flagg Chittenden, and Ernest Menendez, Frank Deller, James Calhoun, John Ward and Jeff Lewis, all of

3264-483: The airport had scheduled flights on Eastern Airlines , Delta Air Lines , National Airlines and Southern Airways , mainly on Boeing 727s , Boeing 737s and McDonnell Douglas DC-9s . By the 1980s the terminal was becoming obsolete, and the 6,100 foot runway was too short for the Boeing 757 and Boeing 767 coming into service. Runway 09/27 was converted to a taxiway and a new Runway 09/27, 8,003 feet long with ILS ,

3332-418: The back with black letters and has the Florida State Guard logo in black on the front. The shorts have the Florida State Guard logo on the front of them in white. The Florida State Guard as of July 2024 is divided into ground, naval, air units along with special response and leadership groups. United States Code The United States Code (formally the Code of Laws of the United States of America )

3400-402: The deployment of the Florida State Guard to the southern border of Texas with Mexico to support Texan officials in handling illegal immigration. In late February Director Mark Theime confirmed that 5 members of the Florida State Guard were deployed to Texas and that the deployment of up to a platoon of 30 members was being considered. On March 13, 2024, it was announced by Florida's Governor that

3468-627: The great mass of accumulating legislation. The work of the commission involved an expenditure of over $ 300,000, but was never carried to completion." Only the Criminal Code of 1909 and the Judicial Code of 1911 were enacted. In the absence of a comprehensive official code, private publishers once again collected the more recent statutes into unofficial codes. The first edition of the United States Code (published as Statutes at Large Volume 44, Part 1) includes cross-reference tables between

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3536-482: The law in effect. The United States Statutes at Large remains the ultimate authority. If a dispute arises as to the accuracy or completeness of the codification of an unenacted title, the courts will turn to the language in the United States Statutes at Large. In case of a conflict between the text of the Statutes at Large and the text of a provision of the United States Code that has not been enacted as positive law,

3604-476: The law in force. Where a title has been enacted into positive law, a court may neither permit nor require proof of the underlying original Acts of Congress. The distinction between enacted and unenacted titles is largely academic because the Code is nearly always accurate. The United States Code is routinely cited by the Supreme Court and other federal courts without mentioning this theoretical caveat. On

3672-472: The law, which organize and summarize court decisions, law review articles, and other authorities that pertain to the code section, and may also include uncodified provisions that are part of the Public Laws. The publishers of these versions frequently issue supplements (in hard copy format as pocket parts ) that contain newly enacted laws, which may not yet have appeared in an official published version of

3740-433: The mainland United States was never invaded during World War II, state defenses would have shared responsibility with the federal military and National Guard in defending American territory had an invasion occurred. During the war, the First Air Squadron of the FSG regularly patrolled the coast of Florida, searching for German U-boats. The squadron was also used to assist in search-and-rescue missions. Membership during WWII

3808-590: The nose of each plane. The Florida State Guard was disbanded in 1947 after the Florida Army National Guard was released from Federal Active Duty. On December 2, 2021, Governor Ron DeSantis announced, in his $ 100 million budget for the Florida National Guard, that $ 3.5 million would be invested into reactivating the FSG. It would allow for training and equipment of up to 200 members. In March 2022, Florida lawmakers proposed

3876-463: The order of subdivision runs: Title – Subtitle – Chapter – Subchapter – Part – Subpart – Section – Subsection – Paragraph – Subparagraph – Clause – Subclause – Item – Subitem. The "Section" division is the core organizational component of the Code, and the "Title" division is always the largest division of the Code. Which intermediate levels between Title and Section appear, if any, varies from Title to Title. For example, in Title 38 (Veteran's Benefits),

3944-432: The order runs Title – Part – Chapter – Subchapter – Section. The word "title" in this context is roughly akin to a printed "volume", although many of the larger titles span multiple volumes. Similarly, no particular size or length is associated with other subdivisions; a section might run several pages in print, or just a sentence or two. Some subdivisions within particular titles acquire meaning of their own; for example, it

4012-582: The reestablishment of the Florida State Guard as an emergency-focused civilian volunteer force and appointed retired Marine Corps. Lieutenant Colonel Chris Graham as director. On June 30, 2023, 120 New FSG Guardsmen were graduated from the Basic Operational Orientation Training Camp (BOOT Camp) at Camp Blanding, marking the Inaugural class of 2023 of the Florida State Guard, the first in 75 years. In September 2023,

4080-502: The series is now published by the Michie Company after Bancroft-Whitney parent Thomson Corporation divested the title as a condition of acquiring West . Only "general and permanent" laws are codified in the United States Code; the Code does not usually include provisions that apply only to a limited number of people (a private law ) or for a limited time, such as most appropriation acts or budget laws, which apply only for

4148-461: The state of Florida. Florida law also permitted the FSG to use National Guard armories and receive any surplus weapons and equipment offered by the Department of Defense . The approximately 27 airplanes used by the First Air Squadron were privately owned by the fifteen individuals who piloted them; however, they were allowed to have "1st Air Squadron, Florida Defense Force" painted on both sides of

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4216-551: The task. The Code generally contains only those Acts of Congress, or statutes, designated as public laws. The Code itself does not include Executive Orders or other executive-branch documents related to the statutes, or rules promulgated by the courts. However, such related material is sometimes contained in notes to relevant statutory sections or in appendices. The Code does not include statutes designated at enactment as private laws, nor statutes that are considered temporary in nature, such as appropriations. These laws are included in

4284-413: The text of the Statutes at Large takes precedence. In contrast, if Congress enacts a particular title (or other component) of the Code into positive law, the enactment repeals all of the previous Acts of Congress from which that title of the Code derives; in their place, Congress gives the title of the Code itself the force of law. This process makes that title of the United States Code "legal evidence" of

4352-530: The year of last enactment. The Office of Law Revision Counsel (LRC) has produced draft text for three additional titles of federal law. The subject matter of these proposed titles exists today in one or several existing titles. The LRC announced an "editorial reclassification" of the federal laws governing voting and elections that went into effect on September 1, 2014. This reclassification involved moving various laws previously classified in Titles 2 and 42 into

4420-532: Was built just to the south. A new passenger terminal was built just north of the new runway. Ground was broke on November 2, 1987 and the new terminal prompted officials to rename the airport from Tallahassee Municipal Airport to Tallahassee Regional Airport. On December 3, 1989, the city opened the $ 33 million terminal, and on February 20, 2000, the terminal was renamed the Ivan Munroe Terminal in honor of Tallahassee aviation pioneer Ivan Munroe. Munroe

4488-638: Was likely much higher than 3,000, but did not give a specific estimate. In 2008, the Heritage Foundation published a report that put the number at a minimum of 4,450. When staff for a task force of the U.S. House Judiciary Committee asked the Congressional Research Service (CRS) to update its 2008 calculation of criminal offenses in the USC in 2013, the CRS responded that they lack the manpower and resources to accomplish

4556-484: Was open to all Florida men aged 18 to 60. The commitment lasted for three years, although members who were eligible could be drafted into the federal military at any time. Most of the members were veterans of World War I . Members of the Florida Defense Force's air wing, the First Air Squadron, were required to either have a private pilot's license or have served in the military at least one year. By 1943,

4624-498: Was the first man in Tallahassee to own a plane. On July 20, 2002, FedEx Express Flight 1478 crashed a half mile short of the Runway 9 while attempting to land. The National Transportation Safety Board determined that the crash was due to a combination of pilot fatigue and pilot error. All three crewmembers survived. On June 26, 2015, Tallahassee Regional Airport was renamed Tallahassee International Airport. On June 29, 2015

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