Holland Zeeland
71-456: [REDACTED] William II of Holland [REDACTED] Floris V of Holland [REDACTED] William IV of Holland [REDACTED] Albert I of Holland [REDACTED] William VI of Holland The Friso-Hollandic Wars , also called Frisian-Hollandic Wars ( Dutch : Fries-Hollandse Oorlogen ; West Frisian : Frysk-Hollânske oarloggen ), were a series of short medieval wars (ranging from single battles to entire campaigns) consisting of
142-425: A Viking incursion together with Reginar "Longneck" (Count of Maasgau, later Duke of Lorraine). At this time Dirk and Waldger were still infants. It is further speculated that because Gerolf's sister may have been Dirk and Waldger's mother, her brother acted as her children's guardian after their father had been killed. While Dirk and Waldger were still minors, Gerolf, as guardian, presumably was then appointed count of
213-463: A large portion of West Frisia revolted, especially around Westflinge . On 27 March 1297, at a battle near Vroonen (close to present day Sint Pancras ) the army of Holland and Zeeland defeated the West Frisians; the village was destroyed during the battle and all the men of West Frisia who could fight (between 15 and 45) were killed, leaving a region of women, children and old folks. After
284-632: A large scale military campaign. For this he called up his vassals from Holland, Zeeland, Hainaut and the Upper Palatinate (in modern-day Bavaria ) and the nobles who a fief-rent from him, who were mostly from the Rhineland . Furthermore, the Kings of England and France and the Duke of Burgundy sent contingents of knights and men-at-arms. The main reasons for this sudden return to prominence of
355-577: A liege lord. These "nobles" were called chieftains (Dutch: hoofdelingen ; West Frisian: haadlingen ). The so-called Frisian freedom took the place of the feudal system in Frisian society. According to a popular myth, Charlemagne had granted the Frisians their freedom, that is to say: freedom from any and every lord excepting the Holy Roman emperor. A fake charter sought to legitimise this freedom,
426-447: A new large scale campaign was launched. The army, led by William of Ostrevant, landed without problems at Lemmer , and marched along the south coast of Friesland, which is sandy rather than marshy, to the city of Staveren. After a violent skirmish negotiations were commenced, and William was offered a treaty by Gerard Camminga , Tsjerk Waltha , Heere Hottinga , Sjoerd Wiarda , Gotschalk Heslinga , Feye of Dokkum , and Tideman Hopper ,
497-505: A not uncommon behaviour in those days. In an age when feudalism was embedded in religion, with every man having a lord above him, a king over the lords and God over all, the Frisian freedoms were seen as a sort of anarchy, or worse, a rebellion against God's will, and scandalised the rest of Europe. The Frisian lands in those days stretched along a large part of the North Sea coast, including West-Friesland , now part of North Holland ,
568-542: A number of lands and properties in full ownership. Firstly, he was granted an area outside his county, in Teisterbant , which consisted of a number of farms and houses in, amongst others, Tiel , Aalburg and Asch . Also he was granted additional property in his own county, consisting of a forest and agricultural lands, situated somewhere between the mouth of the Old Rhine and (presumably) Bennebroek . Only since
639-463: A palace which met his new status. This would later be called the Binnenhof ( Inner Court ) and was the beginning of the city of The Hague . Meanwhile, after a siege of five months, William besieged Aachen for six months before capturing it from Frederick's followers. Only then could he be crowned as king by Archbishop Konrad of Cologne. He gained a certain amount of theoretical support from some of
710-481: A reconciliation with representatives of Westergo, whereby the Frisians of Westergo acknowledged him as count and granted him certain rights in their territory in exchange for him recognising certain privileges of theirs. William III believed that he would be able to quietly assume more rights over time, but the Frisians resisted his efforts. Then in 1323, the agreement between Holland and the Frisians fell apart when William III got impatient with Frisian intransigence and
781-483: A small Frisian territory on the eastern border of Oostergo. Albert sent 250 English mercenaries to quash the unrest, which was quickly achieved, but the event made clear that Hollandic domination in the Frisian territories could not stop at the eastern border of Oostergo, because then the free territories which lay further east, across the Lauwers river, would always remain a threat to the count's rule. Albert's solution
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#1732765416066852-677: A stronghold of major importance to the Hollanders in the north of Oostergo, not far from Achtkarspelen. Once across the water, in Staveren, news reached him of major set-back: Widzel tom Brok had been killed in his fight against the Saterlandic Frisians. This meant Holland had lost its most powerful ally in the Frisian territories, one who had probably been meant to attack Groningen from the east. William II, Count of Holland William II (February 1227 – 28 January 1256)
