Timeline
119-582: Academy Award for Best Picture 1967 A Man for All Seasons Alfred Zinnemann (April 29, 1907 – March 14, 1997) was an Austrian-American film director and producer. He won four Academy Awards for directing and producing films in various genres, including thrillers , westerns , film noir and play adaptations. He began his career in Europe before emigrating to the US, where he specialized in shorts before making 25 feature films during his 50-year career. He
238-597: A bona fide team of not more than two people to be considered a single "producer" if the two individuals have had an established producing partnership as determined by the Producers Guild of America Producing Partnership Panel. Final determination of the qualifying producer nominees for each nominated picture will be made by the Producers Branch Executive Committee, including the right to name any additional qualified producer as
357-608: A customs union with Germany , but in 1931 this was denied by France and the countries of the Little Entente . Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss of the Christian Social Party took power in Austria on 20 May 1932, and moved the party and Austria towards dictatorship, centralisation and fascism , in part because fascist Italy was its strongest international ally against Germany. In March 1933, Dollfuss suspended
476-432: A " social realist ." With his early films between 1937 and 1942 he began using that technique, and with High Noon in 1952, possibly his finest film, he created the tense atmosphere by coordinating screen time with real time. Because he started his film career as a cameraman, his movies are strongly oriented toward the visual aspects. He also said that regardless of the size of an actor's part, he spends much time discussing
595-413: A Best Director nomination: Wings directed by William A. Wellman (1927/28), Grand Hotel directed by Edmund Goulding (1931/32), Driving Miss Daisy directed by Bruce Beresford (1989), Argo directed by Ben Affleck (2012), Green Book directed by Peter Farrelly (2018), and CODA directed by Sian Heder (2021). The only two Best Director winners to win for films that did not receive
714-545: A Best Picture nomination were during the early years of the awards: Lewis Milestone for Two Arabian Knights (1927/28), and Frank Lloyd for The Divine Lady (1928/29). On June 24, 2009, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) announced that the number of films to be nominated in the Best Picture award category would increase from 5 to 10, starting with the 82nd Academy Awards (2009). Although
833-701: A Greyhound bus to Hollywood a few months later following the completion of his first directorial effort for the Mexican cultural protest film, The Wave , in Alvarado, Mexico. He established residence in North Hollywood with Henwar Rodakiewicz , Gunther von Fritsch and Ned Scott , all fellow contributors to the Mexican project. One of Zinnemann's first jobs in Hollywood was as an extra in All Quiet on
952-485: A PG rating: the first was Patton (1970) and the most recent was Driving Miss Daisy (1989). Eleven more films have won with a PG-13 rating (which was introduced in 1984): the first was The Last Emperor (1987) and the most recent was CODA (2021). Three animated films have been nominated for Best Picture: Beauty and the Beast (1991), Up (2009) and Toy Story 3 (2010). The latter two were nominated after
1071-654: A Pale Horse , about the Spanish Civil War. The Day of the Jackal , a political thriller about an attempt to assassinate Charles de Gaulle , was shot on location in newsreel style, while Julia placed the characters in authentic settings, as in a suspenseful train journey from Paris to Moscow during World War II. According to one historian, Zinnemann's style "demonstrates the director's sense of psychological realism and his apparent determination to make worthwhile pictures that are nevertheless highly entertaining." Over
1190-405: A coalition government without them. Despite the nation having a steady political party in power, the politics of the nation were fractious and violent, with both Social Democrat ( Republikanischer Schutzbund ) and right-wing ( Heimwehr ) political paramilitary forces clashing with each other. The country was divided between the conservative countryside population and Red Vienna controlled by
1309-518: A consummate craftsman, Zinnemann traditionally endowed his work with meticulous attention to detail to create realism, and had an intuitive gift for casting and a preoccupation with the moral dilemmas of his characters. His philosophy about directing influenced director Alan Parker : My mentor was the great director, Fred Zinnemann, whom I used to show all my films to until he died. He said something to me that I always try to keep in my head every time I decide on what film to do next. He told me that making
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#17327871723111428-606: A continuation of the events that occurred in Captain America: Civil War and the Marvel Cinematic Universe . Along similar lines to sequels, there have been few nominees and winners that are either remakes or adaptations of the same source materials or subjects. Ben-Hur , which won Best Picture of 1959, is a remake of the 1925 silent film with a similar title and both were adapted from Lew Wallace 's 1880 novel Ben-Hur: A Tale of
1547-400: A direct sequel, only that it reunited the same creative team. Clint Eastwood 's Letters from Iwo Jima was a companion piece to his film Flags of Our Fathers that was released earlier the same year. These two films depict the same battle from the different viewpoints of Japanese and United States military forces; the two films were shot back-to-back. In addition, Black Panther is
1666-649: A doctor. His parents were Austrian Jews . He had one younger brother. Zinnemann grew up in Vienna during the First World War , during much of which his father was serving as a combat medic with the Austro-Hungarian Army on the Eastern Front . Zinnemann later recalled that his father was severely traumatized by his war experiences and often suffered from nightmares. While growing up in
1785-456: A fear of potential "fascism", represented by the gang of killers soon arriving. Zinnemann explained the general context for many of his films: "One of the crucial things today [is] trying to preserve our civilization." Prince adds that Zinnemann, having learned that both his parents were murdered in the Holocaust, wanted Kane willing to "fight rather than run", unlike everyone else in town. As
1904-491: A few years he became disillusioned with the limited talents of Hollywood's elites. After some directing success with some short films, he graduated to features in 1942, turning out two B mysteries, Kid Glove Killer and Eyes in the Night before getting his big break with The Seventh Cross (1944), starring Spencer Tracy , which became his first hit. The film was based on Anna Seghers ' novel and, while filmed entirely on
