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149-536: The site was used by Prussian Army , before it was turned into a sports facility. The site became the parade ground of the 1st (Emperor Alexander) Guards Grenadiers , after the Prussian military had acquired the area from Christian Wilhelm Griebenow in 1825. The site got the nickname "Exer" from the military use. "Exer" is derived from the German word Exerzierplatz , meaning "Parade ground" or "Drill ground". The site

298-842: A bulwark of the conservative Prussian royal government. In the 19th century, the Prussian Army fought successful wars against Kingdom of Denmark in the Second Schleswig War of 1864; versus the Austrian Empire ( Austria ) in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866; and the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871 with the Second French Empire of France , led by Emperor Napoleon III ; which allowing Prussia to lead and dominate in

447-451: A foul committed over the line bounding the penalty area results in a penalty. Therefore, a ball has to completely cross the touchline to be out of play, and a ball has to fully cross the goal line (between the goal posts) in order for a goal to be scored; if any part of the ball is still on or above the line, a goal is not scored and the ball is still in play. The field descriptions that apply to adult matches are described below. Because of

596-620: A goal is in John Day 's play The Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green (performed circa 1600; published 1659). Similarly in a poem in 1613, Michael Drayton refers to "when the Ball to throw, And drive it to the Gole, in squadrons forth they goe". Solid crossbars were first introduced by the Sheffield Rules . Football nets were invented by Liverpool engineer John Brodie in 1891, and they were

745-497: A minute, three times as fast as most armies. Punishments were draconian in nature, such as running the gauntlet, and despite the threat of hanging, many peasant conscripts deserted when they could. Uniforms and weaponry were standardized. Pigtails and, in those regiments which wore it, facial hair were to be of uniform length within a regiment; soldiers who could not adequately grow beards or moustaches were expected to paint an outline on their faces. Frederick William I reduced

894-456: A mixture made of 63% by weight of methyl methacrylate , 32% by weight of polyethylene glycol , crosslinked with 5% by weight of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate . This has up to a 99% shape recovery rate with very heavy impacts (such as that of a high speed player hitting the post), and deform significantly enough so as to reduce the impact on the player. This significantly improves player safety, while sacrificing very little in terms of function of

1043-457: A mostly native-born army, Frederick II wanted to have a mostly foreign-born army, preferring to have native Prussians be taxpayers and producers. The Prussian Army consisted of 187,000 soldiers in 1776, 90,000 of whom were Prussian subjects in central and eastern Prussia. The remainder were foreign (both German and non-German) volunteers or conscripts. Frederick established the Gardes du Corps as

1192-412: A necessary help for discussions about whether or not a goal had been scored. Two rectangular boxes are marked out on the pitch in front of each goal. The goal area (colloquially the "six-yard box" ), consists of the rectangle formed by the goal-line, two lines starting on the goal-line 6 yards (5.49 metres) from the goalposts and extending 6 yards (5.49 metres) into the pitch from the goal-line, and

1341-428: A penalty kick. The centre circle is marked at 10 yards (9.14 metres) from the centre mark . Similar to the penalty arc, this indicates the minimum distance that opposing players have to keep at kick-off ; the ball itself is placed on the centre mark . During penalty shootouts all players other than the two goalkeepers and the current kicker are required to remain within this circle. The half-way line divides

1490-717: A series of complicated formations and deployments hidden from the Austrians, the Prussians successfully struck their enemy's flank at Leuthen , with Friedrich once again directing the battle; the Austrian position in the province collapsed, resulting in a Prussian victory even more impressive than the one at Rossbach. Frederick's maneuvers were unsuccessful against the Russians in the bloody Battle of Zorndorf , however, and Prussian forces were crushed at Kunersdorf (1759). Like

1639-499: A shape that does not pose a threat to players. Despite this, injuries due to goalpost collisions are still quite common, and not much research goes into this aspect of player safety. Recent developments in material science, however, have shown that there are a variety of materials that can be used to coat goalposts to reduce impact on players, hence improving safety. The majority of these materials come from various mixtures of polymers with desirable properties. An example of this would be

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1788-454: A smaller stadium as well as additional pitches and fields, courts and facilities for football, volleyball, tennis, basketball and others sports. There are four football pitches , of which two have artificial turf , five courts and two other sports fields. VSG Altglienicke and Berlin Thunder are currently the main tentants of the stadium as of 2023. BFC Dynamo was the main tenant of

1937-590: A squadron of life guards . Disregarding the Pragmatic Sanction , Frederick began the Silesian Wars shortly after taking the throne. Although the inexperienced king retreated from the battle, the Prussian Army achieved victory over Austria in the Battle of Mollwitz (1741) under the leadership of Field Marshal Schwerin . The Prussian cavalry under Schulenburg had performed poorly at Mollwitz;

2086-568: A strong proponent of war game training for officers and introduced the breech-loading needle gun to troops, which allowed them to fire significantly faster than their adversaries. Moltke took advantage of the railroad , guiding the construction of rail lines within Prussia to likely places of deployment. Because modern armies had become too large and unwieldy for a single commander to control, Moltke supported multiple and independent smaller armies in concentric operations. Once one army encountered

2235-543: A successful flanking attack, he asserted that concentration could only take place after the commencement of a battle. This was a development of the Scharnhorst concept of "March Divided, Fight United." Football pitch A football pitch (also known as a soccer field in the United States) is the playing surface for the game of association football . Its dimensions and markings are defined by Law 1 of

2384-426: A tennis hall, a two–storey sports hall, new buildings for clubs and administration and for gymnastics, fitness and physiotherapy. Further plans includes a day care center and a multi-storey parking garage that could possibly also serve the popular Max-Schmeling-Halle . The Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark will continue to be a local sports facility, accessible also to non-club athletes. A new fitness park and running area

2533-481: A viable standing army , while King Frederick William I of Prussia (1688–1740, reigned 1713–1740), dramatically increased its size and improved its doctrines. King Frederick the Great (1712–1786, reigned 1740–1786), a formidable battle commander, led the disciplined Prussian troops to victory during the 18th century Silesian Wars and greatly increased the prestige and military reputation throughout Europe and among

2682-403: Is 12 yards (10.97 metres) in front of the very centre of the goal: this is the point from where penalty kicks are taken. The penalty arc (colloquially "the D" ) is marked from the outside edge of the penalty area, 10 yards (9.14 metres) from the penalty mark; this, along with the penalty area, marks an exclusion zone for all players other than the penalty kicker and defending goalkeeper during

2831-699: Is a public sports complex which covers an area of around 22 hectares and comprises several facilities. The largest building is the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Stadion, also known as the Jahnstadion or the Cantianstadion, from the adjacent street Cantianstraße. The Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Stadion is a multi-purpose stadium with around 20,000 seats, of which 15,000 are covered. The stadium is mostly used for football, but also for athletics and American football. The sports complex also contains

