( Stein ) = Kamnik
77-516: Friuli-Venezia Giulia ( Italian: [friˈuːli veˈnɛttsja ˈdʒuːlja] ) is one of the 20 regions of Italy and one of five autonomous regions with special statute . The regional capital is Trieste on the Gulf of Trieste , a bay of the Adriatic Sea . Friuli-Venezia Giulia has an area of 7,924 square kilometres (3,059 sq mi) and about 1.2 million inhabitants. A natural opening to
154-543: A Celtic tribe, in the south-west. Carniola formed part of the Roman province of Pannonia ; the northern part was joined to Noricum , the south-western and south-eastern parts and the city of Aemona to Venice and Istria . In the time of Augustus all the region from Aemona to Kolpa river belonged to the province of Savia . After the fall of the Western Roman Empire (476), Carniola was incorporated into
231-444: A centre-left government and confirmed by popular referendum), which granted them residual policy competence. A further federalist reform was proposed by the regionalist party Lega Nord and in 2005, the centre-right government led by Silvio Berlusconi proposed a new reform that would have greatly increased the power of regions. The proposals, which had been particularly associated with Lega Nord , and seen by some as leading
308-635: A dispute with the Swabian count Rudolf of Habsburg over his election as King of the Romans . The next year Rudolf and the Imperial Diet of Nuremberg demanded that all fiefs acquired during the interregnum after the death of Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen in 1250 were to revert to the Imperial crown, a demand which would have applied to Austria, Carinthia and Carniola. Ottokar refused, but
385-522: A former agreement the late Duke Henry had made with Emperor Louis the Bavarian , whereby his daughters Adelaide and Margaret of Tyrol would inherit his lands. Albert's son Duke Rudolf IV of Austria declared Carniola a Duchy in 1364, although like his claiming of the title of "Archduke of Austria" by the Privilegium Maius , such an elevation was beyond his jurisdiction. The ducal title
462-406: A leading insurance company in the world. In the services sector, the city of Trieste plays a leading role (with knock-on effects on the other provincial capitals); it is here that activities such as the regional government, large banking, and insurance companies are concentrated. The unemployment rate stood at 5.7% in 2020. With its commercial Free Port, Trieste also plays an essential role in
539-588: A meeting in Augsburg , but instead he leased the margraviate to his ally Count Meinhard of Tyrol , whom he appointed Duke of Carinthia from 1286. It remained with the Meinhardiner dynasty until Meinard's son, Duke Henry VI of Carinthia , died in 1335. The Luxembourg king John I of Bohemia renounced his rights of inheritance and the Habsburg dukes Otto and Albert II of Austria gained Carniola despite
616-400: A minimum of 106 inhabitants per km in the province of Udine to a maximum of 1,144 inhabitants per km in the province of Trieste. The negative natural balance in the region is partly made up by the positive net migration. To some extent the migratory surplus has in fact offset the downward trend in the population since 1975. In 2008, the resident population with foreign nationality registered in
693-573: A non-profit private association of small Italian towns of strong historical and artistic interest, that was founded on the initiative of the Tourism Council of the National Association of Italian Municipalities. Population density is lower than the national average: In 1978 there were in total only 1,224,611 inhabitants; in 2008 it was 157.5 inhabitants per km (compared to 198.8 for Italy as a whole). However, density varies from
770-500: A region-wide basis by the Regional Council. However, activity of UTIs was discontinued after the reactivation of former provinces. The Regional Council also passed a statute which allows, should it desire at some future point, for the establishment of the regional capital of Trieste—with smaller surrounding towns—as a metropolitan city administering wide area local development policies. Until 2017–18, Friuli-Venezia Giulia
847-621: A regional constitution, determining the form of government and the fundamental principles of the organization and the functioning of the region, as prescribed by the Constitution of Italy ( Article 123 ). Although all the regions except Tuscany define themselves in various ways as an "autonomous Region" in the first article of their Statutes, fifteen regions have ordinary statutes and five have special statutes, granting them extended autonomy. These regions, whose statutes are approved by their regional councils, were created in 1970, even though
SECTION 10