2023-574: A film was a great privilege, and you should never waste it. In From Here to Eternity , for example, he effectively added actual newsreel footage of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, which enhanced and dramatized the story. Similarly, in A Hatful of Rain , he used a documentary style to present real life drug addiction in New York City. Zinnemann again incorporated newsreel footage in Behold
2142-628: A form altered from their original, award-winning release form. This has usually been due to editing for reissue (and subsequently partly restored by archivists). Other winners and nominees, such as Tom Jones (prior to its 2018 reissues by The Criterion Collection and the British Film Institute ) and Star Wars , are widely available only in subsequently altered versions. The Broadway Melody originally had some sequences photographed in two-color Technicolor . This footage survives only in black and white. The 1928 film The Patriot
2261-405: A general strike which lasted four days. After the 1927 events, the conservative elements became stronger and the violence in Austria continued to escalate until the early 1930s when Engelbert Dollfuss became Chancellor. However the new state was difficult to control, as much of the former empire's important economic regions had been taken away with the foundation of new nation-states. The matter
2380-788: A given year, we shouldn't feel an obligation to round out the number." This system lasted until 2021, when the Academy reverted back to a set number of ten nominees from the 94th Academy Awards onward. Seventeen non- English language films have been nominated in the category: La Grande Illusion (French, 1938); Z (French, 1969); The Emigrants (Swedish, 1972); Cries and Whispers (Swedish, 1973); The Postman (Il Postino) (Italian/Spanish, 1995); Life Is Beautiful (Italian, 1998); Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon ( Mandarin Chinese , 2000); Letters from Iwo Jima (Japanese, 2006, but ineligible for Best Foreign Language Film because it
2499-490: A loan of 500 million Kronen to Austria. In 1922, in an effort to deal with post-war inflation, Chancellor Ignaz Seipel asked for foreign loans and introduced austerity policies. In October 1922 Britain, France, Italy and Czechoslovakia provided a loan of 650 million gold kronen after Seipel promised not to attempt Anschluss with Germany for the next 20 years and allowed the League of Nations to control Austria's economy. During
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#17327871723112618-410: A man driven by conscience to his ultimate fate. The film went on to win six Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Actor (Scofield) and Best Director, Zinnemann's second such Oscar to date. The film was also entered into the 5th Moscow International Film Festival . After this, Zinnemann was all set to direct an adaptation of Man's Fate for MGM . However, the project was shut down in 1969, and
2737-472: A nominee. The Academy can make exceptions to the limit, as when Anthony Minghella and Sydney Pollack were posthumously included among the four producers nominated for The Reader . As of 2014 the Producers Branch Executive Committee determines such exceptions, noting they take place only in "rare and extraordinary circumstance[s]." Steven Spielberg currently holds the record for most nominations at thirteen, winning one, while Kathleen Kennedy holds
2856-427: A result, "Zinnemann allies himself" with the film's hero. Zinnemann explains the theme of the film and its relevance to modern times: I saw it as a great movie yarn, full of enormously interesting people ... only later did it dawn on me that this was not a regular Western myth. There was something timely – and timeless – about it, something that had a direct bearing on life today. To me it
2975-531: A set of "representation and inclusion standards", called Academy Aperture 2025, which a film will be required to satisfy in order to compete in the Best Picture category, starting with the 96th Academy Awards for films released in 2023. There are four general standards, of which a film must satisfy two to be considered for Best Picture: (a) on-screen representation, themes and narratives; (b) creative leadership and project team; (c) industry access and opportunities; and (d) audience development. As explained by Vox ,
3094-416: A small, landlocked country of about 6.5 million people, with 4 million Austrian Germans excluded from the new state and instead being placed against their declared will under Czechoslovak, Italian, and Yugoslav rule. Vienna , with its population of almost 2 million, was left as an imperial capital without an empire to feed it. Only 17.8 percent of Austria's land was arable; the vast majority of arable land in
3213-602: A young Hellman and Vanessa Redgrave as her best friend Julia, an American heiress who forsakes the safety and comfort of both her homeland and great wealth to devote her life with fatal consequences to the Austrian Resistance to Nazism . The film was nominated for eleven Academy Awards and won three, for Best Screenplay ( Alvin Sargent ), Best Supporting Actor ( Jason Robards ), and Best Supporting Actress ( Vanessa Redgrave ); Zinnemann thought that Fonda's acting
3332-562: Is High Noon (1952), one of the first 25 American films chosen in 1989 for the National Film Registry . With its psychological and moral examinations of its lawman hero Marshall Will Kane, played by Gary Cooper and its innovative chronology whereby screen time approximated the 80-minute countdown to the confrontational hour, the film broke the mold of the formulaic western. Working closely with cinematographer and longtime friend Floyd Crosby , he shot without filters, giving
3451-407: Is a drama story about a young married man with a secret morphine addiction who tries to quit and suffers through painful withdrawal symptoms. The film was a risk for Zinnemann, since movie depictions of drug addiction and withdrawal were rare in the 1950s. Zinnemann rounded out the 1950s with The Nun's Story (1959), casting Audrey Hepburn in the role of Sister Luke, a nun who eventually gives up
3570-558: Is going to allow Academy voters to recognize and include some of the fantastic movies that often show up in the other Oscar categories but have been squeezed out of the race for the top prize," AMPAS President Sid Ganis said in a press conference. "I can't wait to see what that list of 10 looks like when the nominees are announced in February." At the same time, the voting system was switched from first-past-the-post to instant runoff voting (also known as preferential voting). In 2011,
