94-445: Vijayanagara : ( Origin . Empire . Musicological nonet . Medieval city . Military . Haridasa . Battle of Raichur . Battle of Talikota ) Sultanate : Dialects: ( Kundagannada . Havigannada . Arebhashe ) Jainism : ( In Karnataka . In North Karnataka . Jain Bunt ) Kodagu district ( Kodava: [koɖɐɡɨ] ) (also known by its former name Coorg )
188-589: A UNESCO World Heritage Site . Hampi, an ancient human settlement mentioned in Hindu texts, houses pre-Vijayanagara temples and monuments. In the early 14th century, the dominant Kakatiyas , Seuna Yadavas , Hoysalas , and the short-lived Kampili kingdom , who inhabited the Deccan region, were invaded and plundered by armies of Khalji and later Tughlaq dynasties of the Delhi Sultanate . Vijayanagara
282-509: A language known as Arebhashe a dialect of Kannada . Guddemane Appaiah Gowda along with many other freedom fighters from different communities revolted against the British in an armed struggle which covered entire Kodagu and Dakshina Kannada. This was one of the earliest freedom movements against the British called " Amara Sulliada Swantantrya Sangraama " ( Amara Sulya Dhange formally called
376-560: A large and developed metropolitan area. The Italian Cesari Federici writing two years after the Vijayanagara Empire's military defeat in 1565 describes the city after its ruin, "is not altogether destroyed, yet the houses stand still, but emptie [sic], and there is dwelling in them nothing, as is reported, but Tygres and other wild beasts." Recent commentaries state: The massive walls, which can still be traced, enclosed an area of more than sixty square miles, much of which
470-524: A nuisance and potential threat to workers in Indian coffee plantations. Processing of coffee in India is accomplished using two methods, dry processing and wet processing. Dry processing is the traditional method of drying in the sun which is retains flavor producing fruit characteristics. In the wet processing method, coffee beans are fermented and washed, which is the preferred method for improved yields. As to
564-613: A pilgrimage to Mecca , smuggled seven coffee beans (by hiding them in his beard) from Yemen to Mysore in India. He planted them on the Chandra Drona Giri (1,829 metres (6,001 ft))('Giri' means "hill") in Chikkamagaluru district . It was considered an illegal act to take out green coffee seed out of Arabia. As number seven is a sacrosanct number in Islamic religion , the saint's act of carrying seven coffee beans
658-611: A policy change. However, the discharged employees then took over the branches, under the leadership of the then communist leader A. K. Gopalan and renamed the network as Indian Coffee House. The first Indian Coffee Workers Co-Operative Society was established in Bengaluru on 19 August 1957. The first Indian Coffee House was opened in New Delhi on 27 October 1957. Gradually, the Indian Coffee House chain expanded across
752-734: A population of over 100,000 in South India and that from the contemporary accounts and what remains of its expanse, the city proper and the suburbs had a population of 500,000 to 600,000. He notes that Domingo Paes had estimated its size at 100,000 houses. Vijayanagara includes: Coffee production in India Coffee production in India is dominated in the hill tracts of South Indian states, with Karnataka accounting for 71% ( Kodagu district alone produces 33% of India's coffee), followed by Kerala with 21% and Tamil Nadu (5% of overall production with 8,200 tonnes ). Indian coffee
846-472: A prosperous and wealthy city. By 1500 CE, Hampi-Vijayanagara was the world's second largest medieval era city (after Beijing ) and probably India's richest at that time, attracting traders from Persia and Portugal. Wars between nearby Muslim Sultanates and Hindu Vijayanagara continued, however, through the 16th century. In 1565, the Vijayanagara leader Aliya Rama Raya was captured and killed, and
940-479: A temporary research unit was established in 1915 at Koppa primarily to evolve solutions to crop infestation by leaf diseases. This was followed by the field research station established by the then Government of Mysore , titled "Mysore Coffee Experimental Station," in 1925. This was handed over to the Coffee Board which was formed in 1942, and regular research started at this station from 1944. Dr L. C. Coleman
1034-468: A total production estimate of 262,000 tonnes. There are approximately 250,000 coffee growers in India; 98% of them are small growers. Over 90 percent of them are small farms consisting of 10 acres (4.0 ha) or fewer. According to published statistics for 2001–2002, the total area under coffee in India was 346,995 hectares (857,440 acres) with small holdings of 175,475 accounting for 71.2%. The area under large holding of more than 100 hectares (250 acres)
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#17327726320291128-435: A well established farm land of 130.94 hectares (323.6 acres) for carrying out crop research, out of which 80.26 hectares (198.3 acres) are dedicated to coffee research (51.32 hectares (126.8 acres) of arabica and 28.94 hectares (71.5 acres) of robusta), 10 hectares (25 acres) are used for growing CXR, 12.38 hectares (30.6 acres) are apportioned for nurseries, roads and buildings, and the balance area of 12.38 hectares (30.6 acres)