#1732776854878924-556: Is an underground river that flows for 38 km from Slovenia and resurfaces near its mouth north-west of Duino . The region Friuli-Venezia Giulia has a temperate climate . However, due to the terrain's diversity, it varies considerably from one area to another. Walled by the Alps on its northern flank, the region is exposed to air masses from the East and the West. The region receives also
1001-702: Is closely connected to the motorway and railway networks. The airport offers regular national and international flights including destinations in Eastern Europe. The region is now placing much of its hopes for future economic development in the construction of a high-speed European Transport Corridor n° V connecting Lyon, Turin, Venice, Trieste, Ljubljana, Budapest, and Kyiv, so as to improve the traffic of goods and services with new EU partners. Friuli-Venezia Giulia has many small and picturesque villages, 13 of them have been selected by I Borghi più belli d'Italia (English: The most beautiful Villages of Italy ),
1078-403: Is still elected on a regional basis, but the number of senators was reduced from 315 to 200, who are now elected by all citizens aged 18 or older, just like deputies (themselves being reduced from 630 to 400). Italians residing abroad now elect 4 senators (and 8 deputies). The remaining 196 senators are assigned to each region proportionally according to their population. The amended Article 57 of
1155-557: Is the Italian port with the greatest capacity for covered storage, with a surface area of more than 2 million square meters and 70 km of rail tracks. Intermodality is guaranteed by the Cervignano terminal, in operation since 1988, to serve the increasing commercial traffic between Italy and Eastern European countries. The regional airport of Ronchi dei Legionari is situated 30 km from Trieste and 40 km from Udine and
1232-516: Is the official national language. Friulian language is also spoken in most of the region—with a few exceptions, most notably Trieste and the area around Monfalcone and Grado , where a version of the Venetian language and Triestine dialect is spoken instead. Venetian is also spoken in western part of the Province of Pordenone , and in the city of Pordenone itself, due to its proximity with
1309-579: Is vested in both the government and the Regional Council . In the latest regional election, which took place on 4 March 2018, Massimiliano Fedriga of the Lega Nord Friuli-Venezia Giulia was elected president by a landslide. Like most of the rest of Italy, Friuli-Venezia Giulia was previously divided into four provinces : Gorizia , Pordenone , Trieste and Udine . They were abolished on 30 September 2017, with
1386-679: The Austrian Littoral crown land, along with Istria and several islands in the Kvarner Gulf . Under the enlightened government and policies set by the Austrian Empire and continued by the Austrian-Hungarian Empire in the 18th and 19th centuries, Trieste flourished, reaching an extraordinary economic development as the main harbor of the Habsburg empire. The Third Italian War of Independence led to
1463-572: The Avars . The march of Carniola on the eastern slope of the Julian Alps probably dates back to the late ninth century, when it was formed alongside the marches of Carinthia , Istria , and Pannonia and was especially susceptible to Magyar raids. In 952, Carniola was placed under the authority of the Dukes of Bavaria , as were Carinthia, Istria, and Friuli . In 976, Emperor Otto II deposed
1540-908: The Constitution of Italy originally established that the Senate of the Republic was to be elected on a regional basis by Italian citizens aged 25 or older (unlike the Chamber of the Deputies , which was elected on a national basis and by all Italian citizens aged 18 or older). No region could have less than 7 senators, except for the two smallest regions: Aosta Valley (1 senator) and Molise (2 senators). From 2006 to 2020, 6 out of 315 senators (and 12 out of 630 deputies) were elected by Italians residing abroad . After two constitutional amendments were passed respectively in 2020 (by constitutional referendum ) and 2021, however, there have been changes. The Senate
1617-515: The Constitution of Italy , each region is an autonomous entity with defined powers. With the exception of the Aosta Valley (since 1945) and Friuli-Venezia Giulia (2018–2020), each region is divided into a number of provinces . During the Kingdom of Italy , regions were mere statistical districts of the central state. Under the Republic, they were granted a measure of political autonomy by
SECTION 20
#17327768548781694-594: The Imperial Free City of Trieste . The coastal territory between Gorizia and Trieste was controlled by the March of Carniola ( Duchy of Carniola from 1364). Friuli became Venetian territory in 1420; Trieste and Gorizia, which remained within the Holy Roman Empire, came under Habsburg (Austrian) dominance in 1382 and 1500 respectively. The Venetian fortress of Gradisca d'Isonzo was retaken by