2980-517: Is also high, with Pankow having the highest growth rate in Berlin as of 2014. In preparation for the plans, more than 40 users of sport facilities in Berlin have been interviewed. The Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark plays and important role for the possibility of arranging major sports events in Berlin, with the Olympiastadion often considered too large. Regardless of potential Olympic bids,

3129-462: Is also planned. A cost of €170 million has been estimated for redevelopment of the facility from 2021 and onwards. The cost was estimated at €195 million in June 2020. The redevelopment plans have met objections. The initiative Bürgerinitiative Jahnsportpark is committed to maintaining the stadium as an example of Eastern modernist architecture that it considers worth protecting. Instead of demolition,

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3278-429: Is highly popular and the needs for sporting facilities in Berlin are many. The Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark hosted 1,400 sporting events in 2014 and reported 169 training times per week in 2015. Even when stadium is empty, the area around is crowded. The neighboring Mauerpark is popular among the citizens of Berlin. Its flea market attracts more than 40,000 visitors each Sunday. The population pressure of Prenzlauer Berg

3427-421: Is intended to serve as a base for parasports and a center for possible Paralympic Games in Berlin. A feasibility study for the area has been available since January 2015, in which, among other things, the demolition and reconstruction of the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Stadion is recommended due to ailing structures of the main stand and the cost for the redevelopment is estimated at €150 million. The largest part of

3576-462: Is very wet, causing the grass to deteriorate rapidly; where it is very dry, causing the grass to die; and where the turf is under heavy use. Artificial turf pitches are also increasingly common in the Nordic countries , due to the amount of snow during the winter months. The strain put on grass pitches by the cold climate and subsequent snow clearing has necessitated the installation of artificial turf in

3725-652: The Zieten Hussars . For his great services at Hohenfriedberg Hans Karl von Winterfeldt , a good friend of King Frederick, rose to prominence. Austria allied with its traditional rival, France, in the Diplomatic Revolution (1756); Austria, France, and Russia were all aligned against Prussia. Frederick preemptively attacked his enemies with an army of 150,000, beginning the Seven Years' War . The Austrian Army had been reformed by Kaunitz , and

3874-533: The Junkers , the Prussian landed aristocracy , to serve in the army, Although initially reluctant about the army, the nobles eventually saw the officer corps as its natural profession. Until 1730 the common soldiers consisted largely of serfs recruited or impressed from Brandenburg , Pomerania and East Prussia , leading many to flee to neighboring countries. In order to halt this trend, Frederick William I divided Prussia into regimental cantons . Every youth

4023-452: The 1848 revolution , the king reluctantly agreed to the creation of a civilian defense force ( Bürgerwehr ) in his capital. A national assembly to write a constitution was convened for the first time, but its slowness allowed the reactionary forces to regroup. General Friedrich Graf von Wrangel led the reconquest of Berlin, which was supported by a middle class weary of a people's revolution. Prussian troops were subsequently used to suppress

4172-553: The 1975-76 DDR-Oberliga on 23 August 1975. The team then drew 22,000 spectators to its home match against BSG Energie Cottbus on the following matchday. BFC Dynamo played its home matches at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark until the beginning of the 1992-93 season . The team only temporarily moved back to the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum during the 1986–87 season , as the large stadium in

4321-649: The Bauhaus school until 1933. He left East Germany for West Germany in 1951. The facility was initially known as Berliner Sportpark, but the East Berlin City Council decided to name the facility Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark to honour the centenary of Friedrich Ludwig Jahn . Friedrich Ludwig Jahn is known in Germany as the father of gymnastics. The Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Stadion has been modernized and expanded several times. A floodlight system

4470-766: The French Revolution of 1789–1793, overthrowing of the French monarchy , execution of King Louis XVI , and the Royal House of Bourbon . The continuing strife spilling over French borders of the following French Revolutionary Wars (1792-1802), and then the Napoleonic Wars , and rise of the First French Empire of France under Napoleon Bonaparte (1769–1821), defeated Prussia in the War of

4619-677: The International Stadionfest (ISTAF) that took place in West Berlin . The Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark hosted the 1998 German Athletics Championships and the ISTAF took place at the stadium in 2002 and 2003, during the renovation of the Olympiastadion. The Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark was also the venue of the 2018 World Para Athletics European Championships . A total of 18 world records have been set in

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4768-470: The Krümpersystem , by which companies replaced 3–5 men monthly, allowing up to 60 extra men to be trained annually per company. This system granted the army a larger reserve of 30,000–150,000 extra troops. The Krümpersystem was also the beginning of short-term (3 years') compulsory service in Prussia, as opposed to the long-term (5 to 10 years') conscription previously used since the 1650s. Because

4917-501: The Laws of the Game , "The Field of Play". The pitch is typically made of natural turf or artificial turf , although amateur and recreational teams often play on dirt fields. Artificial surfaces are allowed only to be green in colour. All line markings on the pitch form part of the area which they define. For example, a ball on or above the touchline is still on the field of play, and

5066-684: The Mommsenstadion and the Olympiastadion . The department for the Interior and Sports of the Senate of Berlin decided to made the Fiedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Stadion available for Viktoria Berlin for two years. However, the capacity of the stadium was reduced to 10,000 seats and a new floodlight system had to be installed. The floodlight system that was used by BFC Dynamo and VSG Altglienicke in the 2020–21 Regionalliga Nordost

5215-472: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . Despite having expelled Swedish forces from the territory, the elector did not acquire Vorpommern in the 1660 Treaty of Oliva , as the balance of power had been restored. In the early 1670s, Frederick William supported Imperial attempts to reclaim Alsace and counter the expansion of Louis XIV of France. Swedish troops invaded Brandenburg in 1674 while

5364-570: The Regionalliga Nordost at the end of the 2013-14 NOFV-Oberliga Nord . The team eventually moved its home matches to the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark for the 2014–15 Regionalliga Nordost , after 22 seasons at the Stadion im Sportforum. The match between BFC Dynamo and FC Schalke 04 in the first round of the 2017-18 DFB-Pokal at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 17 August 2017 was watched by 14,117 spectators. The attendance

5513-528: The Stadion auf dem Wurfplatz . However, the stadium was opened again for the 2021–22 season. Viktoria Berlin qualified for the 3. Liga after the 2020–21 Regonalliga Nordost . As the Stadion Lichterfelde does not meet the requirements for the 3. Liga the club had to find a new home ground in order to obtain a license for the 2021-22 3. Liga . Several alternatives were considered, including

5662-711: The Unification of Germany , establishing the German Empire in 1871. The Royal Prussian Army formed the core of the new larger Imperial German Army , which was replaced by the Reichswehr after the defeat in World War I ( 1914 - 1918 ), in the First German Republic (Weimar Republic) during the 1920s and early 1930s . The army of Prussia grew out of the united armed forces created during