3689-467: Is often regarded as striking a blow against ageism in Hollywood. The apocryphal story goes that in the 1980s, during a meeting with a young Hollywood executive, Zinnemann was surprised to find the executive didn't know who he was, despite having won four Academy Awards, and directing many of Hollywood's biggest films. When the young executive asked Zinnemann to list what he had done in his career, Zinnemann reportedly answered, "Sure. You first." In Hollywood,
Fred Zinnemann - Misplaced Pages Continue
3808-533: Is the only Best Picture nominee that is lost (about one-third is extant). The Racket , also from 1928, was believed lost for many years until a print was found in Howard Hughes ' archives. It has since been restored and shown on Turner Classic Movies . The only surviving complete prints of 1931's East Lynne and 1934's The White Parade exist within the UCLA film archive. The Academy has established
3927-463: The 1933 film of the same name with both being adaptations of the 1868 novel . True Grit , which was nominated for Best Picture of 2010, is the second adaptation of Charles Portis 's 1968 novel following the 1969 film of the same name . Four of the nominees for the 94th ceremony were based on source material previously made into films: CODA , Dune , Nightmare Alley , and West Side Story . The 2021 version of West Side Story became
4046-480: The 89th Academy Awards on February 26, 2017, presenter Faye Dunaway read La La Land as the winner of the award. However, she and Warren Beatty had mistakenly been given the duplicate envelope for the " Best Actress in a Leading Role " award, which Emma Stone had won for her role in La La Land . While accepting the award, La La Land producer Jordan Horowitz , who was given the correct envelope, realized
4165-536: The First Austrian Republic , which had been formed as a rump state of a fallen Empire in 1918 and which he later described as, "a tiny, defeated, impoverished country", Zinnemann wanted to become a musician, but went on to graduate with a law degree from the University of Vienna in 1927. While studying law, he became drawn to films and convinced his parents to let him study film production in
4284-747: The Holocaust . Up until their death Zimmerman was exchanging letters with them, all written in Polish. Zinnemann worked in Germany with several other beginners ( Billy Wilder and Robert Siodmak also worked with him on the 1929 feature People on Sunday ) after he studied filmmaking in France. His penchant for realism and authenticity is evident in his first feature The Wave (1936), shot on location in Mexico with mostly non-professional actors recruited among
4403-799: The July Putsch of 25 July 1934 (see Maiverfassung 1934 ). This assassination by the Austrian Nazis infuriated Austria's neighbour Fascist Italy under dictator Benito Mussolini . Fascist Italy had good relations with Austria under Dollfuss and Mussolini suspected German involvement and promised the Austrofascist regime military support if Germany were to invade, as the Nazis had claims on Italian-administered Tyrol. Italy's support helped save Austria from potential annexation in 1934. The successor to Dollfuss, Kurt Schuschnigg , maintained
4522-773: The July Revolt of 1927 and the Austrian Civil War of 1934. In September 1919, the rump state of German-Austria —now effectively reduced to the Alpine and Danubian crownlands of the Austrian Empire—was given reduced borders by the Treaty of Saint Germain , which ceded German-populated regions in Sudetenland to Czechoslovakia , German-populated South Tyrol to Italy and a portion of the Alpine provinces to
4641-496: The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes ( Kraljevina Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca , or SHS, also known as Yugoslavia). Despite Austrian protests this treaty also forbade Anschluss , or union of Austria with Germany , without League of Nations consent. The Allies were not willing to allow a defeated Germany to expand its borders by absorbing what remained of Austria. With this route closed, German-Austria changed its official name to
4760-558: The MGM backlot , made realistic use of refugee German actors in even the smallest roles. The central character—an escaped prisoner played by Tracy—is seen as comparatively passive and fatalistic. He is, however, the subject of heroic assistance from anti-Nazi Germans. In a sense, the most dynamic character of the film is not the Tracy character but a humble German worker played by Hume Cronyn , who changes from Nazi sympathizer to active opponent of
4879-463: The Republic of Austria. The new state managed to block two land claims by its neighbours. The first was the south-eastern part of Carinthia , which was inhabited partly by Slovenians . It was prevented from being taken over by the new SHS-state through a Carinthian plebiscite on October 10, 1920, in which the majority of the population chose to remain with Austria. The second prevented land-claim
Fred Zinnemann - Misplaced Pages Continue
4998-474: The Rodgers and Hammerstein musical, the wide screen format Todd-AO made its debut, as did the film's young star, Shirley Jones . It was also an expression of Zinnemann's continued faith and optimism about America, with its energy and exuberance. His next film was A Hatful of Rain (1957), starring Don Murray , Eva Marie Saint and Anthony Franciosa , and was based on the play by Michael V. Gazzo . It
5117-937: The Third French Republic . After studying for a year at the Ecole Technique de Photographie et Cinématographie in Paris, Zinnemann became a cameraman and found work on a number of films being made at Babelsberg Studio in Berlin, during the Weimar Republic , before emigrating to the United States. Both of Zinnemann's parents, whom he later described as nostalgic for the days of the Habsburg Monarchy , came back to Poland after Anschluss where later they were murdered by Germans during
5236-440: The autism spectrum ), or who are deaf or hard of hearing . For the 94th and 95th Academy Awards (films released in 2021 and 2022), filmmakers were required to submit a confidential Academy Inclusion Standards form to be considered for Best Picture but were not required to fulfill the standards. These standards will only apply to the Best Picture category and do not affect a film's eligibility in other Oscar categories. At
5355-464: The second film winning the award for 1974. Another nominee, Broadway Melody of 1936 , was a follow-up of sorts to previous winner The Broadway Melody , but beyond the title and some music, the two films have mutually independent stories. The Silence of the Lambs was adapted from the sequel novel to Red Dragon . The latter had been adapted for film as Manhunter by a different studio, and
5474-506: The Academy dropped the Unique and Artistic Picture award, deciding retroactively that the award won by Wings was the highest honor that could be awarded, and allowed synchronized sound films to compete for the award. Although the award kept the title Outstanding Picture for the next ceremony, the name underwent several changes over the years, as seen below. Since 1962, the award has been simply called Best Picture . Until 1950, this award