1771-496: The Italian Constitution grants home rule to five regions, namely the Aosta Valley , Friuli-Venezia Giulia , Sardinia , Sicily , and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol , allowing them some legislative, administrative and financial power to a varying extent, depending on their specific statute. These regions became autonomous in order to take into account cultural differences and protect linguistic minorities. Moreover,
1848-580: The Karawanks . Carniola had been additionally settled mostly by Bavarians with a minority of Swabians and retained its Slovene culture while most of Carinthia adopted German culture. The most prominent Bavarian families were the Hoflein, Stein, Hertenberg, Reydeck, and Rabensberg, while the Swabian families of the Auersperg, Osterberg, and Gallenberg were also represented. Initially, the margraviate
1925-752: The Karst Plateau and had two small seacoasts on the Gulf of Trieste and the Gulf of Kvarner . It reached to the Friulian Isonzo valley, but not the river itself. This change in its geographical constitution was accompanied by increased interest on the part of nearby landlocked powers. In 1245, Patriarch Berthold gave Carniola to the Babenberg duke Frederick II of Austria , husband of Agnes of Merania , with royal consent. Around 1254, Carniola lost its marcher privileges. When Duke Frederick II of Austria died without male heirs in 1246, Carniola
2002-522: The Latin term Forum Julii (' Julius ' forum '), a center for commerce in the Roman times, which today corresponds to the city of Cividale . The denomination Venezia Giulia ('Julian Venetia', not referring to the city of Venice but to the Roman province of Venetia et Histria ) was proposed by the Italian linguist Graziadio Isaia Ascoli , with the intention of marking the Italian cultural spirit of
2079-651: The March of Styria , the Mark an der Drau and Mark an der Sann , as well as the vast March of Verona with Friuli and Istria. In 1040, King Henry III of Germany separated Carniola from the Duchy of Carinthia and granted the Windic March (later Lower Carniola ) to the former. The reason for the split was partly military considerations and partly the innate distinctness of the region, whose pattern of German colonisation differed from that of Carinthia proper north of
2156-555: The River Isonzo 's estuary. To the west, the coast is shallow and sandy, with numerous tourist resorts and the lagoons of Grado and Marano Lagunare . To the east, the coastline rises into cliffs, where the Karst Plateau meets the Adriatic, all the way to Trieste and Muggia on the border with Slovenia. The Carso has geological features and phenomena such as hollows, cave networks, and underground rivers, which extend inland in
2233-593: The Veneto region . Friulian and Venetian are more common in the countryside, while standard Italian is the predominant language in the larger towns ( Udine , Pordenone , Gorizia ). The region is also home to Italy's Slovene-speaking minority . A very popular symbol among the Friulian community (mostly identified with the Friulian-speaking population in the provinces of Udine, Pordenone and Gorizia and
2310-484: The giunta , and nominates or dismisses its members, called assessori . If the directly elected president resigns, new elections are called immediately. In the Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol region, the regional council is made up of the joint session of the two provincial councils of Trentino and of South Tyrol. The regional president is one of the two provincial commissioners. Article 57 of
2387-605: The 13th century, the time of the Patriarchate of Aquileia. 45°38′10″N 13°48′15″E / 45.63611°N 13.80417°E / 45.63611; 13.80417 Regions of Italy The regions of Italy ( Italian : regioni d'Italia ) are the first-level administrative divisions of the Italian Republic , constituting its second NUTS administrative level. There are twenty regions, five of which are autonomous regions with special status . Under
Friuli-Venezia Giulia - Misplaced Pages Continue
2464-641: The 1809 Treaty of Schönbrunn . In 1815, following the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the Congress of Vienna returned the area to Austria: Friuli was included in the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia , while Gorizia and Trieste were assigned to the Kingdom of Illyria (both crown lands of the Austrian Empire), with the boundary roughly following the former Imperial-Venetian border. In 1849 Illyria was abolished and Gorizia and Trieste both became part of
2541-560: The 1948 Italian Constitution . The original draft list comprised the Salento region (which was eventually included in Apulia ); Friuli and Venezia Giulia were separate regions, and Basilicata was named Lucania . Abruzzo and Molise were identified as separate regions in the first draft, but were later merged into Abruzzi e Molise in the final constitution of 1948, before being separated in 1963. Implementation of regional autonomy