1222-543: Is a World Heritage Site , known in that context as the Ruins of Hampi. In recent years there have been concerns regarding damage to the site at Hampi from heavy vehicular traffic and the construction of road bridges in the vicinity. Hampi was listed as a "threatened" World Heritage Site by the UNESCO but was later removed from the list after appropriate corrective measures were taken. Traveller memoirs before 1565 CE record it as
1316-519: Is a delightful sight to watch. The time period between blooming and maturing of the fruit varies appreciably with the variety and the climate; for the Arabica , it is about seven months, and for the Robusta , about nine months. The fruit is gathered by hand when it is fully ripe and red-purple in colour. Ideal climatic conditions to grow coffee are related to temperature and rainfall; temperatures in
1410-887: Is a derivative of a cross between Caturra with Hybrido-de-Timor, while the award-winning Selection 9 is a derivative from the crossing between Tafarikela and Hybrido-de-Timor. The dwarf and semi-dwarf hybrids of San Ramon and Caturra were developed to meet the demands for high density plantings. The Devamachy hybrid ( C. arabica and C. canephora ) was first discovered around 1930 in India. The Indian Coffee Association's weekly auction includes such varieties as Arabica Cherry, Robusta Cherry, Arabica Plantation, and Robusta Parchment. Regional logos and brands include: Anamalais, Araku valley, Bababudangiris, Biligiris, Brahmaputra, Chikmagalur, Coorg, Manjarabad, Nilgiris, Pulneys, Sheveroys, Travancore, and Wayanad. There are also several specialty brands such as Monsooned Malabar AA, Mysore Nuggets Extra Bold, and Robusta Kaapi Royale. Organic coffee
1504-496: Is a reserve area for future expansion. The research farm has a well established network of check dams that provides a regulated water source to the plantations which offer a wide range of shade tree species under which coffee is grown, and germplasm and exotic material from all the coffee growing countries including Ethiopia which is known as the home land of Arabica. In addition, crop diversification with crops such as pepper and areca are also part of income generating programmes of
1598-540: Is an administrative district in the Karnataka state of India. Before 1956, it was an administratively separate Coorg State , at which point it was merged into an enlarged Mysore State . Kodagu is located on the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats . It has a geographical area of 4,102 km (1,584 sq mi). The district is bordered by Dakshina Kannada district to the northwest, Hassan district to
1692-417: Is carrying out exclusive research in bio-technology and molecular biology to supplement/complement the conventional breeding programs in developing high yielding, pest and disease resistant varieties. The Coffee Board of India maintains a Quality Control Division in its head office in Bengaluru which plays an active role in collaborating with other research disciplines in upgrading the "quality of coffee in
1786-601: Is credited as the founder of coffee research in India. The Coffee Board of India is an autonomous body, functioning under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India. The Board serves as a friend, philosopher and guide of the coffee industry in India. Set up under an Act of the Parliament of India in the year 1942, the Board focuses on research, development, extension, quality up gradation, market information, and
1880-430: Is evidenced by the quantities of charcoal, the heat-cracked basements and burnt architectural pieces found by archaeologists in Vijayanagara region. The urban Vijayanagara was abandoned and remained in ruins ever since. Vijayanagara never recovered from the ruins. The Italian Cesare Federici writing two years after the empire's defeat states that "The Citie of Bezeneger (Vijayanagara) is not altogether destroyed, yet
1974-485: Is known as coffee rot , which can cause severe damage during the rainy season, particularly to plantations in Karnataka. Pellicularia koleroga is the name given to this rot or rust, which turns the leaves a black color with a slimy gelatinous film. It is now classified as Ceratobasidium noxium This causes the coffee leaves and clusters of coffee berries to drop to the ground. In addition, snakes such as cobras are
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#17327726320292068-648: Is known for its dense forest cover and the exotic flora and fauna found there. It has three wildlife sanctuaries; Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary , Talakaveri Wildlife Sanctuary and Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary , one National Park; the Nagarahole National Park and the only private sanctuary of India; the SAI Sanctuary . Kodagu is home for species endemic to the Western Ghats. It has large tiger and elephant populations as well. As per
2162-506: Is produced without synthetic agro-chemicals and plant protection methods. A certification is essential by the accrediting agency for such coffee to market it (popular forms are of regular, decaffeinated, flavoured and instant coffee variety) as such since they are popular in Europe, United States and Japan. The Indian terrain and climatic conditions provide the advantages required for the growth of such coffee in deep and fertile forest soils under