923-586: A truce, which went into effect on 22 June. In 1368, during the peace with the Frisians, the Kabeljauws delivered the countship to William V. Thereupon his younger brother, Albert of Bavaria , was called to Holland to succeed him, an event which led to another flare-up in the civil war when a third brother, Louis the Roman , tried to take the countship for himself, with the support of the Hoek nobles. In 1368, when
994-440: A younger brother of the count was named as bishop of Utrecht, usually the status quo remained. When there was a weak bishop the influence of the count in the Frisian territories was greater, but usually still limited to the coastal region opposite Holland and the important trade city of Staveren . When there was a strong bishop the influence of Holland and Utrecht cancelled each other out. In 1256, Count William II of Holland , who
1065-514: Is attested in the area of Friesland (which also included Holland at the time). Gerolf's main area of power seems to have been in Kennemerland . Count Gerolf is often regarded as the founder of the County of Holland , although the actual name "Holland" is from a later time. His ancestry is unclear, but he may have been a son or, more likely, a grandson of the earlier Gerolf , who was a count in
1136-433: Is clear this battle took place somewhere between the stronghold of Kuinre and the village of Oosterzee . The Frisians were drawn up in a trench they had dug, behind an earthen wall. The Hollanders stormed the wall and a group of Hainautian nobles, among them John of Werchin , the seneschal of Hainaut, and John, Lord of Ligne and Barbençon , managed to get into the trench and break through the Frisian line, then attack it from
1207-591: Is quoted in this instance, is Melis Stoke , a chronicler in the service of count Floris V of Holland, but although he tries to back up the Hollandic claims on the Frisian territories, he lacks sound arguments. He suspects the counts of Holland obtained their rights as heirs to one Gerolf , Count in Friesland (the operative word here being in ), who had been count of Holland during the Franconian period, which
1278-453: Is still not entirely clear. According to the traditional tale, meanwhile William IV, with the bulk of his army, sailed east past Staveren and went ashore somewhere between the villages of Mirns and Laaxum . From there he marched inland in a northerly direction. At the village of Warns the outraged farmer population, led by a few headlings, came at the knights with whatever weapons came to hand, mainly farm implements. They drove them back to
1349-535: The Annales Wormatienses , on 10 November 1255 William "eliminated the rights of citizens who are called Pfahlbürger so that among other restrictions, none of the cities were permitted to have them or receive them"; a later scribe added a gloss to clarify that the Pfahlburger s "were citizens who were not resident in the city". William married Elisabeth of Brunswick-Lüneburg , daughter of Otto
1420-614: The feudal system . In fact, since the time the Frisian territories had been part of the Frankish empire of Charlemagne , they had drifted away from mainstream European culture on a separate course, similar to that of the Swiss Confederation . Egalitarianism was such that no noble class started to develop until the late thirteenth century, and even then these "nobles" were only firsts among equals, with only as much power as they could grab, instead of being granted such power by
1491-409: The 840s a series of Viking leaders had been installed in the region (as a means of defense against further incursions) and they were the de facto rulers of the region. It was not until 885 that this situation was put to an end by the murder of Godfrid, Duke of Frisia at a place called Herespich (identified as modern Spijk ). According to some sources Count Gerolf and Eberhard Count of Hamaland (who
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#17327654160661562-508: The Child, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg , in 1252. They had a son, Floris V (1254 – 1296). In battle near Hoogwoud on 28 January 1256, William tried to traverse a frozen lake by himself, because he was lost, but his horse fell through the ice. In this vulnerable position, William was killed by the Frisians, who secretly buried him under the floor of a house. His body was recovered 26 years later by his son Floris V, who took terrible vengeance on
1633-573: The Dutch provinces of Friesland and Groningen , excepting the city of Groningen , the German districts of Ostfriesland and Friesland and two small areas east of the Weser river, Wursten and Würden . The conflicts between the counts of Holland and the Frisians have a long history. Arnulf (died 18 September 993) was the first Hollandic count to wage war on the Frisians. Since the twelfth century
1704-479: The Ems, in what is today Germany . This policy brought Albert in direct conflict with the powerful city of Groningen, which lay south of Hunsingo and Fivelgo, and southwest of Oldambt, and viewed these territories as her own backyard. Negotiations between the count and the city led nowhere and were abandoned, probably before year's end. In February 1399 there was a reconciliation between Groningen and its nominal overlord,