5811-589: The War of the Spanish Succession . His friend, Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau , served as the royal drill sergeant for the Prussian Army. Leopold introduced the iron ramrod , increasing Prussian firepower, and the slow march, or goose-step . He also vastly increased the role of music in the Army, dedicating a large number of musician-troops, especially drummers and fifers, to use music for increasing morale in battle. The usefulness of music in battles

5960-572: The army of the Kingdom of Prussia . It became vital to the development of Prussia as a European political and military power and within Germany . The Royal Prussian Army had its roots in the core mercenary forces of Brandenburg-Prussia during the long religious strife of the Thirty Years' War of 1618 – 1648 . Elector Frederick William (1620–1688, reigned 1640–1688), developed it into

6109-566: The corners denote the area (within 1 yard (0.91 metres) of the corner) in which the ball has to be placed for corner kicks; opposition players have to be 10 yards (9.14 metres) away during a corner, and there may be optional lines off-pitch 10 yards (9.14 metres) away from the corner arc on the goal- and touch-lines to help gauge these distances. Grass is the normal surface of play, although artificial turf may sometimes be used especially in locations where maintenance of grass may be difficult due to inclement weather. This may include areas where it

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6258-542: The cuirassiers , originally trained on heavy horses, were subsequently retrained on more maneuverable, lighter horses. The hussars and dragoons of General Zieten were also expanded. These changes led to a Prussian victory at Chotusitz (1742) in Bohemia , and Austria conceded Silesia to Frederick with the Peace of Breslau. In September 1743, Frederick held the first fall maneuver ( Herbstübung ). The different branches of

6407-670: The 1656 Battle of Warsaw , during the Northern Wars . Observers were impressed with the discipline of the Brandenburger troops, as well as their treatment of civilians, which was considered more humane than that of their allies, the Swedish Army . Hohenzollern success enabled Frederick William to assume full sovereignty over the Duchy of Prussia in the 1657 Treaty of Wehlau , by which Brandenburg-Prussia allied itself with

6556-484: The 1806 defeats, the reformers wanted to cultivate patriotism within the country. Stein's reforms abolished serfdom in 1807 and initiated local city government in 1808. The generals of the army were completely overhauled – of the 143 Prussian generals in 1806, only Blücher and Tauentzien remained by the Sixth Coalition ; many were allowed to redeem their reputations in the war of 1813. The officer corps

6705-472: The Army tested new formations and tactics; the fall maneuvers became annual traditions of the Prussian Army. Austria tried to reclaim Silesia in the Second Silesian War. Although successful in outmaneuvering Frederick in 1744, the Austrians were crushed by the king himself in the Battle of Hohenfriedberg and the Battle of Soor (1745). The Prussian cavalry excelled during the battle, especially

6854-488: The Battles of Leipzig (1813) and Waterloo (1815). Later staff officers were impressed with the simultaneous operations of separate groups of the Prussian Army. The Iron Cross was introduced as a military decoration by King Frederick William III in 1813. After the publication of his book On War , Clausewitz became a widely studied philosopher of war. The Prussian General Staff , which developed out of meetings of

7003-906: The Eberswalder Straße and Topsstraße, and on the west by the Mauerpark (which formed part of the Berlin Wall from 1961 to 1989). The Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark can be reached via the U-Bahn line U2 , station Eberswalder Straße , and via the tram lines M1, M10 and 12. Prussian Army Seven Years' War War of the Bavarian Succession French Revolutionary Wars Napoleonic Wars The Royal Prussian Army (1701–1919, German : Königlich Preußische Armee ) served as

7152-498: The English Premier League, measure 112 to 115 yards (102.4 to 105.2 metres) long and 70 to 75 yards (64.0 to 68.6 metres) wide. Although the term goal line is often taken to mean only that part of the line between the goalposts, in fact it refers to the complete line at either end of the pitch, from one corner flag to the other. In contrast the term byline (or by-line ) is often used to refer to that portion of

7301-455: The Exer as a parade ground in the late 19th century. The area was then surrounded by residential buildings. The Exer was instead redeveloped as a training field, so that it could be used by athletes. The training field served as the first home ground of Hertha BSC (then named BFC Hertha 1892) until 1904. The city of Berlin purchased the area in 1912 and developed it for sports use in 1913. Berlin

7450-605: The Fourth Coalition in 1806–1807. However, under the subsequent leadership of Gerhard von Scharnhorst (1755-1814), Prussian military reformers began modernizing the Royal Prussian Army, which contributed greatly to the later final defeat and exile of Napoleon during the War of the Sixth Coalition . Conservatives halted some of the reforms, however, and the Prussian Army subsequently became

7599-483: The Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark during the 1971–72 season. The large stadium was equipped with floodlights, unlike the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum , which permitted for matches in the evening. BFC Dynamo played its home matches in the 1971-72 European Cup Winners' Cup at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark. 30,000 spectators watched the match against Åtvidabergs FF in the quarter-finals on 22 April 1972 and

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7748-499: The Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark for the second half of the 2022–23 season . Berlin Thunder of the European League of Football began using the stadium in 2021. The facility is also used by football clubs SV Empor Berlin and FC Bundestag. The Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark was the home ground of army-sponsored FC Vorwärts Berlin and its predecessors from 1953. ASK Vorwärts Berlin, which then became FC Vorwärts Berlin,

7897-401: The Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark was then undergoing a thorough renovation for the upcoming 10th World Festival of Youth and Students . BFC Dynamo moved its home matches to the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark in 1975–76 season. The team celebrated its move to the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark with a 7–1 win over FC Vorwärts Frankfurt in front of 10,000 spectators on the first matchday of

8046-503: The Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark was under renovation. BFC Dynamo celebrated nine of its ten DDR-Oberliga titles at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark and played most of its home matches in the European competitions in the 1970s and 1980s at the stadium. BFC Dynamo hosted teams such as Cardiff City FC , Red Star Belgrade , Nottingham Forest , Aston Villa , Hamburger SV , AS Roma , FC Aberdeen , Werder Bremen and AS Monaco at

8195-593: The Great Elector with his senior officers and the informal meeting of the Napoleonic Era reformers, was formally created in 1814. In the same year Boyen and Grolman drafted a law for universal conscription, by which men would successively serve in the standing army, the Landwehr and the local Landsturm until the age of 39. Troops of the 156,000-strong standing army served for three years and were in

8344-567: The Lonely Poplar in front of Schönhauser Tor to demand voting rights, a 12-hour work day, minimum wages and public, rather than private or religious, schools from Prussian king Friedrich Wilhelm IV . The demonstration is today marked by a memorial stone on the site. The poplar was cut down in 1968. A tree descending from the old poplar, grown in a plantation in Dresden , surrounded by aspen trees now stands on its place. The army gave up

