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91-485: Francis Scott Key Mall is an enclosed shopping mall in Frederick, Maryland , United States. Opened in 1978, it is anchored by JCPenney , Macy's , Value City Furniture , DSW , Ethan Allen , Barnes & Noble , and Dick's Sporting Goods . Previously, the mall housed a Sears department store that closed in 2023. Original anchors at Francis Scott Key Mall in 1978 included Sears , Hess's , and Gee Bee . The mall
182-536: A Samsung Store . The Samsung Store was closed in fall 2023 and is being replaced with a BMO that will open in spring 2024. In January 2014, Hudson's Bay Company announced it would sell the Hudson's Bay Queen Street complex, including the Simpson Tower offices and Queen Street West location of its namesake department store , to Cadillac Fairview and lease the site for 25 years. Prior to this transaction,
273-492: A few jurisdictions, notably California , have expanded the right of freedom of speech to ensure that speakers will be able to reach consumers who prefer to shop, eat, and socialize within the boundaries of privately owned malls. The Supreme Court decision Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins was issued on 9 June 1980 which affirmed the decision of the California Supreme Court in a case that arose out of
364-476: A firearm. At the time of the shooting, he was under house arrest . Four months prior to the shooting, he had survived an attack in which he was beaten and stabbed more than twenty-five times by six associates. Jessica Ghawi, an American tourist who had left the food court minutes prior to the shooting, was killed seven weeks later in a mass shooting at a movie theatre in Aurora, Colorado . In April 2015, Husbands
455-407: A firearm. On the manslaughter convictions, Husbands was sentenced to life in prison with eligibility of parole by 2021. It was announced on October 29, 2013, that Sears Canada would close its flagship location at the mall. On January 15, 2014, Nordstrom announced that it would be taking over some of the space vacated by Sears. The former lower level of Sears (part of Level 1 and part of Level 2 of
546-766: A free speech dispute between the Pruneyard Shopping Center in Campbell, California, and several local high school students. This is a list of the world's largest shopping malls based on their gross leasable area (GLA), with a GLA of at least 250,000 m (2,700,000 sq ft). Some wholesale market complexes also function as shopping malls in that they contain retail space which operate as stores in normal malls do but also act as producer vendor outlets that can take large orders for export. Toronto Eaton Centre CF Toronto Eaton Centre , commonly referred to simply as Eaton Centre ,
637-570: A hotel, luxury condominiums, and office space and sits atop a block-long base containing an eight-level atrium-style retail mall that fronts on the Magnificent Mile . Vertical malls are common in densely populated conurbations in East and Southeast Asia. Hong Kong in particular has numerous examples such as Times Square , Dragon Centre , Apm , Langham Place , ISQUARE , Hysan Place and The One . A vertical mall may also be built where
728-493: A large number of new malls had been built near major cities, notably the MEGA malls such as Mega Belaya Dacha mall near Moscow . In large part they were financed by international investors and were popular with shoppers from the emerging middle class. A shopping property management firm is a company that specializes in owning and managing shopping malls. Most shopping property management firms own at least 20 malls. Some firms use
819-534: A major competitor to shopping malls. In the United States , online shopping has accounted for an increasing share of total retail sales. In 2013, roughly 200 out of 1,300 malls across the United States were going out of business. To combat this trend, developers have converted malls into other uses including attractions such as parks, movie theaters, gyms, and even fishing lakes. In the United States,
910-955: A mall the center reverts to its own name and branding, such as the Ashley Centre in Epsom . Similarly, following its rebranding from Capital Shopping Centres, intu Properties renamed many of its centres to "intu (name/location)" (such as intu Lakeside ); again, malls removed from the network revert to their own brand (see for instance The Glades in Bromley ). One controversial aspect of malls has been their effective displacement of traditional main streets or high streets . Some consumers prefer malls, with their parking garages, controlled environments, and private security guards , over central business districts (CBD) or downtowns , which frequently have limited parking, poor maintenance, outdoor weather, and limited police coverage. In response,
1001-644: A massive office and shopping complex that would occupy several city blocks. Eaton's sought to demolish Toronto's Old City Hall (except for the clock tower and cenotaph ) and the Church of the Holy Trinity. The plan required the closing of a number of small city streets within the block: Albert Street, Louisa Street, Terauley Street (not to be confused with the stretch of Bay Street north of Queen Street, also formerly known as Terauley Street), James Street, Albert Lane, Downey's Lane and Trinity Square. At one point, even