5593-845: The Academy expanded the number of nominees, but none have won. No comic book film has won, although three have been nominated: Skippy (1931), Black Panther (2018), and Joker (2019). Two fantasy films have won: The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003) and The Shape of Water (2017), although more have been nominated. The Silence of the Lambs (1991) is the only horror film to win Best Picture. Five others have been nominated for Best Picture: The Exorcist (1973), Jaws (1975), The Sixth Sense (1999), Black Swan (2010), and Get Out (2017). Several science-fiction films have been nominated for Best Picture, though Everything Everywhere All at Once (2022)
5712-469: The Academy never officially said so, many commenters noted the expansion was likely in part a response to public criticism of The Dark Knight and WALL-E (both 2008) (and, in previous years, other blockbusters and popular films) not being nominated for Best Picture. Officially, the Academy said the rule change was a throwback to the Academy's early years in the 1930s and 1940s, when 8 to 12 films were nominated each year. "Having 10 Best Picture nominees
5831-447: The Academy revised the rule again so that the number of films nominated was between 5 and 10; nominated films must earn either 5% of first-place rankings or 5% after an abbreviated variation of the single transferable vote nominating process. Bruce Davis, the Academy executive director at the time, said, "A Best Picture nomination should be an indication of extraordinary merit. If there are only eight pictures that truly earn that honor in
5950-408: The Best Picture title since the award's inception. There have been 601 films nominated for Best Picture and 96 winners. At the 1st Academy Awards ceremony held in 1929 (for films made in 1927 and 1928), there were two categories of awards that were each considered the top award of the night: "Outstanding Picture" and "Unique and Artistic Picture", the former being won by the war epic Wings , and
6069-602: The Chancellor was elected by the National Council. As no political party ever gained a parliamentary majority, Austria was governed by coalitions of the conservative Christian Social Party and the right-wing Greater German People's Party or Landbund which were more conservative than the first government of Social Democrat Karl Renner of 1919–20, which had established a number of progressive socioeconomic and labour legislations. After 1920, Austria's government
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#17327871723116188-482: The Christ . The Departed , which won Best Picture of 2006, is a remake of the 2002 Hong Kong film Infernal Affairs and is the first remake of a non-English language or international film to win. Other nominees include 1963's Cleopatra about the titular last queen of Egypt following the 1934 version , 2018's A Star is Born following the 1937 film of the same name , and 2019's Little Women following
6307-847: The Fatherland Front, with the proclamation of the authoritarian "May Constitution". The name of the country was changed from the "Republic of Austria" to the " Federal State of Austria ". The flag, coat of arms and anthem were changed, too. Federalism and the controlling powers of the Federal Council were curtailed, while elections for the National Council were abolished, its members nominated by four non-elective, corporatist -styled councils—the State Council ( Staatsrat ), Federal Culture Council ( Bundeskulturrat ), Federal Economic Council ( Bundeswirtschaftsrat ) and
6426-520: The French detective charged with stopping him. Zinnemann was intrigued by the opportunity to direct a film in which the audience would already be able to guess the ending (the Jackal failing his mission), and was pleased when it ultimately became a hit with the public. The Day of the Jackal was followed four years later by Julia (1977), based on a story in the book Pentimento: A Book of Portraits by Lillian Hellman . The film starred Jane Fonda as
6545-571: The German population in Austria who claimed that it violated the Fourteen Points laid out by United States President Woodrow Wilson during peace talks, specifically the right to "self-determination" of all nations. Many of them felt that with the loss of over 70% of the cisleithanian territory of the prewar empire , Austria was no longer economically and politically viable as a separate state without union with Germany. Austria now found itself
6664-449: The Hollywood establishment. Shot in war-ravaged Germany, the film stars Montgomery Clift in his screen debut as a GI who cares for a lost Czech boy traumatized by the war. It was followed by Act of Violence (1948), a gritty film noir starring Van Heflin as a haunted POW, Robert Ryan as his hot-tempered former friend, Janet Leigh as Heflin's wife, and Mary Astor as a sympathetic prostitute. Zinnemann considered Act of Violence
6783-900: The Jackal (1973), and Julia (1977). His films have received 65 Oscar nominations, winning 24; Zinnemann himself was nominated for ten, and won Best Director for From Here to Eternity (1953), Best Picture and Best Director for A Man for All Seasons (1966), and Best Documentary, Short Subjects for Benjy (1951). Zinnemann directed and introduced a number of stars in their U.S. film debuts, including Marlon Brando , Rod Steiger , Pier Angeli , Julie Harris , Brandon deWilde , Montgomery Clift , Shirley Jones and Meryl Streep . He directed 19 actors to Oscar nominations, including Frank Sinatra , Montgomery Clift , Audrey Hepburn , Glynis Johns , Paul Scofield , Robert Shaw , Wendy Hiller , Jason Robards , Vanessa Redgrave , Jane Fonda , Gary Cooper and Maximilian Schell . In Austria, discrimination had been part of life since time immemorial. It
6902-692: The Social Democrats. In 1927, during a political clash in Schattendorf , an old man and a child were shot and killed by the Heimwehr. On 14 July 1927 the shooters were acquitted and left-wing supporters began a massive protest during which the Ministry of Justice building was burned. To restore order, the police and army shot and killed 89 people and injured 600. The huge protest is known as the July Revolt of 1927 . Social Democrats called for
7021-569: The States' Council ( Länderrat ), supposedly providing their best opinions on respective areas. In practice all legislation and appointments were exercised from above by the Federal Chancellor's and President's decree. The state took complete control of employer–employee relations, known as Ständestaat, and began to crack down on pro-Nazi and pro–German-unification sympathizers. The Nazis responded by assassinating Engelbert Dollfuss during