8493-401: The Prussian Army during his tenure. He expanded the General Staff, creating peacetime subdivisions such as the Mobilization, Geographical-Statistical and Military History Sections. In 1869, he issued a handbook for warfare on the operational level, Instructions for Large Unit Commanders , writing, "The modern conduct of war is marked by the striving for a great and rapid decision". Moltke was

8642-399: The Prussian state, General Gerhard von Scharnhorst began to reform the military. He led a Military Reorganization Committee, which included Generals August von Gneisenau , Karl von Grolman , and Hermann von Boyen as well as the civilian vom Steinen. Prussian military officer, Carl von Clausewitz assisted with the reorganization as well. Dismayed by the populace's indifferent reaction to

8791-501: The Swedish invaders during the " Great Sleigh Drive " of 1678–79; Thomas Carlyle compared the wintertime Swedish retreat to that of Napoleon from Moscow. Frederick William built the Hohenzollern army up to a peacetime size of 7,000 and a wartime size of 15,000–30,000. Its success in battle against Sweden and Poland increased Brandenburg-Prussia's prestige, while also allowing the Great Elector to pursue absolutist policies against estates and towns. In his political testament of 1667,

8940-414: The additional funds. Although the Landtag was opposed to these actions, William maintained the new regiments with the guidance of Manteuffel . The liberal and middle-class Landwehr was thus subordinated in favor of the regular army, which was composed mostly of peasantry loyal to the Hohenzollern monarchy and conservative Junkers . Moltke the Elder , Chief of the General Staff from 1857–88, modernized

9089-402: The aged Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick , and the army began to degrade in quality. Led by veterans of the Silesian Wars, the Prussian Army was ill-equipped to deal with Revolutionary France . The officers retained the same training, tactics and weaponry used by Frederick the Great some forty years earlier. In comparison, the French Revolutionary Army , especially under Napoleon ,

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9238-408: The army from 39,000 to 45,000 troops; by the end of Frederick William I's reign, the army had doubled in size. The General War Commissary, responsible for the army and revenue, was removed from interference by the estates and placed strictly under the control of officials appointed by the king. Frederick William I restricted enrollment in the officer corps to Germans of noble descent and compelled

9387-414: The army's size during peacetime, but the elector avoided their demands through political concessions , evasion and economy. In the 1653 Brandenburg Recess between Frederick William and the estates of Brandenburg, the nobility provided the sovereign with 530,000 thalers in return for affirmation of their privileges. The Junkers thus cemented their political power at the expense of the peasantry. Once

9536-460: The army—while the populace had risen from 10 million to 18 million since 1820, the annual army recruits had remained 40,000. Although Bonin opposed Roon's desired weakening of the Landwehr , William I was alarmed by the nationalistic Second Italian War of Independence . Bonin resigned as Minister of War and was replaced with Roon. The government submitted Roon's army reform bill in February 1860. The Landtag opposed many of its provisions, especially

9685-485: The arts in imitation of Versailles , the new king recognized that the importance of the army and continued its expansion to 40,000 men. Frederick I was succeeded by his son, Frederick William I (1713–1740), the "Soldier-King" obsessed with the army and achieving self-sufficiency for his country. The new king dismissed most of the artisans from his father's court and granted military officers precedence over court officials. Ambitious and intelligent young men began to enter

9834-469: The ball was previously out of play and the goal being scored. It is also deemed void if a player on the opposing team commits an offence before the ball has passed the line, as in the case of fouls being committed, a penalty awarded but the ball continued on a path that caused it to cross the goal line. The football goal size for a junior match goal is approximately half the size of an adult sized match goal. Football goals were first described in England in

9983-448: The bulk of the elector's forces were in Franconia's winter quarters. In 1675 Frederick William marched his troops northward and surrounded Wrangel 's troops. The elector achieved his greatest victory in the Battle of Fehrbellin ; although a minor battle, it brought fame to the Brandenburg-Prussian Army and gave Frederick William the nickname "the Great Elector". After Sweden invaded Prussia in late 1678, Frederick William's forces expelled

10132-408: The cautious king refused to support a new Prussian war, however, Schill led his hussar regiment against the occupying French, expecting to provoke a national uprising. The king considered Schill a mutineer , and the major's rebellion was crushed at Stralsund by French allies. The Treaty of Paris (24 February 1812) forced Prussia to provide 20,000 troops to Napoleon's Grande Armée , first under

10281-478: The city needs a medium-sized spots facility with seating capacity of 20,000 spectators for the German Athletics Championships , the German Bowl , German Rugby Union Championship and for the Autumn final of the competition Youth Training for the Paralympics (JTFP), according to the Senate of Berlin. The redeveloped Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark is going to be an inclusive sports facility, in which disabled and non-disabled athletes are equally active. The facility

10430-414: The counterpetition InklutionsSportpark on the platform Change.org in July 2020 to support the plans to build a new inclusive sports facility, together with additional demands. The additional demands include the construction of the new stadium as an inclusive stadium with regards to all sports and spectator areas, the use of one of the planned three-field sports halls as a research hall for inclusive sports and

10579-438: The crossbar is elevated to 8 feet (2.44 metres) above the pitch. As a result, the area that players shoot at is 192 square feet (17.84 square metres). Nets are usually placed behind the goal, though are not required by the Laws. Goalposts and crossbars have to be white and made of wood, metal or other approved material. Rules regarding the shape of goalposts and crossbars are somewhat more lenient, but they have to conform to

10728-519: The defeats of Jena-Auerstedt. Prussia submitted to major territorial losses, a standing army of only 42,000 men, and an alliance with France in the Treaty of Tilsit (1807). The defeat of the disorganized army shocked the Prussian establishment, which had largely felt invincible after the Frederician victories. While Baron vom Stein and Prime Minister Karl August von Hardenberg began modernizing

10877-559: The densely populated area that more and larger events will bring. Also architects from the Association of German Architects (BDA) and the Association of German Landscape Architects (BDLA) have opposed the demolition of the existing stadium. They consider the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark and the adjacent Mauerpark to be "a unique sport and leisure landscape". A broad alliance of 16 Berlin sports associations and clubs submitted

11026-596: The developing army numbered only 5,500 troops, including 500 musketeers in Frederick William's bodyguard. The elector's confidant Johann von Norprath recruited forces in the Duchy of Cleves and organized an army of 3,000 Dutch and German soldiers in the Rhineland by 1646. Garrisons were also slowly augmented in Brandenburg and the Duchy of Prussia . Frederick William sought assistance from France,

11175-428: The elector and his army were strong enough, Frederick William was able to suppress the estates of Cleves , Mark and Prussia . Frederick William attempted to professionalize his soldiers during a time when mercenaries were the norm. In addition to individually creating regiments and appointing colonels, the elector imposed harsh punishments for transgressions, such as punishing by hanging for looting , and running