1775-634: The Flemish army at Westkapelle (in modern-day Belgium ) and a year later a pause in hostilities followed. His anti-Flemish policy worsened his relationship with France . From 1254 to his death he fought a number of wars against the West Frisians . He built some strong castles in Heemskerk and Haarlem and created roads for the war against the Frisians. William gave city rights to Haarlem , Delft , 's-Gravenzande and Alkmaar . According to
1846-736: The Frankish society had to deal with the Viking expansion. In this sense, it is interesting, as well, to observe how far the Gerulfingian House of Holland, during the centuries to follow, would pose an obstacle for the full grasp of this region by the Holy Roman Empire. On 4 August 889, Count Gerolf received a reward for his role in the defeat of the Vikings. On this date Arnulf of Carinthia, King of East Francia , granted him
1917-407: The Frisian matter, seem to have had virtually nothing to do with the Frisians themselves. In Holland, the leaders of the Hoek party had been banned since 1393, and Albert had had a falling-out with his son and heir, William of Ostrevant , who was very pro-Hoek and anti-Kabeljauw. Shortly before 1396 though, there was a reconciliation between father and son, which was also meant to heal the rift between
1988-664: The Frisians had seen him coming and assembled an army of their own, outnumbering William's force. William was ambushed and driven back to the sea, where he and most of his men were killed or drowned trying to swim to the ships in their heavy armor. Among Dutch historians this version is usually called the Battle of Staveren , to differentiate it from the traditional Battle of Warns. When John of Beaumont heard of his nephew's demise, he evacuated his position and sailed back to Holland. The count's death plunged Holland, Zeeland and Hainaut into turmoil as William IV died without an heir. This meant
2059-496: The Frisians started expelling Hollanders and their Frisian supporters. In 1324 the rebellion by the Frisians was in full swing. From 1325 to 1327 there were open hostilities at Staveren in Westergo and at sea. Frisian representatives of Staveren opened negotiations with the Hollanders in 1327, which led to a new agreement in 1328, primarily on the same terms as the agreement of 1310, although the Frisians did make some concessions on
2130-525: The Frisians, did nothing to rectify their unorthodoxy, which maintained his popularity and kept the counts of Holland from becoming too influential in this corner of his empire. When emperor Frederick Barbarossa travelled to the Netherlands in 1165, to settle the dispute between the counts of Holland and the bishops of Utrecht over the Frisian territories, he came up with a solution which was virtually guaranteed to keep things as they were. He ruled that
2201-695: The German princes after his marriage to Elizabeth , daughter of the Welf duke Otto of Brunswick-Lüneburg , on 25 January 1252. He was elected as King of the Romans a second time on 25 March 1252 at Brunswick. The electors were the Archbishops of Cologne, Mainz and Trier, the Margrave of Brandenburg and the Duke of Saxony. The Count Palatine Otto II , who was also Duke of Bavaria, was excluded from taking part in
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2272-587: The Hoeks and Kabeljauws, promoting their newfound unity at home by making war abroad. Furthermore, the bishop of Utrecht, Frederik III van Blankenheim , had been very active in the north of late. In 1395 he captured the stronghold of Coevorden , in Drenthe, and if Albert was not quick the bishop would grab the Frisian territories from under his nose. In August 1396 an army of perhaps 9,000 men, led by Albert himself and William of Ostrevant, landed near Kuinre , which
2343-468: The Hoeks remained faithful to Margaret. It was clear that there could be no new attack on the Frisians under these circumstances, so apart from some confiscations of Frisian property in Holland, and a renewal of the hostilities at sea, the Frisian issue disappeared into the background. After the Frisians had expressed regret for the death of William IV, on 2 May 1348, the way was free for negotiations about
2414-612: The Muslims in Granada , travelled through Venice and Cyprus to the Holy Land , and had been on crusade against the pagan Prussians three times. He was not only count of Holland, but also of Zeeland and Hainaut in modern-day Belgium . Before the battle, a party of knights, led by William's uncle, John of Hainaut, Lord of Beaumont , went ashore south of Staveren, and captured the monastery of Saint Odulphus. What happened next
2485-509: The West Frisians were defeated near Vroonen in 1297 peace prevailed for approximately 27 years. During that time, the Counts of Holland assumed the title of Counts of Holland and West Friesland. Although there was no warfare, the Hollanders turned their eyes east, to the Frisian territories across the Zuiderzee, in particular to Westergo. And in 1310, count William III of Holland negotiated