2256-484: Is said to be the finest coffee grown in the shade rather than direct sunlight anywhere in the world. There are about 250,000 coffee growers in the country; 98% of them are small growers. As of 2009, Indian coffee made up just 4.5% of the global production, being the 7th largest producer of coffee. Almost 80% of Indian coffee is exported; 70% is bound for Germany, Russia, Spain, Belgium, Libya, Poland, Jordan, Malaysia, U.S.A, Slovenia and Austria. Italy accounts for 20.37% of
2350-475: Is slightly acidic (pH 6.0–6.5). However, India's coffees tend to be moderately acidic which can lead to either a balanced and sweet taste, or a listless and inert one. Slopes of Arabica tend to be gentle to moderate, while Robusta slopes are gentle to fairly level. Blooming is the time when coffee plants bloom with white flowers which last for about 3–4 days (termed "evanescent" period) before they mature into seeds. When coffee plantations are in full bloom it
2444-480: Is the Kaveri (Cauvery), which originates at Talakaveri , located on the eastern side of the Western Ghats, and with its tributaries, drains the greater part of Kodagu. Kodagu district receives majority of its rainfall from Southwest Monsoon winds. It is the 4th highest average annual rainfall receiving district in Karnataka . The amount of rainfall varies significantly due to the effects of El-nino and La-nina. In
2538-476: Is the country's largest coffee bar chain. In the Indian home, coffee consumption is greater in south India than elsewhere. Indian coffee has a good reputation in Europe for its less acidic and sweet character, and thus is widely used in espresso . Americans prefer African and South American coffee, which is more acidic and brighter. Selection 9 was the winner of the Fine Cup Award for best Arabica at
2632-964: The Amma Kodavas , the Kodava Peggade (Kodagu Heggade) and the Kodava Maaple ( Kodava Muslims ), 18 other smaller-numbered ethnic groups speak Kodava Takk in and outside the district including the Iri ( Airi , or the carpenters and the village smiths), the Koyava , the Banna , the Kodagu Madivala (washermen), the Kodagu Hajama (barber, also called Nainda), the Kembatti Poleya (household servants and labourers) and
2726-621: The Battle of Raichur allowed one sultan to stay in power rather than let it split into smaller kingdoms. However, later Vijayanagara kings had to contend with multiple Sultanates to their north. The Vijayanagara kingdom befriended and allowed the Portuguese to take control of Goa and western territories of the Bahamani Sultanate. The sultanates united against the Vijayanagara Empire. An ongoing war between Muslim Sultanates and
2820-467: The British Empire along with British Guiana . In the period 1910–12, the area under coffee plantation was reported to be 203,134 acres (82,205 ha) in the southern states, and was mostly exported to England. In the 1940s, Indian filter coffee , a sweet milky coffee made from dark roasted coffee beans (70%–80%) and chicory (20%–30%) became a commercial success. It was especially popular in
2914-810: The Indian National Congress . Kodagu, formerly part of the Kodagu-Dakshina Kannada (Mangalore) constituency, is now part of the Mysore-Kodagu Lok Sabha constituency parliamentary constituency. The current MP for this constituency is Shri Yaduveer Krishnadatta Chamaraja Wadiyar , from the Bharatiya Janata Party . The Codava National Council and Kodava Rashtriya Samiti are campaigning for autonomy to Kodagu district which would have made Coorg more prosperous and independent. The Kodavas were
Kodagu district - Misplaced Pages Continue
3008-573: The Kodava language and conform generally to Kodava customs and dress. Less frequent are Tulu speakers Billavas , Mogaveeras , Bunts , Goud Saraswat Brahmins . The Arebhashe gowdas, or Kodagu Gowdas , and Tulu Gowdas, are an ethnic group of Dakshina Kannada and Kodagu. They live in Sulya (in Dakshina Kannada) and in parts of Somwarpet, Kushalanagar, Bhagamandala and Madikeri. They speak
3102-909: The Meda (basket and mat weavers and drummers). Among other Kodava speaking communities are: the Heggades , cultivators from shimogga; the Kodava Nair , cultivators from Kerala State; the Ayiri , who constitute the artisan caste; the Medas , who are basket and mat-weavers and act as drummers at feasts; the Binepatta , originally wandering musicians from Malabar, now farmers; and the Kavadi , cultivators settled in Yedenalknad (Virajpet). All these groups speak
3196-613: The 'Coorg Rebellion' by the British) started in 1837. Kodagu is rated as one of the top hill station destinations in India. Some of the most popular tourist attractions in Kodagu include Talakaveri, Bhagamandala, Nisargadhama, Abbey Falls , Dubare , Nagarahole National Park , Iruppu Falls , and the Tibetan Buddhist Golden Temple. Vijayanagara Vijayanagara ( transl. 'City of Victory' )
3290-601: The 14th century. At the start of the 14th century, the armies of Delhi Sultanate , first those of Alauddin Khalji and later of Muhammad bin Tughlaq invaded and pillaged South India. The Hoysala Empire and temple cities such as those in Halebidu, Belur and Somanathapura were plundered in early 14th century. From the ruins of this collapse and destruction emerged Vijayanagara Empire and its new capital Vijayanagara. The city