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#17327808906741092-806: A popular way to build retail across the world. Gruen himself came to abhor this effect of his new design; he decried the creation of enormous "land wasting seas of parking" and the spread of suburban sprawl. Even though malls mostly appeared in suburban areas in the U.S., some U.S. cities facilitated the construction of enclosed malls downtown as an effort to revive city centers and allow them to compete effectively with suburban malls. Examples included Main Place Mall in Buffalo (1969) and The Gallery (1977, now Fashion District Philadelphia ) in Philadelphia. Other cities created open-air pedestrian malls . In
1183-662: A relocated and expanded Richtree Market restaurant at the south end, which opened on September 9, 2013. However, Richtree Market permanently closed on March 9, 2020, amid the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in Toronto . The new north food court, the Urban Eatery, features typical food court outlets, outlets of smaller Toronto-based chains, and international-style cuisine. There are 900 seats spread over more than 45,000 sq ft (4,200 m ) and 24 outlets within
1274-549: A similar naming scheme for most of their malls; for example, Mills Corporation puts "Mills" in most of its mall names and SM Prime Holdings of the Philippines puts "SM" in all of its malls, as well as anchor stores such as The SM Store, SM Appliance Center, SM Hypermarket, SM Cinema, and SM Supermarket. In the UK, The Mall Fund changes the name of any center it buys to "The Mall (location)" , using its pink-M logo; when it sells
1365-535: A store in the mall in 2007. Value City operated out of the former Gee Bee building from 1992 until 2008, when it was converted to Value City Furniture and DSW . Dick's Sporting Goods opened in a new building outside close to Sears and Value City/DSW in 2014. On December 12, 2022, it was announced that Sears would be closing on January 15, 2023. This was the last Sears store in Maryland to stay open. Shopping mall A shopping mall (or simply mall )
1456-400: A two-year, CA$ 120 million renovation and revitalization plan for the mall. Upgrades include new flooring throughout, the redevelopment of the centre's two existing food courts, upgrades and expansions to washroom facilities, lighting improvements, new railings, new entry doors, and green initiatives. In June 2010, a would-be shopper was filmed shouting at the locked doors of an entrance to
1547-676: A year before the Great Recession , no new malls were built in America, for the first time in 50 years. City Creek Center Mall in Salt Lake City , which opened in March 2012, was the first to be built since the recession. Malls began to lose consumers to open-air power centers and lifestyle centers during the 1990s, as consumers preferred to park right in front of and walk directly into big-box stores with lower prices and without
1638-411: Is Toronto's most popular tourist attraction. One of the most prominent sights in the shopping mall is the group of fibreglass Canada geese hanging from the glass ceiling. This group of sculptures, named Flight Stop , is the work of Canadian artist Michael Snow . It was also the subject of an important intellectual property court ruling. One year, the management of the centre decided to decorate
1729-490: Is a shopping mall and office complex in the downtown core of Toronto , Ontario , Canada . It is owned and managed by Cadillac Fairview (CF). It was named after the Eaton's department store chain that once anchored it before the chain went defunct in the late 1990s. The Toronto Eaton Centre attracts more visitors than any of Toronto's tourist attractions because it sits on top of two subway stations in downtown Toronto and
1820-1161: Is a large indoor shopping center , usually anchored by department stores . The term mall originally meant a pedestrian promenade with shops along it, but in the late 1960s, it began to be used as a generic term for the large enclosed shopping centers that were becoming increasingly commonplace. In the United Kingdom and other countries, shopping malls may be called shopping centres . In recent decades, malls have declined considerably in North America , particularly in subprime locations, and some have closed and become so-called " dead malls ". Successful exceptions have added entertainment and experiential features, added big-box stores as anchors, or converted to other specialized shopping center formats such as power centers , lifestyle centers , factory outlet centers, and festival marketplaces . In Canada, shopping centres have frequently been replaced with mixed-use high-rise communities. In many European countries and Asian countries , shopping malls continue to grow and thrive. In
1911-521: Is close to Union Station . It is North America's busiest shopping mall when one counts the daily commuters along with tourist traffic. The mall has over 230 stores and restaurants in 2014. The main portion of the Toronto Eaton Centre complex is bounded by Yonge Street on the east, Queen Street West on the south, Dundas Street West on the north, and to the west by James Street and Trinity Square . There are three office towers, while