7140-560: The Western Front (1930). He said that many of the other extras were former Russian aristocrats and high-ranking officers who fled to America as refugees from the October Revolution in 1917 and the ensuing Red Terror . He was twenty-two but he said he felt older than the forty-year-olds in Hollywood. But he was jubilant because he was then certain that "this was the place one could breathe free and belong." But after
7259-601: The Wind , The Bridge on the River Kwai , Ben-Hur , Lawrence of Arabia , Patton , The Godfather , The Godfather Part II , The Last Emperor , Dances with Wolves , Schindler's List , Forrest Gump , Braveheart , The English Patient , Titanic , Gladiator , The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King , and Oppenheimer . Nine films that were presented as direct sequels have been nominated for Best Picture: The Bells of St. Mary's (1945;
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#17327871723117378-413: The award. For the following three years, five films were nominated for the award. This was expanded to eight in 1933, to ten in 1934, and to twelve in 1935, before being dropped back to ten in 1937. In 1945, it was further reduced to five. This number remained until 2009, when the limit was raised to ten; it was adjusted from 2011 to 2020 to vary between five and ten, but has been a full ten since 2022. For
7497-472: The course of Zinnemann's career he has received three Academy Awards , two BAFTA Awards , and two Golden Globe Awards . Academy Award for Best Picture The Academy Award for Best Picture is one of the Academy Awards (also known as Oscars) presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) since the awards debuted in 1929. This award goes to the producers of
7616-584: The cremated remains were collected from the cemetery. His wife, Renee Bartlett died on December 18, 1997. His films are characterized by an unshakable belief in human dignity; a realist aesthetic; a preoccupation with moral and social issues; a warm and sympathetic treatment of character; an expert handling of actors; a meticulous attention to detail; consummate technical artistry; poetic restraint; and deliberately open endings. —Arthur Nolletti, film historian Zinnemann's training in documentary filmmaking and his personal background contributed to his style as
7735-437: The dawn of a new one, when lawyers and accountants began to replace showmen as head of the studios and when a handshake was a handshake no longer." However, Universal then offered him the chance to direct The Day of the Jackal (1973), based on the best-selling suspense novel by Frederick Forsyth . The film starred Edward Fox as an English assassin hired to kill French president Charles de Gaulle , and Michael Lonsdale as
7854-486: The end date was extended to February 28, 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and 2021, which was correspondingly limited to March 1 to December 31. First Austrian Republic The First Austrian Republic ( German : Erste Österreichische Republik ), officially the Republic of Austria , was created after the signing of the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye on 10 September 1919—the settlement after
7973-681: The end of World War I which ended the Habsburg rump state of Republic of German-Austria —and ended with the establishment of the Austrofascist Federal State of Austria based upon a dictatorship of Engelbert Dollfuss and the Fatherland's Front in 1934. The Republic's constitution was enacted on 1 October 1920 and amended on 7 December 1929. The republican period was increasingly marked by violent strife between those with left-wing and right-wing views, leading to
8092-409: The end of October 1929, at the time of the stock market crash . Despite the financial panic then beginning, he found New York to be a different cultural environment: New York was a terrific experience, full of excitement, with a vitality and pace then totally lacking in Europe. It was as though I had just left a continent of zombies and entered a place humming with incredible energy and power. He took
8211-474: The end, he must meet his chosen fate all by himself, his town's doors and windows firmly locked against him. It is a story that still happens everywhere, every day. For his screen adaptation of the play The Member of the Wedding (1952), Zinnemann chose Julie Harris as the film's 12-year-old protagonist , although she was by then 26 years old. Two years earlier Harris had created the role on Broadway just as
8330-627: The film and is the only category in which every member of the Academy is eligible to submit a nomination and vote on the final ballot. The Best Picture category is traditionally the final award of the night and is widely considered the most prestigious honor of the ceremony. The Grand Staircase columns at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood , where the Academy Awards ceremonies have been held since 2002, showcase every film that has won
8449-446: The film-festival premiere is considered, Crash and The Hurt Locker ). This is also the year before the ceremony at which the award is given; for example, a film exhibited theatrically during 2005 was eligible for consideration for the 2005 Best Picture Oscar , awarded in 2006. The number of the ceremony (1st, 2nd, etc.) appears in parentheses after the awards year, linked to the article on that ceremony. Each individual entry shows
8568-399: The first project in which he "felt comfortable knowing exactly what I wanted and exactly how to get it." The Men (1950) stars Marlon Brando as a paraplegic war veteran. It was Brando's first film. Zinnemann filmed many scenes in a California hospital where real patients served as extras. It was followed by Teresa (1951), starring Pier Angeli . Perhaps Zinnemann's best-known work
8687-425: The first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. For example, the 2nd Academy Awards presented on April 3, 1930, recognized films that were released between August 1, 1928, and July 31, 1929. Starting with the 7th Academy Awards, held in 1935, the period of eligibility became the full previous calendar year from January 1 to December 31. This has been the rule every year since except 2020, when
8806-423: The former Austrian half of the empire was now part of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. The new constitution created a bi-cameral legislature with the upper house—the Federal Council —formed by representatives from federal states and the lower house—the National Council —to which deputies were elected in universal elections. The Federal President was elected for a four-year term in a full session of both houses, while