3384-637: The 17th century was marketed over the years under the brand names of Kent and S.795. Coffee growing has a long history that is attributed first to Ethiopia and then to Arabia (Yemen). The earliest history is traced to 875 AD according to the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris, and the original source to Ethiopia ( Abyssinia ) from where it was brought to Arabia in the 15th century. In the Indian context, coffee growing started with an Indian Muslim saint, Baba Budan , who, while returning from
3478-488: The 1870s and was massively outgrown by the emerging tea industry. The devastating coffee rust affected the output of coffee to the point that the costs of production saw coffee plantations in many parts replaced with tea plantations. However, the coffee industry was not as affected by this disease as in Ceylon, and although overshadowed in scale by the tea industry, India was still one of the strongholds of coffee production in
3572-652: The 1920s, the earliest variety of Arabica grown in India was named Kent(s) after the Englishman L.P. Kent, a planter of the Doddengudda Estate in Mysore. Probably the most commonly planted Arabica in India and Southeast Asia is S.795, known for its balanced cup and subtle flavour notes of mocca. Released during the 1940s, it is a cross between the Kents and S.288 varieties. Cauvery, commonly known as Catimor,
3666-516: The 1980s. It grew by more than 30 percent in the 1990s, rivalled only by Uganda in the growth of production. By 2007, organic coffee was grown in about 2,600 hectares (6,400 acres) with an estimated production of about 1,700 tonnes. According to the 2008 statistics published by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the area of coffee green harvested in India was 342,000 hectares (850,000 acres), with yield estimates of 7,660 hectogram/ha, forming
3760-637: The 2002 Flavour of India – Cupping Competition. In 2004, Indian Coffee with the brand name "Tata Coffee" had the distinction of winning three gold medals at the Grand Cus De Café Competition held in Paris. The Coffee Board of India is an organisation managed by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry of the Government of India to promote coffee production in India. The board was set up by an act of parliament in 1942. Until 1995
3854-479: The 2005–2006 growing season. In this same season, India exported over 440,000 pounds (200,000 kg) of coffee, with over 25% destined for Italy. Traditionally, India has been a noted producer of Arabica coffee but in the last decade robusta beans are growing substantially due to high yields, which now account for over 60 percent of coffee produced in India. The domestic consumption of coffee increased from 50,000 tonnes in 1995 to 94,400 tonnes in 2008. According to
Kodagu district - Misplaced Pages Continue
3948-451: The Coffee Board marketed the coffee of many growers from a pooled supply, but after that time coffee marketing became a private-sector activity due to the economic liberalisation in India . The Coffee Board's traditional duties include the promotion, sale and consumption of coffee in India and abroad; conducting coffee research; financial assistance to establish small coffee growers; safeguarding working conditions for labourers, and managing
4042-503: The Coffee Board, based on field experiments, surveys and case studies has evolved many packages for adoption, supplemented with information guidelines and technical documents. Coffee research and development efforts are well organised in India through its Coffee Research Institute , which is considered the premier research station in South East Asia . It is under the control of the Coffee Board of India, an autonomous body, under
4136-596: The Coorg district, especially the towns of Kushalnagar , Virajpet and Mercara . A sizeable of them are the Nawayaths who shifted in the eighties from Bhatkal and Murdeshwar in order to pursue coffee & arecanut plantations and textile business. The numerous mosque dotting the landscape is the testimony of Muslim presence in the district. A small number of Mangalorean Catholics are also found in Coorg. They are mostly descended from those Konkani Catholics who fled
4230-483: The Hindu Vijayanagara Empire led to the Battle of Talikota in 1565 CE, fought about 175 kilometres (109 mi) north. It resulted in the capture and beheading of Vijayanagara leader Aliya Rama Raya , mass confusion within the Vijayanagara forces and a shock defeat. The Sultanate army then reached Vijayanagara, looted, destroyed and burnt it down to ruins over a period of several months. This
4324-600: The Italian cities of the Renaissance. The city of Vijayanagar, he says, is as "large as Rome and very beautiful to the sight"; it is full of charm and wonder with its innumerable lakes and waterways and fruit gardens. It is "the best-provided city in the world" and "everything abounds." The chambers of the palace were a mass of ivory, with roses and lotuses carved in ivory at the top--"it is so rich and beautiful that you would hardly find anywhere, another such. The ruined city
4418-492: The Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India , which was set up under an Act of the Parliament with the objective of promoting "research, development, extension, quality up gradation, market information, and the domestic and external promotion of Indian coffee". It was established near Balehonnur in Chikmagalur district of Karnataka, in the heartland of coffee plantations. Prior to establishing this institute,