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#17327808906742002-514: Is connected to Level 1. The complex also contains four office buildings (at 20 Queen Street West, 250 Yonge Street, 1 Dundas Street West and 401 Bay Street ) and Toronto Metropolitan University 's Ted Rogers School of Management . Additionally, the Toronto Eaton Centre is linked to a 17-storey Marriott hotel on Bay Street. Timothy Eaton founded a dry goods store on Yonge Street in the 19th century that revolutionized retailing in Canada and became
2093-483: The Simpson Tower offices and flagship location of the Hudson's Bay department store chain. Hudson's Bay Queen Street is connected to the main retail mall (at Level 3) by a skywalk over Queen Street West and underground by Toronto's Path network , and has been managed as part of the Eaton Centre since 2014 after being purchased by Cadillac Fairview. Hudson's Bay Queen Street itself is bounded by Yonge Street to
2184-524: The overhead of traditional malls (i.e., long enclosed corridors). Another issue was that the growth-crazed American commercial real estate industry had simply built too many nice places to shop—far more than could be reasonably justified by the actual growth of the American population, retail sales, or any other economic indicator. The number of American shopping centers exploded from 4,500 in 1960 to 70,000 by 1986 to just under 108,000 by 2010. Thus,
2275-610: The 600,000 square foot Highland Mall will be a campus for Austin Community College . In France , the So Ouest mall outside of Paris was designed to resemble elegant, Louis XV -style apartments and includes 17,000 square metres (180,000 sq ft) of green space. The Australian mall company Westfield launched an online mall (and later a mobile app) with 150 stores, 3,000 brands and over 1 million products. The COVID-19 pandemic also significantly impacted
2366-647: The American market in 2022, the United States had an average of 24.5 square feet of retail space per capita (in contrast to 4.5 square feet per capita in Europe). In 2019, The Shops & Restaurants at Hudson Yards opened as an upscale mall in New York City with "a ' Fifth Avenue ' mix of shops", such as H&M , Zara , and Sephora below them. This is one of the first two malls built recently, along with American Dream in which both opened in 2019 since City Creek Center . Online shopping has also emerged as
2457-570: The Eatery. Some of the more notable restaurants in the Eatery include A&W , Chick-fil-A , KFC , McDonald's , New York Fries , Sbarro , Subway , and Tim Hortons . Disposable packaging has been mostly replaced with cutlery and plastic cups and dishes; the area began with over 100,000 dishes and 20,000 cups. There are no garbage or recycling receptacles in the Urban Eatery; patrons bring their food trays to staffed collection stations, where items are sorted. A pulping machine makes 90 percent of
2548-522: The Eaton Centre and the Hudson's Bay store , which had been in service since the 1970s, was replaced by a new skywalk that opened in 2017. Free Wi-Fi became available throughout the Eaton Centre in late 2014. Before then, free Wi-Fi was only available in larger restaurants, Indigo Books and Music , and the Apple Store . The Eaton Centre's free Wi-Fi requires a Facebook account, a Twitter/X account, or an e-mail address to access. A small part of
2639-515: The Eaton Centre store was designed in the style of the 1970s, intended at that time to be a statement of Eaton's dominance and its aspirations. Urban planners and designers have lamented this original exterior design. The complex was oriented inwards, with very few street-facing retail stores, windows or even mall entrances to animate the exterior. Much of the Yonge Street façade, facing what was once one of Toronto's primary shopping thoroughfares,
2730-469: The Eaton Centre, which was in the process of entering lockdown as the G20 Summit street protests loomed nearby and was later uploaded to YouTube . The video quickly became an Internet meme , but was removed by the original poster shortly thereafter. However, the video has been re-uploaded hundreds of times by other users . On June 2, 2012, a shooting took place in the Urban Eatery food court while
2821-677: The Gruen-designed Southdale Center , which opened in the Twin Cities suburb of Edina, Minnesota , United States in October 1956. For pioneering the soon-to-be enormously popular mall concept in this form, Gruen has been called the "most influential architect of the twentieth century" by Malcolm Gladwell . The first retail complex to be promoted as a "mall" was Paramus, New Jersey 's Bergen Mall , which opened with an open-air format on November 14, 1957, and
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2912-570: The Hudson's Bay Queen Street complex had separate management/ownership and was not considered part of the Eaton Centre, nonetheless, it was connected to the Eaton Centre via a pedestrian bridge and underground Path . After the sale closed, the Queen Street complex department store space was renovated to accommodate the first Canadian location of Saks Fifth Avenue , a chain also owned by Hudson's Bay. The pedestrian bridge over Queen Street linking