11324-537: The elector wrote, "Alliances, to be sure, are good, but forces of one's own still better. Upon them one can rely with more security, and a lord is of no consideration if he does not have means and troops of his own". The growing power of the Hohenzollerns in Berlin led Frederick William's son and successor, Elector Frederick III (1688–1713), to proclaim the Kingdom of Prussia with himself as King Frederick I in 1701. Although he emphasized Baroque opulence and

11473-540: The enemy and pinned it down, a second army would arrive and attack the enemy's flank or rear. He advocated a Kesselschlacht , or battle of encirclement. It was in Moltke's Instructions for Large Unit Commanders and his concept of separated armies that we begin to see the emergence of modern German doctrine. The system of moving units separately and concentrating as an army before a battle resulted in more efficient supply and lower vulnerability to modern firepower. To enable

11622-426: The establishment of a competence center for inclusive sports (KIsS) for training and education, as well as the development and testing of inclusive sports, as well as demands for nature conservation and environmental protection and. Berlin sports associations arranged a "Tour de Barriere" in June 2020, where athletes in parasports, such as shooter Leo Rupp in wheelchair and Goalball player Michael Feistle, demonstrated

11771-499: The famous quote of Voltaire : Where some states have an army, the Prussian Army has a state. The army was maintained with a budget of five million thalers (out of a total state budget of seven million thalers). Frederick William I was succeeded by his son, Frederick II (1740–86). Frederick immediately disbanded the expensive Potsdam Giants and used their funding to create seven new regiments and 10,000 troops. The new king also added sixteen battalions, five squadrons of hussars , and

11920-465: The field. i.e. this is a rectangle 44 yards (40.23 metres) by 18 yards (16.46 metres). This area has a number of functions, the most prominent being to denote where the goalkeeper may handle the ball and where a foul by a defender, usually punished by a direct free kick, becomes punishable by a penalty kick . Both the goal and penalty areas were formed as semicircles until 1902. The penalty mark (colloquially "the penalty spot" or just "the spot" )

12069-509: The football stadium in the Sportforum Hohenschönhausen at the beginning of the 1992–93 season. The Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark would then rarely be used by the club. BFC Dynamo played only three home matches at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark in the remaining seasons of the 1990s. The team played its match against DSC Arminia Bielefeld in the first round of the 1999-2000 DFB-Pokal in front of 2,399 spectators at

12218-637: The gauntlet for desertion . Acts of violence by officers against civilians resulted in decommission for a year. He developed a cadet institution for the nobility; although the upper class was resistant to the idea in the short term, the integration of the nobility into the officer corps allied them with the Hohenzollern monarchy in the long term. Field Marshals of Brandenburg-Prussia included Derfflinger , John George II , Spaen and Sparr . The elector's troops traditionally were organized into disconnected provincial forces. In 1655, Frederick William began

12367-402: The goal line outside the goalposts. This term is commonly used in football commentaries and match descriptions. Goals are placed at the centre of each goal-line. These consist of two upright posts placed equidistant from the corner flagposts, joined at the top by a horizontal crossbar. The inner edges of the posts are regulated to be 8 yards (7.32 metres) (wide) apart, and the lower edge of

12516-399: The goal post. A goal is scored when the ball fully crosses the goal line between the goal-posts and beneath the crossbar, even if a defending player last touched the ball before it crossed the goal line (see own goal ). A goal may, however, be ruled illegal (and void by the referee) if the player who scored or a member of their team commits an offence under any of the laws between the time

12665-459: The hodge-podge array of various German states kingdoms, duchies, principalities and free cities of the leadership in the East of the rising Kingdom of Prussia. However the Prussian Army had become outdated and under-resourced decades later by the beginning of the late 18th century into the early 19th century era to meet the challenge from the west beginning in the political and social upheaval in

12814-474: The improvements showed in their success over Prussia at Kolín . Frederick achieved one of his greatest victories, however, at Rossbach , where the Prussian cavalry of Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz smashed a larger Franco-Imperial army with minimal casualties, despite being outnumbered two to one. Frederick then rushed eastward to Silesia, where Austria had defeated the Prussian army under the Duke of Bevern. After

12963-410: The initiative suggest a careful renovating of the existing stadium. The initiative also calls for increased participation from local residents and non-club athletes, that areas remain unsealed and that the large open space remains accessible to citizens as well as the preservation of the undeveloped green areas, notably the tree population. The initiative is also critical of the increased traffic volume in

13112-613: The integration of the infantry, cavalry, artillery, and engineers (sappers) through combined arms , as opposed to their previous independent states. Equipment and tactics were updated in respect to the Napoleonic campaigns. The field manual issued by Yorck in 1812 emphasized combined arms and faster marching speeds. In 1813, Scharnhorst succeeded in attaching a chief of staff trained at the academy to each field commander. Some reforms were opposed by Frederician traditionalists, such as Yorck, who felt that middle class officers would erode

13261-510: The lack of accessibility of the existing facility. The Senate of Berlin has decided to demolish the stadium, as of June 2020. However, the financing is not yet secured. The demolition will cost an estimated €14 million. The money has been blocked until there is an overall concept for the development of the stadium and area in the budget. The money can only be released with consent from the Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin . The demolition of

13410-465: The late 16th and early 17th centuries. In 1584 and 1602 respectively, John Norden and Richard Carew referred to "goals" in Cornish hurling . Carew described how goals were made: "they pitch two bushes in the ground, some eight or ten foote asunder; and directly against them, ten or twelue [twelve] score off, other twayne in like distance, which they terme their Goales". The first reference to scoring

13559-592: The leadership of Grawert and then under Yorck. The French occupation of Prussia was reaffirmed, and 300 demoralized Prussian officers resigned in protest. During Napoleon's retreat from Russia in 1812, Yorck independently signed the Convention of Tauroggen with Russia, breaking the Franco-Prussian alliance. Stein arrived in East Prussia and led the raising of a Landwehr , or militia to defend

13708-471: The liberals' plan to unite Germany through Prussia encouraged reactionary forces. In 1856 during peacetime Prussian Army consisted of 86,436 infantrymen, 152 cavalry squadrons and 9 artillery regiments. After Frederick William IV suffered a stroke, his brother William I became regent (1858) and king (1861–88). He desired to reform the army, which conservatives such as Roon considered to have degraded since 1820 because of liberalism. The king wanted to expand

13857-413: The line joining these, i.e. they are a rectangle 6 yards (5.49 metres) by 20 yards (18.29 metres). Goal kicks and any free kick by the defending team may be taken from anywhere in this area. FIFA's laws of the game stipulates that: "All free kicks are taken from the place where the offence occurred, except: indirect free kicks to the attacking team for an offence inside the opponents' goal area are taken from

14006-528: The main stand ( German : die Gegengerade ) was roofed and new floodlight masts were erected. The capacity was reduced to 24,000 spectators, but the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Stadion was now the most modern stadium in East Germany. The current grandstand and floodlight masts date from this time. A further renovation took place in 1998, at a cost of around 10 million Deutsche Marks . The stadium now received its colourful bucket seats, which are characteristic for