8925-556: The growing Austrian Nazi party , which wanted Austria to join Germany. Dollfuss's Austrofascism tied Austrian identity to the Roman Catholic Church as an argument against a union of Austria with predominantly Protestant Germany. Political violence escalated into the Austrian Civil War of February 1934, between Social Democrats and government forces. On 1 May 1934, Dollfuss created a one-party state , to be led by
9044-457: The issues in the film, for him, were broader, and were more about conscience and independent, uncompromising fearlessness. He says, " High Noon is "not a Western, as far as I'm concerned; it just happens to be set in the Old West." Film critic Stephen Prince suggests that the character of Kane actually represents Zinnemann, who tried to create an atmosphere of impending threat on the horizon,
9163-519: The landscape a harsh "newsreel" quality that clashed with the more painterly cinematography of John Ford's westerns. During production he established a strong rapport with Gary Cooper , photographing the aging actor in many tight close-ups which showed him sweating, and at one point, even crying on screen. Screenwriter Carl Foreman apparently intended High Noon to be an allegory of Senator Joseph McCarthy 's vendetta against alleged Communists. However, Zinnemann disagreed, insisting, late in life, that
9282-423: The latter by the art film Sunrise . Each award was intended to honor different and equally important aspects of superior filmmaking. In particular, The Jazz Singer was disqualified from both awards, since its use of synchronized sound made the film a sui generis item that would have unfairly competed against either category, and the Academy granted the film an honorary award instead. The following year,
9401-597: The locals, which is one of the earliest examples of social realism in narrative film. Earlier in the decade, in fact, Zinnemann had worked with documentarian Robert Flaherty , "probably the greatest single influence on my work as a filmmaker", he said. Although he was fascinated by the artistic culture of Germany, with its theater, music and films, he was also aware that the country was in a deep economic crisis. He became disenchanted with Berlin after continually seeing decadent ostentation and luxury existing alongside desperate unemployment. The wealthy classes were moving more to
9520-526: The mistake and announced that Moonlight had won the award. In the list below, winners are listed first in the gold row, followed by the other nominees. Except for the early years (when the Academy used a non-calendar year), the year shown is the one in which the film first premiered in Los Angeles County, California ; normally this is also the year of first release; however, it may be the year after first release (as with Casablanca and, if
9639-747: The next two years the state budget was stabilized and international supervision over finances ended in March 1926. Austria's central bank Oesterreichische Nationalbank was re-established in 1923, a sales tax was introduced in 1923, and the Austrian Schilling replaced the Krone in December 1924. The Great Depression hit Austria hard and in May 1931 the largest bank in Austria, Creditanstalt Bank, collapsed. To improve its economy, Austria wanted to conclude
9758-414: The only sequels to be nominated without any predecessors being nominated. The Godfather Part II and The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King are the only sequels to have won the award, and their respective trilogies are the only series to have three films nominated. The Godfather series is the only film series with multiple Best Picture winners, with the first film winning the award for 1972 and
9877-603: The opposition until 1934, when they were banned by Dollfuss. The Christian Socials won 85, Social Democrats 69, Greater Germany Party 20 and Peasants Union 8 seats. Michael Hainisch was elected Federal President. After the October 1923 elections Ignaz Seipel stayed in power and resigned in November 1924 when he was succeeded by Rudolf Ramek . In December 1928 the Christian Social Wilhelm Miklas
9996-483: The parliament , which gave him the opportunity to establish an authoritarian government without a parliament. In May 1933 he created the Fatherland Front ( German : Vaterländische Front ). While outwardly fascist, it was mostly Catholic and influenced by the papal encyclical Quadragesimo anno of 1931 which refuted liberalism and socialism in favour of corporatism . The government was in competition with
10115-536: The political right and the poor to the left. "Emotion had long since begun to displace reason," he said. As a result of the changing political climate, along with the fact that sound films had arrived in Europe, which was technically unprepared to produce their own, film production throughout Europe slowed dramatically. Zinnemann, then only 21, got his parents' permission to go to America where he hoped filmmaking opportunities would be greater. He arrived in New York at
10234-584: The record for most nominations without a win at eight. Sam Spiegel and Saul Zaentz tie for the most wins with three each. As for the time when the Oscar was given to production companies instead, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer holds the record with five wins and 40 nominations. The Academy Awards for Best Picture and Best Director have been closely linked throughout their history. Of the 96 films that have won Best Picture, 69 have also been awarded Best Director. Only six films have been awarded Best Picture without receiving
10353-473: The regime as he aids Tracy. After World War II, Zinnemann learned that both of his parents had been murdered in the Holocaust . He was frustrated by his studio contract, which dictated that he did not have a choice in directing films like Little Mister Jim (1946) and My Brother Talks to Horses (1947) despite his lack of interest in their subject matter. However, his next film, The Search (1948), won an Oscar for screenwriting and secured his position in
10472-569: The religious life to join the Belgian resistance in the Second World War . The film was based on the life of Marie Louise Habets . Hepburn, who gave up the chance to play Anne Frank in order to work on The Nun's Story , considered the film to be her best and most personal work. Zinnemann's style of cutting from close-up to close-up was heavily influenced by Carl Theodor Dreyer's The Passion of Joan of Arc (1928), his favorite film. He
10591-416: The roles with each actor separately and in depth. "In this way we make sure long before the filming starts that we are on the same wavelength," he says. Zinnemann's films are mostly dramas about lone and principled individuals tested by tragic events, including High Noon (1952), From Here to Eternity (1953); The Nun's Story (1959); A Man For All Seasons (1966); and Julia (1977). Regarded as