3003-670: The International Council of Shopping Centers, is a shopping mall with over 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m ) of gross leasable area, three or more anchors, mass merchant, more variety, fashion apparel , and serves as the dominant shopping venue for the region (25 miles or 40 km) in which it is located. Not classified as malls are smaller formats such as strip malls and neighborhood shopping centers , and specialized formats such as power centers , festival marketplaces , and outlet centers . Shopping centers in general may have their origins in public markets and, in
3094-779: The Middle East, covered bazaars . In 1798, the first covered shopping passage was built in Paris, the Passage du Caire . The Burlington Arcade in London was opened in 1819. The Arcade in Providence, Rhode Island , built in 1828, claims to be the first shopping arcade in the United States. Western European cities in particular built many arcade-style shopping centers. The Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan, which opened in 1877,
3185-489: The Old City Hall clock tower was to be demolished. After a fierce local debate over the fate of the city hall and church buildings, Eaton's put its plans on hiatus in 1967. The Eaton Centre plans were resuscitated in 1971, although these plans allowed for the preservation of Old City Hall. Controversy erupted anew, however, as the congregation of the Church of the Holy Trinity exhibited an increased willingness to fight
3276-464: The United States after World War II , with larger open-air shopping centers anchored by major department stores, such as the 550,000-square-foot (51,000 m ) Broadway-Crenshaw Center in Los Angeles , built in 1947 and anchored by a five-story Broadway and a May Company California . In the late 1950s and into the 1960s, the term "shopping mall" was first used, but in the original sense of
3367-406: The United States were considered to be "dying" (40% or higher vacancy rates) and nearly one-fifth of all malls had vacancy rates considered "troubling" (10% or higher). Some real estate experts say the "fundamental problem" is a glut of malls in many parts of the country creating a market that is "extremely over-retailed". By the time shopping mall operator Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield decided to exit
3458-432: The United States, Persian Gulf countries , and India, the term shopping mall is usually applied to enclosed retail structures (and is generally abbreviated to simply mall ), while shopping center usually refers to open-air retail complexes; both types of facilities usually have large parking lots , face major traffic arterials , and have few pedestrian connections to surrounding neighborhoods. Outside of North America,
3549-508: The United States, developers such as A. Alfred Taubman of Taubman Centers extended the concept further in 1980, with terrazzo tiles at the Mall at Short Hills in New Jersey , indoor fountains, and two levels allowing a shopper to make a circuit of all the stores. Taubman believed carpeting increased friction, slowing down customers, so it was removed. Fading daylight through glass panels
3640-424: The basement dining rooms. A common feature of shopping malls is a food court: this typically consists of a number of fast food vendors of various types, surrounding a shared seating area. When the shopping mall format was developed by Victor Gruen in the mid-1950s, signing larger department stores was necessary for the financial stability of the projects, and to draw retail traffic that would result in visits to
3731-481: The chain's warehouse and support operations were increasingly shifting to cheaper suburban locales in the 1960s, Eaton's wanted to make better use of its valuable downtown landholdings. In particular, the chain wanted to build a massive new flagship store to replace the aging Main Store at Yonge and Queen streets and the Eaton's College Street store a few blocks to the north. In the mid-1960s, Eaton's announced plans for
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3822-464: The complex was marketed as "The Eaton Centre", before changing its name to "Toronto Eaton Centre" in the early 1990s to disambiguate from other Eaton Centres across Canada. Despite the bankruptcy of the Eaton's department store chain in 1999 (and the closure of a short-lived Sears Canada-owned revival in 2002), the mall retained the Eaton Centre name, representing an ongoing tribute to Timothy Eaton and
3913-474: The construction of any more. Out-of-town shopping developments in the UK are now focused on retail parks , which consist of groups of warehouse style shops with individual entrances from outdoors. Planning policy prioritizes the development of existing town centres, although with patchy success. Westfield London ( White City ) is the largest shopping centre in Europe. In Russia , on the other hand, as of 2013
4004-440: The controversy and criticisms, the centre was an immediate success, spawning many different shopping centres across Canada bearing the same brand name of Eaton . The mall's profits were said to be so lucrative that it has often been credited with keeping the troubled Eaton's chain afloat for another two decades before it succumbed to bankruptcy in 1999. Today, the Eaton Centre is one of North America's top shopping destinations, and