14155-612: The match. The Stadium im Sportforum was closed for matches in the NOFV-Oberliga Nord at the end of the 2005–06 seasons for security reasons. The stadium had to be refurbished to increase security and to meet requirements of the Northeastern German Football Association (NOFV). BFC Dynamo thus temporarily moved its home matches to the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark at the beginning of the 2006–07 season. BFC Dynamo achieved promotion to

14304-523: The military instead of law and administration. Conscription among the peasantry was more firmly enforced, based on the Swedish model. Frederick William I wore his simple blue military uniform at court, a style henceforth imitated by the rest of the Prussian court and his royal successors. In Prussia, pigtails replaced the full-bottomed wigs common at most German courts. Frederick William I had begun his military innovations in his Kronprinz regiment during

14453-422: The more democratic Landwehr . Frederick William III reduced the militia's size and placed it under the control of the regular army in 1819, leading to the resignations of Boyen and Grolman and the ending of the reform movement. Boyen's ideal of an enlightened citizen soldier was replaced with the idea of a professional military separate or alienated from civilian society. By the middle of the 19th century, Prussia

14602-421: The nearest point on the goal area line which runs parallel to the goal line, and free kicks to the defending team in their goal area may be taken from anywhere in that area." The penalty area (colloquially "the 18-yard box" or just "the box" ) is similarly formed by the goal-line and lines extending from it, but its lines start 18 yards (16.46 metres) from the goalposts and extend 18 yards (16.46 metres) into

14751-427: The occupying French prohibited the Prussians from forming divisions, the Prussian Army was divided into six brigades , each consisting of seven to eight infantry battalions and twelve squadrons of cavalry. The combined brigades were supplemented with three brigades of artillery. Corporal punishment was by and large abolished, while soldiers were trained in the field and in tirailleur tactics. Scharnhorst promoted

14900-403: The pitch in two. The half which a team defends is commonly referred to as being their half. Players have to be located within their own half at a kick-off and may not be penalised as being offside in their own half. The intersections between the half-way line and the touchline can be indicated with flags like those marking the corners – the laws consider this as an optional feature. The arcs in

15049-444: The privileges of the aristocratic officer corps and promote the ideas of the French Revolution . The army reform movement was cut short by Scharnhorst's death in 1813. The shift to a more democratic and middle-class military began to lose momentum in the face of the reactionary government. The reformers and much of the public called for Frederick William III to ally with the Austrian Empire in its 1809 campaign against France. When

15198-513: The province. With Prussia's joining of the Sixth Coalition out of his hands, Frederick William III quickly began to mobilize the army, and the East Prussian Landwehr was duplicated in the rest of the country. In comparison to 1806, the Prussian populace, especially the middle class, was supportive of the war, and thousands of volunteers joined the army. Prussian troops under the leadership of Blücher and Gneisenau proved vital at

15347-528: The redevelopment is the demolition of the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Stadion and the construction of a new stadium with associated infrastructure. The new multi-purpose stadium will have a total capacity of 20,000 spectators, be barrier-free and offer second division standard. The investment in the new stadium is estimated at €110 million. Other parts of the planned redevelopment are additional sports fields, especially for hockey, football, tennis and beach volleyball, two tree-field sports halls with spectator capacity,

15496-427: The reign of Elector Frederick William of Brandenburg (1640–1688). Hohenzollern Brandenburg-Prussia had primarily relied upon Landsknecht mercenaries during the Thirty Years' War , in which Brandenburg was devastated. Swedish and Imperial forces occupied the country. In the spring of 1644, Frederick William started building a standing army through conscription to better defend his state. By 1643–44,

15645-514: The reserves for two, while militiamen of the 163,000-strong Landwehr served a few weeks annually for seven years. Boyen and Blücher strongly supported the civilian army of the Landwehr , which was to unite military and civilian society, as an equal to the standing army. During a constitutional crisis in 1819, Frederick William III recognized Prussia's adherence to the anti-revolutionary Carlsbad Decrees . Conservative forces within Prussia, such as Wittgenstein , remained opposed to conscription and

15794-492: The results after the Battle of Hochkirch , though, in which the Prussians had to withdraw, the Austrian and Russian Allies did not follow up on their victory. Within the week, the Russian force began a withdrawal eastward; Austrians retreated southward. Prussia was ill-suited for lengthy wars, and a Prussian collapse seemed imminent on account of casualties and lack of resources, but after two more years of campaigning, Frederick

15943-540: The revolution in many other German cities. At the end of 1848, Frederick William finally issued the Constitution of the Kingdom of Prussia . The liberal opposition secured the creation of a parliament , but the constitution was largely a conservative document reaffirming the monarchy's predominance. The army was a praetorian guard outside of the constitution, subject only to the king. The Prussian Minister of War

16092-545: The role of the British football associations in the history of the game, the dimensions of the field of play were originally formulated and expressed in imperial units . Since 1999, the Laws of the Game have preferred metric units, with imperial equivalents given only in brackets. Because the actual values have, in general, not changed since the early twentieth century, they tend to be round numbers in imperial units (for example

16241-508: The royal guard. Many troops were disloyal, such as mercenaries or those acquired through impressment, while troops recruited from the canton system displayed strong regional, and nascent national pride. During the Seven Years' War, the elite regiments of the army were almost entirely composed of native Prussians. By the end of Frederick's reign, the army had become an integral part of Prussian society. It numbered 200,000 soldiers, making it

16390-473: The same length. All lines on the ground are equally wide, not to exceed 12 centimetres (5 inches). The corners of the pitch are marked by corner flags. For international matches the field dimensions are more tightly constrained; the goal lines are between 70 and 80 yards (64 and 75 metres) wide and the touchlines are between 110 and 120 yards (100 and 110 metres) long. The majority of top-level professional football pitches, including those belonging to teams in

16539-805: The site of the 2014 Eurobowl Final, where the Berlin Adler defeated the New Yorker Lions with 20–17. Due to refurbishment and redevelopment of the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sport, the final of the German Bowl was moved to the Waldstadion in Frankfurt am Main in 2019. German Bowl XLII was once again held at Frankfurt. The 2001 Speedway Grand Prix of Germany was held at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Stadion, which

16688-551: The size of Frederick I's gaudy royal guard to a single regiment, a troop of taller-than-average soldiers known as the Potsdam Giants or more commonly the Lange Kerls (long fellows), which he privately funded. The cavalry was reorganized into 55 squadrons of 150 horses; the infantry was turned into 50 battalions (25 regiments ); and the artillery consisted of two battalions. These changes allowed him to increase

16837-462: The stadia of many top-tier clubs in Norway, Sweden and Finland. The latest artificial surfaces use rubber crumbs, as opposed to the previous system of sand infill. Some leagues and football associations have specifically prohibited artificial surfaces due to injury concerns and require teams' home stadia to have grass pitches. All artificial turf has to be green and also meet the requirements specified in