2618-594: The Constitution provides that no region can have fewer than 3 senators representing it, barring Aosta Valley and Molise, which retained 1 and 2 senators respectively. March of Carniola The March (or Margraviate ) of Carniola ( Kranjska krajina ( Slovene ) ; Mark Krain ( German ) ) was a southeastern state of the Holy Roman Empire in the High Middle Ages ,
2695-502: The EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 106% of the EU average. The economy of Friuli-Venezia Giulia is one of Italy's most successful. Its core is based on small and middle-size enterprises (the so-called "North-East model"), on specialized farming and on high-quality tourism with a significant inclination towards exports. Agriculture and farming maintain an essential role in
2772-557: The Empire in 1511 and incorporated into Gorizia but Monfalcone to the south remained an effective Venetian exclave. Pordenone was a corpus separatum , under Austrian influence until 1515, when it fell to Venetian rule. Gradisca was separated from Gorizia in 1647 but were reunited in 1754 to form the Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca . With the 1797 Treaty of Campo Formio , Venetian domination came to an end and Friuli
2849-495: The Italian Constitution dates back to 1948. Since the constitutional reform of 2001 they have had residual legislative powers: the regions have exclusive legislative power with respect to any matters not expressly reserved to state law ( Article 117 ). Yet their financial autonomy is quite modest: they keep just 20% of all levied taxes, mostly used to finance the region-based healthcare system . Article 116 of
2926-701: The Kingdom of Italy, and (493) under Theodoric it formed part of the Ostrogothic kingdom . Between the upper Sava and the Soča rivers lived the Carni, and towards the end of the sixth century Slavs settled the region called by Latin writers Carnia , or Carniola meaning, "little Carnia", i.e., part of greater Carnia. Later on the name was changed to Krajina or, in German, Chrainmark . The new inhabitants were subjected to
3003-528: The Lombard Duke of Friuli replaced by a Frankish one. In 787 Charlemagne established a new patriarch at Aquileia . The duchy was dissolved in 828 and partitioned into smaller counties. In 843 the Empire was partitioned in the Treaty of Verdun placing Friuli at the frontier between Middle Francia (later the Kingdom of Italy ) and East Francia (later the Kingdom of Germany ) and in 846 the former duchy
3080-547: The Mediterranean) to Central and Eastern Europe. Its role will become even more strategic as a logistical platform with the imminent enlargement of the European Union. Hence the importance of the infrastructure network of the region, which can today be considered first-rate in quality and diversity. The motorway network consists of more than 200 km that runs from North to South and from West to East, connecting
3157-641: The annexation of Lombardy-Venetia, including Friuli, to the Kingdom of Italy , while the Littoral remained in Austrian hands. During the First World War, the region was a prominent theatre for military operations and suffered serious damage and loss of lives. After the war, the former Littoral was annexed by Italy in the 1920 Treaty of Rapallo , although Venezia Giulia 's borders were the subject of an international dispute. The Second World War led to
Friuli-Venezia Giulia - Misplaced Pages Continue
3234-734: The area. In Roman times, modern Friuli-Venezia Giulia was located within Regio X Venetia et Histria of Roman Italy. The traces of its Roman origin are visible all over the area. In fact, the city of Aquileia , founded in 181 BC, served as the regional capital and rose to prominence in the Augustan era. Following the Lombard settlements in the 6th century, the historical paths of Friuli and Venezia Giulia began to diverge. In 568, Cividale del Friuli (the Roman Forum Iulii (from which
3311-605: The creation of the Anglo-American Administration in Trieste until the border was defined in the 1954 Memorandum of London . After Trieste was reassigned to Italy, the Autonomous Region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia was finally established. The region's name was Friuli-Venezia Giulia (hyphenated) until 2001, when the official spelling Friuli Venezia Giulia (without hyphen) was adopted following
3388-544: The economy of the region and employed in 2001 around 95,000 persons. Its products are exported not only within the country and Europe (fruit and vegetables, cheese) but have become known worldwide for their acclaimed quality (cured ham and wines, especially white ones). Noteworthy is also the production of soy (third producer in Italy with more than 37,000 hectares cultivated in 2000) and timber production in Carnia . The economy of