4095-420: The demolition plans for its church. Eventually, the Eaton Centre plans were revised to save Old City Hall and the church and then revised further when Holy Trinity's parishioners successfully fought to ensure that the new complex would not block all sunlight to the church. These amendments to the plans resulted in three significant changes to the proposed centre from the 1960s concept. First, the new Eaton's store
4186-487: The east, Queen Street West to the north, Richmond Street West to the south, and Bay Street to the west. The Toronto Eaton Centre's interior passages also form part of the Path underground pedestrian network, and the centre is served by two subway stations: Dundas and Queen on Line 1 Yonge–University ; Dundas station is connected to Level 1 (walkway under platform level) and Level 2 (platform level), while Queen station
4277-652: The equivalent of a U.S. mall, are located in city centres, usually found in old and historic shopping districts and surrounded by subsidiary open air shopping streets. Large examples include Westquay in Southampton ; Manchester Arndale ; Bullring Birmingham ; Liverpool One ; Trinity Leeds ; Buchanan Galleries in Glasgow ; St James Quarter in Edinburgh ; and Eldon Square in Newcastle upon Tyne . In addition to
4368-408: The extent of their frontage around Old City Hall (although at the request of the Church of the Holy Trinity, the city of Toronto required that pedestrians be able to cross through the mall where Albert Street once existed at all times, which is still possible). Trinity Square, however, lost its public access to Yonge Street and became a pedestrian-only square with access via Bay Street. The exterior of
4459-493: The first floor of the former Nordstrom was used as a temporary exhibit themed to the aurora borealis called Canadian Chroma. In June 2024, La Maison Simons and Eataly announced that they will open in the former Nordstrom area in 2025. As part of a $ 120 million renovation, the Eaton Centre replaced the aging food courts at each end of the mall with one larger new food court in the north, which opened in September 2011, and
4550-691: The following year as renovations in the former Sears wing concluded. Eaton's partnered with the Cadillac Fairview development company and the Toronto-Dominion Bank in the construction of the Eaton Centre. The complex was designed by Eberhard Zeidler and Bregman + Hamann Architects as a multi-levelled, vaulted glass-ceiling galleria, modelled after the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan , Italy. At
4641-539: The food court." They are making the case that his actions were a result of disassociation, a form of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), caused from being stabbed 20 times earlier that year, and therefore should not be held criminally responsible for the casualties and assaults. It was the same defense used during his first trial. In late November 2019, Husbands was found guilty of two counts of manslaughter, five counts of aggravated assault and one count of criminal negligence causing bodily harm and reckless discharge of
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#17327808906744732-618: The geese with red ribbons for the Christmas season, without consulting Snow. Snow sued, arguing that the ribbons made his naturalistic work "ridiculous" and harmed his reputation as an artist, and in Snow v Eaton Centre Ltd , the court ruled that even though Eaton Centre Limited owned the sculpture, the ribbons had infringed Snow's moral rights . The ribbons were ordered removed. When the Eaton's chain went bankrupt in 1999, many of its corporate assets were acquired by Sears Canada , which included
4823-815: The geography prevents building outward or there are other restrictions on construction, such as historic buildings or significant archeology . The Darwin Shopping Centre and associated malls in Shrewsbury , UK, are built on the side of a steep hill, around the former town walls; consequently the shopping center is split over seven floors vertically – two locations horizontally – connected by elevators, escalators and bridge walkways. Some establishments incorporate such designs into their layout, such as Shrewsbury's former McDonald's , split into four stories with multiple mezzanines which featured medieval castle vaults – complete with arrowslits – in
4914-851: The inner city shopping centres, large UK conurbations will also have large out-of-town "regional malls" such as the Metrocentre in Gateshead ; Meadowhall Centre , Sheffield serving South Yorkshire ; the Trafford Centre in Greater Manchester ; White Rose Centre in Leeds ; the Merry Hill Centre near Dudley ; and Bluewater in Kent . These centres were built in the 1980s and 1990s, but planning regulations prohibit
5005-489: The largest department store chain in the country. By the 20th century, the Eaton's chain owned most of the land bounded by Yonge, Queen, Bay and Dundas streets, with the notable exceptions of Old City Hall and the Church of the Holy Trinity . The Eaton's land, once the site of Timothy Eaton's first store, was occupied by Eaton's large Main Store, the Eaton's Annex and a number of related mail order and factory buildings. As