4512-400: The Vijayanagara Empire in the early 14th century, and becoming a metropolis of approximately 650 square kilometres (250 sq mi) by the early 16th century. By 1500 CE, It became the world's second largest city, after Beijing. Memoirs by foreigners estimate the population was about 500,000, but others find this estimate to be either generous or too conservative. The architecture of
4606-402: The Vijayanagara period remain occupied up to the present. The name translates as "City of Victory", from vijaya (victory) and nagara (city). As the prosperous capital of the largest and most powerful kingdom of its time in South India, Vijayanagara attracted people from all around the world. After Timur's sack of Delhi, North India remained weak and divided. South India was better off, and
4700-594: The banks of Tungabhadra river, on Hemakuta hill, now a part of Hampi. Shiva is also called Pampapati (lit. "husband of Pampa"), and the river came to be known as Pampa river. The Sanskrit word Pampa morphed into the Kannada word Hampa, and the place Parvati pursued what she wanted came to be known as Hampe or Hampi. Its Hindu significance also comes from the Kishkindha chapters of the Hindu epic Ramayana , where Rama and Lakshmana meet Hanuman , Sugriva , and
4794-402: The bazaars, and rising above them all was the palace of the king surrounded by "many rivulets and streams flowing through channels of cut stone, polished and even." The whole city was full of gardens, and because of them, as an Italian visitor in 1420, Nicolo Conti writes, the circumference of the city was sixty miles. A later visitor was Paes , a Portuguese who came in 1522 after having visited
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#17327726320294888-500: The capital, Vijayanagara, is purposefully aligned with the natural features of the city from the time of Rama. Vijayanagara was founded around the religious Hindu temple complex, Pampa Tirtha, and Kishkindha that already existed at Hampi . The name of the city centre, Hampi, is derived from Pampa, another name of goddess Parvati in Hindu theology. According to Sthala Purana , Parvati (Pampa) pursued her ascetic lifestyle to win over and bring ascetic Shiva back into householder life on
4982-541: The city fell to a coalition of Muslim Sultanates of the Deccan Plateau . The conquered capital city of Vijayanagara was looted and destroyed for 6 months, after which it remained in ruins. Vijayanagara is located in the modern era Indian state of Karnataka , along the banks of the Tungabhadra River . The city rapidly grew from being an ancient pilgrimage centre in the 13th century, to the capital of
5076-407: The coffee plantations and also for the extension officers of the Coffee Board. Recognised by UNDP and USDA , the training unit of the institute is providing training to foreign nationals on coffee cultivation in which personnel from Ethiopia, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Nestle Singapore have been trained. In addition, a Plant Tissue Culture & Biotechnology division, established in Mysore,
5170-497: The coffees gain aromatics from the inter-cropping, storage, and handling functions. Growing altitudes range between 1,000 m (3,300 ft) to 1,500 m (4,900 ft) above sea level for Arabica (premier coffee), and 500 m (1,600 ft) to 1,000 m (3,300 ft) for Robusta (though of lower quality, it is robust to environment conditions). Ideally, both Arabica and Robusta are planted in well-drained soil conditions that favour rich organic matter that
5264-620: The colonial rule by the British in India was about exploitation of resources and Kodagu provided a lot of scope for economic benefits to a colonising empire. According to the 2011 census of India , Kodagu has a population of 554,519, roughly equal to the Solomon Islands or the US state of Wyoming . This ranks it 539 out of 640 districts in India in terms of population. The district has a population density of 135 inhabitants per square kilometre (350/sq mi). Its population growth rate over
5358-580: The country, with branches in Pondicherry , Thrissur , Lucknow , Nagpur , Jabalpur , Mumbai , Kolkata , Tellicherry and Pune Tamil Nadu by the end of 1958. These coffee houses in the country are run by 13 cooperative societies, which are governed by managing committees elected from the employees. A federation of the co-operative societies is the national umbrella organisation to lead these societies. However, now coffee bars have gained in popularity with other chains such as Barista; Café Coffee Day
5452-570: The cup". To cover research specific to each coffee growing region covering different agro-climatic conditions, the following five research stations are fully functional under the overall control of the Central Coffee Research Institute. The India Coffee House chain was first started by the Coffee Board in early 1940s, during British rule . In the mid-1950s, the Board closed down the Coffee Houses, due to
5546-506: The decade 2001–2011 was 1.13%. Kodagu has a sex ratio of 1019 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 82.52%. 14.61% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 13.27% and 10.47% of the population respectively. Hindus are the vast majority. They include the Kodava people, other Kodava language speakers, Arebhashe Gowdas, Brahmins, most Yeravas and Kurubas. A huge minority of Muslims dot