3465-603: The first three immediately ceasing activity, while the province of Udine remained active until 22 April 2018. In 2019, they were all reactivated as "regional decentralization entities" ( Italian : Enti di decentramento regionale , or EDR) beginning on 1 July 2020. In anticipation of this 2017 and 2018 abolition of the provinces in Friuli-Venezia Giulia, the Regional Council created a system of 18 Intermunicipal Territorial Unions (Italian: Unioni territoriali intercomunali , or UTI). The UTIs progressively took on
3542-533: The government wanted to prevent them from potentially seceding or being taken away from Italy after the defeat in World War II . Each region has an elected parliament, called Consiglio Regionale (regional council), or Assemblea Regionale (regional assembly) in Sicily, and a government called Giunta Regionale (regional committee), headed by a governor called Presidente della Giunta Regionale (president of
3619-482: The hilly area is also known as Slavia Friulana , as it is mostly inhabited by ethnic Slovenes . The central plains are characterized by poor, arid, and permeable soil. The soil has been made fertile with an extensive irrigation system and through the adoption of modern intensive farming techniques. In this part of the region, most of the agricultural activities are concentrated. The coastal area can be further subdivided into two, western-eastern, subsections separated by
3696-410: The local services that the municipalities previously managed, extending across the larger area managed by each UTI, while also taking on some responsibilities previously managed by the provinces; this handling of "wide area local development policies" by the UTIs was conceived as a way allow more focused planning and budgeting for the 215 comuni , divided across the 18 UTIs, than would be possible on
3773-451: The modification of Article No.116 of the Italian Constitution. The term "Venezia Giulia" was coined by Graziadio Isaia Ascoli . Friuli-Venezia Giulia is Italy's north-easternmost region . It covers an area of 7,858 km and is the fifth smallest region of the country. It borders Austria to the north and Slovenia to the east, the three countries meeting at the tripoint on the mountain of Dreiländereck , known as Monte Forno in Italian. To
3850-436: The mountains. The area is also known for its tourist destinations, especially during the winter season ( Monte Zoncolan , Tarvisio , Sella Nevea, Forni di Sopra and Piancavallo). The hilly area is situated to the south of the mountains and along the central section of the border with Slovenia . The main product of agriculture in this area is wine, whose quality, especially the white, is known worldwide. The easternmost part of
3927-564: The name Friuli is derived)) became the capital of the first Lombard dukedom in Italy. In the 6th century, the Alpine Slavs , ancestors of present-day Slovenes , settled the eastern areas of the region . They settled in the easternmost mountainous areas of Friuli known as the Friulian Slavia , as well as in the Karst Plateau and in the area north and south of Gorizia . In the 12th and 13th centuries, they also moved closer to Trieste. In 774 Charlemagne conquered Lombard Italy and absorbed it into Francia (the Frankish Empire from 800), with
SECTION 50
#17327768548784004-410: The northeast. These generate a very special feature of the local climate: the north-easterly wind Bora , which descends onto the Gulf of Trieste with gusts occasionally exceeding speeds of 150 km/h. The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was 38 billion euros in 2018, accounting for 2.2% of Italy's economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 31,200 euros or 103% of
4081-424: The numerous expat communities around the world) is the Friulian Historical Flag , to which the official regional flag is roughly inspired, being somehow a modern interpretation of it. The official, modern "Friuli-Venezia Giulia" flag logo was issued in 1967–1968 (and adopted in 2001) to represent the region which in 1963 took the administrative setup of today. The historical symbol of the eagle dates back to (at least)
4158-539: The others and the way in which they tended to follow her. Due to this informal cohesion, Carniola was more like a geographical part than a whole and it was often combined to its neighbours and granted out as payment for electoral support. Nevertheless, its status as the most southeasterly of the marches helped it retain its marcher privileges well into the thirteenth century and long after the other regions, especially Friuli, had lost theirs. On 11 June 1077, Carniola and Istria were transferred by King Henry IV of Germany to
4235-481: The powerful patriarchs of Aquileia . Nevertheless, secular margraves were still appointed and the territory was administered as a separate province. After the extinction of the Thuringian counts of Weimar upon the death of Margrave Ulric II in 1112 (he may have resigned his march in 1107 or 1108), the patriarchate took over the governing of the territory, against the resistance of the Rhenish House of Sponheim , dukes of Carinthia from 1122. The Patriarchs partitioned