5096-594: The late 1960s. The enclosed shopping center, which would eventually be known as the shopping mall, did not appear in mainstream until the mid-1950s. One of the earliest examples was the Valley Fair Shopping Center in Appleton, Wisconsin , which opened on March 10, 1955. Valley Fair featured a number of modern features including central heating and cooling, a large outdoor parking area, semi-detached anchor stores, and restaurants. Later that year
5187-474: The lease on the department store space at the north end of the mall, giving Sears a prime location in Toronto's downtown core for the first time. Sears Canada briefly ran the department store as part of an upscale eatons [ sic ] mini-chain but by 2002 the store was rebranded to Sears. Sears Canada converted the uppermost four floors of the nine-storey department space to corporate offices, replacing their previous headquarters at 222 Jarvis Street , and
5278-534: The lowest floor was converted to mall retail space, but the resultant four-level department store was still Sears' largest in the world at about 75,981 square metres (817,850 sq ft). Shortly after Sears' acquisition of Eaton's, the statue of Timothy Eaton was moved from the Dundas Street entrance to the Royal Ontario Museum . In the early 2000s, owner Cadillac Fairview redesigned
5369-406: The main retail mall in the centre is organized around a long arcade , running parallel to Yonge Street. The mall's north street entrance (at Level 3) is one level higher than the south street entrance (at Level 2), given that the mall is built over the former Taddle Creek and the mall is thus on a gentle slope. South of the main shopping arcade is the Hudson's Bay Queen Street complex, including
5460-431: The mall was heavily crowded with shoppers. Seven people were shot: one of them, 24-year-old Ahmed Hassan, died at the scene while another, 22-year-old Nixon Nirmalendran, died at a hospital on June 11, 2012. According to Toronto Police Chief Bill Blair , Hassan and Nirmalendran may have had gang affiliations and both were targeted, although in at least Nirmalendran's case this view has been challenged. Others were injured in
5551-413: The mall's food waste pulpable, and a solid waste compactor reduces the content of 50 bags of garbage into no more than two bags of pulp. Canadian sporting goods retailer Sport Chek is the only non-food retailer located in the Urban Eatery. On April 24, 2024, the former Richtree Natural Market Restaurant was replaced by Queen's Cross Food Hall. The 1,800-square-metre (19,000 sq ft) food hall
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#17327808906745642-431: The mall's Yonge Street façade, bringing it closer to the street and making it more closely resemble an urban shopping district, with stores opening directly onto the street, and presenting a variety of façades to create the perception of an urban streetscape. Further redevelopments, in the late 1990s and early 2000s, added new retail space. The west side of the complex, opposite Albert Street, was expanded. The glass atrium in
5733-584: The mall) was replaced with various retailers, which opened in fall 2015. Examples of these retailers included GameStop , Showcase , and the Jays Shop, the lattermost of which sold official Toronto Blue Jays merchandise. The Jays Shop closed permanently in January 2023 and was replaced with Conspiracy Comics, Games & Anime, itself replaced with Treehouse Toys. Afterwards, a three-floor Nordstrom opened in fall 2016 alongside Uniqlo , an expanded H&M and
5824-571: The mall. The challenge of this type of mall is to overcome the natural tendency of shoppers to move horizontally and encourage shoppers to move upwards and downwards. The concept of a vertical mall was originally conceived in the late 1960s by the Mafco Company, former shopping center development division of Marshall Field & Co. The Water Tower Place skyscraper in Chicago , Illinois was built in 1975 by Urban Retail Properties. It contains
5915-402: The multiplex cinema below it, was demolished in 2003. In the place of the garage and of a vacant development site on the southeast corner of Dundas and Bay streets, a new wing of the Toronto Eaton Centre was opened in 2006, containing Canadian Tire and Best Buy , with Toronto Metropolitan University 's Faculty of Business and a new parking garage with 574 spaces on the upper levels. This work
6006-618: The name of the complex (such as Toronto Eaton Centre ). The term mall is less-commonly a part of the name of the complex. The International Council of Shopping Centers , based in New York City , classifies two types of shopping centers as malls: regional malls and superregional malls. A regional mall, per the International Council of Shopping Centers, is a shopping mall with 400,000 sq ft (37,000 m ) to 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m ) gross leasable area with at least two anchor stores . A super-regional mall, per
6097-414: The northeast corner at the intersection of Yonge and Dundas streets was redesigned, with a number of former tenants—including a Toronto Police Service office—relocated or evicted, to make way for H&M 's Canadian flagship store designed by Queen's Quay Architects International Inc. One of the mall's two parking garages, the nine-storey Dundas Parkade on Dundas Street with its two spiral stack ramps and