5640-559: The domestic and external promotion of Indian coffee. The research activities covered by the Institute constitute research in seven disciplines such as Agronomy , Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry , Botany , Entomology / Nematology , Plant Physiology , Biotechnology and Post Harvest Technology with the basic aim of increasing productivity and quality of coffee grown in India. The institute has 60 scientific and technical personnel involved in research activities. The institute has
5734-402: The earliest inhabitants and agriculturists in Kodagu, having lived there for centuries. Kodavas being a warrior community as well, they carried arms during times of war and had their own chieftains. The earliest mention about Coorg can be seen in the works those date back to Sangam period (300 BCE - 300 CE). The Ezhimala dynasty had jurisdiction over two Nadu s - The coastal Poozhinadu and
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#17327726320295828-530: The elephant census of 2023, Kodagu with 1,013 elephants, had nearly one-sixth of total elephant population in Karnataka , second only to Chamarajanagar . Economy of Kodagu is dependent on agriculture. Major crops grown here are Paddy, Coffee , Rubber, Pepper, Cardamom, Coorg Oranges and Honey production. Tea, Ginger and Cocoa are also grown in smaller quantities. Kodagu is the largest Coffee and Pepper producing district in India . Karnataka produces nearly 70% of
5922-412: The equipment of a great and wealthy city. The principal buildings were constructed in the regular Hindu style, covered with ornamental carving, and the fragments which have survived suffice to give point to the enthusiastic admiration of the men who saw the city in the days of its magnificence. Sanjay Subrahmanyam states that Vijayanagara was arguably one of the only three centres during this period with
6016-775: The exports. Most of the export is shipped through the Suez Canal . Coffee is grown in three regions of India with Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu forming the traditional coffee growing region, followed by the new areas developed in the non-traditional areas of Andhra Pradesh and Odisha in the eastern coast of the country and with a third region comprising the states of Assam , Manipur , Meghalaya , Mizoram , Tripura , Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh of Northeastern India , popularly known as "Seven Sister States of India". Unwashed Arabica & Robusta coffee (Arabica/Robusta Cherry A & AA) stored in Mangalore and exposed to
6110-487: The government decided to regulate the export of coffee and protect the small and marginal farmers by passing the Coffee VII Act of 1942, under which the Coffee Board of India got established, operated by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry . The government dramatically increased their control of coffee exports in India and pooled the coffees of its growers. In doing so, they reduced the incentives for farmers to produce high-quality coffee, so quality became stagnant. Over
6204-515: The hilly eastern Karkanadu . According to the works of Sangam literature , Poozhinadu consisted much of the coastal belt between Mangalore and Kozhikode . Karkanadu consisted of Wayanad - Gudalur hilly region with parts of Kodagu (Coorg). The Haleri dynasty , an offshoot of the Keladi Nayakas , ruled Kodagu between 1600 and 1834. Later the British ruled Kodagu from 1834, after the Coorg War , until India's independence in 1947. A separate state (called Coorg State ) until then, in 1956 Kodagu
6298-415: The houses stand still, but empty, and there is dwelling in them nothing, as is reported, but Tygres and other wild beasts." Archaeological evidence suggests that while the urban settlement was abandoned, a number of rural settlement in the metropolitan region were not fully emptied. Some population remained in the region (though there is no good assessment of how much), and a number of settlements founded in
6392-469: The humidity/moisture of South West Monsoon during June to September is termed as "Indian monsooned coffee". Its flavour is defined as: "The best Indian coffee reaches the flavour characteristics of Pacific coffees, but at its worst it is simply bland and uninspiring". The two well known species of coffee grown are the Arabica and Robusta . The first variety that was introduced in the Baba Budan Giri hill ranges in Chikmagalur district of Karnataka state in
6486-404: The institute. Part of the institute includes a research laboratory to carry out research in identified disciplines, as well as a stocked library with books and periodicals, not only on coffee but also on other crops. Training of personnel is an important activity of the institute. The training unit of the institute conducts regular training programs for estate managers and supervisory personnel of
6580-405: The largest and most powerful of the southern kingdoms was Vijayanagar. This state and city attracted many of the Hindu refugees from the north. From contemporary accounts, it appears that the city was rich and very beautiful—The city is such that "eye has not seen nor ear heard of any place resembling it upon earth", says Abdur-Razzak from Central Asia. There were arcades and magnificent galleries for