4312-401: The predecessor of the Duchy of Carniola . It corresponded roughly to the central Carniolan region of present-day Slovenia . At the time of its creation, the march served as a frontier defense against the Kingdoms of Hungary and Croatia . Before the coming of the Romans (c. 200 BC), the Taurisci dwelt in the north of Carniola, the Pannonians in the south-east, the Iapodes or Carni,
4389-454: The provinces of Trieste and Gorizia, with an altitude ranging between 300m and 600m. The rivers of the region flow from the North and from Slovenia into the Adriatic . The two main rivers are the Tagliamento , which flows west–east in its upper part in the Carnic Alps and then bends into a north–south flow that separates the Julian Alps from Alpine foothills and the Isonzo (Slovenian: Soča) which flows from Slovenia into Italy. The Timavo
4466-404: The rebellious Bavarian duke Henry the Wrangler and ceded the duchy to his nephew Otto of Swabia . In turn, he separated the southeastern marches from the Bavarian duchy and elevated Carinthia to a duchy in its own right. Henry the Younger , a member of the Bavarian Luitpolding dynasty, was appointed first duke and acted as a sort of "chief of the border police", controlling the Carniolan march,
4543-437: The region accounted to 83,306 persons (6.7% of the total population). A special Italian statute of 31 January 1963 effective 16 February 1963 constituted Friuli-Venezia Giulia as an autonomous region within the Italian Republic. The President of Regional Government is the region's head of government. Executive power is exercised by the Regional Government of Friuli-Venezia Giulia [ it ] and legislative power
4620-474: The region can be subdivided into four main areas. The mountainous area in the north: this part of the region includes Carnia and the ending section of the Alps ( Carnic Alps and Julian Alps ), of which the highest peaks exceed 2,700 m above sea level ( Jôf di Montasio 2,754 m). Its landscapes are characterised by vast pine forests and pastures, mountain lakes (e.g. Sauris , Fusine, and Barcis ), and numerous streams and small rivers descending from
4697-556: The region in both the industry and services sectors. Some of these companies are world leaders in their relevant sectors; such are Fincantieri (headquarters in Trieste with shipyards in Monfalcone ) for the construction of the world's largest cruise ships, Zanussi - Electrolux ( Pordenone ) in the production of electrical appliances, Danieli , Eurotech , Illy , Rizzani de Eccher , Solari di Udine , TBS Group, Banca Generali , Genertellife , Italia Marittima , Telit , Wärtsilä , Allianz Italia and Assicurazioni Generali in Trieste,
SECTION 60
#17327768548784774-401: The region is based on a widespread mosaic of small and medium-sized enterprises; of particular importance are the four industrial districts where a multitude of highly specialised enterprises are concentrated. These districts are centred around the towns of Manzano , San Daniele del Friuli (cured ham), Maniago (knives), and Brugnera (furniture). Several large enterprises are also present in
4851-406: The region to Austria and Slovenia . The railway network consists of around 500 km of track, with the two twin-line 'backbones' Venice-Trieste and Trieste-Udine-Tarvisio-Austria. The motorway and railway networks are linked to the ports of Trieste, Monfalcone, and Porto Nogaro, the three most northerly ports of the Mediterranean. Trieste, in particular, has a free port for goods since 1719. It
4928-400: The regional committee) or Presidente della Regione (regional president). The latter is directly elected by the citizens of each region, with the exceptions of Aosta Valley and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol regions where the president is chosen by the regional council. Under the 1995 electoral law, the winning coalition receives an absolute majority of seats on the council. The president chairs
5005-405: The sea for many central European countries, the region is traversed by the major transport routes between the east and west of Southern Europe . It encompasses the historical-geographical region of Friuli and a small portion of the historical region of Venezia Giulia —also known in English as the Julian March —each with its own distinct history, traditions and identity. Friuli comes from
5082-419: The south, it faces the Adriatic Sea and to the west the Veneto region. The region spans a wide variety of climates and landscapes from the mild Oceanic in the south to Alpine continental in the north. The total area is subdivided into 42.5% mountainous-alpine terrain in the north, 19.3% is hilly, mostly to the southeast, while the remaining 38.2% comprises the central and coastal plains. Morphologically