6188-704: The northern end of the Toronto Eaton Centre's Level 3 was set aside for the official 2015 Pan American Games pop-up shop during June and July 2015, and during the 2015 Parapan American Games in August. The Toronto Eaton Centre was closed during June 2020 amid both the COVID-19 pandemic and the George Floyd protests and reopened in July 2020. One of the stores above the Urban Eatery was replaced with additional public food court space to allow for social distancing, though that additional food court space closed again amid
6279-499: The number of dead malls increased significantly in the early 21st century. The economic health of malls across the United States has been in decline, as revealed by high vacancy rates. From 2006 to 2010, the percentage of malls that are considered to be "dying" by real estate experts (have a vacancy rate of at least 40%), unhealthy (20–40%), or in trouble (10–20%) all increased greatly, and these high vacancy rates only partially decreased from 2010 to 2014. In 2014, nearly 3% of all malls in
6370-453: The panic as people fled the area, including a 28-year-old pregnant woman who began undergoing labour but did not give birth. Two days after the shooting, 23-year-old Christopher Husbands turned himself in to authorities and was charged with first-degree murder. He was found guilty of second-degree murder and guilty of five counts of aggravated assault, one count of criminal negligence causing bodily harm and one count of reckless discharge of
6461-432: The prior year. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, both open-air and enclosed centers are commonly referred to as shopping centres . Mall primarily refers to either a shopping mall – a place where a collection of shops all adjoin a pedestrian area – or an exclusively pedestrianized street that allows shoppers to walk without interference from vehicle traffic. The majority of British enclosed shopping centres,
6552-403: The retail industry. Government regulations temporarily closed malls, increased entrance controls, and imposed strict public sanitation requirements. High land prices in populous cities have led to the concept of the "vertical mall", in which space allocated to retail is configured over a number of stories accessible by elevators and/or escalators (usually both) linking the different levels of
6643-456: The second wave of the pandemic per provincial policy as Toronto underwent another COVID-19-related lockdown . On the evening of September 20, 2022, a multi-vehicle fire occurred in the upper levels of the mall's parking garage and shoppers had to be evacuated. On March 2, 2023, Nordstrom announced that it would be closing all Canadian stores, including its Eaton Centre location. The store closed on June 13, 2023. From late 2023 to early 2024,
6734-478: The size of the office component so that the Eaton Centre project no longer represented an attempt to extend the City's financial district north of Queen Street, as the Eaton family had contemplated in the 1960s. Finally, the bulk of the centre was shifted east to the Yonge Street frontage, and the complex was designed so that it no longer had any frontage along Bay Street. Old City Hall and the church were thus saved, as
6825-410: The small shop he once opened at this location. However, as Sears retained the Eaton's trademarks and other intellectual property (IP), the name was used under licence until December 2016, when mall owner Cadillac Fairview acquired the Eaton's IP outright. In early 2014, mall management began an effort to enforce usage of the full "Toronto Eaton Centre" name. However, at that time, exterior signage
6916-417: The smaller stores in the mall as well. These larger stores are termed anchor stores or draw tenants. In physical configuration, anchor stores are normally located as far from each other as possible to maximize the amount of traffic from one anchor to another. There are a reported 222 malls in Europe. In 2014, these malls had combined sales of US$ 12.47 billion. This represented a 10% bump in revenues from
7007-544: The terms shopping precinct and shopping arcade are also used. In the UK, such complexes are considered shopping centres though shopping centre covers many more sizes and types of centers than the North American mall . Other countries follow UK usage. In Canadian English , and often in Australia and New Zealand, the term mall may be used informally but shopping center or merely center will feature in
7098-452: The time, the interior design of the Eaton Centre was considered revolutionary and influenced shopping centre architecture throughout North America. The first phase, including the nine-storey, 1,000,000-square-foot (93,000 m ) Eaton's store, opened in 1977. The temporary wall at the south end was mirrored over its full height to give an impression of what the complete galleria would look like. The old Eaton's store at Yonge and Queen streets
7189-681: The word "mall", meaning a pedestrian promenade in the U.S., or in U.K. usage, a "shopping precinct". Early downtown pedestrianized malls included the Kalamazoo Mall (the first, in 1959), "Shoppers' See-Way" in Toledo , Lincoln Road Mall in Miami Beach , Santa Monica Mall (1965). Although Bergen Mall opened in 1957 using the name "mall" and inspired other suburban shopping centers to rebrand themselves as malls, these types of properties were still referred to as "shopping centers" until