6674-403: The last 50 years, coffee production in India has grown by over 15 percent. From 1991, economic liberalisation took place in India, and the industry took full advantage of this and cheaper labour costs of production. In 1993, a monumental Internal Sales Quota (ISQ) made the first step in liberalising the coffee industry by entitling coffee farmers to sell 30% of their production within India. This
6768-507: The monkey army in their search for kidnapped Sita . The Hampi area has many close resemblances to the place described in the epic. Traditionally understood to be the place described in the Ramayana, the region attracts many pilgrims. Prior to its founding, Hindus and kings of various kingdoms visited Hampi. Hoysala Empire's Hindu kings built and supported the Hampi pilgrimage centre before
6862-457: The north, Mysore district to the east, Kasaragod district of Kerala in west and Kannur district of Kerala to the southwest, and Wayanad district of Kerala to the south. It is a hilly district, the lowest elevation being 50 metres (160 ft) above sea-level near makutta . The highest peak, Tadiandamol , rises to 1,750 metres (5,740 ft), with Pushpagiri , the second highest, at 1,715 metres (5,627 ft). The main river in Kodagu
6956-608: The population spoke Kannada , 20.83% Malayalam , 14.86% Kodava , 8.92% Tulu , 5.81% Are , 4.66% Yerava , 4.23% Tamil , 2.95% Urdu , 1.74% Kurumba , 1.55% Telugu and 1.16% Konkani as their first language. Are Bhashe , a dialect of Kannada , Tulu and Kodava language are native to Kodagu district. Kodava Language uses the Official Script Invented by Dr IM Muthanna in 1970. According to Karnataka Kodava Sahitya Academy (Karnataka's Kodava Literary Academy), apart from Kodavas, and their related groups,
7050-411: The range of 73 °F (23 °C) and 82 °F (28 °C) with rainfall incidence in the range of 60–80 inches (1.5–2.0 m) followed by a dry spell of 2–3 months suit the Arabica variety. Cold temperatures closer to freezing conditions are not suitable to grow coffee. Where the rainfall is less than 40 inches (1.0 m), providing irrigation facilities is essential. In the tropical region of
7144-401: The roundup and, later, captivity by Tippu Sultan . These immigrants were welcomed by Raja Veerarajendra (himself a former captive of Tippu Sultan, having escaped six years of captivity in 1788) who realising their usefulness and expertise as agriculturists, gave them lands and tax breaks and built a church for them. Languages of Kodagu district (2011) At the time of the 2011 census, 30.91% of
7238-602: The seeds, in 1670, mostly by private native Indian owners and the first plantation was established in 1840 around Baba Budan Giri and its surrounding hills in Karnataka. It spread to other areas of Wayanad (now part of Kerala), the Shevaroys and Nilgiris in Tamil Nadu. With British colonial presence taking strong roots in India in the mid 19th century, coffee plantations flourished for export. The culture of coffee thus spread to South India rapidly. Initially, Arabica
7332-548: The south Indian hills, these conditions prevail leading to coffee plantations flourishing in large numbers. Relative humidity for Arabica ranges 70–80% while for Robusta it ranges 80–90%. One of the most prevalent diseases that coffee plants are subjected to in India is fungal growth. This fungus is called the Hemileia vastatrix , an endophytous that grows within the matter of the leaf; an effective remedy has not yet been discovered to eliminate it. Another prevalent disease
7426-470: The southern states of Andhra Pradesh , Karnataka , Kerala and Tamil Nadu . The most commonly used coffee beans are Arabica and Robusta grown in the hills of Karnataka ( Kodagu , Chikkamagaluru and Hassan ), Kerala ( Malabar region) and Tamil Nadu ( Nilgiris District , Yercaud and Kodaikanal ). Coffee production in India grew rapidly in the 1970s, increasing from 68,948 tonnes in 1971–72 to 120,000 tonnes in 1979–80 and grew by 4.6 percent in
7520-534: The statistics provided by the Coffee Board of India, the estimated production of Robusta and Arabica coffee for the "Post Monsoon Estimation 2009–10" and "Post Blossom Estimation 2010–11" in different states accounted for a total of 308,000 tonnes and 289,600 tonnes, respectively. As of 2010, between 70% and 80% of Indian grown coffee is exported overseas. All coffee grown in India are grown in shade and commonly with two tiers of shade. Often inter-cropped with spices such as cardamom , cinnamon , clove , and nutmeg ,
7614-531: The ten largest cities of the world. It stood as a bastion of Hindu values dedicated to fighting back the encroachments of the Muslim sultans from the north, who soon came to be operating from Golkonda . The Sangama dynasty was involved in repeated conflicts with the Bahamani Sultanate . The Bahamanis had later disintegrated into five sultanates which formed a Deccan alliance. Krishnadevaraya after
7708-689: The total Coffee production in India , out of which 33% is contributed by Kodagu district alone. Also Kodagu produces nearly a quarter of India's Black Pepper. Two members of the legislative assembly are elected from Kodagu to the Karnataka Legislative Assembly, one each from the Madikeri and Virajpet . Dr. Mantar Gowda represents the Madikeri constituency while A.S Ponnanna represents the Virajpet constituency; they are from