2556-469: The West Frisians. He was succeeded by his young son Floris V , whose age prevented him from avenging his father immediately. In 1272, however, he resumed his father's war. Although this first attempt of his to conquer the West Frisians failed, and he was forced by circumstances to let the matter rest for a decade, he did not give up. In 1282 he made another attempt. Unlike William II and his predecessors, this time, Floris V did not attack West-Friesland from
2627-647: The West-Frisians. William was then buried in Middelburg . Contemporary sources, including the chronicle of Melis Stoke , portray William as an Arthurian hero. A golden statue of William can be found on the Binnenhof in The Hague , the inner court of the parliamentary complex of the Netherlands. Gerolf of Holland Gerolf or Gerulf (c. 850 – 895/896) was the second count of this name who
2698-636: The appointed officials were Frisians, not Hollanders. After that Albert wasted no time to take up the administration of his new lands; for instance, on 26 August he appointed eight bailiffs, who, unsurprisingly were all Vetkopers. The other Frisian party, that of the Schieringers, seemed to acquiesce in this new arrangement. In September 1398, new problems arose for the Hollanders: an insurrection against their rule broke out in Achtkarspelen ,
2769-421: The appointments of certain officials. But in 1337 William III died, and his successor, William IV was recognised only in Staveren, as Westergo used the succession to break away from the formal authority of the counts of Holland. This resulted in renewed hostilities, again mainly at sea, between Hollandic and Frisian ships. In 1344 the pro-Holland party in Staveren was defeated, and Staveren also broke away from
2840-513: The area of Frisia at the time of the reign of Emperor Louis the Pious ( fl. 833) and who later joined a monastery. The earlier Gerolf died in 855. There is some limited and vague evidence that this earlier Gerolf was a son of a certain Theodoric, who in turn supposedly descended from the Frisian king Redbad (d. 719). Count Gerolf is often identified as the father of Count Dirk I and seen as
2911-534: The attempts made by the counts of Holland to conquer the free Frisian territories , which lay to the north and east of their domain. These wars were waged off and on from 1256 to 1297, 1324 to 1348, 1396 to 1411, and from 1421 to 1422, although it could be argued that a state of war continued to exist between the County of Holland and the Frisian territories till well after the year 1500. The Frisians were at that time unique in Europe in that they did not adhere to
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2982-474: The bishop of Utrecht, which shows the city was making preparations to go to war. Meanwhile, Albert was also preparing for yet another campaign in the Frisian territories. In April a new insurrection broke out in Achtkarspelen, and while William of Ostrevant scrambled to get his army across the Zuiderzee to meet this new threat, the message reached him that the Frisians were besieging the city of Dokkum ,
3053-424: The coast, where the ships that had carried the Hollanders were, on William's orders, standing off from the shore, so retreat was not possible. Almost all of the Hollanders were killed, including the young count himself. This battle was called the Battle of Warns and is still commemorated by the Frisians each year on 26 September. However, historical research has presented another version. When John of Beaumont took
3124-415: The count's authority. In the same year negotiations took place, but the Frisians had, apparently, stiffened their spines since 1327, and refused to make concessions. With a true knight errant as the new count of Holland, this made war virtually inevitable. In 1345 war erupted again when William IV called his vassals together and crossed the Zuiderzee to Friesland on 26 September. William IV had fought against
3195-442: The counts of Holland made claims on a large part of the Frisian territories. It is hard to ascertain what they based those claims on, and although several historians have delved into the matter, they have not as yet come up with any conclusive answers. The case is complicated, because contemporary writers hardly paid much attention to such a side-issue, while later sources are filled with anti-Frisian propaganda. The usual source which
3266-486: The county reverted to his liege lord, the German emperor Louis the Bavarian , who enfeoffed his own wife, Margaret of Bavaria with it. Margaret was prepared to hand the three counties over to her son William , but only under certain preconditions. This led to a flare-up of the civil war between the Hoek and Kabeljauw parties, with the Kabeljauws trying to bring William V to the countship without any preconditions, while
3337-403: The death of Gerolf, the eldest son Waldger received Teisterbant, while the younger brother Dirk inherited the comital title, although the title wasn't necessarily inheritable, but often rather by appointment. Also surprising is that Waldger's eldest son was named Radboud and a possible second son (or other relation) of his was named Hatto. It was customary in those days, that the eldest son received