7280-554: The world's first fully enclosed shopping mall was opened in Luleå , in northern Sweden (architect: Ralph Erskine ) and was named Shopping ; the region now claims the highest shopping center density in Europe. The idea of a regionally-sized, fully enclosed shopping complex was pioneered in 1956 by the Austrian-born architect and American immigrant Victor Gruen . This new generation of regional-size shopping centers began with
7371-467: Was the Salvation Army headquarters building by virtue of its location between the two other preserved buildings (although the Salvation Army building was demolished in the late 1990s to make way for an Eaton Centre expansion, the Salvation Army's Canadian head offices moved to Leaside , and a City of Toronto plaque was placed at the original site). At the time of the centre's opening in 1977,
7462-485: Was dominated by nine storey parking garage. At the insistence of the Metro Toronto government, which had jurisdiction over major roads and wanted right-of-way to add an additional lane to Yonge Street, the complex was set back a considerable distance from Yonge Street, thus further weakening the centre's streetscape presence. The office component of the complex was constructed over the years, as follows: Despite
7553-569: Was done by Queen's Quay Architects International Inc. with Zeidler Partnership Architects. In 2014, the retail complex occupies about 160,000 square metres (1,722,000 sq ft), making it the second-largest mall in Ontario (after Square One Shopping Centre in Mississauga but ahead of Yorkdale Shopping Centre in Toronto's north end ). On June 18, 2010, Cadillac Fairview announced
7644-425: Was inconsistent as to the centre's name, with signs facing Yonge–Dundas Square simply reading "Eaton Centre" while several others used the full name. Soon after, in September 2015, Cadillac Fairview announced it was rebranding all of its mall properties by adding the prefix "CF"; thus, the complex has subsequently been referred to as "CF Toronto Eaton Centre" by its owners. This branding was phased in on signage over
7735-518: Was larger than its predecessors, and inspired the use of the term "galleria" for many other shopping arcades and malls. In the mid-20th century, with the rise of the suburb and automobile culture in the United States, a new style of shopping center was created away from downtowns . Early shopping centers designed for the automobile include Market Square , Lake Forest, Illinois (1916), and Country Club Plaza , Kansas City, Missouri (1924). The suburban shopping center concept evolved further in
7826-768: Was later enclosed in 1973. Aside from Southdale Center , significant early enclosed shopping malls were Harundale Mall (1958) in Glen Burnie, Maryland, Big Town Mall (1959) in Mesquite, Texas, Chris-Town Mall (1961) in Phoenix, Arizona, and Randhurst Center (1962) in Mount Prospect, Illinois. Other early malls moved retailing away from the dense, commercial downtowns into the largely residential suburbs. This formula (enclosed space with stores attached, away from downtown, and accessible only by automobile) became
7917-470: Was sentenced to 30 years-to-life imprisonment. Husbands was granted a new trial in July 2017 as the Ontario Court of Appeal stated the judge had made a mistake in their decision to deny "rotating triers" in selecting the jury. Originally convicted of second-degree murder, Husbands's lawyer stated, "He experienced auditory and visual hallucinations. He has no memory of the events that followed inside
8008-408: Was shifted north to Dundas Street, as the new store would be too large to be accommodated in its existing location on Queen Street (opposite its rival Simpson's , which is now the Hudson's Bay store ) as a result of the preservation of Old City Hall. This resulted in the mall being constructed with Eaton's and Simpson's acting as anchors at either end. The second significant change was the reduction in
8099-426: Was supplemented by gradually increased electric lighting, making it seem like the afternoon was lasting longer, which encouraged shoppers to linger. In the United States, in the mid-1990s, malls were still being constructed at a rate of 140 a year. But in 2001, a PricewaterhouseCoopers study found that underperforming and vacant malls, known as "greyfield" and "dead mall" estates, were an emerging problem. In 2007,
8190-426: Was then demolished and the south half of the complex opened in its place in 1979. The same year, the north end of the complex added a multiplex cinema, Cineplex , at the time the largest in the world with 18 screens. Terauley Street, Louisa Street, Downey's Lane and Albert Lane were closed and disappeared from the city street grid to make way for the new complex. Albert Street and James Street were preserved only to
8281-492: Was then owned by Crown American . It was the second mall serving Frederick, the first being Frederick Towne Mall , which opened six years prior. Leggett, now Belk , opened at the mall in 1991. The store was sold in 1996 to JCPenney , who relocated from Frederick Towne Mall. Woolworth , an original tenant, closed in the mid-1990s. Its space was divided among smaller stores. Also, Hess's sold its store to Hecht's in 1995. Hecht's became Macy's in 2006. Barnes & Noble opened
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