7802-570: The two tier mixed shade using cattle manure, composting and manual weeding coupled with the horticultural operations practised in its various coffee plantations; small holdings is another advantage for such a variety of coffee. In spite of all these advantages, the certified organic coffee holdings in India, as of 2008, (there are 20 accredited certification agencies in India) was only in an area of 2,600 hectares (6,400 acres) with production estimated at 1,700 tonnes. In order to promote growth of such coffee,
7896-410: The wet processing, the beans are subject to cleaning to segregate defective seeds. The beans of different varieties and sizes are then blended to derive the best flavor. The next procedure is to roast either through roasters or individual roasters. Then the roasted coffee is ground to appropriate sizes. The four main botanical cultivars of India's coffee include Kent, S.795, Cauvery, and Selection 9. In
7990-428: The year 2018, Kodagu received 29% excess rainfall of 3,737 millimetres (147.1 in) , 3,040 millimetres (120 in) in 2019, 2,541 millimetres (100.0 in) in 2020, and 2,656 millimetres (104.6 in) in 2021. In the year 2022, Kodagu received 11% Above-Normal rainfall of 3,036 millimetres (119.5 in) . In the year 2023, it received 38% deficit rainfall of 1,690 millimetres (67 in) . Kodagu
8084-401: Was 31,571 hectares (78,010 acres) (only 9.1% of all holdings) only under 167 holdings. The area under less than 2 hectares (4.9 acres) holdings was 114,546 hectares (283,050 acres) (33% of the total area) among 138,209 holders. The most important areas of production are in the southern states of Karnataka , Kerala, and Tamil Nadu which accounted for over 92% of India's coffee production in
8178-657: Was a city at the modern location of Hampi , in the Indian state of Karnataka . Vijayanagara was the capital city of the historic Vijayanagara Empire . Located on the banks of the Tungabhadra River , it spread over a large area and included sites in the Vijayanagara district , the Ballari district , and others around these districts. A part of Vijayanagara ruins known as the Group of Monuments at Hampi has been designated as
8272-585: Was considered a religious act. This was the beginning of coffee industry in India, and in particular, in the then state of Mysore, now part of the Karnataka State. This was an achievement of considerable bravery of Baba Budan considering the fact that Arabs had exercised strict control over its export to other countries by not permitting coffee beans to be exported in any form other than as in a roasted or boiled form to prevent germination . Systematic cultivation soon followed Baba Budan's first planting of
8366-581: Was founded by Harihara I and Bukka , the Sangama brothers. The city was already a sacred site of pilgrimage for devotees of Shiva in the 10th century. It became the most powerful urban centre in the Deccan between 14th to 16th centuries and one of the ten largest cities of the world. The Renaissance Portuguese and Persian traders reported it as a marvellous achievement. The city was a powerful urban centre in South India from 14th to 16th century and one of
8460-702: Was founded from these ruins by the Sangama brothers, who were working as soldiers in the Kampili Kingdom under Kampalidevaraya. The city grew rapidly. The Vijayanagara-centred empire functioned as a barrier to the Muslim sultanates in the north, leading to the reconstruction of Hindu life and scholarship, multi-religious activity, rapid infrastructure improvements, and economic activity. Along with Hinduism, Vijayanagara accepted communities of other faiths such as Jainism and Islam , leading to multi-religious monuments and mutual influences. Chronicles left by Persian and European travellers state Vijayanagara to be
8554-584: Was further amended in 1994 when the Free Sale Quota (FSQ) permitted large and small scale growers to sell between 70% and 100% of their coffee either domestically or internationally. A final amendment in September 1996 saw the liberalisation of coffee for all growers in the country and a freedom to sell their produce wherever they wished. As in Ceylon , coffee production in India declined rapidly from
8648-549: Was merged with the Mysore State (now Karnataka ). In 1834, the East India Company annexed Kodagu into British India , after deposing Chikka Virarajendra of the Kodagu kingdom, as 'Coorg'. British rule led to the establishment of educational institutions, introduction of scientific coffee cultivation, better administration and improvement of the economy. This reference notwithstanding - we should remember that
8742-408: Was occupied by fields and gardens watered by canals from the river. The population cannot be estimated with precision, but it was certainly very large when judged by the standards of the fifteenth century. The great majority of the houses were naturally small and undistinguished, but among them were scattered palaces, temples, public buildings, wide streets of shops shaded by trees, busy markets, and all
8836-440: Was popular. However, as result of serious infestation caused to this species by coffee rust , an alternative robust species of coffee, appropriately named as robusta and another hybrid between liberica and Arabica, a rust-tolerant hybrid variety of Arabica tree became popular. This is the most common variety of coffee that is grown in the country with Karnataka alone accounting for 70% of production of this variety. In 1942,
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