16986-505: The stadium as home ground since the 1990s: The Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark was chosen as the venue for the 2015 UEFA Women's Champions League Final . The final was played between 1. FFC Frankfurt and Paris Saint-Germain on 14 May 2015. 1. FFC Frankfurt defeated Paris-Saint German with 2–1. The stadium was sold out and the match was attended by 17,147 spectators, including Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel and UEFA President Michel Platini . Platini had once played professionally at

17135-411: The stadium as of today. After this renovation, the capacity was further reduced to about 20,000 spectators. In order to host the 2015 UEFA Women's Champions League Final , the stadium was renovated at a cost of around €2 million. The renovation included new paintwork, new fire doors and a new smoke alarm system, refurbished player and visitor facilities and a new lawn. The Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark

17284-417: The stadium during his Dangerous World Tour on 4 September 1992. The stadium is considered to be in a state of decay, satisfying neither current needs nor future plans. In order to host the 2015 UEFA Women's Champions League final, the stadium was temporary renovated for a cost of around €2 million. That was however only a beginning, as the entire area is planned for a future complete redevelopment. The area

17433-709: The stadium from 1971 to 1990. The friendly match between East Germany and Belgium on 13 Match 1974 was attended by 30,000 spectators. East Germany won the match 1–0 with a goal by Joachim Streich . In addition, three finals of the FDGB-Pokal were played at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark, in 1965 , 1990 and 1991 . The final of the Berlin Cup was held at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark every season between 1995 and 2006, and between 2008 and 2020. The stadium has been used by various clubs in Berlin since German reunification . Hertha BSC II has occasionally used

17582-585: The stadium from the 2014–15 season . The club had been the main tenant from the 1975–76 season to the 1991–92 season. VSG Altglienicke was then added as a second main tenant in the 2017–18 season , as the Stadion Altglienicke with its artificial turf did not meet the requirements for play in the Regionalliga Nordost. BFC Dynamo and VSG Altglienicke played at the stadium until the end of 2020. VSG Altglienicke temporarily returned to

17731-484: The stadium himself, when his AS Saint-Étienne was hosted by BFC Dynamo in the 1981-82 European Cup on 4 September 1981. The Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark hosted a stage in the annual multiple stage bicycle race Peace Race between 1963 and 1977. The stadium also hosted the annual Olympic Day of Athletics between 1963 and 1989. The Olympic Day of Athletics was an athletics competition in East Berlin , modeled on

17880-589: The stadium on 7 August 1999. BFC Dynamo would continue to play at the Stadion im Sportforum for many seasons, but the team would more often play occasional matches at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark in the 2000s. The team played its match against 1. FC Union Berlin in the Round of 16 of the 2000–01 Berlin Cup in front of 4,427 spectators at the stadium on 24 March 2001. Riots broke out in Prenzlauer Berg after

18029-437: The stadium was originally planned for autumn 2020 but has been postponed until 2021. Football clubs BFC Dynamo and VSG Altglienicke were therefore able to continue play in the stadium until 31 December 2020. BFC Dynamo officially announced on 21 March 2021 that it had returned to the Sportforum Hohenschönhausen, as the operating permit for the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark expired on 31 December 2020. VSG Altglienicke relocated to

18178-418: The stadium was sold out. Also the match against FC Dynamo Moscow in the semi-finals on 5 April 1972 was attended by 30,000 spectators. BFC Dynamo also played the match against FC Karl-Marx-Stadt on the 20th matchday and the match against ASG Vorwärts Stralsund on the 24th matchday of the 1971-72 DDR-Oberliga at the stadium. However, more matches at the stadium were not possible after the summer of 1972, as

18327-434: The stadium, most recently against Brøndby IF in the third qualifying round of the 2016-17 UEFA Europa League . Hertha BSC won the match 1–0 and the stadium was sold out with 18,454 spectators. 1. FC Union Berlin used the stadium for its home matches against FC Haka and PFC Litex Lovech in the 2001-02 UEFA Cup , as the Stadion an der Alten Försterei did not meet UEFA safety requirements. The following teams have used

18476-549: The stadium, when its own stadium could not be used due to a high number of spectators expected or for security reasons. Hertha BSC played its opening matches in the 1992–93 2. Bundesliga season at the stadium. Hertha BSC also played its match against FK Moscow in the semi-finals of the 2006 UEFA Intertoto Cup and has played several matches in the qualifying rounds of the UEFA Cup and the UEFA Europa League at

18625-464: The stadium. Among others, Uwe Hohn set a new world record when he threw the javelin 104,80 meter before 21,000 spectators during the Olympic Day of Athletics on 20 July 1984. This was the first time a javelin throw had exceeded the 100 meter mark. The display at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sport showed a distance of only 4,80 meter, instead 104,80 meter, as it did not have space for five numbers at

18774-536: The stadium. The main stand of the large stadium was frequently visited by the president of SV Dynamo and head of the Stasi Erich Mielke during the East German era. Erich Mielke was a football enthusiast who barely missed a home match of BFC Dynamo. BFC Dynamo, then named FC Berlin, played its first two seasons of the 1990s at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark. The team then moved permanently to

18923-521: The terrain, which could not be used to an advantage. The Russians had arrived early and fortified themselves on the high ground. Frederick used oblique order to great success at Hohenfriedberg and later Leuthen. After a few initial volley fire , the infantry was to advance quickly for a bayonet charge. The Prussian cavalry was to attack as a large formation with swords before the opposing cavalry could attack. The first garrison began construction in Berlin in 1764. While Frederick William I wanted to have

19072-590: The third-largest in Europe after the armies of Russia and Austria. The social classes were all expected to serve the state and its military — the nobility led the army, the middle class supplied the army, and the peasants composed the army. Minister Friedrich von Schrötter remarked that, "Prussia was not a country with an army, but an army with a country". Frederick the Great's successor, his nephew Frederick William II (1786–97), relaxed conditions in Prussia and had little interest in war. He delegated responsibility to

19221-689: The time. The Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark is regularly used for American football and served as the home venue for the American football team Berlin Adler from 2004 to 2015. The stadium was used by the Berlin Thunder of the NFL Europe between 1999 and 2002. The stadium also was the annual venue of the German Bowl between 2012 ( German Bowl XXXIV ) and 2018 ( German Bowl XL ) and was

19370-472: The traditional rival of Habsburg Austria , and began receiving French subsidies. He based his reforms on those of Louvois , the War Minister of King Louis XIV . The growth of his army allowed Frederick William to achieve considerable territorial acquisitions in the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia , despite Brandenburg's relative lack of success during the war. The provincial estates desired a reduction in

19519-470: The unification of the various detachments by placing them under Sparr's overall command. Unification also increased through the appointment of Generalkriegskommissar Platen as head of supplies. These measures decreased the authority of the primarily mercenary colonels who had been so prominent during the Thirty Years' War. Brandenburg-Prussia's new army survived its trial by fire through victory in