10710-475: The second adaptation of the same source material for a previous Best Picture winner to be nominated for the same award after 1962's Mutiny on the Bounty . For that same ceremony, CODA became the second remake of a non-English-language or international film to win. The 2022 German-language All Quiet on the Western Front is the second adaptation of the 1929 novel after the 1930 English-language film , and
10829-490: The sequel to the 1944 winner, Going My Way ), The Godfather Part II (1974), The Godfather Part III (1990), The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002), The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003), Toy Story 3 (2010), Mad Max: Fury Road (2015) , Avatar: The Way of Water (2022) and Top Gun: Maverick (2022). Toy Story 3 , Mad Max: Fury Road and Top Gun: Maverick are
10948-534: The standards "basically break down into two big buckets: standards promoting more inclusive representation and standards promoting more inclusive employment". The standards are intended to provide greater opportunities for employment, in cast, crew, studio apprenticeships and internships, and development, marketing, publicity, and distribution executives, among underrepresented racial and ethnic groups, women, LGBTQ+ people, and persons with cognitive or physical disabilities (not counting developmental disabilities like
11067-472: The story is known as "You First," and is often alluded to when veteran creators find that upstarts are unfamiliar with their work. Zinnemann insisted, "I've been trying to disown that story for years. It seems to me Billy Wilder told it to me about himself." Zinnemann died of a heart attack in London, England on March 14, 1997. He was 89 years old. Zinneman's remains were cremated at Kensal Green Cemetery and
11186-422: The studio attempted to hold Zinnemann responsible for at least $ 1 million of the $ 3.5 million that had already been spent on pre-production. In protest, Zinnemann filed a lawsuit against the studio, and it would be four years before he would make his next film. By the early 1970s, Zinnemann had been out of work since the cancellation of Man's Fate ; he believed it had "marked the end of an era in picture making and
11305-436: The third adaptation of the same source material of a previous Best Picture winner. At the 1st Academy Awards , the Best Picture award (then named "Academy Award for Outstanding Picture") was presented to the 1927 silent film Wings . The Artist (2011) was the first essentially silent (with the exception of a single scene of dialogue, and a dream sequence with sound effects) film since Wings to win Best Picture. It
11424-451: The title followed by nominee. Until 1950, the Best Picture award was given to the production company; from 1951 on, it has gone to the producer or producers. The Academy used the producer credits of the Producers Guild of America (PGA) until 1998, when all five producers of Shakespeare in Love made speeches after its win. A three-producer limit has been applied some years since. There
11543-544: The two films have different casts and creative teams and were not presented as a series. The Lion in Winter features Peter O'Toole as King Henry II , a role he had played previously in the film Becket , but The Lion in Winter is not a sequel to Becket . Similarly, The Queen features Michael Sheen as Tony Blair , a role he had played previously in the television film The Deal . Christine Langan , producer of both productions, described The Queen as not being
11662-409: The two other leading actors, Ethel Waters and Brandon deWilde , had. Zinnemann's next film, From Here to Eternity (1953), based on the novel by James Jones , was nominated for 13 Academy Awards and would go on to win 8, including Best Picture and Best Director. Zinnemann fought hard with producer Harry Cohn to cast Montgomery Clift as the character of Prewitt, although Frank Sinatra , who
11781-734: Was Hungary's claim to Burgenland , which, under the name "Western Hungary", had been part of the Hungarian kingdom since 907. It was inhabited mostly by a German-speaking population, but had also Croat- and Hungarian-speaking minorities. Through the Treaty of St. Germain it became part of the Austrian Republic in 1921. However, after a plebiscite which was disputed by Austria, the provincial capital city of Sopron (German Ödenburg) remained in Hungary. The Treaty of Saint Germain angered
11900-569: Was a post- Spanish Civil War epic based on the book Killing a Mouse on Sunday by Emeric Pressburger and starred Gregory Peck , Anthony Quinn and Omar Sharif , but was both a critical and commercial flop; Zinnemann would later admit that the film "didn't really come together." In 1965 he was a member of the jury at the 4th Moscow International Film Festival . Zinnemann's fortunes changed once again with A Man for All Seasons (1966), scripted by Robert Bolt from his own play and starring Paul Scofield as Sir Thomas More , portraying him as
12019-546: Was always there, oppressive, often snide, sometimes hostile, seldom violent. It was in the air and one sensed it at all levels, in school, at work and in society. A Jew was an outsider, a threat to the country's culture. Born in Austria-Hungary (now Poland ), and raised as an Austrian, he would still never truly belong. —Fred Zinnemann Zinnemann was born in Rzeszów , the son of Anna (Feiwel) and Oskar Zinnemann,
12138-803: Was among the first directors to insist on using authentic locations and for mixing stars with non-professional actors to give his films more realism. Within the film industry, he was considered a maverick for taking risks and thereby creating unique films, with many of his stories being dramas about lone and principled individuals tested by tragic events. According to one historian, Zinnemann's style demonstrated his sense of "psychological realism and his apparent determination to make worthwhile pictures that are nevertheless highly entertaining." Among his films were The Search (1948), The Men (1950), High Noon (1952), From Here to Eternity (1953), Oklahoma! (1955), The Nun's Story (1959), The Sundowners (1960), A Man for All Seasons (1966), The Day of
12257-697: Was an American production), and The Zone of Interest (German/Polish/Yiddish, 2023). Parasite became the first film not in English to win Best Picture. Ten films wholly financed outside the United States have won Best Picture, eight of which were financed, in part or in whole, by the United Kingdom: Hamlet (1948), Tom Jones (1963), A Man for All Seasons (1966), Chariots of Fire (1981), Gandhi (1982), The Last Emperor (1987), Slumdog Millionaire (2008), and The King's Speech (2010). The ninth film, The Artist (2011),
12376-601: Was an American production); Amour (French, 2012); Roma (Spanish/Mixtec, 2018); Parasite (Korean, 2019); Minari (Korean, 2020, but ineligible for Best International Feature Film because it was an American production); Drive My Car (Japanese/Korean/Mandarin Chinese/German/ Korean Sign Language , 2021), All Quiet on the Western Front (German, 2022), Anatomy of a Fall (French, 2023), Past Lives (Korean, 2023, but ineligible for Best International Feature Film because it