3408-607: The election on the ground that, as a supporter of Conrad IV, he was under sentence of excommunication. After the election, the King of Bohemia sent ambassadors conveying his consent to it. However, although "William lacked neither courage nor chivalrous qualities... his power never extended beyond the Rhineland." In his home county, William fought with Countess Margaret II of Flanders for control of Zeeland. As king of Germany, he made himself count of Zeeland. In July 1253, he defeated
3479-481: The founder of the first house of the Counts of Holland, which ruled the county until it was inherited by John II of Hainaut in 1299. Since the Treaty of Verdun (concluded in 843) Frisia and other parts of the present-day Netherlands had become a part of, at first Middle Francia , then after 855 Lotharingia , and finally after the Treaty of Meerssen it was incorporated into East Francia in 870. However, ever since
3550-472: The help of his maternal uncle Duke Henry II of Brabant and the Cologne archbishop Konrad von Hochstaden , William was elected king of Germany after Emperor Frederick II was excommunicated by Pope Innocent IV . He succeeded Landgrave Henry Raspe of Thuringia who had died within a year after his election as anti-king in 1246. The next year, William decided to extend his father's hunting residence to
3621-513: The late nineteenth century has Gerolf been regarded as the founder of the House of Holland. This is based on a poem composed around 1120. It locates the tombs where members of the house were interred. The poem begins with " The first Dirk, brother of Waldger was a glorious man ... " In another work Waldger is named " Waldgarius Freso, Gerulfi filius ", which translates as " Waldger the Frisian, son of Gerolf ". However, it appears unusual that, following
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#17327654160663692-456: The leaders of the Vetkoper party in Westergo and Oostergo. Within two weeks the negotiations resulted in the recognition of Albert of Bavaria as Lord of Friesland. Even the right of the count to appoint officials, which had up until then always been a sticking point in negotiations between the Frisians and the Hollanders, was quickly smoothed over: the Frisians acknowledged this right, as long as
3763-423: The monastery he had to use violence to do it. This so enraged the Frisians, they drove him and his men out and back to the shore, thus preventing him from attacking the main Frisian force from the rear, as had been the plan. Meanwhile, William IV had disembarked on the coast north of Staveren with an army of approximately 500 men. There he proceeded to burn some houses and attack and kill any Frisian in sight. However,
3834-410: The name of his father's father. It is therefore thought that Gerolf was not the father but the foster-father of Waldger and Dirk. Filius in this case meaning foster-son. The most likely candidate for the biological father of Dirk and Waldger is Redbad II, prince of the Frisians. Waldger's nickname Freso may also be indicative of this origin. This prince Radboud fell in battle in 874, while repelling
3905-410: The possession of the now Dutch provinces of Overijssel and Drenthe , to the southeast of Friesland, also coveted control of the area. To the east the rich city of Groningen, nominally under the control of the bishop of Utrecht, but quite independent and very influential, was trying to develop its own sphere of influence in the Frisian lands. The German emperor, who was the only authority recognised by
3976-399: The power in the disputed lands should be wielded by both the counts and the bishops in condominium. Count and bishop should together chose a vice-count to rule in their stead. When they could not agree on a candidate, the emperor could name the vice-count himself. Because this system of government could only function when the bishop of Utrecht was a partisan of the count of Holland, usually when
4047-614: The preservation of the Frisian freedom, even though their infighting jeopardised this freedom. Across the Zuiderzee , which is today Lake IJsselmeer , lay the Frisian territories of Westergo and Oostergo (the borders of which approximately coincide with the present-day Dutch province of Friesland). However, the situation in these territories was quite unlike the one in West-Friesland. The counts of Holland had rivals for these rich lands. The bishops of Utrecht, who were also in
4118-429: The rear. At this, the Frisians broke and fled; numbers of casualties on their side range from 3,000 to 400. Most chronicles name Juw Juwinga ("Yves Joncre") as among the Frisian dead. After the battle, Albert of Bavaria remained at Kuinre for a few more days, but, as Juw Juwinga had predicted, he found it very difficult to operate in the marshy terrain with an army of knights. Furthermore, it started to rain all day, while
4189-590: The same period. In Holland the Hoek and Kabeljauw parties fought for power, and sometimes this was aggravated when there were two candidates for the countship and both sought support among the nobles. Meanwhile, among the Frisians there were also two parties, the Vetkopers and the Schieringers , and virtually every headling belonged to one of these. Their positions were not always clear; both claimed to fight for