19668-422: The weakening of the Landwehr , and proposed a revised bill that did away with many of the government's desired reforms. The Finance Minister, Patow , abruptly withdrew the bill on 5 May and instead simply requested a provisional budgetary increase of 9 million thalers, which was granted. William had already begun creating 'combined regiments' to replace the Landwehr , a process which increased after Patow acquired

19817-539: The width of the goal, unchanged since 1863, is 8 yards (7.32 metres)). Use of the imperial values remains common, especially in the United Kingdom . The pitch is rectangular in shape. The shorter sides are called goal lines and the longer sides are called the touchlines. The two goal lines are between 50 and 100 yards (46 and 91 metres) wide and have to be of the same length. The two touchlines are between 100 and 130 yards (91 and 119 metres) long and have to be of

19966-432: Was also known as the "Place by the Lonely Poplar" ( German : Platz an der Einsamen Pappel ). Its landmark was a solitary black poplar known as the "Lonely Poplar" ( German : Einsamen Pappel ), which was standing on the parade ground near the corner of Topsstraße and Cantianstraße. The first demonstrations in Berlin during the revolution of 1848 took place at the site on 26 March 1848. Up to 20,000 people gathered near

20115-404: Was decisively defeated in the battles of Saalfeld , Jena and Auerstedt in 1806 and Napoleon occupied Berlin . The Prussians' famed discipline collapsed and led to widescale surrendering among infantry, cavalry and garrisons. While some Prussian commanders acquitted themselves well, such as L'Estocq at Eylau , Gneisenau at Kolberg , and Blücher at Lübeck , they were not enough to reverse

20264-597: Was developing new methods of organization, supply, mobility, and command. Prussia withdrew from the First Coalition in the Peace of Basel (1795), ceding the Rhenish territories to France. Upon Frederick William II's death in 1797, the state was bankrupt and the army outdated. He was succeeded by his son, Frederick William III (1797–1840), who involved Prussia in the disastrous Fourth Coalition . The Prussian Army

20413-462: Was divided after World War II and the site was located in the Soviet sector , in what became East Berlin . The site was developed according to plans by architect Rudolf Ortner for the 3rd World Festival of Youth and Students in 1951. Several sports and training fields were created, in addition to a large football and athletics stadium with a capacity of 30,000 spectators. Rudolf Ortner had studied at

20562-423: Was first recognized in the Thirty Years' War by the Brandenburger and Swedish armies. The new king trained and drilled the army relentlessly, focusing on their flintlock muskets' firing speed and formation maneuverability. The changes gave the army flexibility, precision, and a rate of fire that was mostly unequalled for that period. Through drilling and the iron ramrod, each soldier was expected to fire six times

20711-400: Was installed in 1964 and a tartan track was added in 1970. A thorough renovation began in 1972 in preparation for the 10th World Festival of Youth and Students which was going to be held in East Berlin in 1973. The stadium then underwent a complete redevelopment in 1986–1987 for the 750th anniversary of Berlin. Among other things, a new four storey grandstand was built, the side opposite

20860-592: Was moved to the Sportforum Hohenschönhausen. The demolishion of the large stadium eventually began on 8 October 2024. The Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark is located in Berlin , in the locality of Prenzlauer Berg , which forms the southern part of the borough of Pankow . It is bordered on the north by the Max-Schmeling-Halle and Gaudystraße, on the east by the Cantianstraße, on the south by

21009-463: Was one of the strongest football teams in East Germany in the 1960s. ASK Vorwärts Berlin hosted Glasgow Rangers at the stadium in the 1961–62 European Cup . The club played as stadium guests of sports club TSC Berlin ( de ) during the first years, but took over the stadium with the founding of football club FC Vorwärts Berlin in 1966. FC Vorwärts Berlin was relocated to Frankfurt an der Oder on 31 July 1971. BFC Dynamo played some home matches at

21158-459: Was reopened to the middle class in 1808, while advancement into the higher ranks became based on education. King Frederick William III created the War Ministry in 1809, and Scharnhorst founded an officers training school, the later Prussian War Academy , in Berlin in 1810. Scharnhorst advocated adopting the levée en masse , the universal military conscription used by France. He created

21307-444: Was required to quarter soldiers and enroll in the bureaucracy. Because the excise tax was only applied in towns, the king was reluctant to engage in war, as deployment of his expensive army in foreign lands would have deprived him of taxes from the town-based military. By the end of Frederick William I's reign, Prussia had the fourth-largest army (80,000 soldiers) in Europe but was twelfth in population size (2.5 million). This led to

21456-399: Was required to serve as a soldier in these recruitment districts for three months each year; this met agrarian needs and added troops to bolster the regular ranks. The General Directory which developed during Frederick William I's reign continued the absolutist tendencies of his grandfather and collected the increased taxes necessary for the expanded military. The middle class of the towns

21605-581: Was saved by the " Miracle of the House of Brandenburg " — the Russian exit from the war after the sudden death of Empress Elizabeth in 1762. Prussian control of Silesia was confirmed in the Treaty of Hubertusburg (1763). Severe casualties had led the king to admit middle class officers during the war, but this trend was reversed afterwards. The offensive-minded Frederick advocated the oblique order of battle, which required considerable discipline and mobility. This tactic failed at Kunersdorf primarily because of

21754-491: Was seen by many German liberals as the country best-suited to unify the many German states , but the conservative government used the army to repress liberal and democratic tendencies during the 1830s and 1840s. Liberals resented the usage of the army in essentially police actions. King Frederick William IV (1840–61) initially appeared to be a liberal ruler, but he was opposed to issuing the written constitution called for by reformers. When barricades were raised in Berlin during

21903-539: Was the first Speedway Grand Prix-event at a temporary track. The Grand Prix was won by the Polish rider Tomasz Gollob . German rider Robert Barth finished on 14th place. The Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sporpark has recently also served as a venue for the annual crossfit competition Berlin Throwdown. The Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark also serves as a concert venue. Michael Jackson performed in front of 35,000 spectators in

22052-409: Was the highest attendance for BFC Dynamo since the match between BFC Dynamo and AS Monaco in the 1989–90 European Cup Winners' Cup on 1 November 1989. The average league attendance of BFC Dynamo in the 2017–18 Regionalliga Nordost would also be the highest average league attendance of BFC Dynamo since the 1990–91 season . The East Germany national football team played ten international matches at

22201-599: Was the only soldier required to swear an oath defending the constitution, leading ministers such as Strotha , Bonin and Waldersee to be criticized by either the king or the parliament, depending on their political views. The army's budget had to be approved by the Prussian House of Representatives . Novels and memoirs glorifying the army, especially its involvement in the Napoleonic Wars, began to be published to sway public opinion. The defeat at Olmütz of

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