12495-521: Was at the lowest point of his popularity, cast himself in the role of "Maggio" against Zinnemann's wishes. Sinatra would later win an Oscar for Best Supporting Actor. From Here to Eternity also featured Deborah Kerr , best known for prim and proper roles, as a philandering Army wife. Donna Reed played the role of Alma "Lorene" Burke, a prostitute and mistress of Montgomery Clift's character which earned her an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for 1953. In Oklahoma! (1955), Zinnemann's version of
12614-428: Was both a critical and commercial flop, although Zinnemann would be told by various critics in later years that they considered it an underrated achievement. Zinnemann blamed the film's critical and commercial failure for his retirement from filmmaking: "I'm not saying it was a good picture. But there was a degree of viciousness in the reviews. The pleasure some people took in tearing down the film really hurt." Zinnemann
12733-439: Was controversy over the exclusion of some PGA-credited producers of Crash and Little Miss Sunshine . The Academy can make exceptions to the limit, as when Anthony Minghella and Sydney Pollack were posthumously among the four nominated for The Reader . However, now any number of producers on a film can be nominated for Best Picture, should they be deemed eligible. For the first ceremony, three films were nominated for
12852-494: Was dominated by the anti-Anschluss Christian Social Party which retained close ties to the Roman Catholic Church . The party's first Chancellor Ignaz Seipel came to power in May 1922 and attempted to forge a political alliance between wealthy industrialists and the Roman Catholic Church. After the legislative elections of October 17, 1920, the Social Democrats lost the parliamentary majority and remained in
12971-628: Was elected to the post of Federal President and on 7 December 1929 the Constitution was amended, reducing the rights of the Parliament, making the Federal President electable by a popular vote and giving him the right to appoint the federal government and to issue emergency laws. After the 1930 legislative elections the Social Democrats emerged as the largest party with 72 seats, but Christian Social Chancellor Otto Ender created
13090-546: Was extraordinary enough to merit consideration for an award as well. Zinnemann's final film was Five Days One Summer (1982), filmed in Switzerland and based on the short story Maiden, Maiden by Kay Boyle . It starred Sean Connery and Betsy Brantley as a "couple" vacationing in the Alps in the 1930s, and a young Lambert Wilson as a mountain-climbing guide who grows heavily suspicious of their relationship. The film
13209-634: Was financed in France, and the tenth film, Parasite (2019), was financed in South Korea. Since 1968, most Best Picture winners have been rated R under the Motion Picture Association 's rating system . Oliver! is the only G-rated film and Midnight Cowboy is the only X-rated film (what is categorized as an NC-17 film today), so far, to win Best Picture; they won in back-to-back years, 1968 and 1969. The latter has since been changed to an R rating. Eleven films have won with
13328-445: Was further complicated by the fact that a number of these new nation-states were still dependent on Vienna's banks, but business was hampered by the newly erected borders and tariffs. The landlocked Austria was barely able to support itself with food and lacked a developed industrial basis. In addition, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia and Italy had imposed a trade blockade and refused to sell food and coal to Austria, which eventually
13447-577: Was grateful that Hepburn was easy to work with: I have never seen anyone more disciplined, more gracious or more dedicated to her work than Audrey. There was no ego, no asking for extra favors; there was the greatest consideration for her co-workers. The Sundowners (1960), starring Robert Mitchum and Deborah Kerr as an Australian outback husband and wife, led to more Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture, Best Director, Best Screenplay, Best Actress (Kerr) and Best Supporting Actress ( Glynis Johns ), but won none. Behold A Pale Horse (1964)
13566-408: Was introduced in 1941. Several musical adaptations based on material previously filmed in non-musical form have won Best Picture, including Gigi , West Side Story , My Fair Lady , The Sound of Music , Oliver! , and Chicago . Several epics or historical epic films have won Best Picture, including the first recipient Wings . Others include Cimarron , Cavalcade , Gone with
13685-539: Was presented to a representative of the production company. That year the protocol was changed so that the award was presented to all credited producers. This rule was modified in 1999 to apply a maximum limit of three producers receiving the award, after the five producers of Shakespeare in Love had received the award. As of 2020 , the "Special Rules for the Best Picture of the Year Award" limit recipients to those who meet two main requirements: The rules allow
13804-487: Was saved by aid and support from the Western Allies. By 1922 one US dollar was worth 19,000 kronen and half the population was unemployed. In December 1921 the Treaty of Lana between Austria and Czechoslovakia was signed in which Austria recognized the new state borders and relinquished claims to represent ethnic Germans living on the territory of the newly created Czechoslovakia. In return Czechoslovakia provided
13923-495: Was the first one to win. Titanic (1997) is the only disaster film to win Best Picture, though other such films have been nominated, including Airport (1970) and The Towering Inferno (1974). No documentary feature has been nominated for Best Picture, although Chang: A Drama of the Wilderness was nominated in the Unique and Artistic Picture category at the 1927/28 awards. A Best Documentary Feature category
14042-422: Was the first silent nominee since 1928's The Patriot . It was the first Best Picture winner to be produced entirely in black-and-white since 1960's The Apartment . ( Schindler's List , the 1993 winner, was predominantly black-and-white but contains some color sequences.) No Best Picture winner has been lost , though a few such as All Quiet on the Western Front and Lawrence of Arabia exist only in
14161-407: Was the story of a man who must make a decision according to his conscience. His town – symbol of a democracy gone soft – faces a horrendous threat to its people's way of life. Determined to resist, and in deep trouble, he moves all over the place looking for support but finding that there is nobody who will help him; each has a reason of his own for not getting involved. In
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