5159-518: The southerly Sirocco from the Adriatic Sea, which brings in heavy rainfall. Along the coast, the climate is mild and pleasant. Trieste records the smallest temperature differences between winter and summer and between day and night. The climate is Alpine-continental in the mountainous areas, where, in some locations, the coldest winter temperatures in Italy can often be found. The Kras plateau has its own weather and climate, influenced, mostly during autumn and winter, by masses of cold air coming from
5236-432: The territory between several powerful fiefs, the most prominent of which were the Bavarian counts of Andechs (later dukes of Merania ), the Meinhardiner dynasty of Gorizia ( Görz ), and the Counts of Celje . In the twelfth century, the Republic of Venice gradually acquired the Istrian littoral and Carniola took control of what remained of the Istrian march around Pazin ( Mitterburg ). Soon Carniola extended over
5313-407: The trade sector: special custom regulations ensure exclusive financial conditions to operators. The Port of Trieste is today the most important centre worldwide for the trade of coffee and plays a strategic key role in trade with northern and eastern Europe. Although small in size, Friuli-Venezia Giulia has always been 'in the centre of Europe' and has played an important role in connecting Italy (and
5390-415: The way to a federal state, were rejected in the 2006 Italian constitutional referendum by 61.7% "no" to 38.3% "yes". The results varied considerably among the regions, ranging from 55.3% in favour in Veneto to 82% against in Calabria . Number of regions governed by each coalition since 1995: Macroregions are the first-level NUTS of the European Union . Every region has a statute that serves as
5467-425: Was bordered by Carinthia and Styria (elevated to a duchy in 1156) to the north, the Croatia and Slavonia to the east, Istria and Dalmatia to the south, and Friuli , Gorizia , Udine and Gradisca to the west. The Carniolan lands were bound informally to the other marches of the southeast of the Empire in what has been termed the "Austrian complex" because of the supremacy which Austria quickly obtained over
5544-815: Was ceded to the Habsburg Monarchy (formally part of the Austrian Empire from 1804); however, Austria was forced to cede it to the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy in the 1805 Peace of Pressburg , along with the parts of the County of Gorizia and Gradisca west of the Isonzo (the boundary was formalized in the 1807 Treaty of Fontainebleau). Trieste and Gorizia were then also ceded to the Napoleonic Illyrian Provinces in
5621-452: Was divided into four provinces. The Regional Council voted to abolish them effective 30 September 2017, although the provincial council of the largest, Udine, carried on some administrative responsibilities until 22 April 2018. They have again been active since 1 July 2020 under the administrative form of regional decentralization entities or EDRs. The official languages of the region are Italian , Friulian , Slovene and German . Italian
5698-535: Was eventually put under Imperial ban in 1276 and forced to cede the lands, only retaining his Kingdom of Bohemia with Moravia . Two years later he was defeated and killed in the Battle on the Marchfeld . Under Habsburg rule, Carniola became a frontier against Venice in the southwest, while its eastern border with Hungary remained stable. Rudolph enfeoffed Carniola to his sons Albert and Rudolf II in 1282 after
5775-591: Was given to the last Sponheim duke Ulric III of Carinthia , a cousin of the patriarch who married Frederick's widow Agnes. Ulric developed Carniola, endowing many lands to the church and establishing a mint at Kostanjevica . As he himself left no heirs, he willed his lands to his cousin, the Přemyslid king Ottokar II of Bohemia in 1268. Ottokar likewise had acquired the princeless Duchy of Austria with Styria , and upon Ulric's death in 1269 he united Carinthia and Carniola to his Crown. In 1273 Ottokar became embroiled in
5852-454: Was postponed until the first Regional elections of 1970. The ruling Christian Democracy party did not want the opposition Italian Communist Party to gain power in the regions where it was historically rooted (the red belt of Emilia-Romagna , Tuscany , Umbria and the Marches ). Regions acquired a significant level of autonomy following a constitutional reform in 2001 (brought about by
5929-647: Was reconstituted as the March of Friuli . In 961 Otto the Great of Germany took control of the Kingdom of Italy and established the Holy Roman Empire . In 1077, the Holy Roman Emperor recognized the territorial powers of the Patriarchate of Aquileia that temporarily extended its rule to areas to the east; however, by the 12th century the County of Gorizia had become independent. Trieste developed into
#877122