4260-408: The sea got more and more tempestuous. On 6 September he gave up and went home, after a campaign of only ten days and with no gains other than revenge for the defeat of 1345 to show for it. After 1396 the war at sea was resumed and in 1397 some small scale attacks were carried out on the Frisian coast at the city of Hindelopen and on the island of Terschelling , but these ended in débâcles. In 1398
4331-401: The south, but rather, he built a fleet, sailed around the coast, and came at his enemies from the rear. With this strategy, he succeeded in conquering several regions. It took the disastrous flood of 1287 and 1288 for him to finally break the resistance posed by the West Frisians. Even so, it was not until 1289 before all resistance was firmly quashed. After the death of Floris in 1296, however,
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#17327654160664402-402: The threatened area to protect it from the Vikings. Later on, after Gerolf had died without leaving any sons of his own, Dirk then inherited the fief or was appointed as its next count. Possibly Waldger may have received (the properties in) Teisterbant because this was an allodium of the family, the comital title and territories being an imperial appointment. Yet another possibility is that Dirk
4473-417: The truce with the Frisians was nearly over, peace negotiations were reentered, however, these talks resulted in no new agreement. Albert of Bavaria wanted effective control over the Frisian territories, while the Frisians refused to concede. As such, the terms of the initial truce continued in place being extended year after year. After almost fifty years of peace, Albert of Bavaria resumed the war in 1396 with
4544-571: Was actually just outside the Frisian borders. However, the Frisians were waiting for them, and the landing cost the Hollanders many lives. After the landing the Frisian strategy was to prevent the Hollanders from leaving the coast and coming inland. According to the tale of the Hainautian chronicler Froissart the Frisian leader he names Yves Joncre (a giant of a man who had fought in Prussia , Hungary , Turkey , on Rhodes and on Cyprus ), who
4615-478: Was also King of the Romans , that is to say, Emperor elect of the Holy Roman Empire , tried to conquer West-Friesland, which lay to the north of his county, on the same landmass. It was a winter campaign, because the marshy nature of the terrain made a common summer campaign unfeasible for knights on their heavy horses. However, in the Battle of Hoogwoud , the count went through the ice and was killed by
4686-552: Was at that time a part of Greater Frisia , but even there he has to admit it is only as suspicion. In the thirteenth century the county of Holland entered a period of expansion, not unlike those which occurred in England and France at the time. This was at the expense of the Bishopric of Utrecht , but also of peripheral territories like Waterland and West-Friesland. Holland and Frisia both experienced protracted civil wars in
4757-414: Was hunted out and killed by Gerolf's son Waldger in 898, but the origin of that conflict is unknown, a possible explanation being that Waldger (who probably descended from Frisian royalty, see below) contested Eberhard's recent appointment as Margrave. It might be important remembering, in face of this scenario, how Merovingian and, most particularly, Carolingian leaders had hunted heathen Frisians just before
4828-477: Was known to the Hollanders and their allies as le Grand Frison , and who is usually identified as Juw Juwinga , a headling from the city of Bolsward , was one of only a few who argued against this strategy, saying that the Frisians should go home and let the Hollanders try to fight the marshy terrain. He was, however, outvoted. On 29 August a battle took place, that is usually named the Battle of Schoterzijl . Of course, in 1396 Schoterzijl did not exist yet, but it
4899-529: Was later appointed Margrave of Frisia) were foremost amongst the conspirators in this plot. In the Chronicon of Regino of Prüm , on the other hand, there is no mention of Gerulf as taking part of this plan. Instead, according to this version, the murdering scheme would have been instigated by Emperor Charles and a certain Duke Henry . If so, it was, possibly, then, effectuated by Eberhard. The same Eberhard
4970-494: Was the Count of Holland and Zeeland from 1234 until his death. He was elected anti-king of Germany in 1248 and ruled as sole king from 1254 onwards. William was the eldest son and heir of Count Floris IV of Holland and Matilda of Brabant . When his father was killed at a tournament at Corbie , William was only seven years old. His paternal uncles William and Otto , bishop of Utrecht , were his guardians until 1239. With
5041-670: Was to ally himself with representatives of the Vetkoper party from the major Frisian territories between the Lauwers and the Ems : Hunsingo ( Ayleko Ferhildema and Reyner Eysinga ), Fivelgo ( Omeko Snelgersma and Haye Wibben ), and Oldambt ( Tammo Gockinga and Menno Howarda ). Even further eastward he found allies in Widzel tom Brok and Folkmar Allena , who were at that time the most influential headlings in East Friesland, across
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